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ILEIID 2025 | International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
ISSN: 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS
Special Issue | Volume IX Issue XXIV October 2025
A Comprehensive Review of the Psychological, Societal, and Technological
Dimensions of Pornography Use and Impact
*1
Nur Ulfah Harun,
2
Abu Bakar Jaafar,
3
Tengku Maaidah Tengku A. Razak,
4
Nor Azura Ab. Rahman,
5
Nurul Shuhada Musa Musah
1,5
Akademi of Contemporary Islamic Studies (ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan
Terengganu, Kampus Dungun,
2
Akademi of Contemporary Islamic Studies (ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pahang,
Kampus Jengka,
3,4
Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil,
Selangaor, Malaysia.
*Corresponding Author
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.924ILEIID00110
Received: 23 September 2025; Accepted: 30 September 2025; Published: 01 November 2025
ABSTRACT
This study offers an extensive analysis of the psychological, social, and technological aspects of pornography
consumption and its effects in the digital age. This study specifically investigates neurocognitive and
neurophysiological responses linked to problematic consumption, the comorbidity of mental health disorders,
and societal opinions influenced by cultural and religious-cultural contexts. This work offers a systematic
literature review methodology, synthesising contemporary empirical and conceptual research from psychology,
sociology, and media technology. The findings indicate that pornography consumption affects brain function,
increases the likelihood of mental health comorbidities, promotes gender stereotypes, and adds to victimisation
patterns, while also posing substantial issues for legal and regulatory systems. Moreover, technical
advancements like deepfakes and advancing content filtering systems worsen the intricacy of the digital
pornographic domain. This analysis highlights the critical necessity for interdisciplinary strategies, inclusive
policy formulation, and technology protections to reduce harm, uphold ethical standards, and guarantee
individual rights in a progressively dominant digital landscape.
Keywords: (pornography, digital media, neurocognitive responses, compulsive sexual behaviour, mental
health, societal impact, cultural attitudes, technological innovations)
INTRODUCTION
The digital revolution has significantly altered the realm of human sexuality and media consumption, which
makes pornography increasingly accessible via several internet channels. The expansion of internet-based
media has increased the accessibility and variety of sexual content while intensifying societal discussions and
apprehensions over its influence on personal conduct and social standards. As digital media evolves swiftly,
comprehending the complex nature of pornography consumption is essential for tackling its societal and
psychological consequences.
The rise of online platforms has facilitated unprecedented access to sexually explicit material, leading to shifts
in individual sexual behaviours and attitudes. Research by Vendemia and Coduto (2022) research underscores
the influence of sexually explicit media consumption on imagined interactions among online daters in the
United States, highlighting the multifaceted roles such media fulfil, including catharsis, sexual fantasy, and
recompense. These interactions influence perceptions and expectations about sexuality, which can have broad
societal repercussions. The accessibility and variety offered by these platforms mean that users' experiences are
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not monolithic; they are shaped by diverse personal, cultural, and technological factors, leading to a need for
comprehensive studies that encompass these different dimensions.
Public health and societal debates have not only focused on availability but also on problematic usage patterns
and their social consequences. Fido et al. (2022) examine the extensive societal ramifications of problematic
pornography use, including psychological and societal effects, digital technological facilitation, and societal
attitudes. The research emphasises that problematic consumption may relate to mental health issues and
societal norms, influencing relationship dynamics and individual well-being. Such findings underpin the
importance of understanding the societal impact of pornography as more than an individual issue but as a
societal phenomenon requiring institutional attention.
Neurophysiological research enhances this understanding by revealing how the brain responds to sexually
explicit stimuli. Wegmann et al. (2022) conducted an MEG study showing neural correlates associated with
pornography consumption and their links to indicators of compulsive sexual behaviours. Such studies
demonstrate the neural underpinnings of sexual arousal, craving, and compulsive use, reinforcing the
importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes neurobiological data to understand the full impact of
pornography consumption.
