{"id":1808,"date":"2018-08-14T19:44:54","date_gmt":"2018-08-14T19:44:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=1808"},"modified":"2018-12-29T06:43:59","modified_gmt":"2018-12-29T06:43:59","slug":"volume-ii-issue-viii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-ii-issue-viii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume II Issue VIII"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1808\" class=\"elementor elementor-1808 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739aeb8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739aeb8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739b2b5\" data-id=\"739b2b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739b498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"739b498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing the Quality of Health Care Provisions on Local Government Units<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John Paul R.Tumampus, Mary Jane J. Romero, Ma. Angela P. Espinoza, Olive Chester Cuya-Antonio &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739b7b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739b7b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739b9d9\" data-id=\"739b9d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739bb67 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"739bb67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study addressed the problem of determining the services provided by the RHUs in the municipalities of Aliaga, Licab, and Quezon and the factors that influence the delivery of these services. With the use of the descriptive method and employing a set of questionnaire, it was revealed that the three municipalities provide primary health care services but lack facilities for Level 1 hospital. Further, the factors of inadequate facilities, personnel complement, and unsound fiscal management affect the delivery of health care services to the residents in the municipalities concerned. From these findings, it was recommended that there should be a policy of the lead agency, the Department of Health, to prescribe penalties for the local governments to at least compel them to achieve the least requirement for healthcare provision. The healthcare services should be insulated from political control for it can be used as a tool for political gains. Finally, this study should serve as a reference for future studies on health care, particularly for rural communities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Paul R.Tumampus<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEduardo L. Joson Memorial Hospital, Cabanatuan City, Philippines<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Jane J. Romero <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Education, Division of Nueva Ecija, Nueva Ecija, Philippines<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ma. Angela P. Espinoza <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTradoc, Philippine Army<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olive Chester Cuya-Antonio<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNueva Ecija University of Science and Technology, Gen. Tinio St., Cabanatuan City, Philippines<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Gonzales, JL III, (1996). Evolution of the Philippines Health Care System during the last Forty Years of Development Administration. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 18(2): 168-200.<br \/>\r\n[2] Shivraj Singh Negi,(2010). Decentralization and its Effects &#8211; Health Sector in the Philippines<br \/>\r\n[3] Grundy, J., Healy, V., Gorgolon, I., Sandig, (2003). Overview of devolution of health services in the Philippines Rural and Remote Health 3 (online)<br \/>\r\n[4] Araullo, C. P., (2016). BusinesWorld Online, Opinion, Philippine health care system, from bad to worse, March 28, 2016<br \/>\r\n[5] Philippines Executive Order No. 119 (1987). Reorganizing The Ministry Of Health, Its Attached Agencies And For Other Purposes<br \/>\r\n[6] World Health Organization,(2011). The Philippines health system review. (Health Systems in Transition, Vol. 1 No. 2 2011)<br \/>\r\n[7] Rama Lakshminarayanan (2003) Decentralisation and its Implications for Reproductive Health: The Philippines Experience, Reproductive Health Matters, 11:21, 96-107<br \/>\r\n[8] National objectives for health: Kalusuganparasamasa: Philippines, 1999-2004 (HSRA monograph series)<br \/>\r\n[9] Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung \u2013 Philippine Office, Oscar Cetr\u00e1ngolo, Carmelo Mesa-Lago, GarryLazaro, and Shenna Kim Carisma, (2013). Health Care in the Philippines: Challenges and Ways Forward<br \/>\r\n[10] Maslow, Abraham, (2013). A Theory of Human Motivation. Martino Fine Books, Reprint of 1943 Edition.<br \/>\r\n[11] Kothari, C. R. (2008). Research Methodology, Methods, and Techniques (2nd ed., pp. 109-110). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited.<br \/>\r\n[12] Mugenda, O.M. and Mugenda, A.G. (2003) Research Methods, Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. ACT, Nairobi.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Paul R.Tumampus, Mary Jane J. Romero, Ma. Angela P. Espinoza, Olive Chester Cuya-Antonio &#8220;Factors Influencing the Quality of Health Care Provisions on Local Government Units&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.01-05 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-influencing-the-quality-of-health-care-provisions-on-local-government-units\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Factors Influencing the Quality of Health Care Provisions on Local Government Units<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739ca92 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"739ca92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739cb8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739cb8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739cd1a\" data-id=\"739cd1a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739ce40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"739ce40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Empirical Investigation of Orcutt\u2019s Hypothesis: Evidence from Selected Developed and Developing Countries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Khaliq ul Rehman, Masood ur Rehman Azhar, Saima Masood, Dr. Nor Malina Malek &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 06-16<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739cee0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739cee0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739d4e1\" data-id=\"739d4e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739d653 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"739d653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The present research focuses on Orcutt\u2019s (1950) hypothesis which explains that trade flows disturb\/fluctuate in response to change in exchange rate more rapidly as compared to changes in prices. For empirical analysis, the study has used annual data. Based on the availability of the data the study has used the different time periods for the selected developed and developing countries. While for estimation process, we use ARDL and error correction model. The empirical results show the common behaviour among the selected countries that import flows are influenced more quickly in response to change in relative prices than exchange rate whereas, the results of the export side are mostly inconclusive, but in some cases the Orcutt\u2019s hypothesis holds. The study finds out that the Orcutt\u2019s hypothesis holds in very limited case.