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Exploring Slang Dynamics and Semantic Shifts in Digital
Communication: A Study of Generation Z on TikTok
Nurliyana Mohd Nor Sham
1
, Zaemah Abdul Kadir
2*
, Faizah Mohamad
3
, Elia Md Johar
4
1,2,3,4
Akademi Pengajian Bahasa, UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.924ILEIID0052
Received: 23 September 2025; Accepted: 30 September 2025; Published: 30 October 2025
ABSTRACT
In the evolving digital communication landscape, slang has become a dominant linguistic tool among
Generation Z, particularly on digital platforms such as TikTok. However, the semantic shifts and sociocultural
motivations behind slang usage remain underexplored, primarily through established linguistic frameworks.
This study aims to identify the types of slang used by Generation Z in selected TikTok videos, analyse the
semantic changes occurring within these slang expressions, and determine the sociocultural factors influencing
their usage. The research adopts a qualitative methodology, analysing seven high-engagement TikTok videos
themed around Generation Z marketing style and ten semi-structured interviews with Malaysian Generation Z
TikTok users aged 24–26. The findings reveal that the most common slang types used are fresh and creative,
flippant, clipping, imitative, and acronyms. Regarding semantic change, metaphor was the most frequently
observed process, followed by generalization of meaning, specialization of meaning, metonymy, and
synecdoche. Interview data showed that slang fosters relatability, expresses emotions, asserts identity, and
communicates efficiently in casual contexts. These findings highlight TikTok as a linguistic and cultural space
where semantic innovation thrives. The study offers significant implications for language educators, content
creators, and sociolinguistic researchers by demonstrating how slang reflects digital identity, cultural values,
and communicative adaptation in the Generation Z community.
Keywords: digital platforms, semantic shifts, slang
INTRODUCTION
In today’s digitally driven society, language is quickly changing, with slang emerging as a defining feature of
online communication, especially among Generation Z. Social media platforms provide the primary spaces
where language inventiveness thrives, shaping not only how young people interact but also how they construct
identity and foster belonging. Among these platforms, TikTok has distinguished itself as a central hub of
linguistic innovation, driven by its brief-format, visually engaging, and intensely engaging content. The speed
at which trends and expressions spread across TikTok underscores the platform’s capacity to influence
language conventions and reshape everyday communication patterns. TikTok enables and fosters users to
respond succinctly, creatively, and comedically (Hu, 2024). These features promote the development of unique
slang, particularly among Generation Z (Gen Z), the group most active on the worldwide platform. TikTok's
widespread nature, where users remix and parody existing content, increases the rapid adoption and spread of
new linguistic creativity trends (Hautea et al., 2021).
Gen Z refers to individuals born between 1996 and 2012 and is regarded as part of the digital-native generation
(Din et al., 2022). Gen Z is the generation that drives remarkable linguistic innovation on social media
platforms such as TikTok, with 98% of Gen Z having continuous access to the internet and 99% owning
smartphones (Ahmed, 2019). They are a generation that has grown up in a world fully integrated with the
Internet, where technology shapes their routines and behaviours, making the Internet an essential tool in their
daily lives (Cervi, 2021). Hence, their active engagement and participation in digital platforms, particularly
TikTok, have positioned Gen Z as the main driver for the constant evolution of language, especially slang.
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This language evolution is shaped by the widespread use of TikTok and the platform's unique ability to
promote linguistic creativity. Beyond its entertainment value, content creators are encouraged to create new
words, meanings, and expressions, often reflecting their social identities and cultural trends (Karpova &
Borymska, 2022). These linguistic innovations are rapidly amplified through TikTok's algorithm-driven
content discovery, which creates a dynamic space where slang terms gain visibility and adoption at an
unprecedented rate (Maghfira & Pratiwi, 2022). Moreover, slang terms that are localised on TikTok, such as
"wasabi" (WhatsApp application) and "cincot" (the act of taking a screenshot), are widely used, especially by
seller accounts. The sellers modified and adopted the terms due to TikTok's strict control, which prohibits
mentioning other brands or platforms because their accounts might be at risk of being banned (Schaefer, 2024).
Therefore, these variations of localised TikTok slang exhibit how rapidly and easily new slang can be created
in response to the platform's rules and social dynamics.
While slang words have been an important element of everyday communication, the universal nature of
TikTok has also increased its influence by developing a cross-cultural language innovation. With multiple users
from diverse cultural backgrounds blending cultural influences to produce a hybrid language, it reflects the
value of sharing a global community (Zeng et al., 2021). Geographical or cultural borders do not limit these
slang terms; they collectively represent Gen Z's identity on social media. Given the high impact of TikTok on
the current generation’s communication styles, this study aims to identify the nature of slang words used by
Gen Z, the semantic changes of the slang words, and the reasons why they are used. This paper also shows the
role of sociolinguistics in the growth and diversification of language on the TikTok platform. It helps
individuals to understand better and appreciate the role of technology and culture in aligning with the digital
communication trends for the young generation.
Although the role of online slang in creating group identity and enabling communication has been previously
studied (Barrot, 2021; Hafner & Pun, 2020), little attention has been paid to the linguistic changes that slang
terms experience and the reasons why they are used. The performative and visual nature of TikTok is scarcely
explored, with most of the previous research being dedicated to text-based social networks, including
WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram (Bahri et al., 2023; Chaudhuri & Sarkar, 2020; Indra & Marhamah, 2024;
Jeresano & Carretero, 2022; Rosvita et al., 2024). In addition, the studies regarding the use of English slang in
TikTok have not addressed the broader sociocultural implications of the slang dynamic, particularly on how
Gen Z uses the slang in various cultural and sociolinguistic settings (Yuniar, 2022; Yuniar et al., 2023).