In addition to neurobiological insights, societal attitudes toward pornography are deeply intertwined with
cultural, moral, and legal frameworks. Wegmann et al. (2024) examine societal perceptions, attitudes, and
acceptance levels toward sexual content across different populations, illustrating how social norms shape
individual behaviour and societal regulation of pornographic material. Such attitudes are crucial in
understanding how societies construct norms around sexuality, morality, and privacy in the context of
technological advancements.
The intersection of technology and society is also evident in the advent of innovative tools for content filtering
and detection, as discussed by Borg et al. (2022). The development of neural network systems for identifying
harmful content reflects an ongoing effort to manage the societal risks associated with pornography, including
illegal and non-consensual material. These technological solutions are vital to balancing the accessibility
provided by digital media with societal concerns about harm and exploitation.
Given these diverse influences—from neural responses and individual behaviours to societal attitudes and
technological tools—highlighting the importance of a comprehensive understanding is imperative. Such
understanding must encompass biological, psychological, social, and technological perspectives to effectively
address the issues arising from the proliferation of internet pornography. This comprehensive approach is
crucial for formulating successful legislation, educational initiatives, and technical protections, highlighting the
socioeconomic and psychological importance of continuous research in this domain.
METHODOLOGY
This study employed a comprehensive literature review approach to synthesize existing empirical and
theoretical research on the psychological, societal, and technological dimensions of pornography use and its
impact. Unlike primary research that involves direct data collection, this method systematically collates and
integrates prior studies across multiple disciplines to provide a holistic and interdisciplinary perspective.
Relevant literature was identified through systematic searches in prominent academic databases, including
Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Additional references were obtained through citation
tracking from key publications. Keywords applied in the search strategy included combinations of:
pornography, digital media, neurocognitive responses, compulsive sexual behaviour, mental health, societal
impact, cultural attitudes, religiosity, gender norms, technological innovations, deepfakes, content moderation,
legal frameworks, ethical debates.
The review applied the subsequent selection criteria: (1) Publication type: Peer-reviewed journal articles,
conference papers, and academic book chapters; (2) Timeframe: Publications from 2021 to 2025 to ensure
contemporary relevance, with the exception of seminal works that provided theoretical foundations; (3) Scope:
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Studies explicitly examining psychological, neurocognitive, societal, cultural, technological, ethical, or legal
aspects of pornography use; (4) Exclusion: Non-scholarly sources, opinion pieces, or articles not directly
addressing the scope of pornography in digital contexts.
Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of Studies
Criteria
Inclusion
Exclusion
Document Type
Peer-reviewed journal articles
Unofficial reports, proceedings,
theses, media reviews
Publication Period
2021 – 2025
Published before 2021
Language
English
Other languages besides English
Content
Studies related to pornography use,
problematic sexual behaviors,
psychological factors,
neuropsychology, culture,
technology, law, and mental health
Studies not directly related to these
topics
The initial search yielded a wide pool of references. After title and abstract screening, studies unrelated to
pornography or those without empirical or theoretical grounding were excluded. Full-text reviews were then
conducted to ensure alignment with the thematic focus of this article.
Data from the included studies were systematically extracted and organized into thematic categories: (1)
Psychological and Neurocognitive Dimensions – including reward processing, cue reactivity, impulsivity,
attachment styles, and mental health comorbidities; (2) Societal and Cultural Dimensions – including attitudes
shaped by religiosity, cultural norms, gender roles, relationship dynamics, and victimization; (3) Technological
Dimensions – including AI-driven content detection, deepfake pornography, blockchain verification, and
digital governance; (4) Ethical and Legal Frameworks – including victim rights, moral debates, privacy issues,
and cross-national legal approaches.
The review followed a narrative synthesis approach, integrating findings across disciplines and highlighting
convergences, divergences, and research gaps. Comparative insights were emphasized to capture cross-cultural
variations and interdisciplinary perspectives.
A comprehensive literature review was deemed appropriate due to the multidimensional and interdisciplinary
nature of pornography research. This method allows for the integration of evidence from psychology,
neuroscience, sociology, technology, law, and ethics, thereby offering a consolidated framework for
understanding the complex and evolving impact of pornography in the digital age.