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-16\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khaliq ul Rehman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nQuaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Masood ur Rehman Azhar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Social Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saima Masood<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nor Malina Malek<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, School of Social Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adler, J. H. (1945). United States import demand during the interwar period. The American Economic Review, 35(3), 418-430.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adler, J. H. (1946). The postwar demand for United States exports. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 28(1), 23-33.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Asif. M. (2011). Impact of Devaluation on Trade Balance in Pakistan. Oeconomics of Knowledge, 3, 16.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Abdelnacer, B., Abdelhak, B., &amp; Maliki, B. (2013). The black market exchange rate and demand for money in Algeria. International Journal of Arts and Commerce, 2(10), 71-82.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M., &amp; Kara, O. (2008). Relative responsiveness of trade flows to a change in prices and exchange rate in developing countries.Journal of Economic Development, 33(1), 147-163.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1986). Determinants of international trade flow: the case of developing countries. Journal of Development Economics, 20(1), 107-123.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M., &amp;Alse, J. (1995). Is there any long-run relation between the terms of trade and trade balance?. Journal of Policy Modeling,17(2), 199-205.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (2015).Impulse Response Analysis and Orcutt\u2019s Hypothesis in trade: Evidence from Developing Countries. Applied Economics, 47:53, 5739- 5747.Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (2015).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Impulse Response Analysis and Orcutt\u2019s Hypothesis in Trade. Journal of European Economics, 42(3), 673-683.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M., &amp;Jungho. (2015). Further evidence on Orcutt\u2019s hypothesis using Korean\u2013US commodity data. Applied Economics Letters, 22(9), 717\u2013724.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Bahmani-Oskooee, M. (1984). On the effects of effective exchange rates on trade flows. Indian Journal of Economics, 256, 57-67.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Chang, T. C. (1945). International comparison of demand for imports. The Review of Economic Studies, 13(2), 53-67.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Chang, T. C. (1946). The British demand for imports in the inter-war period. The Economic Journal, 56(222), 188-207.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Chang, T. C. (1947). A note on exports and national income in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science\/Revue canadienne de economiques et science politique, 13(02), 276-280.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Engle, R. F., &amp; Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251- 276.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Goldstein, M., &amp; Khan, M. S. (1976). Large versus small price changes and the demand for imports. Staff Papers, 23(1), 200-225.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Hooper, P., Johnson, K., &amp; Marquez, J. R. (2000). Trade elasticities for the G-7 countries.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Houthakker&amp; Stephen. (1969). Income and Price Elasticities in World Trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 51(2), 111-125.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Houthakker, H. S., &amp; Magee, S. P. (1969). Income and price elasticities in world trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 111-125.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Junz, H. B., &amp; Rhomberg, R. R. (1973). Price competitiveness in export trade among industrial countries. The American Economic Review, 63(2), 412-418.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Jalil Khan. A. (2011). Exchange Rate Volatility in Developing Countries: Implications for Trade and Capital Flows in Pakistan. GCU Lahore.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Khan, A. J., Azim, P., &amp; Syed, S. H. (2014). The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Trade.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Liu, T. C. (1949). Exchange Depreciation and the Balance of Trade. International Monetary Fund, RD-876.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Muhammad, A. S. I. F., &amp; Rashid, K. (2011). Impact of devaluation on trade balance in Pakistan. Oeconomics of Knowledge, 3(3), 16.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Mathieson. (1998). Exchange Rate Fluctuations and the Trade Flows: Evidence from the European Union., international monetary fund.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Omisakin, O., Oyinlola, A., &amp; Adeniyi, O. (2010). Relative responsiveness of trade flows to changes in exchange rate and prices in selected ECOWAS countries: Does Orcutt hypothesis hold?. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(6), 102.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Orcutt, G. H. (1950). Measurement of price elasticities in international trade. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 117-132.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., &amp; Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., &amp; Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621-634.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Pesaran, M. H. (1997). The role of economic theory in modelling the long run. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 178-191.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Pesaran, M. H. (1997). The role of economic theory in modelling the long run. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 178-191.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Senhadji, A. (1998). Time-series estimation of structural import demand equations: a cross-country analysis. Staff Papers, 45(2), 23.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Ur Rehman, M., &amp; ur Rehman, S. (2002). Relationship of exchange rate with various macro-economic variables.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Wilson, J. F., &amp; Takacs, W. E. (1979). Differential responses to price and exchange rate influences in the foreign trade of selected industrial countries. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 267-279.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khaliq ul Rehman, Masood ur Rehman Azhar, Saima Masood, Dr. Nor Malina Malek &#8220;An Empirical Investigation of Orcutt\u2019s Hypothesis: Evidence from Selected Developed and Developing Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.06-16 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/06-16.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/06-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-empirical-investigation-of-orcutts-hypothesis-evidence-from-selected-developed-and-developing-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Empirical Investigation of Orcutt\u2019s Hypothesis: Evidence from Selected Developed and Developing Countries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739f8cb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"739f8cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739f9bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739f9bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739fb65\" data-id=\"739fb65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-739fc9c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"739fc9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Output and Unemployment Dynamics: Okun\u2019s Coefficient for Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nazia Latif, Dr. Muhammad Imran Hanif, Dr. Abu Bakar Abdul Hamid, Zeeshan Ahmed &#8211; August 2018 &#8211; Page No.: 17-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-739fd47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"739fd47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-739fedc\" data-id=\"739fedc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a0017 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73a0017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The major aim of the paper is to trace out the evidence about the possible affiliation between level of unemployment and growth rate of output which was proposed empirically by Arthur Okun in early sixties. To perform this multivariate time series data has utilized ranges the period from 1972 to 2016 of Pakistan. To access the association and to quantify the magnitude of relationship ARDL, Bound test approach utilized. To check the order of integration Philips perron (PP) and ADF (Augmented Dicky Fuller) test applied. Paper confirmed the existence of inverse affiliation between level of unemployment and growth of output in Pakistan. But the intensity of association is very low, suggests that the political unrests and lack of attention of policy makers toward factor markets hampers the employment creation effect of growth of output. To check the pattern of association Granger causality test uses that prescribed the existence of unidirectional affiliation through unemployment to growth rate of output in Pakistan.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 17-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nazia Latif<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM.Phil Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Muhammad Imran Hanif<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPost Doc Fellow, Putra Business School, University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Abu Bakar Abdul Hamid<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor, Putra Business School, University of Putra Malaysia, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zeeshan Ahmed<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMS Scholar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Blanchard, O. (1997). The Medium Run, Macroeconomics. Brooking Paper on Economic Activity, 2(1), 89-157.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Hanif, M.I., Gul. A. (2016) The Links Between Management Capabilities, Innovation and Firm Performance: Evidence From Pharmaceutical Sector Of Pakistan, South Asian Journal of Banking and Social Sciences. 02(01) pp- 2410-2067<br \/>\r\n[3]. Hanif, M.I., Irshad, M (2018). Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Network Resource utilization on Internationalization of SME\u2019s in Pakistan, International Journal of Marketing Studies; 10( 2); 2018, PP. 118-131.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Hanif, M.I., Irshad, M (2018). Impact of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Network Resource utilization on Internationalization of SME\u2019s in Pakistan, International Journal of Marketing Studies; 10( 2); 2018, PP. 118-131.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hanif, M.I., Shao, Y (2018). Collaborative Innovation of Strategic Emerging Industries: A Case Study of the New Generation of Information Technology Enterprises in China, IBT Journal of Business Studies, 13(2),pp. 101-123.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hanif, M.I., Shao, Y (2018). Collaborative Innovation of Strategic Emerging Industries: A Case Study of the New Generation of Information Technology Enterprises in China, IBT Journal of Business Studies, 13(2),pp. 101-123.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hanif, M.I., Hanif, M.S., Kamran, A., Shao, Y(2016). Knowledge Sharing and Innovation Performance affected by HR generic strategies: An Empirical Study of SME&#8217;s in China and Pakistan, IBT Journal of Business Studies, 12(1),pp. 272-306<br \/>\r\n[8]. Romer,P. (1998) . Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economics, 6(1), 71102.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Lee, J. (2000). The Robustness of Okun\u2019s Law: Evidence from OECD Countries. Journal of Macroeconomics, 22(1) ,331-356.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Martin, R. (1997). Regional Unemployment Disparities and Their Dynamics. Regional Studies ,12(1), 237-252.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Molho, I. (1995). Spatial Autocorrelation in British Unemployment. Journal of Regional Science,35(4), 641-658.