Furthermore, although some research has already been conducted to analyse the nature and frequency of slang
use on TikTok (Mackey, 2023; Syafa'ah & Haryanto, 2023), there is no comprehensive study of how online
slang terms are transforming in digital communication. Thus, it is critical to explore this gap to identify the
relationship between youth communication and linguistic transformation. Exploring the development and
reasons behind online slang usage in digital communication will give people a clearer idea and picture of how
social media applications could shape one's identity, personality, and cultural expression in real time.
LITERATURE REVIEW
This section reveals the selected theoretical frameworks that fulfil the research objectives and provides a rich
interpretation of the study findings.
Types of Slang Words:
Fresh and Creative, Flippant, Imitative, Acronym, and Clipping Allan and Burridge (2006) define slang as an
informal and playful language typically used by a specific group of people or in an informal context. They
categorise slang into five classes: Fresh and Creative, Flippant, Imitative, Acronym, and Clipping. These
varieties derive from their particular social and linguistic functions and apply to the study of slang, where
humour and brevity are the dominant values of communication. The first research objective was informed by
this systematic framework in recognising the patterns and types of slang that were utilised in the selected
TikTok Gen Z marketing videos.
Fresh and Creative slang is the emergence of new words or innovative wordplay, which may be a revival of
unknown old words or the creation of new ones. For example, slang terms “dope”, “buddy”, and “fella” are
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identified as fresh and creative slang (Sulaiman & Syafitri, 2022). This class can be observed in the TikTok
context, such as “delulu” and “bed rotting” (Jose et al., 2025). The slang is psycholinguistic (how language
influences cognitive behaviour and communication preference). It is convenient for Gen Z to show their
newness and novelty, as their culture appreciates originality and humour.
Next, flippant slang is informal language that is sarcastic and metaphorical. In general communication, this
kind of language is expressed by terms such as "third wheel" and "ride or die" (Yulia & Ningsih, 2024). On
TikTok, slang terms like "rat phase" or the cynical phrase "keyboard warriors" are used ironically and socially
to comment on the situation (Jaya et al., 2025). From a sociolinguistic perspective, these flippant slangs
represent Gen Z's performative and scornful identity through indirect humour and roasting culture.
On the other hand, imitative slang is the altered forms of standard words used in new social surroundings, such
as "weirdos", "peeps", and "sweetie" (Sulaiman & Syafitri, 2022). The term "sheesh" can be classified as
imitative in the TikTok context as it is built on an existing interjection that has been recontextualised (Nadeem
& Shahzad, 2025). Although "sheesh" is initially used to express irritation or incredulity, Gen Z has redefined
its meaning to show admiration or emphasis through overpronouncing it and making exaggerated gestures.
This shift demonstrates the creative adaptation of ordinary expressions to the new digital and social
environments.
Acronym slang is a type of slang that is composed of abbreviations and phrases extracted from the first letters.
For example, DUI (Driving Under the Influence) (Manurung et al., 2020), and TikTok acronyms, such as IJK
(I Just Know) (Nadeem & Shahzad, 2025). The short-form video format of TikTok lends itself to these
particularly appropriate acronyms and allows one to communicate efficiently and concisely. The short-form
video format of TikTok enables these particularly appropriate acronyms and allows one to communicate
efficiently and concisely.
The last type in the typology proposed by Allan and Burridge (2006) is clipping, which entails shortening
longer words frequently used in both spoken and digital slang. This tendency toward quick, casual, and catchy
language can be seen in examples like “comfy” (based on comfortable) (Sulaiman & Syafitri, 2022) and
“eepy” (based on sleepy) (Jaya et al., 2025). Such shortened words are suitable in TikTok, where succinct and
quick communication is required. This slang type is simple, which enhances readability and memorability,
making it suitable for use in captions, comments, and audio-based trends.
Semantic Change Typology: Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Specialisation of Meaning,
Generalisation of Meaning
The development and expansion of the meaning of words, or semantic change, is often caused by technological
advancements and changing social surroundings. Semantic change occurs more rapidly in the digital age,
particularly within the dynamic environment of platforms like TikTok. Gen Z and other users often
recontextualise, repurpose, and reinterpret words and expressions creatively and unpredictably. The Semantic
Change Typology by Blank (1999) is one of the most systematic frameworks of semantic change analysis, and
it categorises shifts into five broad processes: Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Specialisation of Meaning,
and Generalisation of Meaning. This typology not only maps how meanings evolve but also offers support for
the cognitive and communicative reasons behind these changes.
A metaphor transfers meaning based on perceived similarity, usually between an abstract idea and something
more tangible. As an illustration, in the expression “the arm of the sea”, the word “arm” is used metaphorically
to mean a long extension of the sea (Casotti et al., 2024). TikTok's slang term “clingy” is used metaphorically
to describe interpersonal relationships. A physical trait can be reinterpreted as a social or emotional
characteristic, such as friends or romantic partners who constantly seek attention, being called “clingy.” TikTok
users also refer to playful intimacy or affection in close relationships as “clingy” (Nashrudina et al., 2025).
Next, metonymy refers to associating a term with something closely related. For example, the American film
industry is often called “Hollywood,” but technically, it is a district in Los Angeles (Chaira, 2022). An
applicable instance in the TikTok space is the slang “blood” that is used to denote a “blood brother” or “blood
sister,” extending the meaning of the word to the relations of family or kinship. This definition is a metonymic
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use since blood refers to a common ancestry, an emotional attachment, or a community (Chaira, 2023). Such
usage reflects how Gen Z recontextualises traditional terms to convey solidarity and connection within digital
communities.
