INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1539
www.rsisinternational.org
Factor Affecting Shortage of Broiler Meat in Selangor, Malaysia
Wan Noranida Wan Mohd Noor*., Siti Mariana Md. Rashid., Nur Badriyah Kamarul Zaman., Farah
Adila Abdullah., Shampazuraini Shamsuri., Fazleen Abdul Fatah., Fatin Khairuddin
Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Jasin, Melaka
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.915EC00768
Received: 04 November 2025; Accepted: 18 November 2025; Published: 27 November 2025
ABSTRACT
Malaysia has become one of the world’s largest consumers of poultry meat, with per capita consumption rising
from 13.8 kilograms in 2015 to 50 kilograms in 2022. However, recurrent chicken shortages have emerged as a
pressing issue, posing risks to food security, trade and economic stability. Despite substantial research on
broiler meat production and market dynamics, empirical evidence on the determinants of broiler meat
shortages at the subnational level remains scarce. This study fills this gap by analyzing the key factors driving
broiler meat shortages in Selangor. Primary data were collected from 101 broiler farmers and industry
stakeholders using structured questionnaires. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation and multiple
regression analysis were employed to examine the relationships among key explanatory variables. The results
indicate significant positive associations between input difficulties, disease outbreaks, production costs and
government intervention. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.655 to 0.717, with input constraints and
escalating production costs emerging as the most critical determinants of broiler meat shortages. The findings
highlight the sector’s heavy reliance on imported feed materials and exposure to price volatility. Strengthening
local feed resources, enhancing institutional support, and accelerating technological adoption are essential to
improve sectoral resilience and reduce import dependence. Such measures are critical to ensuring sustainable
broiler production and safeguarding long-term national food security. This study contributes to the literature by
providing empirical insights into the structural and operational vulnerabilities of Malaysia’s broiler meat
industry.
Keywords: Broiler meat, Food security, Import dependence, Production cost and Shortage
INTRODUCTION
The majority of Malaysians consume poultry meat as one of the main sources of protein. In 2023, the United
States remained the world’s leading poultry meat producer with approximately 21.3 million tonnes, followed
by Brazil at 14.9 million tonnes and China at 14.3 million tonnes (Attia et al., 2024). Malaysia ranked 16
th
globally in poultry meat production contributing approximately 1.58 million metric tonnes which represents
about 1.5% of total world output (FAO, 2024). Broiler meat output has grown faster than other major protein
sources (Daghir et al., 2021). The consumption of broiler chicken in Malaysia has exhibited a consistent
upward trajectory over recent years with per capita intake ranging from 50 kg to 60 kg annually (Zamani &
Debbra, 2022). This trend underscores the growing role of poultry meat as a primary source of animal protein
in the Malaysian diet and reflects shifting consumer preferences towards more affordable and accessible
protein sources. Malaysia’s poultry meat sector contributed around 52.2% of total livestock production in 2023
(Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan Malaysia, 2024), reflecting its dominant role within the
national livestock industry. Despite this substantial output, the sector’s self-sufficiency ratio (SSR) stood at
90.2% in 2023, while the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) reached 13.7%. It indicates that domestic
production alone is insufficient to fully satisfy national consumption demand (DOSM, 2023). Malaysia
primarily imports poultry meat from Thailand, the leading poultry exporter in ASEAN (Paramayudha et al.,
2024). This reliance on imports particularly for specific cuts required by the food-processing sector. Shortage
occur when the quantity demanded is higher than the quantity supplied at the market price causing unfulfilled
demand have created greater awareness for food security in Malaysia. Therefore, it underscores the strategic
importance of international trade in maintaining supply stability and meeting the evolving demands of the
Malaysian broiler meat market.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1540
www.rsisinternational.org
Identifying the key factors influencing broiler meat shortages is crucial for strengthening Malaysia’s food
production system and reducing supply vulnerability. Existing studies largely concentrate on production
efficiency, feed cost volatility, biosecurity, and general supply chain performance, but they do not sufficiently
address the localized mechanisms that trigger shortage issues. For example, Daghir et al., (2021) discussed
global production growth and technological advancements without examining domestic market imbalances that
may result in supply shortfalls. Zamani & Debbra (2022) analyzed Malaysian consumption patterns but did not
link demand and supply mismatches to state-level shortages. Research on import dependency by Paramayudha
et al., (2024) highlights reliance on external suppliers, yet these works focus on trade flows rather than
determinants of local availability. Likewise, study on national-level assessments conducted by Attia et al.,
(2024) overlook inter-state differences in market structure, distribution networks, regulatory compliance, and
retailer behavior. Crucially, these studies do not explicitly address the local mechanisms that create supply
shortages. In particular, the interplay of operational, logistical and market-related factors influencing
availability in high-demand regions such as Selangor remains underexplored. Addressing these gaps is
essential to strengthen the resilience of Malaysia’s poultry sector and to provide evidence-based guidance for
policy interventions aimed at safeguarding national food security.