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Moosa, I. A. (1997). A Cross-Country Comparison of Okun\u2019s Coefficient. Journal of Comparative Economics, 24(3), 35-56.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Blinder, A. S. (1997). A Core of Macroeconomic Beliefs. Challenge 40(4), 36-44.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Samuelson, P., and Nordhaus, W. (1995). Economics (15th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Thirwall,A.P.(1966). Regional Unemployment as a Cyclical Phenomenon. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 13(1), 205-219.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Attfield, C. L. and Silverstone, B. (1998). Okun\u2019s law, Cointegration and Gap Variables. Journal of Macroeconomics, 20 (1), 625-637.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Donald G. Freeman, 2001, Panel Tests of Okun\u2019s Law for ten Industrial countries: 1958-98, Western Economic Association International, 39(4), 511-523.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Dimitris K. Christopoulos, 2003, The relationship between output and unemployment: Evidence from Greek regions: 1971-93, Papers in Regional Science, 83, 611-620.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Marina Marinkov and Jean-Pierre Geldenhuys, 2007, Cyclical unemployment and Cyclical output: An Estimation of Okun\u2019s Coefficient for South Africa: 1970-2005, South African Journal of Economies, 75(3), 373-390.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Jose Villaverde and Adolfo Maza, 2008, The Robustness of Okun\u2019s Law in Spain: 1980-2004, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, pp. 289-297.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Kontek, E. S., II, 2007, How Useful is Okun\u2019s Law, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Turturean and Ciprian Lonel, 2007, Okun\u2019s Law for Romania during 1992-2004, Munich Personal RePEc Archive.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Irfan Lal et al. (2010) Test of Okun\u2019s Law in some Asian Countries: Cointegration Approach, European Journal of Scientific Research, 40 (1), 73-80.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Okun, Arthur, 1962. Potential GNP: its Measurementand Significance, in Statistics Section, AmericanStatistical Association, Washington DC.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Faridi. Z, Ali.S, Bashir. F (2015), Validation of Okun\u2019s law in Pakistan. International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 5(5), 2249-5894.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Khaliq.A, Soufan.T&amp;Shihab.A (2014), The Relationship between Unemployment and Economic Growth Rate in Arab Country. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(14), 2222-1700.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Jose Villaverde and Adolfo Maza, 2008, The Robustness of Okun\u2019s Law in Spain: 1980-2004, Journal of Policy Modeling, 31, pp. 289-297.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Bankole, Abiodun S., Fatai, BasiruOyeniran, (2013), Empirical Test of Okun\u2019s Law in Nigeria, International Journal of Economic Practices and Theories, Vol. 3, No. 3.<br \/>\r\n[29]. TatevikSekhposyan, (2012). Okun\u2019s law over the business cycle: was the great recession all that different? Federal Reserve Bank of St.<br \/>\r\n[30]. G.W. Evans (1989), Output and Unemployment dynamics in the united states: 1950-1985. Journal of applied econometrics, 4(1989), 213-237.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nazia Latif, Dr. Muhammad Imran Hanif, Dr. Abu Bakar Abdul Hamid, Zeeshan Ahmed &#8220;Output and Unemployment Dynamics: Okun\u2019s Coefficient for Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.17-21 August 2018 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/17-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/17-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/output-and-unemployment-dynamics-okuns-coefficient-for-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Output and Unemployment Dynamics: Okun\u2019s Coefficient for Pakistan<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a37ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73a37ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73a3886 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73a3886\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73a3a22\" data-id=\"73a3a22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a3b4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73a3b4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73a3bef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73a3bef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73a3d68\" data-id=\"73a3d68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a3e87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73a3e87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Insurgency on Basic Education Facilities in Mandaragirau District, Biu, L.G.A., Borno State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdullahi Usman, Dr Bello A. Ibrahim, Ali Yerima &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 22-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73a3f2b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73a3f2b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73a409b\" data-id=\"73a409b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73a41c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73a41c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined the effects of boko haram insurgents on Basic Education Facility in Mandaragirau District, Biu LGA Borno State in Nigeria. The emergence of Boko haram since 2002 in the North eastern Nigeria has affected several sectors of the Nigerian economy. Education sector was one of sector that suffered a grate set back due to several attacks on schools, killing and abducting student, killing teachers and total destruction of school structures leading to indefinite closure of schools in the region halting all educational activities in the area.<br \/>\r\nMandaragirau district was purposively selected and questionnaire was administered to 50 staff randomly selected from the 10 villages hosting Basic Education facility in the area. The findings revealed that before Boko haram insurgency, Educational activities were running smoothly and all the facilities in the schools were functional and on the increased, but during the peak period of violent activities of Boko haram insurgents, these facilities were rendered NOT functional and were on the continuous decrease due to merciless attacks on schools with bombs and other explosive devices resulting into killing, abducting and kidnapping of school children in the area creating fear and displacement of families in the locality. This study also revealed that schools in the area were indefinitely closed down during the peak period of insurgency which served as a government response to the insurgents\u2019 crisis and this has significantly affected day to day running of the schools and consequently affecting education of children in the area.