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
Psychological and Neurocognitive Aspects
The neurophysiological underpinnings of problematic pornography use have garnered significant attention in
recent years. Wegmann et al. (2022) employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to explore brain activity
during exposure to erotic and explicit images, identifying both hyperactivation and hypoactivation in regions
associated with reward processing, emotional regulation, and impulse control. These findings suggest altered
neural responses that may underpin compulsive behaviors related to pornography.
Complementing these insights, Wang et al. (2022) focused on reward dynamics, revealing that individuals with
problematic use exhibit heightened cue reactivity, implicating reward sensitivity and craving mechanisms.
Their research demonstrated that frequent exposure enhances neural responses to sexual cues, which can drive
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compulsive consumption through conditioned associations. Such neuroimaging studies underscore the
importance of reward processing anomalies in understanding pornography addiction.
Further emphasizing the behavioural dimension, Wegmann et al. (2023) delved into neurocognitive functions
such as impulsivity and craving, establishing that individuals with problematic pornography use often exhibit
deficits in inhibitory control. Chen et al. (2024) extended this review by highlighting the role of attachment
insecurities, noting that insecure attachment styles correlate with increased compulsive behaviours, emotional
dysregulation, and dependency on pornography as a maladaptive coping strategy.
Mental Health Disorders
The association of problematic pornography use with mental health disorders has also been substantiated in the
literature. Gewirtz-Meydan and Godbout (2023) reported that victims of childhood trauma engaging in
problematic use are more susceptible to anxiety, depression, and body image disturbances. Bőthe et al. (2021)
found that individuals exhibiting symptoms of compulsive sexual behaviors often score higher on measures of
social anxiety and depressive symptomatology, indicating a potential co-occurrence or bidirectional
relationship. Wegmann et al. (2022) further contributed by identifying that problematic pornography
consumption shares significant covariance with symptoms of depression, obsessive-compulsive tendencies,
and generalized anxiety disorders, suggesting that such use can act as both a symptom and a precipitating
factor in broader psychological pathology.
Addressing specific populations, Wegmann et al. (2022) examined youth and women featured in pornography.
Their study showed that adolescents engaging in problematic patterns often experience heightened internalized
shame and social withdrawal, correlating with poor self-esteem and emotional distress. Similarly, Wegmann et
al. (2023) investigated women featured in explicit content, revealing unique vulnerabilities such as increased
risk for body dissatisfaction and mental health disturbances, especially among those with prior traumatic
experiences. The literature indicates that these populations require tailored interventions that consider their
distinct neuropsychological and social vulnerabilities.
Societal Dimensions
Attitudinal aspects surrounding pornography consumption, including societal attitudes and acceptance, are
influenced by factors such as religiosity, cultural norms, and gender roles. Wegmann et al. (2022) reported that
individuals with conservative beliefs tend to have more negative attitudes towards pornography, correlating
with higher rape myth acceptance and victim-blaming tendencies. Yavuz (2023) explored how legal
frameworks and public discourse shape societal perceptions, noting that cultural context significantly
modulates attitudes towards pornography and related behaviors. Ali et al. (2021) investigated the role of
religiosity, finding that stronger religious adherence correlates with increased stigma and moral judgment
regarding pornography use, which can influence behaviors and help-seeking tendencies.
Additional research by Adamczyk et al. (2023) highlighted how cultural variations impact attitudes, with more
permissive societies showing higher acceptance and normalized use, whereas conservative societies maintain
rigorous moral judgments. Such differences critically influence individuals' perceptions of their own behaviors
and their willingness to seek help or disclose problematic patterns. Overall, the literature underscores a
complex interplay between neurocognitive responses, mental health, social attitudes, and cultural influences.
These dimensions collectively shape the understanding and management of problematic pornography use,
emphasizing the necessity of culturally sensitive and psychologically informed interventions.
