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ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XVI November 2025 | Special Issue on Sociology
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Electrical Safety Practices and Challenges in Disaster-Prone Coastal
Communities: A Case Study of “Boracay of the North”, Philippines
Cee Jay A. Sebastian,
Regie Boy B. Fabro, Precious N. Faylogna, Peter John B. Ladran, Dariel Justin V.
Daquioag, Domenie O. Castillo
College of Teacher Education, Mariano Marcos State University, Philippines
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2024.916SCO0027
Received: 16 November 2025; Accepted: 22 November 2025; Published: 02 December 2025
ABSTRACT
This study explores the knowledge, preparedness, challenges, and strategies related to electrical safety practices
among residents of Barangay Balaoi, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, a disaster-prone coastal community in the
Philippines. Using a mixed-method research design, the study employed structured surveys, semi-structured
interviews, and focus group discussions to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. Descriptive statistics
revealed that residents were slightly knowledgeable and slightly prepared to implement electrical safety
practices, with notable deficiencies in areas such as grounding systems, proper use of extension cords, and
emergency planning. Thematic analysis identified key challenges, including limited knowledge of electrical
safety, insufficient tools and preparedness, lack of proactive safety measures, and resource constraints. Pearson
correlation analysis indicated a strong positive relationship between residents’ knowledge and preparedness,
highlighting the importance of education in fostering readiness to address electrical hazards.
The study recommends enhancing community knowledge through targeted education programs, building
capacity for emergency preparedness via hands-on training and affordable tools, and addressing resource
constraints through financial assistance and subsidies for certified materials and professional services.
Additionally, it emphasizes the need for stricter enforcement of electrical safety standards and further research
to explore external factors affecting electrical safety practices. By addressing these gaps, the study aims to
improve residents’ ability to maintain safe electrical installations, reduce risks, and strengthen community
resilience in disaster-prone environments. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and
program implementers in designing effective interventions to promote electrical safety.
Keywords: Electrical safety practices, Community resilience Disaster preparedness, Knowledge and
preparedness, Resource constraints, Targeted education programs
INTRODUCTION
Electrical safety is a critical component of household well-being and community resilience, particularly in
regions prone to natural disasters. Damaged or improperly maintained electrical systems during typhoons, floods,
and other calamities can result in fires, electrocution, and prolonged power outages, compounding risks for
affected populations [21], [27]. Francioli [8] emphasized that low-income households often adopt energy use
strategies that inadvertently increase fire risks, highlighting the need for targeted safety education. Similarly,
Kulor et al. [14] observed that residential electricity consumers in developing regions frequently face hazards
due to lack of awareness and insufficient adherence to safety protocols.
Globally, disaster risk reduction frameworks advocate for both structural and non-structural measures to enhance
resilience and reduce the impact of electrical hazards. Ye et al. [31] emphasized that tropical cyclone–induced
winds and flooding pose significant threats to power grid infrastructure across Asia, underscoring the importance
of resilient electrical systems and community-level safety education. Nduhuura et al. [18] further highlighted
that electricity outages in urban households disrupt daily activities and exacerbate vulnerability, particularly in
developing countries. Ebrahimi et al. [7] noted that predictive models and hazard analyses are essential for
understanding risks and improving emergency response planning.
In addition, community knowledge and preparedness play a decisive role in mitigating disaster-related electrical
risks. Basahel [2] reported that safety leadership, safety attitudes, and knowledge directly influence compliance
with electrical safety standards, while Gumasing and Sobrevilla [10] demonstrated that integrating behavioral
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XVI November 2025 | Special Issue on Sociology
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theories with ergonomic appraisal can enhance protective actions during natural calamities. Yari et al. [29]
similarly found that behavioral, health-related, and demographic factors shape household responses to flood-
induced hazards, highlighting the need for tailored awareness programs.
In the Philippine context, electrical safety is increasingly recognized as an integral part of disaster preparedness,
yet many programs continue to prioritize evacuation and relief over technical safety awareness. Local
governments are tasked with enforcing safety regulations and adapting electrical codes to local conditions, but
compliance is often limited by financial constraints, resource shortages, and weak enforcement mechanisms [21],
[25]. Lopez et al. [15] observed that low- and middle-income households in coastal communities face challenges
in adopting disaster preparedness practices due to socioeconomic and infrastructural limitations. Similarly,
Robielos et al. [20] emphasized that vulnerability assessments at multiple geopolitical levels are necessary to
identify and mitigate household-level risks effectively.
Despite ongoing efforts, there remains a lack of localized research investigating the knowledge, readiness, and
challenges of residents regarding electrical installation safety in disaster-prone areas. This knowledge gap limits
the development of targeted interventions and effective community-based programs. To address this, the present
study evaluates the knowledge, preparedness, and challenges of residents of Barangay Balaoi, Pagudpud, in
relation to electrical installation safety.
By generating evidence-based insights, the study aims to inform local leaders, policymakers, and disaster risk
management agencies on strategies to enhance household safety. Strengthening awareness and preparedness at
the community level not only reduces the likelihood of accidents during calamities but also fosters a culture of
electrical safety. Ultimately, improving electrical installation safety in Barangay Balaoi may serve as a model
for promoting disaster resilience in other vulnerable communities across the Philippines [27].
Conceptual Framework
Grounded in established safety and preparedness theories and supported by relevant literature, this study aims
to explore the relationships among key variables influencing residents' ability to maintain safe electrical
installations and implement proper safety practices. As illustrated in Figure 1, the independent variables are
residents’ knowledge of electrical safety practices and the challenges they face in maintaining safe installations.
The dependent variable is residents’ preparedness to implement proper electrical safety measures, which reflects
their ability to translate knowledge into actionable practices. This framework seeks to analyze how knowledge
and challenges individually and collectively affect residents’ preparedness, while also examining the interplay
between these variables and the strategies that can be implemented to strengthen community programs for
electrical safety.
At the core of the framework are four primary variables: knowledge, preparedness, challenges, and strategies.
Knowledge refers to residents’ understanding of electrical safety practices, including awareness of proper
installation, maintenance, and emergency procedures. Preparedness reflects residents’ ability to apply their
knowledge to ensure electrical safety in both routine and emergency situations. These two variables are posited
to have a dynamic relationship, as increased knowledge can improve preparedness, while preparedness may
highlight gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed.
Figure 1. Research Paradigm of the Study.
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The framework also highlights the role of challenges as a mediating variable. Challenges, such as financial
constraints, limited access to professional electricians, and inadequate infrastructure, can hinder residents’ ability
to maintain safe electrical installations and implement safety measures. Even if residents have sufficient
knowledge, significant challenges may reduce their preparedness and ability to act effectively. Furthermore, the
framework examines the relationship between knowledge and challenges, exploring whether greater knowledge
can help mitigate challenges or whether challenges negatively impact residents’ ability to acquire and apply
knowledge.
Finally, the framework emphasizes the role of strategies as interventions aimed at addressing challenges and
enhancing both knowledge and preparedness. Strategies include educational initiatives to improve awareness,
access to affordable resources and professional services, and collaboration with local governments to strengthen
community programs. These strategies are designed to reduce the barriers posed by challenges, improve
knowledge acquisition, and foster preparedness. The framework also acknowledges the feedback loop between
strategies and outcomes, where improved preparedness and reduced challenges contribute to the development of
more effective interventions.
