INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

ISSN No. 2454-6186 | DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS | Volume IX Issue XXX December 2025 | Special Issue

Qur'anic Balances and their Role in Building the State and the

Nation: Surah al-Fath as a Model

Mohammad Ishaque Husain^1*, Hussein Ali Abdullah Al-Thulaia², Mohammed Abdulaziz Eltigani³

Mostafa Hassan Mohamed El Khayat⁴, Ahmed Mohammed Ahmed Al-Haddar⁵

Faculty of Contemporary Islamic Studies (FKI) University Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Malaysia

^*Corresponding Author

DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.930000055

Received: 10 December 2025; accepted: 17 December 2025; published: 27 December 2025

ABSTRACT

This research aims to analyze the Qur'anic balances (muwāzanāt) in Surah Al-Fath as a central model for

building the state and the nation. It focuses on formulating the methodology of Prophetic leadership in

managing conflict and political transformations. The study originated from one pivotal problem: How do the

Qur'anic balances—as presented by Surah Al-Fath—contribute to forming a comprehensive leadership

methodology, building a cohesive nation, and establishing the foundations of the state in light of revelation? To

achieve this goal, the study adopted the descriptive analytical method, the thematic approach in Tafsīr

(exegesis), and textual induction. It also utilized historical and comparative analysis of the context of the

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah and the subsequent Conquest (Fath).

The results showed that Surah Al-Fath presented an integrated model of balances between firmness and mercy,

peace and power, and steadfastness and review. This formed a unique leadership framework based on a

strategic vision that looks beyond immediate circumstances toward distant outcomes. The study also revealed

that the building of the nation in the Surah relied on precise balances between psychological preparation

(sending down Sakīnah [tranquility] and increasing Imān [faith]), social construction (the pledge of allegiance

[Bay'ah], group screening), and military qualification. These factors contributed to the formation of a solid

collective structure capable of resilience in the face of transformations. In the aspect of state-building, the

Surah highlighted the concept of strategic peace as a conscious choice leading to the realization of a "near

conquest" (fath qarīb). It redefined victory and political legitimacy through a careful balance between

obedience, leadership, and divine pleasure.

The study concludes that the model of Qur'anic balances in Surah Al-Fath is a foundational framework for

conflict management and state-building in Islam. It offers a new scholarly contribution to the fields of thematic

exegesis and Qur'anic political jurisprudence (Fiqh Siyāsī) by integrating educational, psychological, and

political elements into a single vision. The research also recommends the necessity of expanding investigation

into other politically-oriented Surahs. Furthermore, it calls for developing applied methodologies that leverage

this Qur'anic model in leadership and public policy programs.

Keywords- Qur'anic Balances, Surah Al-Fath, State-Building, Nation-Building, Prophetic Leadership

INTRODUCTION

The jurisprudence of balances (Fiqh al-Muwāzanāt) represents a central axis for understanding the Qur'anic

discourse. This is due to its inclusion of precise principles that combine two opposing sides; think of justice

and mercy, power and peace, or trial and promise. These dynamics make it an essential intellectual framework

for comprehending the dynamics of social and political relations within Islam. The Holy Qur'an has paid great

attention to this principle. It clearly demonstrates how nations and states are built through a careful balance

between benefits (maṣāliḥ) and harms (mafāsid), and between steadfastness on the truth and wise engagement

with a changing reality.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCE (IJRISS)

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Despite the multiplicity of studies that have addressed Surah Al-Fath from the perspectives of rhetoric,

recitations and historical context (e.g., Ṣāliḥ, 2017; Al-ʿUmrānī, 2023; Nabī, 2012), a systematic thematic

study of the Qur'anic balances within the Surah—and their connection to the theory of state and nation

building—has not yet been comprehensively fulfilled. This is evident from the absence of studies that analyze

the Surah as an "applied model for political and social balancing." Contemporary research in the jurisprudence

of balances (Mujāwir, 2021; Ṣabrī, 2002; Al-Ḥarbī, 2024) confirms that this legislative aspect still requires in-

depth textual application within the Qur'anic context, especially in politically-oriented Surahs like Al-Fath.

Surah Al-Fath comes in a highly sensitive political and Dawa (preaching/calling) context. The nation was

facing a state of tension between aspiring for victory and complying with the Prophetic wisdom, which was

founded on a precise balance between the available choices. In the opening of the Surah, Allah the Almighty

alluded to this balance: {Indeed, We have granted you a manifest victory} (Al-Fath: 1). This verse shows that

peace can be a conquest, and that power can be achieved through self-restraint and enduring hardship. It is a

balance that combines the apparent and the hidden, bridging what the believers see and what God destines. The

verses also highlighted the stance of the believers during the Bay'ah, the position of those who held back, and

the issue of trial (Ibtilā’) and patience. All of these points establish the principle of balance between obedience

and trial, promise and reality, and peace and power. Ibn Abbas (may God be pleased with him) once remarked:

"It is a conquest unlike any other in Islam," signifying the profound balancing nature of this event.