This study aims to investigate the demographic characteristics of chicken producers, to examine the
relationship between selected factors and to determine the most significant factors influencing the shortage of
broiler meat di Selangor. The focus on Selangor is particularly relevant given its high population density, rapid
urbanization and strong consumer demand. A deeper understanding of how these factors interact will enable
policy makers and industry players to develop more targeted and sustainable strategies. This study contributes
new insights by integrating key economic and production-related factors to explain broiler shortages in
Malaysia. Overall, the findings provide a clearer understanding of the structural challenges affecting supply
performance and support strategies to enhance efficiency and food security.
LITERATURE REVIEW
One major factor contributing to broiler meat shortages in Malaysia is the vulnerability of production systems
to disruptions in feed supply. The Russia–Ukraine war has severely affected global maize and wheat markets.
Malaysia’s reliance on imported grain maize makes the poultry sector highly susceptible to external shocks
(Amjath-Babu et al., 2020). Additional disruptions arise from geopolitical tensions, shipping bottlenecks, and
commodity price volatility that constraining the availability of maize and soybean meal (FAMA, 2023; Mat
Isa, 2022). Empirical evidence indicates that such supply-side shocks propagate rapidly through feed mills,
hatcheries and broiler farms. These disruptions lead to production instability and episodic shortages of broiler
meat and eggs in Malaysia (Amjath-Babu et al., 2020). Studies by Jamaludin et al. (2023) and Che Rose and
Sapar (2024) further highlighted that feed import dependency not only increased vulnerability to supply shocks
but also amplified price volatility in the domestic broiler sector. Collectively, these findings underscore the
critical need for interventions that enhance feed self-sufficiency and strengthen the resilience of Malaysia’s
poultry supply chain.
Second major factor reducing chicken production is disease outbreak, particularly highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI). Avian influenza or known as bird flu is caused by influenza A viruses. It spreads through
contact with infected birds or contaminated environments leading to high mortality and mass culling. HPAI
outbreaks had caused prolonged production losses due to biological and logistical lags before restocking
(Ayuti et al., 2024; Ukita et al., 2025). Zubaidah et al. (2018) documented a major H5N1 outbreak in 2017 in
Kelantan caused significant mortality and culling. Complementing this, Syamsiah et al., (2019) characterized
H9N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strains circulating in Malaysian chickens between 2015 and
2018. These strains had been found to be endemic and had caused economic losses through reduced growth
rates and increased mortality. Collectively, these findings suggest that both HPAI and LPAI strains contribute
to systemic vulnerabilities with HPAI triggering acute supply shocks and LPAI causing chronic production
inefficiencies.
Rising input costs, particularly feed prices, constitute another key factor affecting production and supply. Feed
typically accounts for 60 percent to 75 percent of the variable costs in broiler production (Ferlito, 2020).
Global increases in maize and soybean prices due to conflicts, climate shocks, or trade disruptions translate
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1541
www.rsisinternational.org
directly into higher domestic feed costs. Wong & Khazali (2023) reported that global shocks including
COVID-19 and the Russia–Ukraine war has increased soybean and maize prices. This decline in profitability
often forces smaller producers to reduce flock sizes or exit production entirely (Amjath-Babu et al., 2020).