By examining these relationships, the conceptual framework provides a comprehensive understanding of how
residents’ knowledge, preparedness, challenges, and strategies interact to influence electrical safety practices.
This framework serves as a guide for identifying areas for improvement in community programs and
interventions, ensuring a more holistic approach to promoting electrical safety.
RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Design
This study utilized a descriptive-correlational research design to address its objectives and answer the research
questions. The descriptive component was employed to systematically describe the levels of residents’
knowledge, preparedness, and challenges related to electrical safety practices. This approach provided a clear
and measurable understanding of the current state of these variables within the community. Descriptive research
is appropriate when the goal is to summarize and present data in a way that highlights trends, patterns, and key
characteristics of the population being studied.
The correlational component of the design was used to explore the relationship between residents’ knowledge
and preparedness in ensuring electrical safety. Correlational research is suitable for determining whether two
variables are significantly related and the strength of their association. This approach allowed the study to
examine how knowledge about electrical safety practices influences preparedness to implement those practices,
aligning with the research question focused on identifying this relationship. While this design does not establish
causation, it is appropriate for the study’s scope as it provides valuable insights into the interaction between
these variables, which can inform future interventions and programs.
The combination of descriptive and correlational approaches ensured that the study could both summarize the
key variables and explore their interconnections, making this design sufficient and appropriate for addressing
the study’s objectives.
B. Locale of the Study
This study was conducted in Barangay Balaoi, a coastal community located in Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte,
Philippines. Barangay Balaoi is a disaster-prone area that frequently experiences natural calamities such as
typhoons, heavy rains, flooding and strong winds due to its geographical location along the northern coast of
Luzon, Philippines. These disasters often result in damage to electrical installations, posing significant risks to
residents' safety and well-being. The barangay is characterized by a mix of residential households, small
businesses, and community facilities, making it an ideal setting to study electrical safety practices in a real-world
context.
The selection of Barangay Balaoi as the study locale was based on its relevance to the research objectives. The
community's vulnerability to disasters highlights the importance of assessing residents' awareness, readiness,
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and challenges in implementing electrical safety practices. Additionally, the barangay’s population includes
individuals with diverse experiences related to electrical installations, such as household heads, electricians, and
barangay officials involved in disaster preparedness efforts. This made the location suitable for accessing a
representative sample of participants who could provide valuable insights into the study’s focus areas.
Furthermore, Barangay Balaoi’s demographic characteristics, such as its predominantly rural setting and reliance
on local infrastructure, provided a unique opportunity to examine how residents adapt to electrical safety
challenges in a disaster-prone environment. The locale’s accessibility and the willingness of community
members to participate in research activities further supported its selection as the most appropriate site for data
collection.
C. Population and Sampling Procedures
The population of the study consisted of residents of Barangay Balaoi, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, specifically
individuals aged 18 and above who were directly or indirectly involved in electrical safety practices within their
households and community. To align with the research objectives, the study targeted specific groups of
participants based on their roles and experiences in electrical safety practices. These groups included general
residents to assess their awareness and understanding of electrical safety practices, residents with experience in
electrical installations or those affected by disasters to evaluate their preparedness to implement proper safety
measures, and key informants such as household heads, electricians, barangay officials, and program
implementers to identify challenges in maintaining safe electrical installations and to gather strategies for
strengthening community programs.
The study employed purposive sampling, a non-random sampling technique, to ensure the selection of
participants based on their relevance to the research objectives. This method allowed the researchers to focus on
individuals who met specific criteria, including residents aged 18 and above, those with prior knowledge or
experience related to electrical safety practices, individuals affected by disasters involving electrical hazards,
and community members actively involved in disaster preparedness and safety initiatives. Participants were also
required to demonstrate a willingness to participate and provide accurate information about their experiences
and perspectives on electrical safety.
For the quantitative component, a representative sample of residents was selected to answer structured survey
questionnaires. The sample size was calculated using the total population of Barangay Balaoi, applying a 95%
confidence level and a 5% margin of error to ensure statistical reliability. This calculation ensured that the sample
size was appropriate for capturing the general trends and patterns in residents' knowledge, preparedness, and
challenges related to electrical safety practices. Participants were chosen based on their eligibility, availability,
and ability to provide reliable data regarding their awareness, knowledge, and readiness concerning electrical
safety practices.
For the qualitative component, key informants were selected to participate in semi-structured interviews. These
informants included household heads responsible for managing electrical installations within their homes,
electricians with technical expertise and direct experience in handling electrical systems in the community, and
barangay officials and program implementers actively involved in disaster preparedness and community safety
programs. The selection of key informants was guided by the need to capture diverse perspectives and
experiences regarding the challenges faced in maintaining electrical safety and improving community programs.
The sample size for qualitative data collection was determined using the principle of data saturation, wherein
interviews continued until no new themes, categories, or insights emerged from additional discussions. This
approach ensured that the qualitative data collected was comprehensive and reflective of the experiences and
perspectives of the target population.
To ensure the validity and reliability of the data, several steps were taken. For the quantitative component, the
survey instrument underwent pilot testing to ensure clarity, relevance, and reliability of the questions. Feedback
from the pilot test was used to refine the questionnaire before deployment. For the qualitative component,
triangulation was employed by gathering data from multiple sources (e.g., household heads, electricians,
barangay officials) to validate the findings and ensure consistency across different perspectives. Additionally,
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the use of a structured interview guide ensured that key topics were consistently covered during each interview,
further enhancing the reliability of the qualitative data.
By combining purposive sampling, statistical rigor in determining the quantitative sample size, and data
saturation for qualitative data collection, the study ensured a comprehensive and diverse dataset. This approach
enabled the researchers to effectively address the research objectives, including assessing residents' knowledge,
preparedness, challenges, and strategies for improving electrical safety practices and community programs in
Barangay Balaoi.
D. Research Instrument
The study utilized a combination of a structured survey questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide as
the primary research instruments to address the research questions and objectives. These tools were carefully
developed and aligned with the study’s purpose, ensuring the collection of both quantitative and qualitative data
to comprehensively address the research objectives.
The structured survey questionnaire was designed to gather quantitative data and consisted of three key sections.
Part I focused on the demographic profile of respondents, collecting information such as age, gender, household
role, and experience with electrical safety practices through a checklist format. Part II assessed the level of
knowledge of residents regarding electrical safety practices using a 4-point Likert scale, with response options
interpreted as 4 (Highly Knowledgeable), 3 (Moderately Knowledgeable), 2 (Slightly Knowledgeable), and 1
(Not Knowledgeable). Part III evaluated the preparedness of residents to implement proper electrical safety
practices during emergencies. This section included Likert-scale items with responses interpreted as 4 (Highly
Prepared), 3 (Moderately Prepared), 2 (Slightly Prepared), and 1 (Not Prepared). The data collected from these
sections provided a basis for analyzing the level of knowledge, preparedness, and their potential relationship.
To collect qualitative data, a semi-structured interview guide was employed to gain in-depth insights from key
informants, including household heads, electricians, barangay officials, and program implementers. The guide
was designed to address specific research objectives, such as identifying challenges encountered by residents in
maintaining safe electrical installations and exploring strategies or solutions to strengthen existing community
programs in promoting knowledge, preparedness, and compliance with electrical safety practices. Open-ended
questions encouraged participants to share detailed experiences, challenges, and recommendations, while the
flexible format allowed for follow-up questions to clarify or expand on their responses.