Meanwhile, synecdoche is a subtype of metonymy where a part can be used to denote the whole, or vice versa,
as the word “wheels” (part of a car) can be understood as a car (the whole) (Chaira, 2022). Synecdoche in
TikTok slang has not been studied extensively in the past. However, it is possible to find examples of it in the
daily digital language of Gen Z. The term “face card” refers to face. This body part describes the entire person
in terms of attractiveness, confidence, or social currency. The expression “face card never declines” represents
gaining social acceptance or admiration because of one's looks. It is claimed as a synecdoche semantic change,
in which a part (the face) represents the whole personal identity or perceived value. On the other hand,
specialisation of Meaning is the process of narrowing down the definition of a word over time. As an example,
the Old English word “deor” was used to refer to any animal, but the modern word “deer” is applied to a
specific species (De Wit, 2021). Although no extensive written studies document this process specifically in
TikTok slang, the phenomenon can be observed in words like “diva.” Initially used in classical music contexts
to refer to a distinguished female opera singer, “diva” has become a specialised slang term referring to
someone, often in pop culture or social media, who behaves in a dramatic, high-maintenance, or attention-
seeking manner. This demonstrates how language can undergo semantic narrowing when recontextualised
within specific digital communities.
Contrary to specialisation, generalisation of meaning is a semantic change in which a word is generalised to
include a broader scope of meanings. For instance, the word “horrible” used to have a specific meaning of
dreadful or terrifying, but now it is used more generally as an intensifier (De Wit, 2021). Similarly, the word
“business” has changed to refer to being busy or troubled, to a general term that refers to any form of work or
commercial activity (Altakhaine, 2018). In TikTok discourse, an example is the word “slay,” which initially
emerged from drag performance culture to mean performing exceptionally well, but has since generalised to
praise any behaviour, style, or success, regardless of context. Although examples in existing literature remain
limited, these observed uses suggest how meaning expansion occurs fluidly in fast-paced digital environments.
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (1978) is the foundational framework for understanding the motivations
behind Gen Z's use of TikTok slang in online interaction. This theory describes human development as
inseparable from social and cultural activities that prioritise social interaction and cultural tools in developing
cognitive abilities (Lasmawan & Budiarta, 2020). First, Vygotsky believed that social interaction is necessary
for cognitive development (Brodie, 2025). On TikTok, slang is adopted and circulated by content creators,
influencers, and other users who interact with each other. This interaction allows Gen Z to build a mutual
understanding of slang, and that situation can be used to analyse how Gen Z slang reflects their social and
cultural contexts. Next, language is a primary cultural tool that dominates thinking and behaviour (Rahmatirad,
2020). On TikTok, language, particularly slang, is vital for communication and self-expression. It enables Gen
Z to communicate in a way that is creative and culturally relevant to their generation's values and trends. This
observation aligns with Vygotsky's perspective that language is a tool for communication and cognitive
development, which helps users navigate social and cultural landscapes (Brodie, 2025).
Vygotsky's theory of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) can also be applied to comprehend the acquisition
and use of slang by Gen Z. The ZPD is the area between what a learner can do without help and what they can
do with help (Lasmawan & Budiarta, 2020). On TikTok, younger users are exposed to new slang terms they
might not fully understand. However, they learn to discover and use these new slang terms with guidance from
influencers, peers, or comment sections. Hence, the social nature of TikTok enables users to bridge the gap
between their existing knowledge and the new language trends they encounter.
Finally, the theory proposed by Vygotsky implies that after learning, social tools are internalised and affect
how individuals think and behave (Irshad et al., 2021). Gen Z’s interpretation of slang on TikTok is not just a
form of communication but a way of life. Slang words become a part of the youngsters’ daily vocabulary and
cultural expressions as they interact with the content. Therefore, this language internalisation is critical to
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apprehending the role of slang in shaping how Gen Z speaks and how they construct their social identities in
the digital realm.
Thus, by applying Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory (1978), this research examines the role of social
interaction, cultural tools, and language in the formation and proliferation of slang among Gen Z on TikTok.
The theory guides the researcher in determining the sociocultural variables that encourage Gen Z to adopt
TikTok slang in their online communication styles.
Understanding Slang in Digital Communication
Slang has become a critical component of contemporary language that the younger generation prefers due to
the growth of technology and digital environments. This phenomenon is due to its flexibility, which is
observed through the absence of its fixed grammar rules, enabling slang to evolve in response to the current
environment (G’affarovna, 2025; Yuldashaliyevna, 2025). The widespread use of slang is strongly related to
social media applications such as TikTok, Twitter (now known as X), and Reddit, where users prefer
informality and creativity, especially the younger generation. Indirectly, it impacts their online identity, which
leads to a general perception of Gen Z as laid-back people and enhances their communication (Stoika &
Pitovka, 2025; Sundaram et al., 2023). They asserted that slang on digital platforms represents a linguistic
innovation that is eventually assimilated into someone’s identity, culture, and communication style (Stoika &
Pitovka, 2025; Sundaram et al., 2023).
Slang can also be defined as a living language that is constantly evolving, growing, and beneficial to the
communication needs of online users. Yuldashaliyevna (2025) claims that slang is a language tool that
promotes inclusiveness and humour and breaks the traditional language norms by flourishing in the fast-paced
world of TikTok and the meme culture. Similarly, G'affarovna (2025) asserts that internet slang depends highly
on the values of brevity, playfulness, and creativity, particularly in youth-centric environments, encouraging
Gen Z to navigate their emotion and peer interaction. Correspondingly, Stoika and Pitovka (2025) highlighted
that the morphological features of digital slang, including abbreviations, stylised spellings, clippings, and
emoticons, are widely used by many generations. However, they are especially popular among the youth.
Sundaram et al. (2023) implemented a data-analytic perspective on slang and concluded that it is a valuable
source of sentiment and behavioural data. Their systematic review found that applying slang helps researchers
and businesses grasp real-time trends and public opinions in online communication. Their findings are more
industry-oriented but provide evidence that slang can be used for various communicative functions. As a
vehicle for emotion and shared understanding and for forming norms of digital interaction across different
platforms.