Price hikes for key feed ingredients can increase feed costs by up to 30 percent, directly affecting farm-gate
chicken prices (FAMA, 2023; Mat Isa, 2022). Using a structural time-series model, Che Rose and Sapar
(2024) demonstrated a strong association between imported feed prices (corn and soybean) and ex-farm broiler
prices in Malaysia. The findings highlighted that macroeconomic factors, particularly feed price volatility were
critical determinants of production costs and market price fluctuations within the broiler sector. Beyond feed,
rising energy, packaging, and labor costs have further compounded financial pressures on producers
(Wongtangtintharn et al., 2025). Factors related to rising input prices tend to exacerbate market shortages and
contribute to price instability for consumers.
Government interventions play a dual role in the broiler sector. Policy measures aim to stabilize supply and
protect consumers, but can also create distortions that weaken producer incentives and obscure market signals.
Malaysia had implemented temporary export bans, price ceilings, and subsidy programs during acute shortages
and feed-price inflation. Benalywa et al. (2018) applied a Policy Analysis Matrix to evaluate policy
effectiveness and found that existing support had been insufficient, particularly for non-contract farms, leaving
producers financially exposed and reducing incentives to maintain output. Samsuddin and Ismail (2023)
reported that fiscal incentives, such as Pioneer Status and Capital Allowance had improved financial viability
for small and medium farms, yet the smallest and most resource-constrained producers remained vulnerable to
cost shocks. In contrast, Nurshuhada et al. (2021) demonstrated that the National Agrofood Policy 2.0 had
successfully enhanced poultry self-sufficiency and reduced reliance on imports, illustrating how well-designed
interventions could strengthen domestic production capacity and contribute to supply security.
Despite the substantial literature on feed supply disruptions, disease outbreaks, rising input costs, and policy
interventions, existing studies largely examine these factors in isolation or at a national level. Few studies have
simultaneously considered the interplay part of all these determinants. Moreover, state-level analyses remain
scarce even though regions such as Selangor, the most urbanized and densely populated state in Malaysia. This
gap highlights the need for an integrated study that examines how multiple factors influence broiler meat
shortages in a high demand region. Based on this rationale, a conceptual framework was developed to guide
the present study. Broiler meat shortage serves as the dependent variable, while independent variables include
input supply disruptions, disease outbreaks, input costs and government interventions (Figure 1). These factors
inform the development of survey questions and regression models to explain the determinants of broiler meat
shortages in Selangor, Malaysia.
Figure 1. The conceptual model of the study
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1542
www.rsisinternational.org
METHOD
Methodology was designed to systematically investigate the factors influencing shortage of broiler meat in
Selangor. A quantitative research approach was employed as it allowed for empirical data collection, objective
measurement and statistical analysis to ensure reliable and generalizable findings.
The questionnaire comprised a combination of multiple-choice items, closed-ended questions, and Likert-scale
statements were designed to capture both factual and perceptual data from respondents in a structured manner.
The instrument was organized into two main sections. Section A collected demographic and farm-level
characteristics, including age, experience, income and farm size. Section B focused on the key determinants
contributing to broiler meat shortages, covering dimensions such as input constraints, disease challenges, cost
pressures and policy-related factors. Basic random sampling was employed to choose a sample of the data
since it is an equitable selection of a subset of the population with an equal chance of being selected (Lauren,
2020). The required sample size was determined using the sample size computation guideline proposed by
Daniel (1999), which specifies that for a known population. The minimum sample can be estimated using n =
N / (1 + N(e²)), where N is the population size and e is the acceptable margin of error. Applying this formula to
the population of 270 broiler meat farmers in Selangor with a 5% margin of error has yielded a minimum
sample of 159 respondents.
Although Daniel’s (1999) formula indicated a minimum of 159 respondents, the achieved final sample of 110
broiler meat farmers were considered adequate for the study’s analytical needs. Power analysis for multiple
regression has been conducted to validate the sample size. The result showed a power level of 0.86 meeting
the standard threshold recommended by Cohen (1988) and widely accepted in social science research. Similar
agricultural studies have also used comparable sample sizes when statistical power was deemed sufficient
(Jabbar et al., 2021; Rahman & Chima, 2020).