The validity of the research instruments was ensured through expert validation. A panel of experts in electrical
safety, disaster preparedness, and research methodology reviewed the survey questionnaire and interview guide
to assess their relevance, clarity, and alignment with the research objectives. Feedback from the experts was
incorporated into the instruments to refine their quality and ensure their suitability for the study. This rigorous
process ensured that the instruments were reliable and effective for collecting accurate and meaningful data.
By using these research instruments, the study was able to gather comprehensive data to address the research
questions, including the level of knowledge and preparedness of residents, challenges in maintaining electrical
safety, and strategies for improving community programs.
E. Data Gathering Procedure
The data gathering process was conducted systematically to ensure the collection of reliable and relevant
information aligned with the study’s objectives. Initially, the researchers coordinated with the barangay officials
of Barangay Balaoi, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, to seek permission to conduct the study within the community.
During this step, the researchers explained the research objectives, scope, and methodology, and the barangay
officials assisted in identifying potential participants who met the study’s criteria. Participants were selected
using purposive sampling, ensuring their relevance to the research objectives. The criteria for selection included
residents aged 18 and above, individuals with prior knowledge or experience related to electrical safety practices,
those who had been affected by disasters involving electrical hazards, individuals actively involved in disaster
preparedness and community safety initiatives, and participants willing to contribute to the study.
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The data collection process began with the distribution of survey questionnaires to general residents to address
the first two research objectives: assessing residents’ understanding of electrical safety practices and evaluating
their readiness to implement proper electrical safety practices. Participants were given sufficient time to
complete the questionnaires, and assistance was provided when necessary to ensure accurate responses.
To address the third research objective, which focused on identifying challenges faced by residents in
maintaining safe electrical installations, semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants,
including household heads, electricians, and barangay officials. The interview guide included open-ended
questions to explore the challenges encountered in maintaining safe electrical installations in households and the
community. These interviews provided detailed insights into the barriers to electrical safety.
For the fifth research objective, which aimed to identify strategies to strengthen existing community programs
in promoting electrical safety practices, additional semi-structured interviews were conducted with barangay
officials and program implementers. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted with selected
participants to gather diverse perspectives on electrical safety challenges, community readiness, and potential
solutions.
The entire study, including the preparation of research instruments, pilot testing, data collection, and analysis,
was conducted over a period of six months. The initial month was allotted for coordination with barangay
officials, preparation of research tools, and pilot testing. Data collection was conducted over two months,
followed by three months for data organization, analysis, and report writing.
Throughout the data collection process, the researchers ensured the accuracy and completeness of the data
gathered. After completing data collection, all responses and interview transcripts were compiled and prepared
for analysis. This systematic approach ensured that the data collected was relevant and aligned with the study’s
objectives..
F. Statistical Treatment
The data collected in the study were analyzed using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to
comprehensively address the research objectives. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation analysis, and
thematic analysis—following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase model—were employed to ensure a
systematic and thorough interpretation of the findings.
To assess residents’ understanding of electrical safety practices, responses from the structured survey
questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics, specifically the calculation of the mean. This provided
a clear summary of the knowledge levels of the respondents, offering insights into how well-informed they were
regarding electrical safety practices. Similarly, to evaluate the preparedness of residents to implement proper
electrical safety practices, data from the Likert-scale survey were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with the
mean used to measure the overall preparedness levels. This analysis highlighted the extent of residents’ readiness
to implement safety measures during emergencies.
For identifying challenges faced by residents in maintaining safe electrical installations, data from the semi-
structured interviews were analyzed qualitatively using thematic analysis guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2006)
six-phase framework. The process began with familiarization with the data, where interview transcripts were
reviewed multiple times to identify initial ideas. This was followed by generating initial codes, which involved
systematically coding key features of the data. These codes were then grouped into potential themes during the
searching-for-themes phase, and the themes were subsequently refined and reviewed against the data set. In the
defining-and-naming-themes phase, themes were clearly articulated and labeled to reflect their essence, and
finally, the report was produced by presenting the themes with supporting data extracts. Additionally, frequency
analysis was conducted to rank the challenges based on their prevalence, highlighting the most common and
significant issues encountered by the community.
To explore the relationship between residents’ knowledge and preparedness in ensuring electrical safety, Pearson
correlation analysis was performed. This statistical test determined the strength and direction of the relationship
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between the two variables, providing evidence on whether residents’ knowledge of electrical safety influenced
their level of preparedness.
Lastly, to identify strategies to strengthen existing community programs in promoting electrical safety practices,
semi-structured interview responses from barangay officials and program implementers were analyzed using
thematic analysis, once again guided by Braun and Clarke’s (2006) six-phase model. The same rigorous process
was followed to identify recurring suggestions and recommendations for improving community programs.
Frequency analysis was also conducted to rank the most commonly suggested strategies or solutions, ensuring
that the most relevant and impactful recommendations were highlighted.
By employing these statistical and analytical methods, the study ensured that both quantitative and qualitative
data were systematically analyzed, providing meaningful insights and addressing the research objectives
comprehensively.
G. Ethical Consideration
The study strictly adhered to ethical principles to ensure the protection of participants' rights, privacy, and well-
being throughout the research process. Prior to data collection, the researchers sought approval from the
appropriate authorities, including barangay officials and an ethics review board, to ensure compliance with
ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, who were provided with clear
explanations of the study’s purpose, objectives, procedures, and potential risks or benefits. Participants were
assured that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without
any repercussions.
Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained by assigning unique codes to participants and ensuring that no
identifying information was included in the data analysis or final report. All data collected, including survey
responses and interview transcripts, were securely stored and used solely for the purposes of the study. Access
to the data was restricted to the researchers to prevent unauthorized use or disclosure.
The researchers ensured that all participants were treated with respect and dignity throughout the study. Special
care was taken to create a safe and comfortable environment during interviews and focus group discussions to
encourage open and honest sharing of experiences and opinions. Participants were also given the opportunity to
ask questions and seek clarification about the study before providing their consent.
To ensure the validity and reliability of the research instruments, expert validation and pilot testing were
conducted prior to data collection. This process ensured that the instruments were appropriate, clear, and aligned
with the study’s objectives, minimizing potential risks or misunderstandings for participants. Furthermore, the
researchers followed the principles of beneficence, ensuring that the study would contribute to the improvement
of electrical safety practices and community programs in Barangay Balaoi, ultimately benefiting the participants
and their community.
By adhering to these ethical considerations, the researchers ensured that the study was conducted responsibly,
respecting the rights and welfare of all participants while maintaining the integrity of the research process.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. Residents’ Knowledge of Electrical Safety Practices
Table 1 shows the residents' level of knowledge of electrical safety practices. The overall mean score is 2.02,
which indicates that residents are slightly knowledgeable about electrical safety practices.
Among the statements, residents demonstrated the highest level of knowledge in safely disconnecting electrical
power during emergencies (mean = 2.75, moderately knowledgeable) and turning off the main power source
before evacuating during emergencies (mean = 2.75, moderately knowledgeable). However, the lowest levels of
knowledge were observed in statements regarding proper grounding of electrical systems (mean = 1.50, not
knowledgeable), using extension cords temporarily (mean = 1.55, not knowledgeable), and having an emergency
plan for electrical safety during disasters (mean = 1.75, not knowledgeable).