The Prophetic biography (Sīrah) reveals a practical application of the Qur'anic balances, especially during the

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said: "By Him in whose Hand is my soul, they will

not ask me for a plan in which they glorify the sanctity of God, except that I will grant it to them" (AlBukhari).

This Hadith confirms the principle of prioritizing the supreme interest, represented by strategic peace, over

immediate desires. It is also evident in the tradition of consultation (Shūrā) and the Prophet's political

assessment that decisions are built on a precise understanding of the reality of strength and weakness. This

makes the Surah a suitable subject for studying the relationship between the higher objectives of Islamic law

(Maqāṣid al-Sharī'ah) and the requirements of political and social construction. Scholars like Al-Ṭabarī and

Al-Qurṭubī pointed out that the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was a "conquest" because it combined the interest of

the Dawa and the stability of the state.

The early righteous generations (Al-Salaf Al-Ṣāliḥ) emphasized the importance of balance in governance and

leadership. ‘Umar ibn Al-Khaṭṭāb (may God be pleased with him) stated: "The wise person is not one who

knows good from evil, but one who knows the better of two goods and the lesser of two evils." This statement

is foundational in the jurisprudence of balances and state administration. It was also narrated that Imam

AlShāfi‘ī said: "Knowledge is not what is memorized, but what benefits," pointing to the balance between

theoretical knowledge and purpose-driven action. The major works of exegesis (Ibn ‘Aṭiyyah, Ibn Kathīr,

AlQurṭubī) almost unanimously agree that the events of Surah Al-Fath represent a rare example of the balance

between creed and politics, Jihād and peace, and steadfastness and flexibility. This makes the Surah

fundamental for understanding the methodology of nation-building.

Some researchers may believe that studying Surah Al-Fath in the context of state-building is well-known and

researched. However, a review of the available literature shows that these studies focused on ethical

dimensions (Al-Ḥarbī, 2021), rhetorical aspects (Ṣāliḥ, 2019), recitation (Al-ʿUmrānī, 2023), or historical

context (Nabī, 2012; Ḥasan, 2024). No study has systematically addressed the principle of "Qur'anic Balance"

within the Surah and linked it to the theory of state and nation building. Furthermore, the jurisprudence of

balances in the books of fundamental principles (Uṣūl) and jurisprudence (Fiqh) (Ṣabrī, 2002; Al-Dawsī, n.d.)

has not been applied to a single Surah as an integrated political model, despite the Surah offering rich material

for study. Consequently, this research transcends previous works by integrating the thematic exegesis with

Islamic political science. It directly applies the jurisprudence of balances textually to Surah Al-Fath, thus

extracting a Qur'anic model for state-building that is based on the analysis of the Surah's verses, not merely on

abstract theoretical grounding.

Research Problem

Despite the abundance of studies addressing Surah Al-Fath in terms of the reasons for its revelation, its

recitations, linguistic implications, and the historical dimension related to the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, the

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aspect of Qur'anic balances within the Surah has not yet been subjected to in-depth analysis linking it to the

issue of state and nation building. We are presented with a Qur'anic discourse that balances between strictness

and leniency, conquest and peace, and immediate gains and distant interests. These balances have remained

scattered in previous studies without a theoretical framework to synthesize them or employ them

methodologically. Hence, there is a clear need for a study that focuses on analyzing these balances and

extracting their role in nation building and in shaping Prophetic political leadership.

The core research problem revolves around the main question:

How do the Qur'anic balances—as presented by Surah Al-Fath—contribute to building the state and the nation,

formulating the methodology of leadership, and managing conflict?

Research Questions

1.

2.

3.

What are the theoretical foundations of the jurisprudence of balances in the Holy Qur'an?

What are the main patterns of balances in Surah Al-Fath?

How did the Surah's balances contribute to building the nation’s unity during the time of Hudaybiyyah

and Al-Fath?

4.

5.

6.

How did the Surah highlight the leadership role of the Prophet (PBUH)?

What are the contemporary political lessons related to state-building?

How can the Qur'anic balances be employed to understand modern political and social reality?

Research Objectives

1.

To analyze the concept of Qur'anic balances through exegetical (Tafsīrī) and fundamental principles

(Uṣūlī) sources (textual analysis + scholarly comparison).

2.