<br \/>\r\nThe study recommend that free and compulsory education should be provided to all especially at grass roots (Primary and Junior secondary school). Security agents should be deployed to protect all educational facilities in troubled area. It was also recommended that parents should be very close to their children in order to monitor their behaviour, attitude and check the peer group influence on their children.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullahi Usman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal Government College P.M.B 1102, Maiduguri, Borno State. Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Bello A. Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social Sciences, North West University of Kano, Kano State. Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali Yerima<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Primary Education, College of Education, P.M.B 1502, Waka-Biu, Borno State. Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adamu, F. (2009). Ideology of Boko Haram, Journal of Islamic Education2(2) 31- 34<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adeyemi. K. (2014) The Kano College Blast: The Nation Newspaper.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Davies, J. G. (1954 &#8211; 1956) The Biu Book: A Collection and Reference Book on Biu Division Northern Nigeria. NORLA Zaria 32-87.<br \/>\r\n[4]. FGN, (2004).National Policy on Education.Abuja. Federal Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[5]. FGN, (2004).Universal Basic Education Commission Implementation Guide line. Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[6]. FMOE, (2014). Basic Education school Attendance in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Education. Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Joda, F. M., and Abdulrasheed, O., (2015) Effects of Insurgency on Girls Education in Northern Eastern Nigeria. European Journal of Education and Development Psychology 3(I), 44-50.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Oladunjoye, P., and Omemu, F., (2013) Effects of Boko Haram Insurgency on School Attendance in Northern Nigeria.British Journal of Education I (2), 1-9 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development U.K. (www.ea-journal.org).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Olowoselu Abdulrasheed,,AdaobiOnuselogu, Uzoechina Gladys ObiomaEffects of Insurgency on Universal Basic Education in Borno State of Nigeria American Journal of Educational Research, 2015 3 (4), pp 490-494. DOI: 10.12691\/education-3-4-16<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ovaga, O. H. (2014) The Socio Economic Implication of Boko Haram Activities in Northern Nigeria. Review of Public Administration and Management 1(2), 23-33.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Salisu, S. S., Mohd, A. S., and Abdullahi, Y. S., (2015)The Impact of Boko Haram Insurgency on Nigerian National Security. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences5,(6), 254-258 ISSN: 2222-6990.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Ugwumba, E. U., and Odam, T. C., (2014) Boko Haram Insurgency: A Peril to Achievement of Education for all in Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Development. 3(I), 2-9. Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org)<br \/>\r\n[13]. UNICEF, (2015) A Report on effect of Boko Haram: Boko Haram violence keeping million children out of school. Tuesday 22 December 2015 by Global Development supported by Bills and Melinda Gates Foundation. 2-18. www.encarta.dictionary.com<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdullahi Usman, Dr Bello A. Ibrahim, Ali Yerima &#8220;Effects of Insurgency on Basic Education Facilities in Mandaragirau District, Biu, L.G.A., Borno State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.22-26 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/22-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/22-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-insurgency-on-basic-education-facilities-in-mandaragirau-district-biu-l-g-a-borno-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Effects of Insurgency on Basic Education Facilities in Mandaragirau District, Biu, L.G.A., Borno State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ab764 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73ab764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ab86e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ab86e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73aba10\" data-id=\"73aba10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73abb45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73abb45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73abbf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73abbf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73abd43\" data-id=\"73abd43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73abe66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73abe66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73abf06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73abf06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73ac076\" data-id=\"73ac076\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ac18f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73ac18f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies for Implementing Safety Policies in Secondary Schools in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jane Kemunto Nyabuti &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 27-35<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ac22f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ac22f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73ac3cb\" data-id=\"73ac3cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ac508 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73ac508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Safety in learning institutions is increasingly becoming an issue of great concern in Kenya and globally. However, teachers have not been adequately trained on strategies for implementation of safety policies. This study dealt with strategies of implementing safety policies in Secondary schools in Kenya. A mixed design was used in this study. Eighteen National schools were purposively selected to participate in the study. Stratified random sampling was used to select 6 schools. The total sample was 436 respondents including 6 head teachers, 120 class teachers, 300 students, 6 watchmen, and 4 Quality Assurance and Standards Officers (QASOs). Questionnaires, Interview