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TABLE I Residents' Level of Knowledge of Electrical Safety Practices
Statement
Mean
DI
1. I know that electrical systems in households must be properly
grounded to prevent electrical shocks.
1.50
Not Knowledgeable
2. I understand the importance of using the correct wire size for
specific electrical loads to avoid overheating and fire hazards.
2.40
Slightly Knowledgeable
3. I am aware that electrical circuits should not be overloaded to
ensure safe operation of electrical systems.
2.00
Slightly Knowledgeable
4. I know that electrical outlets and switches should be securely
installed to prevent accidents.
1.95
Slightly Knowledgeable
5. I understand that only certified electrical materials and devices
should be used for installations and repairs.
1.78
Slightly Knowledgeable
6. I know how to safely disconnect electrical power during
emergencies such as floods, fires, or earthquakes.
2.75
Moderately Knowledgeable
7. I am aware of the risks of using electrical appliances or outlets
when they are wet or submerged during floods.
2.45
Slightly Knowledgeable
8. I understand the importance of having an emergency plan for
electrical safety during natural disasters.
1.75
Not Knowledgeable
9. I know that electrical inspections should be conducted after a
disaster to ensure the safety of the system.
1.78
Slightly Knowledgeable
10. I know that extension cords should only be used temporarily and
not as a substitute for permanent wiring.
1.55
Not Knowledgeable
11. I understand the role of circuit breakers or fuses in protecting
my home from electrical faults.
2.00
Slightly Knowledgeable
12. I am aware of the importance of regular inspection and
maintenance of electrical systems to ensure safety.
1.75
Not Knowledgeable
13. I know that electrical work in my home should only be
performed by a licensed electrician.
2.00
Not Knowledgeable
14. I understand the importance of turning off the main power
source before evacuating during emergencies.
2.75
Moderately Knowledgeable
15. I know how to identify potential electrical hazards in my home
after a disaster, such as damaged wires or exposed outlets.
2.00
Slightly Knowledgeable
Overall Mean Score
2.02
Slightly Knowledgeable
Note: DI – Descriptive Interpretation; 3.26–4.00-Highly Knowledgeable (K); 2.51–3.25-Moderately
Knowledgeable (MK); 1.76–2.50-Slightly Knowledgeable (SK); 1.00–1.75-Not Knowledgeable (NK)
The initial interpretation of the data suggests that while residents have moderate knowledge in specific
emergency-related electrical safety practices, their overall understanding of foundational electrical safety
principles remains insufficient. This lack of knowledge in critical areas, such as grounding systems, emergency
planning, and proper use of electrical materials, may increase the risk of accidents and injuries during disasters.
For example, inadequate knowledge about grounding systems can lead to electrical shocks, while improper use
of extension cords poses fire hazards.
The results imply the need for targeted educational interventions to improve residents' understanding of electrical
safety practices. Programs should focus on addressing gaps in knowledge, particularly in areas where residents
scored as "not knowledgeable." For instance, Basahel [2] emphasized that motivation and access to resources
are key determinants of safety behavior, underscoring the importance of community engagement. Gumasing and
Sobrevilla [10] similarly noted that integrating safety education into community programs enhances disaster
preparedness and resilience.
These findings align with prior studies. For instance, AlQhtani et al. [1] emphasized that limited access to safety
tools and resources is a common barrier to effective electrical safety practices. Kulor et al. [13] similarly found
that many households in Ghana lacked surge protectors and other essential devices, increasing the risk of
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appliance damage during power fluctuations. Mukhtar and Kantsi [17] also noted that while awareness of safety
practices is generally high, the actual implementation of these practices often lags due to resource constraints.
Moreover, the results align with the broader framework of safety knowledge and compliance discussed by
Basahel [2], who highlighted that motivation and access to resources are key determinants of safety behavior.
Gumasing and Sobrevilla [10] also emphasized the importance of integrating safety education into community
programs to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience.
In conclusion, the results reveal that residents are only slightly knowledgeable about electrical safety practices,
with notable deficiencies in foundational principles. This underscores the need for comprehensive safety
education programs that address these gaps and provide practical training to ensure residents are better prepared
for emergencies. These findings are consistent with prior studies [1, 2, 10, 13, 17], which advocate for holistic
approaches to improving knowledge and preparedness in disaster and electrical safety management.
B. Preparedness of Residents in Implementing Electrical Safety Practices
Table II presents the preparedness of residents to implement electrical safety practices. The overall mean score
is 2.08, which indicates that residents are slightly prepared to implement electrical safety practices.
Among the statements, residents demonstrated the highest level of preparedness in avoiding the use of electrical
outlets, switches, or appliances that have been exposed to water (mean = 3.25, prepared) and avoiding
overloading electrical circuits and outlets to reduce the risk of fires (mean = 2.55, prepared). However, the lowest
levels of preparedness were observed in statements regarding having the necessary tools to handle electrical
emergencies (mean = 1.25, not prepared), knowing when to seek help from a licensed electrician after an
electrical emergency (mean = 1.50, not prepared), and staying informed about electrical safety guidelines to
minimize risks during emergencies (mean = 1.50, not prepared).
The data suggests that while residents show a moderate level of preparedness in specific practices, such as
avoiding water-exposed electrical outlets and preventing circuit overloading, their overall readiness to handle
electrical emergencies is insufficient. The lack of tools, knowledge of when to seek professional help, and staying
updated on safety guidelines are critical gaps that may hinder their ability to effectively address electrical hazards
during emergencies. For example, not having the proper tools or failing to consult a licensed electrician can lead
to improper handling of electrical issues, increasing the risk of accidents or further damage.
TABLE II Preparedness of Residents to Implement Electrical Safety Practices
Statement
Mean
DI
1. I know how to locate and safely shut off the main power supply in case of an
emergency.
2.50
Slightly Prepared
2. I have all the necessary tools to safely handle electrical emergencies.
1.25
Not Prepared
3. My home’s electrical system is properly grounded to prevent electrical shocks.
1.75
Not Prepared
4. I ensure that electrical outlets and appliances are installed in safe locations.
2.51
Prepared
5. I avoid overloading electrical circuits and outlets to reduce the risk of fires.
2.55
Prepared
6. I know how to safely disconnect electrical appliances during emergencies.
1.75
Not Prepared
7. I regularly inspect my home’s electrical system for signs of damage or wear.
1.75
Prepared
8. I follow safety precautions during power surges or brownouts (e.g., unplugging
appliances).
2.40
Slightly Prepared
9. I avoid using electrical outlets, switches, or appliances that have been exposed
to water.
3.25
Prepared
10. I educate my household members on electrical safety practices during
emergencies.
2.40
Slightly Prepared
11. I have a plan in place to address electrical emergencies (e.g., fires, power
outages).
1.80
Slightly Prepared
12. I am confident that my home’s electrical materials and devices are safe and
compliant.
2.48
Slightly Prepared
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13. I have installed surge protectors to protect appliances during power
fluctuations.
1.90
Slightly Prepared
14. I know when to seek help from a licensed electrician after an electrical
emergency.