To deduce the balancing patterns in Surah Al-Fath through a textual inductive methodology.

3.

To evaluate the impact of these balances on shaping the nation's unity and Prophetic leadership during

the time of Hudaybiyyah.

4.

To interpret how the balances of Surah Al-Fath reflect upon the theory of state-building in Islam.

5.

To construct an applied model for political and social balancing that can be utilized in contemporary

reality.

6.

To compare the study's results with the existing literature, highlighting the new scholarly addition.

Research Significance

1.

Scholarly Significance (I): The importance of this research stems from its presentation of a fresh

reading of Surah Al-Fath through the lens of Qur'anic balances, a perspective not previously researched

independently or systematically. While there is an abundance of partial studies related to the Surah, none of

these works addressed balancing as a structural methodology that guides the understanding of the Surah and

reveals its political and social depth. The study, therefore, comes to fill a clear scholarly gap pointed out by

researchers in the jurisprudence of balances (Mujāwir, 2021; Ṣabrī, 2002), who stressed the need to connect

this jurisprudence with textual Qur'anic application in politically-oriented Surahs.

2.

Scholarly Significance (II): The study also offers a scholarly contribution to the field of thematic

exegesis (Tafsīr) by linking the concepts of balance within the Surah to state-building theories. This enriches

modern Qur'anic studies that seek Qur'anic models for leadership, governance, and change management. Thus,

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the study provides a theoretical framework that can be developed in future research concerning other Surahs

with political implications, such as Al-Anfāl and Al-Tawbah.

3.

Practical Significance (I): The practical importance is manifest in the anticipated results contributing to

the development of a Qur'an-based methodology for political decision-making. This occurs through

understanding the Prophet's balance between the requirements of leadership and the demands of peace and

power. It also helps enhance Islamic political awareness, clarifying how to manage conflict with a legislative

balance that achieves benefits and wards off harms.

4.

Practical Significance (II): The study also benefits policymakers and researchers in Islamic political

science by providing an applied model derived from Surah Al-Fath, which can be used to evaluate and guide

contemporary political practices. Consequently, the research becomes a practical tool for building society and

the state according to fixed and balanced Qur'anic principles, far removed from extremes of exaggeration or

negligence in reading or applying the text.

Research Limitations

This study is limited to the analysis of Qur'anic balances in Surah Al-Fath and no other Surahs, with the aim of

constructing a precise applied model. The temporal scope includes the historical context related to the Treaty of

Hudaybiyyah and the subsequent events, as this context is essential for understanding the Surah.

Methodologically, the study relies on the thematic analytical approach, supported by historical and

comparative analysis, without expanding into applied jurisprudential aspects that fall outside the Surah's

framework.

LITERATURE REVIEW

A review of the scholarly literature shows that the topic of Qur'anic balances and its connection to state and

nation building has received varied attention across several research areas that approach the study's subject

without directly touching upon it. By analyzing these studies according to scholarly editorial board standards—

such as comprehensiveness, reference recency, critical analysis, and highlighting the research gap (Creswell,

2018; Hart, 2018; Booth et al., 2016)—previous works can be classified into four central themes:

Theme I: Studies on Qur'anic Balances

This category is the most closely related to the theoretical framework of the research. Works such as Mujāwir

(2021), Ṣabrī (2002), and Al-Dawsī (n.d.) focused on establishing the concept of balances, their types, and their

legislative controls, with attention to the higher objectives (Maqāṣid) and the principle of prioritizing between

benefits and harms. Although these works are theoretically profound, according to a critical evaluation based

on Ridley's standards (2012), they are almost entirely devoid of specific textual exegetical applications to a

single Surah, let alone Surah Al-Fath. Furthermore, the separation between foundational Uṣūlī grounding and

textual reading of the Surahs remains clear in this trend. This establishes the need to integrate theoretical

grounding with exegetical application, which is precisely what the current study aims to transcend.

Theme II: Studies on Surah Al-Fath

Works in this theme are divided into three main trends:

1.

Leadership Aspect, as seen in Wali (2015) and Al-Ḥarbī (2021), both of whom highlighted the

leadership and ethical dimensions of Surah Al-Fath without addressing the methodology of balancing as a

systemic analytical tool.

2.

Rhetorical and Systemic Aspect, in research such as Ṣāliḥ (2017; 2019), which enriched the field with

linguistic and rhetorical analysis, yet failed to link this rhetoric to political and social balances.

3.

Historical Studies, such as Nabī (2012) and Ḥasan (2024), which addressed the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

as a foundational event without describing the mechanisms of Qur'anic balancing in managing the event or its

impact on state-building.