Semantic Shift in Slang within Social Media Contexts
The evolving semantics of slang exhibit the changeability of language as it continues to be transformed,
aligning with modern cultural contexts. However, it remains apparent that a gap exists in current literature
concerning the direct application of the Semantic Change Typology created by Blank (1999) to empirical
research. Most research only mentions the framework as part of introductory or theoretical analysis, not
applying it as an empirical tool (Altakhaineh, 2018; Chaira, 2022; Chaira, 2023). These studies provide
insightful findings on how slang terms can obtain different meanings and interpretations, displaying the
complex intangible connections between language innovation and the development of technological
communication. The research on English slang terms used by TikTok content creators has been studied by
Yuniar et al. (2023). The authors found that slang words tend to undergo a significant shift in semantics,
signifying social and cultural shifts. To illustrate, the use of the words “dead ass” and “hella” has lost their
original meanings and has gained new meanings of seriousness and intensity, respectively. As the authors
emphasised, social media has accelerated the evolution of slang since these platforms allow new words to be
disseminated and adopted quickly. The identified semantic changes depict linguistic shifts and reflect the
broader social processes (Yuniar et al., 2023).
Factors Influencing the Use of Slang in Digital and Media Platforms The use of slang in online communication
has been widely explored in various settings, particularly in TikTok and media targeting young people like Gen
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Z. The findings reveal that the younger generation has several reasons to use slang, as reported in the past
studies (Muhartoyo & Wijaya, 2014; Mustapha & Marzuki, 2023; Muzani & Lotfie, 2024; Pongsapan, 2022;
Sani et al., 2024). These drives are associated with communicative efficiency, humour and expression, social
bonding, and influence of media representation. Communicative efficiency, with its short slang words, is one
of its primary motivations. Muhartoyo and Wijaya (2014) explain that students prefer to use slang to save time,
and acronyms and shortened forms are convenient, especially in quick communication. The observation was
also backed by Muzani and Lotfie (2024), who found that TikTok slang is typically produced to respond to the
high pace of communication needs. Correspondingly, conciseness and innovativeness were recognised as the
main reasons why students opt for slang, which confirmed the significance of slang in real-time
communication in the digital world (Pongsapan, 2022).
Slang can also be applied to express emotion and entertainment. Mustapha and Marzuki (2023) discovered that
73.5 percent of Gen Z respondents used TikTok slang primarily as entertainment, indicating that slang can
bring enjoyment in its own way. Pongsapan (2022) also found that the research participants stated that the
reasons for using slang were enjoyment, playfulness, and the need to reduce seriousness. Conversely, Sani et
al. (2024) reviewed the function of slang in popular Netflix shows, including Never Have I Ever (2020) and
On My Block (2018), which use slang to convey humour and emotion, thereby shaping characters that are
more relatable to the audience.
Aside from serving as an expressive form, it is also vital in building social bonding and shared identity within
a generation as a means of solidarity (Mustapha & Marzuki, 2023; Muzani & Lotfie, 2024). As Sani et al.
(2024) argued, slang in youth media is used as an identity marker that strengthens their social belonging and
shared culture. Similarly, Pongsapan (2022) added that slang is used chiefly to reduce awkward situations; it
can naturally boost the warm and friendly atmosphere.
Another aspect of the influence of slang is portrayed through the characters in teen series that use trending
slang expressions in their dialogue (Sani et al., 2024). The media portrayal of slang represents how the Gen Z
audience talks in real communication, upholding the reciprocal relationship between media and language. The
sociolinguistic landscape of media slang illustrates shifts in sociocultural and technological environments; peer
pressure is the main reason for adopting slang.
METHODOLOGY
Research design
This research employed a qualitative approach to ensure the study objectives are accomplished, determining
the types of slang, semantic shifts, and motivations for slang usage. Qualitative research is practical because it
involves investigating individuals' perceptions of their experiences, the formation of their realities, and the
significance they attach to these experiences (Muzairi et al., 2022). This approach is vital for analysing
linguistic innovation, such as slang, as it is not constant and depends on the context.
A combination of content analysis and semi-structured interview methods was used in this research. Content
analysis is a research tool that identifies the existence of specific words or concepts in texts and offers
information about messages, the writer, the audience, and the culture and time of the texts (Zavyalova, 2022).
This method enabled a systematic analysis of the language patterns used in TikTok videos, which can help
identify the themes and trends of slang. Meanwhile, semi-structured interviews ensure the quality of the data
gathered and the researcher's understanding of the interviewees’ thoughts, beliefs, and experiences (Ruslin et
al., 2022). The interviews allowed for discussion of people's opinions and practices regarding TikTok slang and
the functions and meanings of these novelties in the context of the participants' conversations.
Research setting and sampling technique
The selection of TikTok videos focused on a Western country, specifically the United States of America (USA).
This choice is based on American TikTok users at the forefront of creating and popularising new slang terms
(Flack, 2025). Therefore, selecting TikTok videos posted by American users will provide a more ample supply
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of slang data than Malaysian users, enabling the researcher to effectively address Research Objective 1 (RO1)
and Research Objective 2 (RO2), categorise the slang into types, and analyse its semantic shifts. In contrast,
the interview participants were exclusively local Malaysians. This decision was made to align with Research
Objective 3 (RO3), which explores the sociocultural factors influencing the use and understanding of TikTok
slang among Malaysian Gen Z users. Selecting participants within the local context ensured accessibility and
relevance, allowing a more nuanced understanding of how global slang trends are received and interpreted in
Malaysia.
All interview sessions were conducted virtually using the Google Meet platform as the sole medium to ensure
consistency and formality of the interview measures. Ethical considerations are vital when involving human
participants, affecting the study’s moral principles and ethics. Therefore, the interviewees were briefed about
the purpose and background of this research before acquiring the interview questions, facilitating their
understanding and cognizance of why they were selected as part of this research study.
The TikTok video sample focused on videos featuring themes of Gen Z marketing style, with content posted
from 2024 onwards, posted by @bcbskansas, @shaker.auto.group,@royalarmouriesmuseum, @get_gordon,
@denvermns, and @natlaquarium accounts. The theme of Gen Z marketing style refers to an interactive
approach that focuses on authenticity, visual storytelling, and social interaction to attract digitally native
consumers with short attention spans. It aims to establish trust through purposeful communication, inclusive
principles, and interactive content, such as influencer partnerships and user-generated trends like slang use
(SheerID, 2023). Seven videos, each below one minute and thirty seconds, were selected to ensure sufficient
data for the researcher to analyse.