1.50
Not Prepared
15. I stay informed about electrical safety guidelines to minimize risks during
emergencies.
1.50
Not Prepared
Overall Mean Score
2.08
Slightly
Prepared
Note: DI – Descriptive Interpretation; 3.26–4.00-Very Prepared, 2.51–3.25 -Prepared, 1.76–2.50-Slightly
Prepared, 1.00–1.75-Not Prepared
These findings highlight the need for community-based initiatives to improve residents’ preparedness for
electrical emergencies. Educational programs should focus on equipping residents with the necessary tools and
knowledge to handle emergencies effectively. For instance, Basahel [2] emphasized that motivation and access
to resources are key determinants of safety behavior, suggesting that providing affordable safety tools and
materials could improve preparedness. Similarly, Gumasing and Sobrevilla [10] stressed the importance of
integrating safety education into community programs to enhance disaster preparedness and resilience.
These results align with prior studies. AlQhtani et al. [1] found that limited access to safety tools and resources
is a common barrier to effective electrical safety practices. Kulor et al. [13] similarly observed that many
households in Ghana lacked essential devices, such as surge protectors, which increased the risk of appliance
damage during power fluctuations. Mukhtar and Kantsi [17] also noted that while awareness of safety practices
is generally high, the actual implementation of these practices often lags due to resource constraints.
Moreover, the findings underscore the importance of regular inspections and maintenance of electrical systems,
as highlighted by Basahel [2], who noted that proactive measures and community engagement are critical in
fostering safety compliance. Gumasing and Sobrevilla [10] also emphasized the role of education and training
in improving disaster preparedness.
In conclusion, the results reveal that residents are only slightly prepared to implement electrical safety practices,
with significant deficiencies in critical areas such as having the necessary tools, consulting professionals, and
staying informed about safety guidelines. This underscores the need for targeted interventions to address these
gaps and improve overall preparedness. These findings are consistent with prior studies [1, 2, 10, 13, 17], which
advocate for holistic approaches to improving safety knowledge, preparedness, and compliance in disaster and
electrical safety management.
C. Challenges in Maintaining Safe Electrical Installations
Table III outlines the challenges faced by residents in maintaining safe electrical installations, grouped into four
key themes: limited knowledge of electrical safety practices, insufficient preparedness and tools for electrical
safety, lack of proactive safety measures and education, and resource constraints. These challenges highlight
critical gaps in knowledge, preparedness, and resources, which increase residents' vulnerability to electrical
hazards.
TABLE III Challenges Faced by Residents in Maintaining Safe Electrical Installations
Challenges
Codes
F
%
Rank
Limited Knowledge of Electrical
Safety Practices
Lack of knowledge on safely disconnecting power
during emergencies
8
80%
1
Difficulty identifying potential electrical hazards
after disasters
6
60%
2
Limited understanding of grounding electrical
systems to prevent shocks
5
50%
3
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Insufficient Preparedness and
Tools for Electrical Safety
Lack of necessary tools to handle electrical
emergencies
7
70%
1
Limited installation of surge protectors to protect
appliances during power fluctuations
6
60%
2
Failure to ensure safe installation of outlets and
appliances
5
50%
3
Lack of Proactive Safety Measures
and Education
Lack of education for household members on
electrical safety practices
6
60%
1
Failure to regularly inspect electrical systems for
damage or wear
5
50%
2
Limited awareness of the importance of using
certified materials for installations
4
40%
3
Resource Constraints
Inability to hire licensed electricians for electrical
work
7
70%
1
Financial limitations to purchase certified electrical
materials
6
60%
2
Lack of resources to conduct regular maintenance
and inspections
5
50%
3
Limited Knowledge of Electrical Safety Practices
One of the most significant challenges identified in the study is the limited knowledge of electrical safety
practices. A striking 80% of participants reported a lack of knowledge on safely disconnecting power during
emergencies. Furthermore, 60% of respondents struggled to identify potential electrical hazards after disasters,
while 50% lacked understanding of grounding systems to prevent shocks. This lack of knowledge was reflected
in participants’ responses, with one sharing, “Alam ko lang yung basic gaya ng pag-unplug ng appliances. Pero
pagdating sa breaker at grounding, hindi ako sigurado. Natatakot akong galawin baka mas lumala pa.” (“I only
know the basics like unplugging appliances. But when it comes to breakers and grounding, I’m unsure. I’m
afraid to touch them in case it worsens the situation.”) Another participant expressed, “Ang hirap pong
siguraduhin na safe yung electrical system namin kasi mabilis kalawangin ang mga kable dito sa Balaoi dahil
sa alat ng hangin. Kapag tag-bagyo, basa ang paligid kaya kinakabahan ako baka mag-short circuit.” (“It’s
hard to ensure our electrical system is safe because the wires here in Balaoi rust quickly due to the salty air.
During typhoons, the area gets wet, and I get nervous about possible short circuits.”)
The implications of this lack of knowledge are alarming, as it significantly increases the likelihood of accidents
and disasters, particularly in disaster-prone areas. These findings are consistent with previous studies, which
have shown that insufficient knowledge about electrical safety practices contributes to electrical injuries and
burns [1]. For example, Lopez et al. [15] emphasize that limited awareness of basic safety measures, such as
identifying exposed wires or switching off power during emergencies, is a key factor in household electrical
accidents. To address this issue, public awareness campaigns are critical. As supported by Nocete and Enteria
[19], educating residents on basic safety precautions can help reduce risks and improve safety outcomes in
vulnerable communities.
Insufficient Preparedness and Tools for Electrical Safety
Building on the issue of limited knowledge, another major challenge identified is insufficient preparedness and
a lack of tools to ensure electrical safety. A significant 70% of participants reported not having the necessary
tools to handle electrical emergencies. Additionally, 60% indicated the absence of surge protectors to safeguard
appliances during power fluctuations, while 50% admitted to failing to ensure the safe installation of outlets and
appliances. One participant noted, “Wala kaming mga kagamitan para sa mga electrical issues. Umaasa na lang
kami na walang mangyayari kasi hindi namin alam ang gagawin.” (“We don’t have the tools or equipment to
deal with electrical issues. We just hope nothing goes wrong because we don’t know what to do.”) Another
participant added, “Sana may libreng pa-inspection bago magbagyo para makita kung alin ang dapat palitan.
Mas okay kung may simple training para sa tamang paggamit ng main switch at basic safety steps.” (“I hope
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there are free inspections before typhoons to identify what needs to be replaced. It would be better if there’s
simple training on using the main switch and basic safety steps.”)
This lack of preparedness reflects a reactive approach to electrical safety, leaving residents ill-equipped to handle
emergencies effectively. Studies corroborate these findings, highlighting the importance of equipping
households with tools and devices to address electrical emergencies. For instance, Kulor et al. [14] found that
the absence of surge protectors and other safety devices significantly increases the risk of electrical fires,
particularly in areas prone to power surges. Furthermore, Basahel [2] emphasizes that safety motivation and
leadership are critical in promoting compliance with safety standards, suggesting that community-wide
initiatives could help address this challenge.