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Based on the analysis of Booth et al. (2016), it is clear that these studies—despite being relatively recent (from

the last 5–10 years)—do not answer the question of the relationship between Qur'anic balances and Surah Al-

Fath as a whole, nor do they offer a comprehensive interpretive framework linking the Surah to nationbuilding.

Theme III: Studies on State-Building in the Qur'an

Several studies (such as Foundations of Qur'anic Civilization, 2015, and Al-Uqaylī, 2009) pointed to Qur'anic

concepts related to civilization (‘umrān), reform, and preventing corruption. They addressed the topic from a

holistic perspective within the Qur'an without focusing on a specific Surah. Other works like Usman (2023)

and Yusuf & Sonfada (2024) discussed the principles of state-building from a general Islamic perspective,

while contemporary analytical works dealt with the role of leadership and transparency in constructing the

political society. However, these studies—despite their analytical strength—did not address the principle of

balancing as an interpretive tool for state-building through Surah Al-Fath itself. This reveals a clear academic

gap confirmed by Creswell & Creswell (2017): the absence of a textual-functional link in studies related to

politically-oriented Qur'anic Surahs.

Theme IV: Contemporary Studies on the Jurisprudence of Balances

These studies seek to apply the jurisprudence of balances to economic, political, and social issues (e.g., Al-

Hajeen, 2020; Abdullah & Mahraji, 2024; Ishak et al., 2025). Despite their recency and high scholarly value,

they fall—according to Hart's standards (2018)—into the category of applied deductive studies that rely on

general legislative evidence, not directly on the text of Surah Al-Fath. They also lack an analysis of balances

within their original Qur'anic context and treat the term purely jurisprudentially without recourse to the Surah

as an applied model.

When analyzing the previous studies according to Ridley's criteria (2012), it is clear that despite their

intellectual richness and diverse approaches, they suffer from several methodological imbalances. Studies

related to the jurisprudence of balances are strong in theoretical grounding but lack direct applied linkage. In

contrast, the rhetorical and historical studies concerning Surah Al-Fath show clear depth but fail to utilize the

principle of balancing as a central analytical tool. Furthermore, studies on state-building in the Qur'an are

characterized by comprehensiveness and breadth but do not specialize in the Surah under study. The

contemporary applied studies, although recent and extensive, establish no direct connection to Surah Al-Fath.

All of this aligns with the emphasis of Booth et al. (2016) on the necessity for previous studies to be directly

relevant to the research problem, rather than being presented narratively without an analytical direction that

serves the study's objective.

Notwithstanding the abundance of research that addressed the jurisprudence of balances, studies on Surah Al-

Fath, the analysis of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, and topics of state-building in the Qur'an, a comprehensive

review reveals the absence of a single study that links applied Qur'anic balances in Surah Al-Fath with the

Qur'anic theory of state and nation building. This is a profound research gap that transcends the descriptive

nature to the methodological, as it concerns the integration of two research levels that have not met in previous

studies: the textual-exegetical level related to the verses, and the functional-political level related to state and

society building. Therefore, the current study responds to Creswell's indication (2018) regarding the

importance of identifying a genuine research gap with clear theoretical and practical value.

This study is positioned at the heart of the modern scholarly field as a systematic attempt that overcomes the

shortcomings in previous literature. It applies the balancing methodology for the first time to a single Surah,

Al-Fath. It integrates the sciences of exegesis (Tafsīr) and political Sharī'ah in a unified analytical framework.

Furthermore, it seeks to formulate a Qur'anic model for state-building based on direct textual analysis instead

of relying on general deductions. The study also addresses objections that Surah Al-Fath has been sufficiently

researched by demonstrating that the analysis of balances within it has not been previously accomplished.

Rereading the Surah according to its balancing structure (peace/war, power/mercy, obedience/trial...) grants it a

completely new analytical horizon. Thus, the study embodies what Booth et al. (2016) called for: transforming

cumulative knowledge into an innovative analytical framework that expands the boundaries of the scholarly

field.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Research Design and Methods

Given the study’s aim to extract an applied model of Qur’anic balances (muwāzanāt) from Surah al-Fath and

relate it to leadership, nation-building, and state formation, the research employs an integrated qualitative

design. The core approach is thematic exegesis (tafsīr mawḍū‘ī), supported by inductive textual analysis,

historical contextualization, and comparative interpretation.

1. Thematic exegesis is used to treat the Surah as a coherent unit and to organize its discourse into

governing balancing binaries (e.g., peace/power, mercy/firmness, obedience/trial).

2. Inductive analysis enables systematic collection of relevant verses and expressions, followed by

pattern identification across the Surah’s recurring structures.