Descriptive analysis was used to summarize the demographic characteristics of the respondents, facilitating a
clearer understanding of their profiles. Pearson’s correlation was employed to examine the relationships
between variables that precisely assessing the degree of interaction between any two variables. The
relationships among the factors influencing broiler meat shortages were analyzed to achieve the study’s
objectives. Multiple regression analysis is one of the most effective statistical methods for predicting a
continuous dependent variable from a set of independent variable. The multiple regression equation for this
study was expressed as follows:
𝑌 =
β
0
+β
1
X
1
+β
2
X
2
+β
3
X
3
+β
4
X
4
+εi
Where: 𝑌 = Broiler meat shortage,
X
1 = Input difficulties,
X
2 = Disease factor,
X
3 = High cost, and X4 =
Government intervention.
The questionnaire underwent pre-testing with a small group similar to the target population to establish content
validity and refine item clarity and relevance. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha, with α
≥ 0.70 taken as acceptable. A pilot test (n = 20) was performed to verify the questionnaire's robustness and
reliability. The results revealed a Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.861 across all constructs, indicating excellent internal
consistency and measurement stability which exceeding the 0.70 threshold recommended by Nunnally and
Bernstein (1994). Consequently, the instrument was considered reliable and appropriate for use in the main
study (n = 110).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The key findings derived from the survey of farmers that involve in broiler meat in Selangor are shown in this
section.
Demographic Profile of Respondents
Ten items related to the characteristics of broiler meat farmers were included in the questionnaire's
demographic section. According to Table I, 84.2% of farmers who involved in poultry meat are men, and only
15.8% are women. Twenty respondents (19.8%) were between the ages of 31 and 35, while the majority of
respondents (44.6%) were between the ages of 36 and 40. Malay farmers were found to have conquered
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1543
www.rsisinternational.org
chicken production with a percentage of 69.3%, while Chinese respondents made up 30.7% of the total. In
terms of education, about half of respondents (45.5%) had a secondary education, followed by a higher
education level of a diploma (29.7%) and a degree (17.8%). Most of the respondents had an average monthly
income of RM4,850-RM 10,959 with 52.5%, while just 17.8% had an income of RM10,960 or above.There
were 44.6% married respondents and 41.6% single respondents. Regarding the breeding period, 28 respondents
(27.7%) worked for 11-15 years, followed by those with a minimum of five years of experience (25.7%) and
10.9% involved in chicken breeding for more than 21 years. A large percentage of respondents received
government assistance to help them sustain their business with over 2 acres of poultry farm.
Table I Respondents’ Demographic Profile
Variable(S)
Frequency
Percentage (%)
Gender
Female
16
15.8
Male
85
84.2
Age
21 –25
15
14.9
26 –30
9
8.9
31 –35
20
19.8
36 –40
45
44.6
40 and above
12
11.9
Race
Chinese
31
30.7
Malay
70
69.3
Nationality
101
100
Educational level
Secondary
46
45.
Diploma
30
29.7
Degree
18
17.8
Master&PhD
7
6.9
Monthly income
B40 = RM2,500-RM4,849
30
29.7
M40 = RM4,850- RM10,959
53
52.5
T20 = RM10,960
18
17.8
Marital status
Married
45
44.6
Single
42
41.6
Widow/ widower
14
13.9
Period breeding chicken
1-5 years
26
25.7
6-10 years
19
18.8
11-15years
28
27.7
16-20 years
17
16.8
Acres of chicken farm
<1.0 acres
19
19
<1.0 acres
19
19
1.2 -1.4acres
19
18.8
1.5 -1.7acres
12
11.9
1.8-2.0 acres
23
22.8
>2.0 acres
28
27.8
Incentive from government agency
No
28
27.7
Yes
73
72.3
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1544
www.rsisinternational.org
Correlation Coefficient Result
As indicated in Table II, Pearson's correlation was used to determine the link between four variables.