Lack of Proactive Safety Measures and Education
In addition to limited knowledge and preparedness, the study revealed a lack of proactive safety measures and
education as another critical challenge. Among participants, 60% reported that they had not received any
education on electrical safety practices for household members. Furthermore, 50% admitted to not conducting
regular inspections of their electrical systems, while 40% were unaware of the importance of using certified
materials for installations. One participant highlighted the need for more proactive safety measures, saying,
“Kailangan ng regular safety drills para alam ng mga tao kung paano mag-secure ng wirings at outlets bago
dumating ang bagyo.” (“Regular safety drills are needed so people know how to secure wirings and outlets
before a typhoon arrives.”) Another participant observed, “Hindi kami natuturuan kung paano mag-check ng
mga electrical hazards, at hindi ko rin alam kung saan magsisimula.” (“We’ve never been taught how to check
for electrical hazards, and I wouldn’t even know where to start.”)
Proactive education is essential for reducing risks and ensuring long-term safety. Research supports this finding,
emphasizing that integrating safety knowledge into daily practices has a meaningful impact on reducing hazards
[3]. Francioli [8] highlights the importance of education in reducing fire risks in low-income households,
particularly through targeted interventions that address knowledge gaps. Without regular inspections and proper
training, residents are left vulnerable to preventable electrical hazards, especially in high-risk environments.
Resource Constraints
Finally, resource constraints emerged as a significant barrier to maintaining electrical safety. Among
participants, 70% reported being unable to afford licensed electricians for electrical work. Furthermore, 60%
cited financial limitations in purchasing certified electrical materials, while 50% mentioned a lack of resources
for regular maintenance and inspections. One participant lamented, “Isa sa mga problema namin ay yung mga
sirang outlet na hindi agad napapagawa dahil kulang sa budget. Minsan pinagtitiisan na lang namin kahit may
sira pa konti.” (“One of our problems is broken outlets that we can’t fix immediately because of budget
constraints. Sometimes, we just endure it even if it’s slightly damaged.”) Another participant added, “Maraming
bahay ang hindi agad alam kung unsafe na yung wiring nila. Yung iba lang nalalaman pag may amoy sunog na
o biglang nag-brownout.” (“Many households don’t immediately know if their wiring is unsafe. Some only
realize it when they smell something burning or when there’s a sudden blackout.”)
Resource constraints exacerbate the challenges faced by residents, particularly in low-income communities.
These findings are consistent with existing literature, which highlights how financial limitations often lead to
the use of substandard materials, increasing the likelihood of electrical hazards [8]. For example, Lopez et al.
[15] emphasize that households with limited budgets are more likely to delay repairs or rely on unlicensed
electricians, further compounding safety risks. Government subsidies and community programs are essential to
support low- and middle-income households in improving electrical safety, as highlighted in previous studies.
In conclusion, the challenges faced by residents in maintaining safe electrical installations are multifaceted,
encompassing limited knowledge, insufficient preparedness, lack of proactive measures, and resource
constraints. These findings align with existing studies, which emphasize the critical role of education, tools, and
resources in minimizing electrical hazards [1, 3, 14]. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive
approach that includes education campaigns, resource allocation, and policy interventions. Programs such as
free inspections, safety training, and community partnerships with licensed electricians can empower residents
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to maintain safer electrical systems and reduce the risks associated with electrical hazards. By addressing these
gaps, communities can build a safer and more resilient environment for all residents.
D. Relationship Between Knowledge and Preparedness in Ensuring Electrical Safety
Table IV shows the correlation between residents' knowledge of electrical safety and their readiness to
implement safety practices.
The mean score for Knowledge of Electrical Safety is 2.02, which is interpreted as Slightly Knowledgeable,
while the mean score for Readiness to Implement Safety Practices is 2.08, interpreted as Slightly Prepared. The
Pearson correlation coefficient (r-value) is 0.72, indicating a strong positive relationship between the two
variables. The significance level (p-value) is 0.05, which suggests that the relationship is statistically significant.
These findings imply that as residents' knowledge of electrical safety increases, their readiness to implement
safety practices also improves. However, the slightly low mean scores for both indicators highlight a need for
improvement in both knowledge and preparedness. This relationship underscores the importance of enhancing
residents' understanding of electrical safety to foster better preparedness for implementing safety practices during
emergencies. For instance, residents who are knowledgeable about electrical hazards and safety guidelines are
more likely to take proactive steps to prevent accidents, such as avoiding overloaded circuits or inspecting
electrical systems regularly.
The results corroborate findings from previous studies. Basahel [1] emphasized that knowledge is a key
determinant of safety behavior, suggesting that individuals who are well-informed about safety practices are
more likely to exhibit preparedness in emergencies. Similarly, Gumasing and Sobrevilla [2] highlighted the
importance of integrating safety education into community programs to improve disaster preparedness and
resilience. AlQhtani et al. [3] also found that limited knowledge and access to resources are common barriers to
effective safety practices, which aligns with the slightly low scores observed in the current study. Furthermore,
Mukhtar and Kantsi [4] noted that while awareness of safety practices is generally high, actual implementation
often lags due to resource constraints, highlighting the need for targeted interventions to bridge the gap between
knowledge and action.
In conclusion, Table 1 illustrates a significant positive correlation between knowledge of electrical safety and
readiness to implement safety practices. While the relationship is strong, the slightly low mean scores for both
indicators suggest that residents require further education and resources to enhance their preparedness. These
findings align with prior studies [1, 2, 3, 4] that advocate for community-based initiatives to improve safety
knowledge and preparedness, ultimately minimizing risks during electrical emergencies.
TABLE IV Correlation Between Residents’ Knowledge and Preparedness in Electrical Safety
Indicator
Mean
DI
r-value
p-value
Interpretation
Knowledge of Electrical Safety
2.02
Slightly Knowledgeable
0.72
0.05
Significant
Readiness to Implement Safety Practices
2.08
Slightly Prepared
Note: DI – Descriptive Interpretation; r – Pearson correlation coefficient; p < 0.05 – statistically significant.
E. Strategies to Strengthen Community Programs for Promoting Electrical Safety
Table V highlights three strategies to strengthen community programs for promoting electrical safety: Enhancing
Community Knowledge Through Targeted Education and Awareness, Building Capacity for Emergency
Preparedness and Response, and Addressing Resource Constraints to Improve Compliance with Safety
Standards. Each theme includes specific challenges ranked by frequency and percentage, providing a clear
direction for targeted interventions aimed at fostering safer communities.
Under the theme of Enhancing Community Knowledge Through Targeted Education and Awareness, the most
pressing issue identified is the limited knowledge of safely disconnecting power during emergencies, reported
by 80% of respondents. Many community members lack basic skills in handling electrical emergencies, which
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increases the risk of accidents. One participant shared, “Hindi namin alam kung paano ligtas na patayin ang
kuryente sa panahon ng emergency. Minsan, hinahayaan na lang namin at umaasa na walang masamang
mangyari.” (“We don’t know how to turn off the power safely during emergencies. Sometimes, we just leave it
on and hope nothing worse happens.”) Another common challenge is the lack of knowledge on recognizing
unsafe wiring or overloaded circuits, which 70% of respondents identified as a concern. This gap prevents
individuals from identifying potential hazards in their homes. One respondent explained, “Hindi ko alam kung
ligtas ba ang wiring namin o hindi. Ginagamit na lang namin hangga’t may nasisira o nagliliyab.” (“I don’t
know if our wiring is safe or not. We just use it until something breaks or sparks happen.”) Furthermore, 60%
of respondents noted insufficient resources for community-driven awareness campaigns, which limits the ability
to educate residents effectively. One participant remarked, “Kailangan namin ng mas maraming programa para
turuan kami tungkol sa electrical safety, pero walang pondo o resources para sa mga kampanya na ito.” (“We
need more programs to teach us about electrical safety, but there’s no funding or resources for these
campaigns.”) These findings emphasize the need for localized and practical educational initiatives, supported
by sufficient resources, to improve knowledge retention and engagement [1, 2].