3. Historical analysis links the Surah’s discourse to the Hudaybiyyah context and its socio-political

implications, ensuring interpretive alignment with the circumstances of revelation.

4. Comparative reading is used to interpret how identified balances function in relation to leadership

strategy, social cohesion, and political legitimacy, and—where necessary—to clarify meaning through

comparison with broader Qur’anic patterns.

2. Sources and Data

The primary data consist of the Qur’anic text of Surah al-Fath. Interpretation is anchored in major classical

tafsīr works (e.g., al-Ṭabarī, al-Qurṭubī, Ibn Kathīr, Ibn ʿĀshūr) and complemented by relevant contemporary

scholarship on Qur’anic balances, political tafsīr, and state-building to position the study within current

academic debates.

Analytical Procedure

The analytical procedure followed a structured sequence that began with the systematic extraction of balance-

related units across Surah al-Fath, which were then clustered into coherent thematic binaries. These units were

interpreted through close linguistic and rhetorical analysis informed by the classical tafsīr tradition, and

subsequently situated within their historical context, particularly the events of Hudaybiyyah and their

aftermath. The analysis then examined the functional implications of these balances for leadership formation,

nation-building, and state construction. Finally, the findings were synthesized into an interpretive–functional

model that elucidates the Surah’s political architecture and clarifies the study’s original contribution beyond

existing scholarship.

RESULTS

Results Related to the Qur'anic Structure of Balances

First: Identifying the Central Patterns of Balances in Surah al-Fath: The analysis of Surah al-Fath reveals

an integrated system of Qur’anic balances that functions as the Surah’s governing structure. The balance

between peace and power is manifested through the combination of sending down sakīnah (tranquility) into the

hearts of the believers—{It is He who sent down tranquility into the hearts of the believers}—with references

to military preparedness and promised outcomes—{for He knew what you did not know, and He granted

besides that a near conquest}. This indicates a strategic equilibrium between restraint and strength. A second

pattern appears in the balance between obedience and trial, where the pledge of allegiance (bay‘ah) is directly

linked to its divine source—{Indeed, those who give allegiance to you are only giving allegiance to Allah}—

presenting obedience as a practical test of faith and communal endurance. The balance between promise and

reality emerges in the juxtaposition between the declaration of a manifest victory—{Indeed, We have granted

you a manifest victory}—and the deferred conquest—{And [He promised] another [conquest] which you were

not able to achieve}, reflecting a Qur’anic synthesis of political realism and long-term strategic vision.

Likewise, the balance between mercy and power is expressed by pairing the promise of forgiveness and

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Paradise for the believers—{That He may admit the believing men and believing women to gardens}—with

the warning of punishment for the hypocrites—{and [that] He may punish the hypocritical men and

hypocritical women}. Collectively, these intersecting binaries demonstrate that the Surah is structured not as a

mere historical narration but as a coherent balancing framework that guides political reasoning, spiritual

formation, and collective consciousness.

Second: A Balancing Model for Conflict Management in the Surah: The analysis demonstrates that Surah

al-Fath articulates an integrated Qur’anic model for conflict management grounded in a calibrated balance

between power and peace, and in the coordination of political, military, and psychological dimensions. The

Surah juxtaposes scenes of tension and military readiness with the deliberate dissemination of sakīnah

(tranquility), indicating a strategy that combines deterrence with internal stabilization. Tranquility is presented

as a mechanism of psychological cohesion—{Then Allah sent down His tranquility upon His Messenger and

upon the believers}—while visible strength functions as an external deterrent—{That He may enrage through

them the disbelievers}. This dual structure integrates military preparedness with social and psychological

resilience. The Surah further establishes the principle of strategic peace, in which truce operates as a precursor

to victory—{for He knew what you did not know, and He granted besides that a near conquest}—linking

restraint directly to long-term political outcomes. The repeated pairing of sakīnah with the declaration of a

manifest victory confirms that conflict management in the Surah is not conceived in purely military terms, but

as a balancing process that preserves collective strength while preventing psychological fragmentation. In this

respect, Surah al-Fath offers a distinctive Qur’anic paradigm for crisis management and strategic

transformation.