As for the interviewees, this study targeted individuals aged 24 to 26, representing Gen Z, who actively use
TikTok and frequently engage with content featuring slang, as shown in Table 3.3.2. Ten participants were
selected for semi-structured interviews to provide valuable insights into their experiences and motivations for
slang usage on the platform. This selection is based on the recommendation that six to twelve interviews are
sufficient for one qualitative research project (Bekele & Ago, 2022, as cited in Guest et al., 2006).
Instrument
The instruments utilised for this study included adapted interview questions from a previous study, Google
Meet for conducting the interviews, Microsoft Word 365 for transcribing, and NVivo Codebook for data
analysis. The instruments were selected based on their ability to ensure the data collection and analysis of the
slang on TikTok are thorough and comprehensive. The first instrument for initiating the interview was the
adapted interview questions. The interview questions were adapted from a reliable past study titled "The Use
of English Slang Words in Informal Communication among 8th Semester Students of the English Department
in Binus University" by Muhartayo and Wijaya (2014). This research provided a transparent and detailed
framework for observing how online slang is widely used in informal contexts, and by adapting the questions
from past studies, it ensured that the interviews were based on established research yet relevant to the study’s
purposes.
A coding guideline provides a fundamental framework for research work, assisting the researcher in ensuring
accuracy and clarity. Hence, the coding system developed by Alan Bryman in 2016, known as the Four Stages
of Analysis, was utilised to categorise and analyse the data and excerpts. The research employed a content
analysis approach, necessitating the application of a coding scheme based on Allan and Burridge’s (2006)
Types of Slang Words and Blank’s (1999) Semantic Change Typology as the chosen frameworks. Table 3.3.2
below presents the codes corresponding to each type of slang terms and semantic shift identified in the selected
TikTok videos. Since this research applied two coders to code the content analysis data, these coding schemes
work as the guidelines for both coders to ensure the consistency of the findings.
Data collection and data analysis
The data collection for this study involved using content analysis of TikTok videos and qualitative interviews
to meet the research objectives. Data was gathered through a systematic search of the TikTok videos to identify
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the slang used on TikTok. In selecting the videos, purposive sampling was applied, focusing on the related
videos that include Gen Z slang with a Gen Z marketing theme. The following keywords and hashtags were
applied to find suitable content: #slang and #GenZMarketing. Each video was observed, and the slang words
were noted, written down, and explained in context. The third research objective was to identify the
sociocultural factors that motivate Gen Z to use slang in social interaction, and the data were collected through
semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted via Google Meet. The respondents were chosen
according to age range, TikTok activity, and knowledge of Gen Z slang; the purposive sampling technique was
used to ensure that the chosen interviewees were familiar with TikTok slang.
The data analysis in this study involved a multi-step process to ensure that the collected data were examined
comprehensively. This method helped to clearly understand the use of slang on online platforms and the
underlying reasons behind its use.
The initial phase was the content analysis of the chosen TikTok videos. This analysis phase began with the
identification and documentation of slang words in the chosen videos. All videos were carefully checked, and
all instances of slang were recorded along with their contextual usage. The transcriptions of the videos were
documented in Google Docs as a backup of the words or dialogues in the videos so that the researcher could
recognise the findings easily. Subsequently, all data were classified according to the frameworks of Allan &
Burridge’s (2006) Type of Slang Words and Blank’s (1999) Semantic Change Typology to guarantee the
validity of the research results.
The second step was transcribing the video interviews conducted via Google Meet. All the interviews were
transcribed using the Microsoft Word 365 transcription tool to ensure all the information was accurate and
complete. This transcription is essential in preserving the richness of the qualitative data, and the insights
remain intact to be analysed. After the transcription stage, the data were imported into NVivo software, a
qualitative data analysis tool. Thematic analysis of the interview data was performed using NVivo 14. The
thematic analysis is a process of identifying, analysing, and reporting patterns or themes in the data
(Lochmiller, 2021).
Then, the coding process began with each text segment with a specific code indicating its class and context.
This preliminary coding was performed systematically, guaranteeing that all required data were captured
clearly. Lastly, the codes were examined and grouped into their central theme, reflecting the patterns shared by
the acquired data. These themes were then reviewed and analysed to learn their relevance and significance
towards the research objectives.
Reliability and validity
Lincoln and Guba's (1985) criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability were used to
ensure the rigour of the methodological process. Credibility was achieved through consistent engagement with
TikTok content, and thorough explanations of the chosen interviewees and contexts supported the
transferability. Dependability was also strengthened through a meticulous coding process, and a consistent
record of a clear audit trail of thematic development reflected the confirmability.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of seven TikTok videos yielded a total of forty-eight slang terms. The distribution across Allan
and Burridge’s (2006) typology is shown in Table 1 below.
Table 1 Types of Slang Words
Slang Category
Frequency
Percentage
Examples
Fresh and Creative
24
50%
Diva, no cap, giving
Flippant
15
31%
Delulu, girly pops, main character energy
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Clipping
5
10%
Vibes, menty b, sus
Imitative
3
6%
Bestie, smol, yap
Acronym
1
2%
Goated
Total
48
100%
Table 1 presents the frequency of slang types based on Allan and Burridge’s (2006) classification from selected
TikTok videos. Fresh and Creative slang was the most frequent (24 instances), reflecting Gen Z’s preference
for coining original and vivid expressions that are inventive, trendy, and culturally resonant within TikTok’s
dynamic content environment. Flippant slang followed with fifteen instances, showing humorous or sarcastic
tones familiar in casual digital talk. Clipping slang (five) and Imitative slang (three) appeared less frequently,
while Acronyms were the least used (one), indicating a preference for performative and expressive forms over
structural brevity. These results suggest that TikTok slang is driven by creativity, humour, and cultural
relevance in Gen Z communication patterns.