and observation schedules were used for data collection. Quantitative data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics while Qualitative as themes emerged. The significant differences were tested using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings indicated that National Secondary Schools have minimal knowledge of strategies for implementation of safety policies with minimal safety awareness, and variations in attitude among teachers and students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-35\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jane Kemunto Nyabuti<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration, Curriculum and Teaching, School of Education University of Eastern Africa, Baraton, PO BOX 2500, ELDORET, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ministry of Education (2008).Safety Standards Manual: For Schools in Kenya. Schools as Safe Zones: Church World Service, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[2]. The Kenya Sector of the International Commission of Jurists.(2010). Constitution of Kenya: Non State Action Plan on the Implementation of the Constitution: Parliamentary Initiative Network. Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Voice of America. (2011). School Unrest worries Kenya\u2019s parents, teachers. Washington, DC: United States Department of Justice.web\/jss-10-1-001-076-2005-Ab Retrieved on 12\/10\/2012.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Center for School Safety. (2011). School safety plans. The Education Law Section 155.17<br \/>\r\n[5]. Masitsa, M. G. (2011). Exploring safety in township secondary schools in the Free State Province, South African Journal of Education Print version ISSN 0256-0100 S. Afr. j. educ. (31)2 Pretoria 2011.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Xaba, M. (2006). An investigation into the basic safety and security status of schools&#8217; physical environments. South African Journal of Education, 26,565-580<br \/>\r\n[7]. Nginyang\u2019i, S. (2006). Creating Safer Schools: Lessons Learned; Strategies for Action, Retrieved on March 7, 2012, from www.raisingvoices.org<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ministry of Education.(2010).Manual: Child Friendly Schools. UNICEF-Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[9]. UNICEF (2005). Practice Standards in Children\u2019s Participation: Save the Children (UK).<br \/>\r\n[10]. Argyris, C., &amp; Schon, D .(1974). Theory in practice, Increasing professional effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Katie, B., Kate, M, &amp; Leona, M. (2012).An Introductory Guide to Implementation: Terms, Concepts and Frameworks. Retrieved on September 11, 2013, from https:\/\/www.effectiveservices.org\/implementation<br \/>\r\n[12]. Omolo, D. O. &amp;Simatwa, E. M. (2010).An Assessment of the Implementation of Safety Policies in Public Secondary Schools in Kisumu East and West Districts, Kenya: M.Ed Thesis, Maseno University.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Kirui, R., Mbugua, Z. &amp; Sang, A. (2011) Challenges facing head teachers in security management in public secondary schools in Kisii County in Kenya: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science (1) 15 [Special Issue \u2013 October 2011]<br \/>\r\n[14]. U.S. Department of Education.(2012). National Center for Education Statistics: Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2011 (NCES 2012-002).<br \/>\r\n[15]. Garcia, C. A. (2003). School safety technology in America: Current use and perceived effectiveness. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 14, 30\u201354.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Fraser, D. (2007). Proactive Prevention: A multi-pronged approach is most effective when addressing school safety, American School and University.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Jackson, A. (2002). Police-School Resource Officers\u2019 and Students\u2019 Perception of the Police and Offending Policing: 25, 631\u2013650.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Cavanagh, S.(2004). Schools abroad brace against terrorism. Retrieved November 12, 2012 from https:\/\/www.edweek.org.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Soomeren, P. (2002). Prevention of crime in and around high schools: Lessons in implementation. A paper presented at the conference on the role of schools in crime prevention.30th September to 1st October 2002. Melbourne, Australia.<br \/>\r\n[20]. CERNET.(2004). Who is to blame for school deaths? Child Development Institute Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Retrieved March 18, 2012, from URL<br \/>\r\n[21]. Shaw, M. (2002). Promoting Safety in Schools: International experiences and actions in Crime prevention series No.3, Bureau of Justice Assistance Monograph.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Lulua, L.R. (2008). Addressing school Safety in Kampala: UPHOLD-USAID, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Savula A., Atsiaya, P. (2004). Grills order to school heads. The Standard, p.4. Nairobi: Standard Group.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Mugenda, O. M., Mugenda, A. L. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. Nairobi, Acts Press<br \/>\r\n[25]. Kothari, C.R. (2011). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nded). New Age International Publishers: New Delhi, India.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Morrison, G. R., Ross, S. M., Kalman, H. K.,&amp; Kemo, J. E. (2011). Designing effective Instructions (6thed.): Hoboken: John Willey and Sons.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Ary, D., Salow, L. C., Razarich, A. I. &amp; Sorenson, C. K. (2010). Introduction to Research in Education (8thed.), Belmont: Wadsworth.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Migiro, A. O. (2012). An Assessment of the Implementation of Safety Standards in Public Secondary Schools in Borabu District Nyamira County, Kenya: Unpublished M.Ed Thesis, Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Mburu, D.M. (2012).Factors influencing the implementation of safety standards in secondary schools in Limuru District, Kiambu County, Kenya: URI: https:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/8217<br \/>\r\n[30]. Dunne, M., Bosumtwi, S. C.,Sabates, R. &amp;Owusu, A. (2010). Bullying and school attendance: A case study of senior high school students in Ghana. Create Pathways to Access Education: Research monogram No. 41 July 2010. Essex, Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Thomas, W. M. (2008). School Violence and Primary Prevention: Springer Science and Business Media, Spring Street, New York, USA.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Ronoh, R. K. and Kyalo, W. B.