Results Related to Nation-Building

First: Strengthening Trust, Unity, Obedience, and the Pledge of Allegiance (Bay'ah): The thematic

analysis of the verses related to Bay'ah, trust, and Sakīnah revealed that Surah Al-Fath adopts a phased

Qur'anic system for nation-building based on four central elements: Trust in Allah, internal unity, the value of

obedience, and the legitimacy of Bay'ah. The scene of the Bay'ah in His saying: {Certainly was Allah pleased

with the believers when they gave allegiance to you under the tree} is presented as an entry point to raise the

level of collective commitment and reinforce social cohesion around the Prophetic leadership. Meanwhile, the

verse {And that Allah may grant you a mighty victory} highlights the depth of trust in Allah as the

psychological foundation for nation-building. The Surah also reveals a mechanism for screening loyalty and

distinguishing the sincere from the hypocrite and the one who held back, through His saying: {Those who

remained behind will say to you...}. This reflects the structural role of the obedient community in the Prophetic

political decision-making process. Thus, nation-building in the Surah is formed through the interplay of

obedience with Sakīnah, Bay'ah with divine pleasure, and unity with sincere loyalty. The totality of these

elements forms a socio-faith framework that guarantees the community's strength and the cohesion of its

internal structure.

Second: The Impact of Balances on the Cohesion of the Social and Psychological Structure: The analysis

results showed that the Qur'anic balances in Surah Al-Fath—especially the balance between trial and

obedience, and the balance between promise and reality—act as deep psychological tools for stabilizing the

nation during major transformations. They contribute to regulating collective emotions, preventing internal

division, and fostering a sense of legitimacy and contentment. The effect of these mechanisms is evident in His

saying: {And that He may confer upon the believers a good trial from Him}, which makes the trial a part of the

community's spiritual development. It is also seen in His saying: {It is He who sent down tranquility into the

hearts of the believers}, which reveals the role of Sakīnah in protecting society from shocks and disorder. The

Surah also reveals that the combination of Sakīnah and the promise of conquest formed the psychological basis

for overcoming the crisis that accompanied the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah. It granted the community internal

steadfastness and continuous confidence in the Prophetic leadership. It contributed to boosting morale and

enhancing social harmony at a moment when disintegration was probable. Thus, it appears that the Qur'anic

balances do not only serve a homiletic function, but represent an integrated psycho-social system that enables

the nation to confront crises without losing its internal equilibrium.

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Results Related to State-Building

First: A Qur'anic Model for Political Decision-Making: The analysis of the leadership discourse in Surah

AlFath demonstrated that political decision-making therein is founded on the principle of strategic balance

between considerations of power and the imperatives of peace. The Prophetic decision in the Treaty of

Hudaybiyyah was not a reaction to a moment of emotion or circumstantial pressure. Instead, it was based on a

precise reading of the consequences and an assimilation of the laws of history and reality, in addition to relying

on divine guidance. This is evident in His saying: {for He knew what you did not know}, which reveals that

the decision is built on knowledge that transcends apparent facts. It is further strengthened by the dimension of

Sakīnah accompanying the decision-making process, as in His saying: {Then Allah sent down His tranquility}.

This suggests that Prophetic leadership relies on tranquility, not impulsivity; wisdom, not hesitation. It

prioritizes the supreme interest of the nation over the immediate desire for confrontation. Thus, it is clear that

the political decision in the Surah is not a formal or emotional one, but a conscious model that balances

between capabilities and outcomes, making the estimation of consequences the foundation for political action.

Second: The Qur'anic Foundation for Strategic Peace Policy: The historical-textual analysis revealed that

Surah Al-Fath establishes a clear Qur'anic model for what may be termed Strategic Peace. This is the peace

that is prioritized when immediate interests conflict with supreme interests. It is adopted as a conscious choice,

not a political concession, but a preparatory stage for realizing conquest. The verses showed that the Treaty of

Hudaybiyyah was not a retreat from power, but a foundational step for a subsequent stage of expansion, as in

His saying: {and He granted besides that a near conquest}. This directly links peace to the realization of

conquest. It establishes that the truce was part of a calculated strategy to protect the nascent state. This

understanding is supported by the textual link between peace and subsequent economic and military

empowerment: {and abundant spoils [of war] which they will take}. This reveals that peace is not an cessation

of action or a retreat from initiative; rather, it is a major tool for expansion used when it is most suitable for

achieving the supreme interests of the state and the nation. Thus, the Surah re-frames the concept of conflict

itself within a vision that makes peace a part of the dynamic of power, not its opposite.

Third: Clarifying the Features of Balanced Prophetic Leadership: The analysis results demonstrated that

the Prophetic leadership in Surah Al-Fath presents a unique model founded on a precise balance between

firmness and mercy, and between educational closeness to the community and preserving the status and

authority of leadership. The Surah shows that the Prophetic decision-making is built upon a deep

understanding of the behavior of different groups—the believers, the hypocrites, and the bedouins—while

considering the impact of every decision on the nation's cohesion and state-building. This balanced model is

evident in His saying: {Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him...} and in the clear

leadership duality: {hard against the disbelievers, merciful among themselves}. Here, strength and discipline

integrate with mercy and social cohesion to form a leadership structure capable of managing and directing

society. Thus, the Surah offers an integrated socio-political concept of Prophetic leadership, making the

balance between the human dimension and the authoritative dimension a foundation for building the state and

consolidating its unity.