According to Wong & Hiew (2007), the correlation coefficient (r) is considered as poor between 0.10 and 0.29,
medium between 0.30 and 0.49 and strong between 0.50 and 1.0. All four factors leading to Selangor's lack of
chicken production were found to be statistically significant, with P-Values less than 0.05. The correlation
coefficient between input difficulties and poultry meat shortages was 0.717, indicating a strong positive
correlation. It demonstrates that when input difficulties increase, it also impacts the supply of poultry meat.
The correlation coefficients for disease factors, production costs, and government intervention were 0.680,
0.676, and 0.655, respectively, reflecting moderate positive relationships. These results indicated that increases
in disease incidence, higher production costs, and greater government intervention were associated with
reductions in broiler meat production in Selangor.
Table II Pearson Correlation Matrix
Poultry meat
shortage
Input
difficulties
Disease factor
High cost
Government
intervention
Pearson Corr.
Sig. (2-tailed)
1
-
.717**
.000
.680**
.000
.676**
.000
.655**
.000
Input
difficulties
Pearson Corr.
Sig. (2-tailed)
.717
**
.000
1
-
.753
**
.000
.615
**
.000
.660
**
.000
Disease
factor
Pearson Corr.
Sig. (2-tailed)
.680**
.000
.753**
.000
1
-
.704**
.000
.792**
.000
High cost
Pearson Corr.
Sig. (2-tailed)
.676**
.000
.615**
.000
.704**
.000
1
-
.766**
.000
Govern- ment
intervent-ion
Pearson orr.
Sig. (2-tailed)
.655**
.000
.660**
.000
.792**
.000
.766**
.000
1
-
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
Multiple Regression Results
Multiple regression analysis is a statistical approach investigates the relationship between numerous
independent variables and one dependent variable. The ANOVA results in Table III show a significant p-value
(<0.05) and an F-value of 37.875 (p = 0.000), indicating a statistically significant relationship between the
independent variables and the dependent variable. The significance of the regression coefficients was
estimated using t-statistics, and the regression's goodness-of-fit was assessed using the coefficient of
determination (R²) and adjusted coefficient of determination (adjusted R²). According to the model summary
in Table IV, the R² value of 0.612 demonstrated that the input difficulties, disease issues, high cost and
government intervention explained 61.2% of the factors influencing the shortage of broiler meat, while the
remaining 38.8% was attributed to other external variables. The standard error of the estimate, valued at 0.323,
showed that the regression model demonstrated good predictive accuracy, as prediction improved when
standard errors decreased. The Durbin–Watson statistic of 1.826, which exceeded the upperbound value (dU =
1.78), suggested that no significant positive autocorrelation existed among the residuals. Thus, the model was
considered reliable and statistically valid.
Table III Anova Results
Model
Sum of Squares
D Df
Mean Square
F test
Sig.
Regression
Residual
Total
15.808
10.017
25.826
4
96
100
3.952
.104
37.875
.000
b
a. Dependent Variable:Broiler Meat Shortage
b. Predictors: (Constant), Input Difficulties, Disease Factor, High Cost, Government Intervention
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1545
www.rsisinternational.org
Table IV Coefficient Of Determination Result
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
Durbin Watson
1
.782
0.612
.596
.32303
1.826
Input difficulties and high cost variables showed a positive relationship with the shortage of broiler meat and
were statistically significant at 1% level as presented in Table V. The coefficient value of 0.406 for input
difficulties indicated that greater challenges in obtaining key inputs such as feed supplies contributed to an
increase in broiler meat shortages by 0.406 units. This result aligned with earlier empirical investigations that
identified feed supply instability as a critical vulnerability in Malaysia’s poultry sector. For instance,
Jamaludin et al. (2023) highlighted that the industry was heavily reliant on imported feed materials and that
external supply shocks posed a serious threat to domestic production. Similarly, Bathmanathan & Wong
(2024) demonstrated that global fluctuations in corn and soybean prices significantly affected broiler
production costs, which in turn influenced supply stability. In addition, the rising cost of imported feed
ingredients driven by the depreciation of the Malaysian Ringgit against the US Dollar, further increased
production expenses and financial constraints for broiler farmers (Tan et al., 2023). Collectively, these findings
underscored that input supply challenges were not peripheral but central determinants of shortage risk,
reinforcing the need for policy interventions aimed at enhancing feed self-sufficiency and strengthening the
resilience of Malaysia’s poultry supply chain.