The second theme, Building Capacity for Emergency Preparedness and Response, underscores the importance
of equipping communities with the tools and training needed to handle electrical emergencies effectively. The
most significant challenge, reported by 80% of respondents, is the limited training on how to safely shut off
power during emergencies. One participant shared, “Kailangan namin ng tamang pagsasanay para malaman
kung ano ang gagawin sa panahon ng emergency, tulad ng ligtas na pagpatay ng kuryente o kung anong
kagamitan ang dapat gamitin.” (“We need proper training to know what to do during emergencies, like how to
turn off the power safely or what tools to use.”) Another issue is the lack of safety drills or emergency response
plans, which 60% of respondents identified as a concern. Communities rarely conduct drills, leaving residents
unprepared for electrical incidents. One respondent explained, “Hindi pa kami nagkaroon ng safety drill sa lugar
namin. Kung may mangyari, hindi namin alam kung paano reresponde.” (“We’ve never had a safety drill in our
area. If something happens, we don’t know how to respond.”) Additionally, 50% of respondents noted the lack
of affordable tools, such as insulated gloves and voltage testers, which are essential for safely handling electrical
systems. One participant remarked, “Kung mas mura ang insulated gloves o testers, bibilhin namin. Pero sa
ngayon, masyado silang mahal para sa amin.” (“If insulated gloves or testers were cheaper, we’d buy them. But
right now, they’re too expensive for us.”) These findings highlight the need for hands-on training, community-
wide safety drills, and affordable safety tools to enhance preparedness and reduce risks during emergencies [3,
4].
The third theme, Addressing Resource Constraints to Improve Compliance with Safety Standards, focuses on
overcoming financial and resource barriers that prevent communities from adhering to safety regulations. The
high cost of certified materials, such as wires and circuit breakers, was identified as the most critical issue by
70% of respondents. Many households opt for cheaper, unsafe alternatives due to financial constraints. One
participant explained, “Alam namin na mas ligtas ang certified na materyales, pero masyado silang mahal para
sa amin. Ginagamit na lang namin kung ano ang kaya naming bilhin.” (“We know certified materials are safer,
but they’re too expensive for us. We just use what we can afford.”) Another issue, reported by 60% of
respondents, is the lack of affordable professional services for safe installations and repairs. Many households
resort to DIY repairs despite the risks involved. One participant shared, “Hindi namin kayang magbayad ng mga
professional na electrician, kaya kami na lang ang gumagawa ng mga repair, kahit delikado.” (“We can’t afford
professional electricians, so we just do the repairs ourselves, even if it’s risky.”) Finally, 50% of respondents
noted infrequent system checks due to financial constraints, which prevents timely identification and resolution
of electrical issues. One respondent remarked, “Wala kaming pera para regular na ipacheck ang system. Inaayos
na lang namin kapag may problema na.” (“We don’t have the money to check the system regularly. We only fix
it when there’s already a problem.”) These findings suggest that financial support, such as subsidies for certified
materials and free or low-cost professional services, is critical to improving compliance with safety standards
and reducing accidents [5, 6].
The strategies align with existing literature on electrical safety. Studies emphasize the importance of community-
specific education and localized materials in fostering awareness [1, 2], hands-on training, safety drills, and
accessible tools in building preparedness [3, 4], and financial assistance and affordable professional services in
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improving compliance [5, 6]. These strategies collectively demonstrate their effectiveness in promoting
knowledge, preparedness, and compliance with electrical safety practices.
TABLE V Proposed Strategies to Strengthen Community Programs on Electrical Safety
Themes
Codes
f
%
Rank
Enhancing Community Knowledge Through
Targeted Education and Awareness
Limited knowledge of safely
disconnecting power during emergencies
8
80%
1
Lack of knowledge on recognizing
unsafe wiring or overloaded circuits
7
70%
2
Insufficient resources for community-
driven awareness campaigns
6
60%
3
Building Capacity for Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Limited training on shutting off power
safely during emergencies
8
80%
1
Few safety drills or emergency response
plans in place
6
60%
2
Lack of affordable tools like insulated
gloves or voltage testers
5
50%
3
Addressing Resource Constraints to
Improve Compliance with Safety Standards
High cost of certified materials (e.g.,
wires, circuit breakers)
7
70%
1
Lack of affordable professional services
for safe installations and repairs
6
60%
2
Infrequent system checks due to financial
constraints
5
50%
3
CONCLUSION
The findings of this study reveal significant gaps in residents’ knowledge, preparedness, and ability to maintain
safe electrical installations, highlighting a pressing need for targeted interventions. While residents exhibited
moderate knowledge in certain emergency-related electrical safety practices—such as safely disconnecting
power and turning off the main power source during emergencies—their understanding of foundational
principles remains insufficient. Critical areas, including grounding systems, proper use of extension cords, and
the development of emergency plans for electrical safety, were identified as major deficiencies that increase the
risk of accidents and injuries, particularly during disasters.
Similarly, residents were found to be only slightly prepared to implement electrical safety practices. Notable
gaps include the lack of necessary tools, limited access to professional support, and inadequate awareness of
safety guidelines. These deficiencies leave households vulnerable to electrical hazards, particularly in disaster-
prone areas. Financial constraints further compound these challenges, as many households cannot afford certified
materials or hire licensed electricians, often resorting to unsafe practices and substandard materials. Additionally,
the lack of training and tools for handling emergencies leaves residents ill-equipped to respond effectively to
electrical hazards.
The study also established a strong positive correlation between residents’ knowledge of electrical safety and
their readiness to implement safety practices. This finding underscores the critical role of knowledge in
enhancing preparedness, suggesting that targeted education and training can directly reduce risks and foster safer
communities. However, the slightly low mean scores for both knowledge and preparedness indicate that
significant efforts are needed to bridge these gaps.
To address these challenges, the study proposes three key strategies: (1) enhancing community knowledge
through targeted education and awareness programs, (2) building capacity for emergency preparedness and
response through hands-on training and affordable tools, and (3) addressing resource constraints by providing
financial assistance and subsidies for certified materials and professional services. These strategies align with
existing literature advocating for holistic approaches to improving knowledge, preparedness, and compliance
with safety standards.
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In conclusion, the findings emphasize the need for comprehensive community-based initiatives to improve
residents’ knowledge, preparedness, and ability to maintain safe electrical installations. By implementing
targeted educational programs, providing access to affordable tools and materials, and fostering proactive safety
measures, communities can significantly reduce the risks associated with electrical hazards. These efforts will
not only enhance disaster resilience but also promote long-term safety and well-being for residents.
VI. Implications for Policy and Long-Term Capacity-Building
The findings of this study provide actionable insights for the local government of Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte, in
alignment with the national government’s disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) framework under
the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121). These results highlight the
need for targeted policies and programs to address the gaps in electrical safety knowledge, preparedness, and
resource availability among residents.