Technological Dimensions
Technological innovations have significantly transformed the dissemination and regulation of pornography in
the digital age. The proliferation of online platforms has facilitated the rapid sharing and access of
pornographic content, but it has also introduced challenges related to harmful material dissemination, requiring
advanced content filtering systems. Borg et al. (2022) developed a sophisticated video detection framework
utilizing contrastive learning and neural networks, achieving high accuracy in classifying pornographic videos
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and localizing explicit content. Their system leverages deep neural architectures, such as ResNet152 and
xResNet152, with expert-labelled datasets, highlighting the importance of machine learning in content
moderation.
Deepfake pornography has gained prominence as a technological frontier, posing new societal threats. Yavuz
(2025) analyzed the rise of AI-generated deepfake videos depicting sexual acts involving non-consenting
individuals, emphasizing the potential for widespread psychological harm and societal destabilization. Wang &
Kim (2022) investigated emotional and behavioral responses to deepfake videos, finding that exposure can
increase feelings of shame and violation, especially when victims are misrepresented in explicit scenarios. Can
et al. (2024) emphasized the difficulty in detecting deepfake content and the necessity for specialized AI tools
to combat illicit media. The societal impacts are profound, as deepfakes can undermine personal privacy,
distort perceptions of consent, and facilitate extortion or harassment.
Beyond content filtering and deepfake detection, the literature underscores the need for robust policies
protecting victims. Yavuz’s work emphasizes the importance of victim-centered approaches, ensuring rights
and privacy are safeguarded amidst technological advances. The complexity of global jurisdictions creates
hurdles for law enforcement; cross-border content distribution blurs legal accountability, leading to ongoing
debates about sovereignty and the extraterritorial application of laws. Furthermore, there is a call for
technological safeguards like blockchain verification and watermarking to maintain content integrity and
traceability.
Ethical and Policy Debates
Ethical debates surrounding pornography often evoke profound societal and moral controversies that are
deeply rooted in historic and cultural mores. Zimmer and McInerney (2024) highlight that societal taboos
commonly label pornography as inherently immoral, reducing open discourse and fostering moral panic driven
by fears of moral degradation, the normalization of deviant behaviors, and the potential influence on
impressionable populations. These debates are exacerbated by moral panics associated with the proliferation of
increasingly explicit content facilitated by digital platforms, which challenge traditional notions of decency
and privacy.
Ethical dilemmas emerge notably around issues of consent, especially with non-consensual dissemination
exemplified by deepfake pornography, which blurs lines of moral boundaries and raises questions on victim
rights (Yavuz, 2025). The challenge is further compounded by the rise of AI-generated content, which can
simulate individuals without consent, fueling societal fears about exploitation and abuse while stirring debates
on the morality of content creation and distribution.
Societal taboos encircle not only the content itself but also the mechanisms through which it is accessed and
shared. For instance, studies by Wegmann et al. (2022) reveal varying societal attitudes toward pornography
consumption, emphasizing how cultural norms influence perceptions of morality and acceptability. In
conservative societies, such as some Middle Eastern countries, the stigma is intensified, impacting legal
policies and social support structures (Ince et al., 2021).
The discussion encompasses issues regarding the degree of state engagement and the morality of technological
measures implemented to limit access, including content filtering and surveillance systems. Borg et al. (2022)
devised sophisticated detection algorithms employing machine learning methodologies to combat the spread of
problematic content; nonetheless, ethical apprehensions remain concerning privacy infringement, surveillance
excess, and the potential for censorship. The equilibrium between preserving societal ethics and defending
individual rights is problematic, particularly as technology advances more rapidly than regulatory responses.
Table 1 Thematic Analysis of Literature
Theme
Supporting Studies
Neuropsychological and
Cognitive Dimensions
Wegmann et al. (2022), Wang et al.
(2022), Gori & Topino (2024), Chen et
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al. (2024)
Psychological and
Behavioral effects
Fido et al. (2022), Gewirtz-Meydan &
Godbout (2023), Gori & Topino (2024)
Sociocultural and Religious
Influences
Adamczyk et al. (2023), Ali et al.