General Results

First: A Comprehensive Conception of the Applied Jurisprudence of Balances through Surah Al-Fath:

The process of extracting the units of balance demonstrated that the Surah builds a systematic conception of

balance. This links peace with conquest, Sakīnah with leadership, obedience with screening, and promise with

reality. This enables the formulation of a practical framework for understanding the Qur'anic balances in their

original context.

Second: Contribution to the Development of Political Exegesis Studies of the Qur'an: The results showed

that applying the balancing methodology to Surah Al-Fath represents a clear addition to the field of political

exegesis of the Qur'an, providing a Qur'anic model for state and nation building extracted directly from the text

and its thematic structure.

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DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Discussion of the Role of Balances in Building Prophetic Leadership

The results reveal that Surah Al-Fath presented a unique leadership model. This model is based on a precise

balance between firmness and mercy, and between peace and power, reflecting a complex leadership

methodology that combines the strictness of principle with the flexibility of application. This balance is clearly

evident in His saying: {Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah; and those with him... hard against the

disbelievers, merciful among themselves} (Al-Fath: 29). The text here combines power directed for protection

with mercy directed for internal unity. A study of the historical context shows that the Prophet (PBUH) utilized

this balance during the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, making a peaceful decision despite full military readiness. This

is manifest in His saying: {for He knew what you did not know, and He granted besides that a near conquest}

(Al-Fath: 27), signifying the prioritization of wisdom and consequences over momentary emotional reaction.

This result is consistent with Qur'anic leadership studies like Wali (2015) and Al-Ḥarbī (2021) in highlighting

the ethical and moral balance in Prophetic leadership. However, it transcends them by specifying the balancing

mechanisms adopted by the Surah, not just the attributes of leadership; this was not the focus of previous

studies. Through the Surah's analysis, it is apparent that Prophetic leadership does not rely on adopting a single

pole of political options—power or peace. Rather, it relies on a precise Qur'anic engineering that balances

various options, ensuring the protection and cohesion of the nation. Leadership depends on an internal Sakīnah

(tranquility) that grants the community steadfastness and reassurance, as in His saying: {Then Allah sent down

His tranquility}. It also relies on a deterrent power that preserves the state's prestige and status {That He may

enrage through them the disbelievers}. Simultaneously, it establishes a collective mercy that strengthens

internal bonds among the believers {merciful among themselves}. This balanced leadership composition,

which brings together seemingly distant elements, reveals an exalted Qur'anic leadership model. This model

forms one of the most prominent contributions this research offers.

Discussion of the Impact of Balances on Nation-Building

The results demonstrated that Surah Al-Fath adopted the principle of balancing in nation-building at the

psychological, military, and social levels, making it a Qur'anic model for manufacturing collective

consciousness. The Qur'anic text highlighted the value of trust, unity, and obedience as pillars of nation-

building, as in His saying: {Certainly was Allah pleased with the believers when they gave allegiance to you...}

(Al-Fath: 18). This verse not only shows the scene of the Bay'ah but also its psychological impact in fostering

certainty and collective loyalty. Furthermore, the Surah relied on addressing the nation’s psychological aspect

through the sending down of Sakīnah: {It is He who sent down tranquility into the hearts of the believers} (Al-

Fath: 4). This makes the balance between external trial and internal stabilization a central tool for strengthening

the community. On the military side, the Surah utilized the principle of "preparedness without confrontation"

through God's saying: {And [He promised] another [conquest] which you were not able to achieve} (Al-Fath:

21). This alludes to building strategic confidence without exhaustion. It establishes a defensive structure based

on anticipating future outcomes. These findings are consistent with what Ṣāliḥ (2017) mentioned regarding the

psychological analysis of Qur'anic education, and with Nabī (2012) on illustrating the social impact of

Hudaybiyyah. However, the current study adds a comprehensive balancing framework that shows how these

elements were integrated within a single Surah.

Discussion of the Impact of Balances on State-Building

First: Conflict Management: Surah Al-Fath demonstrates that conflict management relies on a precise

balance between military readiness and strategic peace. The Surah presented a "conquest" (fath) in the context

of a truce. This seemingly contradicts the concept of conquest, but in reality, it represents the deepest form of

conflict management: {Indeed, We have granted you a manifest victory} (Al-Fath: 1). The text redefines the

concept of victory, making it transcend purely military gains.