(2010). Safety Awareness and Preparedness in Secondary Schools in Kenya: A case of Turkana district. M.Ed Thesis, Moi University<br \/>\r\n[33]. Kimathi (2011). An assessment of implementation of safety policies in Githunguri: Med Thesis<br \/>\r\n[34]. Michael, J. F.(2013). Crisis Management and Emergency Planning: Preparing for Today\u2019s Challenges . CRC Press, an imprint of Taylor &amp; Francis Group, USA.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Kukali, N. A. (2010). Implementation of Safety Policy in Girls\u2019 Boarding Secondary Schools in Bungoma East District, Kenya: Challenges and Strategies: M.Ed Thesis, Maseno University, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Otieno, J. (2014, April 19). Why your child could be unsafe in school, what should be done: Standard newspaper, pp.10-11 and 14,<br \/>\r\n[37]. Ohba, A. (2011).The abolition of secondary schools fees in Kenya: Responses by poor. International Journal of Educational Development (31) Pp. 402- 408.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Tanner, K. C. &amp;Lackney, J. A.(2006). Educational Facilities Planning: Leadership, Architecture, and Management. Pearson Education, Inc. USA.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Kelly, M. (2010). Fire Drills: How to be prepared and lead during a fire drill: New York Times Company; New York.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Mwangi, P.W. (2008). A Survey of the status of Disaster Preparedness in Public Secondary Schools; A case of Kiharu Division: Murang\u2019a District Unpublished Project, Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Dwyer, K., Osher, D. &amp; Jackson, S. (2003). Safe, Supportive, and Effective Schools: Step by Step. Longmont Co: Sopris West.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Laxton, T. C. &amp; Sprague, J. R.(2005). Refining the construct of School Safety an Exploration of Correlates an Construct Validity of School Safety Measures; University of Oregon Institute on Violence and Destructive Behavior.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Katie, B., Kate, M, &amp; Leona, M. (2012).An Introductory Guide to Implementation: Terms, Concepts and Frameworks. Retrieved on September 11, 2013, from https:\/\/www.effectiveservices.org\/implementation<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jane Kemunto Nyabuti &#8220;Strategies for Implementing Safety Policies in Secondary Schools in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.27-35 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/27-35.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/27-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-for-implementing-safety-policies-in-secondary-schools-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Strategies for Implementing Safety Policies in Secondary Schools in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b1ae8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73b1ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73b1bee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73b1bee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73b1dbc\" data-id=\"73b1dbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b1eee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73b1eee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73b1fa4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73b1fa4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73b2134\" data-id=\"73b2134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b226d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73b226d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study on Barriers Faced In Incubation Centre by Entrepreneurs \u2013Analysing the Factors Using One Way ANOVA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr J. Krithika &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 36-38<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73b2316 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73b2316\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73b24a0\" data-id=\"73b24a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73b25d2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73b25d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explores the barriers faced by the students when they are attached with the Incubation centre of their colleges. These students are supposed to manage both their academics and their entrepreneurial aspiration. Although they get adequate support from their friends, family members and faculty members, having a mentor would help them in shaping the student\u2019s entrepreneurial aspirations. Mentor could be a professional, who can share his knowledge and guide the students. A well-structured questionnaire was circulated among the students and asked to prioritize their barriers, and their expectations on mentor\u2019s qualities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 36-38 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr J. Krithika<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Management Studies, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Rustam lalkaka \u201cBest Practices\u201d in business Incubations, international conference on business centres:14-15 November 2001<br \/>\r\n[2]. David L.Birch \u201c The job generation process\u201d, M.I.T program neighbourhood and regional change ,Cambridge, MA 1979.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cooper.Arnold.C, \u201cstrategic Management:New ventures and small business\u201d long range planning: London 14(5), 1981, PP 39-45.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gissy Francine, \u201dIncubator Industrial building: A case study\u201d, Economic development Review,2(2),1984,pp 48-52.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Allen David Netal \u201cSmall business Incubators : A positive environment for entrepreneurship, Journal of small business management,23(3),1985,pp 12-22.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Birley , sue \u201c The role of networks in the entrepreneurial process\u201d,Journal of business venturing,1(1),1985,pp107-117<br \/>\r\n[7]. Campbell et al, \u201cStalking the latent entrepreneur, Economic development review, 3 (2), 1985,pp 43-49.<br \/>\r\n[8]. http\/\/www.edu.gov\/\u2026\/EDA public\/\u2026.\/Lewis<br \/>\r\n[9]. Henry Etzkowitz\u201d Incubation of Innovations as a triple Helix of university \u2013 Industry \u2013 Government network,Science and public policy,29(2),2002,pp 115-128.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Peters, Lois,Rice, Mark.P et al \u201cThe role of Incubators in the entrepreneurial process\u201d, The jounal of Technology transfer 29(1), 2004,pp 83-91<br \/>\r\n[11]. Pation et al. elements that under pin high tech business incubation processes, The journalof tech. Transfer,34, 2009,pp 621-636<br \/>\r\n[12]. Chan, K.F et al \u201cAssessing technology Incubator programs in science park: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr J. Krithika &#8220;A Study on Barriers Faced In Incubation Centre by Entrepreneurs \u2013Analysing the Factors Using One Way ANOVA&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.36-38 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/36-38.