(2021), Ince et al. (2021), Wegmann et
al. (2021)
Technological and Digital
Dimensions
Yavuz (2025), Marcum et al. (2021),
Borg et al. (2022), Zimmer &
McInerney (2024)
Legal and Human Rights
Issues
Napier et al. (2024), Yavuz (2025)
Measurement and
Assessment Tools
Chen et al. (2021), Fido et al. (2022)
FURTURE DIRECTIONS
Looking ahead, future directions must grapple with several substantial gaps in current research and policy
frameworks. First, there is a significant need for empirical studies to understand the neuropsychological and
societal impacts of emerging content forms, including non-consensual deepfake material. Wegmann et al.
(2024) explicitly point out that neurophysiological studies, such as those employing MEG and ERP techniques,
can shed light on how problematic use alters reward processing and emotional regulation, but such research
remains underdeveloped, especially across diverse cultural contexts.
Technologically, the development of robust detection systems is critical. Borg et al. (2022) emphasized the
importance of multi-classifier frameworks that utilize deep learning for content filtering. Future innovations
should prioritize explainability and bias reduction to ensure ethical deployment, preventing the misuse of
surveillance and content moderation tools. Ethical frameworks should also expand to include neuroethics
considerations, particularly regarding AI’s role in content creation and manipulation. Researchers like
Wegmann et al. (2022) advocate for a comprehensive neuroethical approach that considers the mental health
and autonomy of viewers and potential victims.
Legal reforms are equally vital in addressing the complex landscape of digital pornography. Yavuz (2025)
argues for adapting existing legal frameworks to better regulate deepfake pornography, emphasizing victim
rights and privacy protections. International cooperation, especially under treaties like the European
Convention on Human Rights, can facilitate consistent policies, but there remains a paucity of standardized
regulations addressing AI-generated content, as observed in several jurisdictions. Following the
recommendations of Wegmann et al. (2022), policymakers should integrate scientific insights into legislation,
ensuring that laws are grounded in neuropsychological research and technological capabilities.
In addition, there is a need for comprehensive educational programs to raise awareness about the ethical
implications, privacy rights, and potential harms associated with digital pornography. These initiatives should
promote media literacy and digital resilience, equipping individuals to navigate and critically assess rapidly
evolving content landscapes. Developing ethical standards for new content creation, distribution, and
moderation—outlined by authors like Yavuz (2025)—will be crucial in shaping societal norms and countering
moral panic.
In summary, addressing the ethical and moral dimensions of pornography involves grappling with societal
taboos, privacy concerns, and technological challenges, requiring a multidisciplinary and international
approach. Future efforts must prioritize empirical research, technological innovations with built-in ethical
safeguards, and legal reforms rooted in neuropsychological and human rights considerations, to foster a
balanced societal response that respects individual freedoms while protecting societal morals.
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CONCLUSIONS
This thorough research has shown that pornography consumption and its effects cannot be fully comprehended
from just one point of view. It necessitates a multifaceted framework that encompasses neurocognitive,
psychological, social, cultural, technical, ethical, and legal dimensions. The results show that problematic
usage is caused by changes in brain responses, compulsive sexual behaviours, and mental health problems that
go along with them. They also show that societal views and cultural norms have a big impact on how people
see and regulate these behaviours.
New technologies, such AI-driven detection systems and blockchain verification, make it easier and harder to
deal with the risks of bad content. But ethical issues around permission, privacy, and monitoring make it harder
to come up with good policies. Additionally, differences in legal systems around the world show how
important it is for countries to work together and make sure that laws keep up with new technologies.
The literature strongly implies that future initiatives should use an interdisciplinary and culturally sensitive
strategy, combining empirical study, ethical technical breakthroughs, legal reforms, and public education. Only
with such a comprehensive framework can countries effectively confront the psychological, sociological, and
ethical intricacies of pornography in the digital age, guaranteeing the protection of individual rights while
mitigating possible harms.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their deepest appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for
supporting this study through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2021/SS0/UITM/02/29)
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