The coefficient value of 0.289 for input cost indicated that increases in input expenses reduced broiler meat
production by 0.289 units. The cost of broiler feed was largely determined by the availability and cost of maize
and soy bean meal. In order to satisfy consumer demand, the broiler meat industry required a steady supply of
high-quality feed ingredients (Thirumalaisamy et al., 2016). This finding was consistent with earlier research.
Bathmanathan and Wong (2024) reported that escalating feed costs, particularly for imported corn and soybean
meal directly depressed broiler production margins. Likewise, Tey et al. (2018) showed that cost inflation
within the broiler value chain had a cascading effect on supply consistency and retail price volatility.
Collectively, these studies supported the present results, highlighting that cost pressures represented one of the
most persistent structural constraints in Malaysia’s broiler sector.
Table V Result Of Regression Coefficient
Variable
Coefficient
t-stat
Sig.
Constant
Input difficulties
Disease factor
High cost
Government Intervention
0.479
0.406**
0.105
0.289**
0.083
1.450
4.115
.865
2.808
.693
.150
.000
.389
.006
.490
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed)
The remaining variables, namely disease factors and government intervention were found to be statistically
insignificant in explaining broiler meat shortages in Selangor. Although the regression results showed that
disease factors did not significantly influence the current shortage (p > 0.05), this finding was not entirely
inconsistent with existing literature. Several studies suggested that the impact of poultry diseases varied
depending on outbreak severity, epidemiological cycles, and the robustness of biosecurity measures. For
example, Ariff et al. (2020) noted that strengthened biosecurity and vaccination programs in Malaysia had
substantially reduced production losses historically associated with avian influenza and Newcastle disease.
Similarly, Abu Hassan et al. (2021) found that commercial broiler farms with strong preventive management
practices experienced minimal supply disruptions despite periodic disease presence. Therefore, although
diseases remained an important long-term production risk, their limited statistical influence in this study likely
reflected the effectiveness of disease control mechanisms within the sampled farms.
Government intervention showed a non-significant relationship with broiler meat shortage in this study.
Previous literature presented mixed findings regarding its effectiveness. Some studies argued that price
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1546
www.rsisinternational.org
ceilings, subsidies, and market regulations could stabilize supply under normal conditions. However, their
impact was often delayed or insufficient during periods of cost escalation or global supply shocks. Ahmad &
Noh (2022) found that government price-control policies in Malaysia sometimes failed to incentivise
producers, particularly when production costs exceeded the regulated selling price. Similarly, Fatimah et al.
(2021) observed that certain policy interventions unintentionally distorted market signals and limiting farmers’
ability to respond efficiently to changing demand and input-cost pressures. Therefore, the absence of
significance in this study likely reflected ongoing challenges in policy responsiveness rather than the
irrelevance of government intervention itself.
CONCLUSION
This study investigated the key determinants of broiler meat shortages in Selangor using descriptive,
correlation and regression analyses. Descriptive results indicated that most producers were experienced male
farmers operating medium-sized farms and had received government support to sustain production. Correlation
analysis showed that all four factors, namely input difficulties, disease issues, high production costs, and
government intervention were significantly associated with broiler meat shortages, with input difficulties
emerging as the strongest contributor. The regression findings further refine this understanding by identifying
input difficulties and high production costs as the only significant predictors of broiler meat shortages. These
two factors directly reduce production capacity, elevate financial risks, and weaken supply stability. Disease
factors and government intervention were statistically insignificant in the regression model. This suggests that
improved biosecurity practices may be mitigating disease impacts, while existing government interventions
may not be sufficiently responsive to market conditions or cost pressures.