Second: Strategic Peace: The verse {and He granted besides that a near conquest} (Al-Fath: 27) shows that

peace was a choice for achieving future expansion. This finding is consistent with studies by Al-Hajeen (2020)

regarding consequences, yet it is applied directly to Surah Al-Fath for the first time.

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Third: Diplomatic Relations: The Surah offers a model for political realism (Realpolitik) based on honoring

covenants and negotiation without compromising the core principles. This is evidenced by: {Those who

remained behind will say to you...} (Al-Fath: 11), which reveals the management of internal discourse during

external negotiation.

Fourth: Formation of Political Legitimacy: The Surah links obedience and legitimacy: {Indeed, those who

give allegiance to you are only giving allegiance to Allah} (Al-Fath: 10). This shows that Prophetic leadership

derives its legitimacy from a divine source and is translated politically through the nation's Bay'ah. These

results align with Usman's studies (2023) on transparency, but they add a direct textual dimension from the

Surah, expanding the framework for understanding political legitimacy in the Qur'an.

RECOMMENDATIONS

1.

Enhancing Applied Studies in the Jurisprudence of Balances: Encouraging researchers to move

from the theoretical grounding of balances to textual Qur'anic application on the Surahs, especially those with

a political character.

2.

Integrating Qur'anic Balances into Leadership Training Curricula: The model of Surah Al-Fath

should be adopted in leadership training programs. It offers a precise balance between power and mercy, peace

and war, and trust and Sakīnah (tranquility), all of which are contemporary leadership skills.

3.

Expansion in the Study of Political Surahs: Such as Surah Al-Tawbah, Al-Anfāl, and Al-Aḥzāb, to

extract other balancing models for state and nation building.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study demonstrate that Surah al-Fath should not be approached merely as a historical

narrative of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah or as a descriptive account of a specific political episode. Rather, the

Surah constitutes an integrated Qur’anic architecture that articulates a coherent theory of leadership, nation

building, and state formation grounded in a systematic framework of Qur’anic balances (muwāzanāt). Through

thematic and comparative analysis, this research establishes that the Surah operates as a normative–functional

model in which faith-based values are structurally integrated with political reasoning, spiritual guidance is

inseparable from leadership methodology, and conflict management is intrinsically linked to the realization of

peace.

The study further reveals that Prophetic leadership, as constructed in Surah al-Fath, is governed by a calibrated

balance between firmness and mercy, power and restraint, steadfastness and strategic review. This leadership

model is not presented as a historically contingent phenomenon but as a transferable Qur’anic paradigm that

recurs across different phases of civilizational development. By reframing moments of tension and apparent

concession within a deliberate structure of balance, the Qur’an offers a sophisticated political logic that

prioritizes consequences, legitimacy, and long-term stability over immediate confrontation.

In terms of nation-building, the Surah demonstrates that psychological preparation, social cohesion, military

readiness, and the consolidation of obedience and bay‘ah function as interdependent foundations of a resilient

society. The integration of sakīnah, hope, trust, and social differentiation reflects a Qur’anic strategy for

shaping collective consciousness and forming what may be described as the “human carrier” of the

civilizational project. At the level of state-building, the study shows that Surah al-Fath advances a refined

model of strategic peace, political legitimacy, and conflict management that redefines victory beyond purely

military outcomes and reconfigures negotiation as a legitimate instrument of power.

This research makes a clear theoretical contribution by addressing a persistent gap in existing scholarship.

While previous studies have examined rhetorical, ethical, historical, or leadership dimensions of Surah al-

Fath, they have not systematically conceptualized Qur’anic balances as an integrated analytical framework for

political interpretation. By applying the methodology of muwāzanāt directly to the Surah, this study advances

political tafsīr beyond descriptive or normative readings toward a structured theory of Qur’anic political action.

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It thereby contributes to both thematic exegesis (tafsīr mawḍū‘ī) and Qur’anic political jurisprudence (fiqh

siyāsī) through a model grounded in textual analysis rather than abstract generalization.

In light of these findings, the Qur’anic balancing model articulated in Surah al-Fath emerges not only as an

interpretive lens but as a practical theoretical framework applicable to contemporary contexts of governance,

institutional development, leadership training, and conflict resolution. The study therefore calls for expanding

political Qur’anic research to other Surahs with state-oriented content and for further investment in thematic

and balancing methodologies as tools for developing a contemporary Qur’anic vision capable of addressing

modern challenges of state-building and civilizational renewal. Ultimately, Surah al-Fath stands as a

paradigmatic Qur’anic document for managing transformation, demonstrating the enduring capacity of

revelation to guide societies through moments of both vulnerability and strength with wisdom, justice, power,

and tranquility (sakīnah).

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