Table 2-4 shows the selected TikTok videos' fresh and creative slang terms. They demonstrate how this slang is
applied in Gen Z's marketing style on TikTok videos.
Table 2 Fresh and Creative
Creator Username
@bcbskansas
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShew9SQS/
Type of Slang Word
Fresh and creative
Identified Slang Word
Who's this diva?
The phrase “Who is this diva?” is uttered when someone riding a bicycle passes by the creator while he is
talking. The slang term “diva” often refers to a woman who is typically ostentatious, dramatic, and full of
confidence. It is classified as a fresh and creative type due to its imaginative nature, which allows people to
visualise someone’s flamboyant characteristics through the word. In this context, the creator uses the slang to
hint to the audience that he is suggesting the cyclist appears overly confident for casually riding past while a
video is being recorded. It also serves as an entertaining element in the health insurance marketing video so
that the audience from any generation could engage with the promotion. This result corresponds to the
previous research by Syafitri and Sulaiman (2022) and Oktaviani and Agung (2023), who found Fresh and
Creative slang the most prevalent in movies.
Table 3 Flippant
Creator Username
@natlaquarium
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShew3rGP/
Type of Slang Word
Flippant
Identified Slang Word
Thinking there’s nothing you can do to help the planet? Delulu.
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Table 3 demonstrates the application of the slang word “delulu” in a TikTok video posted by the National
Aquarium in Maryland, United States. The term “delulu” is a playful abbreviation of “delusional,” frequently
used by Gen Z to inject humour or irony into casual discourse. It falls under the category of flippant slang, as
described by Allan and Burridge (2006), which often conveys exaggerated or sarcastic meanings distinct from
literal interpretations. In the video, the speaker uses “delulu” to scorn or satirise the defeatist mindset that
individuals are powerless in tackling environmental issues. Rather than confronting the audience directly, the
slang softens the critique through humour and informal sarcasm, rendering the environmental message more
engaging and accessible. It portrays how TikTok creators create awareness-oriented content through a
marketing campaign to adapt to digital-native audiences' communicative norms and stylistic preferences.
Table 4 Imitative
Creator Username
@bcbskansas
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShew9SQS/
Type of Slang Word
Imitative
Identified Slang Word
Hey, bestie.
Based on Table 4, the identified slang term is “bestie”, which has been said as a greeting in the selected TikTok
video. It is an imitation of the words “best friend” and with the addition of the diminutive suffix to ensure its
digital resonance and align with contemporary settings. This morphological adaptation by Gen Z is commonly
used to express familiarity and affection, even to a stranger, not just to call one’s best friend. Using this
imitative slang on the digital platform fosters social connection and a sense of relatability, where the informal
and casual language is the primary driver of warm and welcoming virtual interactions. These results resonate
with findings by Jaya et al. (2025) and Sulaiman and Syafitri (2022), who observed that fresh slang dominates
TikTok due to the platform’s emphasis on trend cycles and viral content. The preference for originality
underscores TikTok’s role as a language development hub where new expressions quickly gain traction.
Types of Semantic Change Used in Selected TikTok Videos
Blank’s (1999) semantic change typology was applied to analyse the evolution of meaning in the identified
slang. The frequencies are summarised in Table 5 below.
Table 5 Types of Semantic Change
Semantic Shift Category
Frequency
Percentage
Examples
Metaphor
21
44%
Understood the assignment (competent), spill the
tea (gossip), fire (excellent)
Generalisation
13
27%
Slay (broad compliment), chat (community), fam
(family)
Specialisation
8
17%
Bet (agreement), flex (show off), sus (suspicious)
Metonymy
5
10%
No cap (truth), yap (talking nonstop), bestie
(friendliness)
Synecdoche
1
2%
Face card (part representing the whole or vice
versa)
Total
48
100%
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Table 5 displays the frequency of semantic change types found in selected TikTok videos, based on Blank’s
(1999) typology. Metaphor was the most common, with twenty-one instances, showing how Gen Z repurposes
words figuratively to express abstract or exaggerated meanings. This is followed by Generalisation of Meaning
(13 instances), where slang terms are broadened to apply in various contexts. Specialisation of Meaning
occurred eight times, reflecting how terms are used in narrower, more specific ways within digital culture.
Metonymy (five) and Synecdoche (one) were found less frequently, suggesting these shift forms are less
prominent in Gen Z’s online discourse. These patterns highlight how TikTok slang evolves through
imaginative and context-driven reinterpretation of meaning. Tables 6 to 8 show examples of semantic change
used in the selected TikTok.
Table 6 Metaphor
Creator Username
@royalarmouriesmuseum
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShewcV5y/
Type of Semantic Change
Metaphor
Identified Slang Word
Our tote bags understood the assignment.
This expression metaphorically attributes human-like understanding to inanimate tote bags. “understood the
assignment” refers to someone comprehending and executing a task effectively. In this TikTok video, the
design and aesthetic alignment of the tote bags are figuratively praised as part of a broader promotional goal.
The slang is categorised as a metaphor because the bags are incapable of cognitive understanding, yet the
phrase symbolises that the products performed beyond expectations. This figurative use enhances relatability
and humour, especially in marketing contexts where personification adds character to non-human subjects.
Metaphorical phrases, such as “understood the assignment,” metaphorically complement excellent work,
whereas “spill the tea” replaces a mundane act with the exciting act of gossiping. This figurative expression
creates a shared cultural code and is in tune with TikTok's visual and performative context, where
communication is frequently conveyed through expressive multimodal narratives. According to Blank (1999),
a metaphor is a cognitive attempt to find similarities between domains, and in the context of TikTok,
metaphors provide flair, engagement, and relatability to user interactions.
Table 7 Synecdoche
Creator Username
@denvermns
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShewTPe5/
Type of Semantic Change
Synecdoche
Identified Slang Word
This face card has undeniable rizz.