At the local government level, policies should prioritize regular electrical safety inspections for households,
particularly in disaster-prone areas. The municipal government of Pagudpud can collaborate with barangay
officials to establish programs that provide free or subsidized inspections and distribute certified electrical
materials to low-income households. These initiatives can be supported by national agencies such as the
Department of Energy (DOE) and the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to ensure
funding and technical expertise are available.
To strengthen community capacity, barangays in Pagudpud can integrate electrical safety education into their
disaster preparedness programs. Community-based training initiatives can teach residents essential skills, such
as identifying electrical hazards, proper use of grounding systems, and safely disconnecting power during
emergencies. These programs can be implemented in partnership with the Department of the Interior and Local
Government (DILG) and local electricians, ensuring that training is both practical and accessible.
Long-term capacity-building efforts should also include the establishment of pre-disaster electrical safety
measures, such as barangay-led inspections before typhoon season, and the provision of tools like surge
protectors and insulated equipment to vulnerable households. These initiatives can be integrated into the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) under disaster preparedness and prevention
objectives.
Finally, addressing financial constraints is critical to ensuring the success of these initiatives. The local
government can work with national agencies and private organizations, such as the National Electrification
Administration (NEA) and the Philippine Disaster Resilience Foundation (PDRF), to provide financial assistance
or subsidies for households in need. Public-private partnerships can also play a role in funding and implementing
community programs that focus on improving electrical safety and disaster resilience.
By aligning local initiatives with national policies and frameworks, the government of Pagudpud can create a
safer and more resilient community. These efforts will not only reduce the risks of electrical hazards but also
contribute to the long-term safety, well-being, and disaster preparedness of its residents.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
While this study provides valuable insights into residents' knowledge, preparedness, and challenges in
maintaining safe electrical installations, several limitations should be noted. First, the study focused on a specific
community, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other areas with different socioeconomic,
environmental, or cultural contexts. The unique challenges faced by this community, such as financial constraints
and exposure to natural disasters, may not fully represent the experiences of other populations. Second, the study
relied on self-reported data collected through surveys and interviews, which introduces potential biases such as
recall bias and social desirability bias. Participants may have overestimated or underestimated their knowledge,
preparedness, or behaviors, potentially affecting the accuracy of the findings. For instance, respondents may
have provided answers they believed were socially acceptable rather than reflecting their true experiences. This
limitation should be considered when interpreting the results, as it may influence the reliability of the reported
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data. Future research could benefit from incorporating objective measures, such as observational studies or third-
party assessments, to complement self-reported data and provide a more accurate picture.
Additionally, the descriptive interpretations of knowledge and preparedness levels were based on mean scores,
which may not fully capture the nuances of individual experiences or behaviors. While mean scores provide a
useful summary, they may oversimplify variations in participants' understanding and actions, potentially
masking important differences within the data. The study also did not account for external factors that could
influence electrical safety practices, such as the availability of government programs, access to professional
electricians, or variations in infrastructure quality. These factors may play a significant role in shaping residents’
ability to implement safety measures, but they were not explored in detail. A more comprehensive investigation
into these external influences could provide a deeper understanding of the barriers and facilitators to electrical
safety.
Lastly, the study primarily focused on electrical safety practices during emergencies and disasters, which may
have excluded other important aspects of electrical safety, such as long-term maintenance and compliance with
safety standards in routine settings. These aspects are critical for sustained safety and prevention of electrical
hazards. Future research could expand on these areas to provide a more holistic understanding of electrical safety
practices. Despite these limitations, the study offers a strong foundation for designing targeted interventions to
improve electrical safety knowledge, preparedness, and compliance. By addressing these limitations in future
research, a more comprehensive and inclusive approach to electrical safety can be achieved.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the conclusion and limitations of this study, several recommendations are proposed to address the gaps
in knowledge, preparedness, and challenges faced by residents in maintaining safe electrical installations. First,
there is a need to enhance community knowledge through targeted education and awareness programs. This can
be achieved by developing and implementing community-based educational campaigns that focus on
foundational principles of electrical safety, such as grounding systems, proper use of extension cords, and
emergency response protocols. Utilizing accessible platforms like workshops, seminars, social media, and local
radio can help disseminate information tailored to the specific needs and socioeconomic conditions of the
community. Collaborating with local schools and organizations to integrate electrical safety education into
existing programs is also essential to ensure sustainability and reach younger generations.
Second, building capacity for emergency preparedness and response is crucial. Practical hands-on training
sessions should be conducted to equip residents with the skills needed to handle electrical emergencies, such as
safely disconnecting power, using fire extinguishers, and identifying hazards. Providing households with
affordable and essential tools, such as voltage testers and insulated gloves, can further improve their ability to
respond to emergencies effectively. Additionally, community-wide emergency plans and drills should be
established to familiarize residents with procedures during disasters involving electrical hazards.
Third, addressing resource constraints is vital to improving access to safe materials and professional services.
Financial assistance programs or subsidies should be introduced to enable residents to afford certified electrical
materials and hire licensed electricians for installations and repairs. Partnerships with local governments and
non-governmental organizations (NGOs) can support the provision of free or discounted electrical inspections
and maintenance services to low-income households. Moreover, community cooperatives or bulk purchasing
initiatives should be encouraged to reduce the cost of acquiring high-quality electrical supplies.
Fourth, future research should expand its scope to address unexplored factors. Follow-up studies in diverse
communities should be conducted to identify variations in electrical safety knowledge, preparedness, and
practices across different socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural contexts. External factors, such as the
availability of government programs, infrastructure quality, and access to professional electricians, should also
be investigated to provide a more holistic understanding of electrical safety challenges. Additionally, future
studies should explore long-term maintenance practices and compliance with electrical safety standards in
routine settings to complement the findings of this study.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)
ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XVI November 2025 | Special Issue on Sociology
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Fifth, policies and regulations should be developed and enforced to promote electrical safety compliance. Local
authorities should advocate for stricter enforcement of electrical safety standards and regulations to ensure safe
installations and minimize risks. Incentives, such as tax reductions or certifications, could be offered to
households and businesses that comply with safety standards. Furthermore, electrical safety guidelines should
be incorporated into disaster risk reduction policies to ensure comprehensive disaster preparedness.
Lastly, response bias and data collection methods should be addressed in future studies. To improve the accuracy
of findings, self-reported surveys and interviews should be complemented with observational methods or third-
party assessments. A more detailed scoring system should also be used to capture individual variations in
knowledge and preparedness levels, ensuring a nuanced understanding of residents' experiences.
By implementing these recommendations, communities can significantly improve their knowledge,
preparedness, and ability to maintain safe electrical installations. These efforts will not only reduce the risks
associated with electrical hazards but also contribute to building safer and more resilient communities in the long
term.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to everyone who contributed to the success of this
study. Special thanks go to the residents who generously shared their time and insights, making this research
possible. Appreciation is also extended to the local government and community leaders for their support and
cooperation throughout the data collection process. Finally, the researchers are deeply grateful to their mentors,
colleagues, and families for their guidance, encouragement, and unwavering support. This study would not have
been possible without your valuable contributions and inspiration. Thank you.
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