The findings underline the urgent need for targeted policy measures that priorities feed supply security and
stabilize production costs through more adaptive support mechanisms. Strengthening supply chain resilience
particularly in feed sourcing and price management will be essential to reducing Malaysia’s exposure to global
shocks. Future research should extend by incorporating additional determinants such as market concentration,
contract farming structures and logistics bottlenecks. Since this study was limited to Selangor, future research
should extend the analysis to other regions for broader representativeness. Expanding the model to include
longitudinal or time-series data may also help capture dynamic changes in production conditions and policy
impacts over time. Overall, this study contributes a holistic empirical assessment of broiler meat shortages
demonstrating that multifaceted structural constraints particularly feed-related challenges and rising input costs
remain the primary threats to supply stability in Malaysia’s broiler sector.
REFERENCES
1. Abu Hassan, N., Mokhtar, N., & Halim, N. A. (2021). Impact of disease management practices on
broiler farm productivity in Peninsular Malaysia. Veterinary World, 14(6), 1512–1519.
2. Ahmad, F., & Noh, K. M. (2022). Evaluating the effectiveness of poultry price control measures in
Malaysia. Journal of Agribusiness Policy, 5(2), 45–59.
3. Amjath-Babu, T. S., Krupnik, T. J., Thilsted, S. H., & McDonald, A. J. (2020). Food system resilience:
Concepts, issues and analytical frameworks. Food Security, 12(4), 695–717.
4. Ariff, O. M., Sharifah, N., & Hair-Bejo, M. (2020). Biosecurity and disease prevention strategies in the
Malaysian poultry industry. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(1), 123–131.
5. Attia, Y. A., Aldhalmi, A. K., Youssef, I. M., Bovera, F., Tufarelli, V., Abd El-Hack, M. E., & Shukry,
M. (2024). Climate change and its effects on poultry industry and sustainability. Discover
Sustainability, (5), Article 397.
6. Ayuti Rani , Khairullah, A. R., Lamid, M., Al-Arif, M. A., Warsito, S. H., Silaen, O. S. M., Moses, I.
B., Hermawan, I. P., Yanestria, S. M., Delima, M., Ferasyi, T. R., & Aryaloka, S. (2024). Avian
influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review. Veterinary World, 17(11), 2544-2555.
7. Bathmanathan, M., & Wong, K. K. S. (2024). Analyzing the impact of global and local factors on
broiler production in Malaysia: A time series approach. Malaysian Journal of Agricultural Economics,
15(2), 45–62.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1547
www.rsisinternational.org
8. Benalywa, Z. A., Ismail, M. M., Shamsudin, M. N., & Yusop, Z. (2018). An assessment of the impact
of government policies on broiler production in Peninsular Malaysia. International Journal of Poultry
Science, 17(10), 459–466.
9. Che Rose, F. Z., & Sapar, M. (2024). Dynamic analysis of commodity prices influence on broiler
chicken prices in Malaysia. Journal of Social Transformation and Regional Development, 6(2), 57–70.
10. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
11. Daghir, N. J., Diab-El-Harakeh, M. H., & Kharroubi, S. A. (2021). Poultry production and its effects on
food security in the Middle Eastern and North African region. Journal of Applied Poultry Research,
30(1), Article 100110.
12. Daniel, W.W. (1999). Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. 7th Ed. New
York, NY: Wiley, 180-185, 268– 270.
13. Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2023). Livestock and livestock products statistics 2022. Putrajaya,
Malaysia. Retrieved from https://tanistats.dosm.gov.my/files/ternakan_a2_en.pdf
14. FAMA. (2023). Laporan Pasaran Ayam dan Jagung di Malaysia 2023. Federal Agricultural Marketing
Authority (FAMA).
15. Fatimah, M. A., Goh, E., & Zainal, N. (2021). Policy constraints and market adjustments in the
Malaysian poultry industry. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 24(6), 1013–
1029.
16. Ferlito, C. (2020). The poultry industry in Malaysia: Structure, challenges, and opportunities. IDEAS
Policy Paper. No. 80. Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs (IDEAS).
17. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). Meat Market Review: Overview of
global market developments in 2023. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/markets-and-trade/do-not-
touch/all-widgets/meat-market-review.-overview-of-global-market-developments-in-2024/en
18. Jabbar, M. A., Rahman, S., & Min, S. (2021). Determinants of livestock productivity: evidence from
smallholders. Livestock Science, 248, 104–112.