The Gen Z marketing sentence, “This face card has undeniable rizz,” employs synecdoche by using “face
card,” a metaphorical reference to one's facial appearance or personal charm as a stand-in for the entire
person’s social worth or charisma. The term “face” is just one physical aspect, yet it symbolises the
individual’s perceived value or attractiveness in this context. It implies that someone’s appearance alone holds
social currency and impact, similar to a literal “card” used for transactions. Together, the phrase “face card”
slang relies on symbolic reduction, where a single visible trait communicates broader personal worth, making
it a clear example of semantic change through synecdoche.
Table 8 Specialisation of Meaning
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Creator Username
@royalarmouriesmuseum
TikTok Video Link
https://vt.tiktok.com/ZShewGBDb/
Type of Semantic Change
Specialisation of meaning
Identified Slang Word
Hi divas, you all wanted to see more of me, alright bet.
The Gen Z-oriented expression style, “Hi divas, you all wanted to see more of me, alright bet,” illustrates
another instance of specialisation of meaning. The word “bet” originally means to gamble or stake something;
in the Gen Z context, it has been redefined as slang to mean affirmation or agreement. The creator uses “bet” to
indicate that they know their audience's interest and are willing to fulfil it. The semantic range has changed
from a transactional meaning to a communicative affirmation. This adaptation has become common among
Gen Z speakers who value short and direct expressions in casual conversation.
These results align with Sulistiyaningsih and Muttaqiyah (2022), who found that metaphor and generalisation
are the most productive mechanisms in online slang. The ubiquity of metaphor implies that TikTok users are
creatively reusing existing words in new ways to fit new cultural contexts.
Slang as a Cultural and Identity Resource in Algorithmic Spaces The findings of this study highlight TikTok
slang as more than a stylistic choice; it operates as a cultural and identity resource shaped by the platform’s
algorithmic dynamics. Fresh and creative slang dominated the dataset, reflecting Gen Z’s desire for originality
and digital performativity. Similarly, metaphor emerged as the most frequent semantic shift, showing a
generational tendency to reframe concepts in imaginative, relatable ways. Beyond description, these results
align with sociolinguistic theories of identity and group belonging (Bucholtz & Hall, 2005), where language
practices signal inclusion within peer communities. TikTok slang thus becomes a semiotic marker of belonging
that differentiates insiders from outsiders, reinforcing a sense of digital solidarity.
Peer Interaction and the Social Scaffolding of Slang
Interview data demonstrated that slang learning and usage are embedded in peer-to-peer interaction, echoing
Vygotsky’s (1978) concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). Participants consistently reported
acquiring slang through friends, influencers, and online communities, with meaning negotiated in interactive
spaces such as comment threads or group chats. This indicates that slang is socially scaffolded: peers model
usage, and individuals internalise terms through participation. TikTok thus serves as a collaborative linguistic
classroom where users experiment with, refine, and circulate emergent expressions.
Excerpt 1
“I use it almost every time, especially when I'm gaming.” (Interviewee 5)
Excerpt 2
“We often share day-to-day updates, and those updates usually come with some TikTok reference or
slang, such as terms like ‘queen’ and ‘slay;’ it's a bit cringeworthy, but it's just part of Gen Z culture.”
(Interviewee 7)
The three interviewees highlighted distinct contexts where they use slang, but all are related to peer
engagement or interaction. For example, Interviewee 5 said he used it mainly when playing online games with
his mates, but Interviewee 9 said she used it for gossip-related conversations. Additionally, Interviewee 7 even
exemplified the slang terms she used when sharing her daily and personal updates with her friends, such as
"queen" and "slay”. All these responses demonstrate that the use of slang within Gen Z closely reflects their
informal interaction style with peers, regardless of the topic, if it can be discussed online.
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Slang as Humour, Relatability, and Generational Belonging
The second theme highlights how language serves as a foundation of a cultural tool that influences people’s
behaviour and thinking, as stated by Vygotsky (1987).
Excerpt 3
It's not just about trends; it's a shared language of humour (Interviewee 4)
Excerpt 4
Particularly when we're trying to be humorous, relatable, or simply maintain a light and expressive tone.
(Interviewee 6)
Excerpt 5
They add humour and shared meaning to our conversations, especially when everyone's tuned in to the same
references. (Interviewee 10)
Interviewee four emphasised that using slang is not merely a matter of following the trend; it is a shared
language of humour. This emphasis is supported by Interviewee 6, who said, “Particularly, when we’re trying
to be humorous,” and Interviewee 10, who claimed, “They add humour and shared meaning to our
conversations.” Their shared experiences proved that using slang in digital interactions serves as a cultural
digital marker among Gen Z, creating humour that can only be understood by people tuned into the same
generational references.
Performative Play and Emotional Tone in Slang Practices
Excerpt 6
It just adds more spice, more attitude to everyday speech.
I live for a good, piping hot piece of gossip, and saying ‘Spill the tea’ just adds that extra flavour compared
to something plain like ‘What’s the story?’ It sets the tone, it's playful, a little dramatic, and invites the other
person to match your energy.
It's less about the gossip itself and more about creating that mutual vibe of ‘I’m ready, give me everything.
(Interviewee 4)
One key motivation for Gen Z’s use of TikTok slang is its ability to inject personality and flair into everyday
conversations. Participants consistently described slang as a medium that enhances expressive power and
emotional tone in communication. Interviewee 4, for instance, remarked that slang “adds spice and attitude to
ordinary speech,” explaining how phrases like “spill the tea” make conversations more dramatic and playful,
setting a mood inviting engagement. Slang thus functions as a performative resource, allowing users to shape
humorous, ironic, or theatrical interactions. Learning Slang through Digital ZPD and Peer Influence
The acquisition of slang is best understood through Vygotsky’s (1978) sociocultural theory, particularly the
ZPD. Younger or less experienced users often encounter unfamiliar terms they do not fully understand, but
they are taught through exposure to influencers, peers, or viral content. Peer influence was especially salient,
as participants admitted confidence in using slang only after observing usage in their social circles. This
demonstrates that TikTok slang is not learned in isolation but negotiated within networks of practice, where
social validation scaffolds linguistic competence.
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Excerpt 7
In Malay, we call it ‘pengaruh rakan sebaya’ or friend’s influence.
Yes, definitely when I start to see my circle using it. In some way, it gives me confidence to follow the
trend too. (Interviewee 2)
Excerpt 8
Besides that, my friends, especially my classmates, also played a big role in the way I speak. Since they
frequently use slang in our group chats, it encourages me to learn and keep up with the latest trends, so
I can quickly understand the meaning and maintain the conversation's smooth flow.
So, while the platform definitely exposed me to the slang, what really pushed me to start using it was the
influence of my social circle. (Interviewee 3)
Excerpts 7 and 8 show that peer influence is a significant factor in the slang acquisition process among the Gen
Z interviewees. Interviewee two mentioned it as "pengaruh rakan sebaya" in Malay or in English, a friend's
influence, which points to the fact that seeing peers using slang in their circle made her feel confident enough
to use the same language patterns. Interviewee three echoed this sentiment, attributing her classmates and
group chats as powerful incentives to keep up with slang to facilitate easy and current communication. She
noted that although she was exposed to slang via digital means, the impact of her social surroundings
encouraged active use.
From Online Trend to Everyday Speech: The Internalisation of Slang Finally, the study shows that slang
becomes internalized into everyday communication once acquired. Participants reported selectively using
slang with peers who “get it,” while avoiding it with older colleagues or family members unfamiliar with
digital codes. This highlights slang’s role in shaping identity boundaries: it signals modernity, trend-awareness,
and youth culture. The internalization process also illustrates how online linguistic practices extend offline,
embedding TikTok-born terms into face-to-face communication. In this sense, slang transcends the platform,
functioning as a digital and social tool that structures how Gen Z expresses identity, humour, and belonging in
multiple contexts.
Excerpt 9
We can determine if that person is up to date with trends or not, so I tend to use it with people I am close
to, because they are in a circle that I believe can quickly absorb what I am trying to convey.
For example, my officemates, mostly from Gen X and Y, are not familiar with all these slang terms. So, I
will not use slang if I communicate with them because before this, I have tried, but they will be like ‘ha?,’
they react with a clueless expression. (Interviewee 2)
TikTok slang used by Gen Z speakers is a key factor that helps to strengthen the sense of collective identity
and the feeling of belonging to digital communities. The interviewees explained that slang is a language
feature that identifies a group and cultural attachment. Interviewee two stated that they use slang selectively,
only when communicating with their peers who understand the words. An example is Interviewee 2, who
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deliberately avoids using slang when interacting with older colleagues or members of the older generation,
who may not understand the slang. This perspective demonstrates a high degree of audience and context alert.
A combination of practical, creative, and social motivations drives Gen Z's use of slang in digital
communication. Slang is a form of communication that increases communicative efficiency by enabling users
to convey complex ideas shortly and concisely. Muhartoyo and Wijaya (2014) concluded that students use
slang to save time in conversation, especially in the form of abbreviations and acronyms. This statement is
exemplified by terms such as "mid," which reduce nuanced evaluations into culturally understood shorthand.
Slang is also a creative outlet and source of entertainment. Mustapha and Marzuki (2023) revealed that Gen Z
uses TikTok slang for fun and expressive communication. Interviewees in the current study echoed this, noting
that slang adds emotional tone and authenticity, particularly in fan communities such as K-pop and K-dramas.
Pongsapan (2022) also corroborated this idea, citing enjoyment, lightness, and social ease as the main reasons
for slang use among students.
Beyond functionality, slang plays a deeper sociocultural and psychological role. Muzani and Lotfie (2024)
emphasised that slang fosters group identity and social bonding, particularly among users familiar with digital
trends. This study found similar sentiments, with participants expressing that slang helps them feel connected
and culturally aligned with their peers. Drawing on Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory, slang can be seen as a
cognitive tool that Gen Z uses to navigate emotional dynamics and establish comfort in online interactions.
The process of slang acquisition, often through influencers or peers, mirrors the Zone of Proximal
Development, where learning is socially scaffolded. Sani et al. (2024) highlighted the role of media platforms
and algorithms in shaping slang usage, reinforcing the feedback loop between online culture and real-life
language habits. Altogether, slang is not just a linguistic shortcut but a symbol of digital identity, creativity, and
cultural belonging for Gen Z.
CONCLUSION
These findings underscore TikTok’s role as a site of linguistic innovation where slang evolves rapidly through
creativity, metaphorical extension, and peer influence. The prevalence of new and innovative slang is a
testament to the need for novelty on TikTok. At the same time, the use of metaphor as a semantic creation
highlights users’ capacity to reuse words in culturally appropriate ways. Moreover, the motivations identified
point to the deeply social nature of slang: it is not just about language efficiency but about forging identity,
creating humour, and participating in shared digital culture.
By aligning these study findings with the frameworks of Allan and Burridge (2006), Blank (1999), and
Vygotsky (1978), this research demonstrates the structural and cultural dynamics embodied in TikTok slang. It
guarantees that slang is central to how Gen Z builds their social identity, cultural belonging, and
communication patterns in virtual spaces.
At the same time, this study acknowledges several limitations. The analysis is Malaysia-centric, which, while
offering valuable insights into localised slang practices, does not fully account for the global and hybrid nature
of Gen Z discourse on TikTok. A comparative cross-cultural approach would allow future research to trace how
slang diffuses, localises, or resists across diverse cultural communities. Additionally, integrating corpus-based
or quantitative validation could strengthen the empirical grounding of the semantic and sociocultural trends
identified here. These extensions would enrich the understanding of how TikTok’s affordances and global
digital culture intersect in accelerating linguistic innovation.
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