19. Jamaludin, M. H., Khan, A. J., Ridzwan, R. M., & Abdul Kari, Z. (2023). Egg and broiler supply in
Malaysia: Issues, challenges and recommendations. Halalsphere, 3(1), 11–19.
20. Kementerian Pertanian dan Keterjaminan Makanan Malaysia. (2024). Perangkaan Agromakanan
Malaysia 2023. Putrajaya, Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.kpkm.gov.my/images/08-petak-
informasi/penerbitan/perangkaan-agromakanan/Perangkaan-Agromakanan-Malaysia-2023.pdf
21. Lauren, T. (2020). Simple random sampling- definition, steps & examples. Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/simple-random-sampling/.
22. Mat Isa, R. (2022). Feed cost pressures and poultry production in Malaysia. Journal of Agricultural
Economics and Development Studies, 9(2), 45–56.
23. Nurshuhada, S., Nurul Aini, M. Y., Mohd Hishammfariz, M. A., Ahmad Daud, R., & Shamizah, O. H.
(2021). Economic production of broiler industry in Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary
Research, 12(2), 52–60.
24. Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
25. Paramayudha, B. S., Budhisatrio, M. D., & Tim CIPS. (2024). Improving Indonesia’s poultry
competitiveness: Exploring broiler chicken meat trade opportunities (Policy Brief). Center for
Indonesian Policy Studies. Retrieved from
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/315357/1/1922503029.pdf
26. Rahman, M., & Chima, C. (2020). Smallholder poultry performance and production constraints.
Poultry Science, 99(7), 3684–3695.
27. Samsuddin, N. S., & Ismail, M. M. (2023). Impact of government incentives on small-scale broiler
farms in Johor, Malaysia. Journal of Agribusiness Management and Development, 2(1), 25–32.
28. Syamsiah, A. S., Leow, B. L., Faizul Fikri, M. Y., Muhammad Redzwan, S., Ong, G. H., & Faizah
Hanim, M. (2019). Genetic analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from chickens in
Malaysia from 2015–2018. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research, 10 (2), 79–92.
29. Tan, M. Z., Bakar, A. N., & Ahmad, Y. (2023). Chicken shortage, a solution proposal through
consumerism advocacy. Journal of Agribusiness Marketing, 10 (1), 49-67.
30. Tey, Y. S., Bruyn, J. D., & Gan, P. L. (2018). Cost drivers and supply vulnerabilities in Malaysia’s
poultry industry. Agricultural and Food Economics, 6(14), 1–13.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XV November 2025 | Special Issue on Economics
Page 1548
www.rsisinternational.org
31. Thirumalaisamy G., Muralidharan J., Senthilkumar S., Sayee R.H., Priyadharsini M. Cost-effective
feeding of poultry. Int. J. Environ. 2016, (5), 3997–4005.
32. Ukita, M, Yasuda, A., Kikuchi, E., & Hinata, T. (2025). Direct economic losses in farms and
government compensation costs due to highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in Japan during the
2022–23 season. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 87(9), 976-985.
33. Wongtangtintharn, S., Pham, T. M., & Ng, T. W. (2025). Rising production costs and smallholder
vulnerability in Southeast Asia’s poultry sector. Asian Journal of Agricultural Research, 19(1), 22–36.
34. Wong, C. and Hiew, P. (2007). Diffusion of Mobile Entertainment in Malaysia: Drivers and Barriers.
International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering, 1(11).
35. Wong, K. K. S., & Khazali, N. F. (2023). Assessing the poultry farmers’ intention to adopt insects as
alternative chicken feed. Malaysian Journal of Animal Science, 26(2), 63–72.
36. Zamani, C. R., & Debbra, M. (2022). An econometric model for broiler chicken meat prices in
Malaysia: Structural time series approach. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research, 13(1), 1–15.
37. Zubaidah, M. A., Tariq, J., Nur Raihan, M. A., & Abd Halim, H. (2018). A case report on the 2017
highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) outbreak in poultry in Kelantan. Malaysian Journal of
Veterinary Research, 9(1), 98–102.