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/36-38.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-on-barriers-faced-in-incubation-centre-by-entrepreneurs-analysing-the-factors-using-one-way-anova\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Study on Barriers Faced In Incubation Centre by Entrepreneurs \u2013Analysing the Factors Using One Way ANOVA<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dc1b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73dc1b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73dc2b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73dc2b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73dc465\" data-id=\"73dc465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dc5a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73dc5a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73dc65f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73dc65f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73dc7df\" data-id=\"73dc7df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dc907 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73dc907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73dc9ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73dc9ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73dcb57\" data-id=\"73dcb57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dcc81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73dcc81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review on <i>Jatropha<\/i><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Madepalli Byrappa Gowdu Viswanathan, Jesu Doss Jeya Ananthi, N. Venkatesan &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 39-46<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73dcd37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73dcd37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73dcf21\" data-id=\"73dcf21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73dd0be elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73dd0be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Natural materials including plants, animals and minerals have been the basis for the treatment of human diseases. In the early part of the century, plants were a vital source of raw material for medicines. Greek Physician Galen (129-200 A.D.) devised the first Pharmacopoeia describing the appearance, properties and use of many plants of his time. The foundations of modern pharmaceutical industry were laid when techniques were developed to produce synthetic replacements for many of the medicines that had been derived from the forests. The genus <i>Jatropha<\/i> belongs to tribe Joanneasiae of Crotonoideae in the Euphorbiaceae family and contains approximately 175 species, cultivated throughout the tropical to temperate regions of the world, have been used in different ailments like bleeding, cancer, diarrhea, fever, pain and infection, jaundice, useful in chronic dysentery, thirst, tridosha, urinary discharges, abdominal complaints, biliousness, anemia, fistula, and diseases of the heart.<br \/>\r\nHomeopathically it is used for cold sweats, colic, collapse cramps, cyanosis, diarrhea, and leg cramps. The root, stem, leaves, fruit, seed, bark and latex of the plant are largely used for the treatment of many diseases in different parts of the world (Rajore et al., 2003). In the present study, we discussed the chemical constituents and medicinal uses of some of the species of <i>Jatropha<\/i>.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 39-46 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madepalli Byrappa Gowdu Viswanathan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jesu Doss Jeya Ananthi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartments of Pharmaceutics, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil \u2013 626126, Tamil Nadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N. Venkatesan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartments of Pharmaceutics, Arulmigu Kalasalingam College of Pharmacy, Krishnankoil \u2013 626126, Tamil Nadu, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abreu, I.C., Marhino, A.S.S., Paes, A.M.A., Freire, S.M.F., Olea, R.S.G., Borges, M.O.R., Borges ,A.C.R., (2003) Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of ethanolic extract from Jatropha gossypifolia L in rats. Fitoterapia, 74, 650-657.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ahmed, A.E., Loh, J.P., Ghanayem, B., (1992) Studies on the mechanism of acetonitriletoxicity I Whole body autoradiographic distribution and macromolecular interaction of 2 14C-acetonitrile in mice. Pharmacology and Toxicology, 70,322-330.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Aiyelaagbe, O.O., Adeniyi, B.A., Fatunsin, O.F., Arimah, B.D., (2007) In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of Jatropha curcas roots International Journal of Pharmacology ,3, 106-110.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Aiyelaagbe, O.O., (2000) Antibacterial activity of Jatropha multifida roots. Fitoterapia, 72, 544-546.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akhter, A., Raman, M.S., Ahsan, M., (2008) Preliminary antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of n-hexane extract of Jatropha pandurifolia. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy, 27, 918-921.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Akintayo, E.T., (1997) Chemical composition and physiochemical properties of flutted pumkin (Telfairia occidentalis) seed and seed oils. LA Rivista Italiana Delle sostanze Grasses,, Vol LxxIV, Gennaio.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ankrah, N.A., Nyarko, A.K., Addo, P.G.A., Ofosuhene, M., Dzokoto, C., Marley, E., Addae, M.M., Ekuban, F.A., (2003) Evaluation of efficacy and safety of a herbal medicine used for the treatment of malaria, Phytotherapy Research, 17,697-701.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Auvin, C., Baraguey, C., Blond, A., Lezenven, F., Pousset, J.L., Bodo, B., (1997) Curcacycline B a cyclic nonapeptide from Jatropha curcas enhancing rotamase activity of cyclophilin. Tetrahedron Letters, 38,2845\u20132848.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Auvin-Guette, C., Baraguey, C., Blond, A., Pousset, J.L., Bodo, B., (1997) Cyclogossine B a cyclic octapeptide from Jatropha gossypifolia. Journal of Natural Products, 60, 1155-1157.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Auvin-Guette, C., Baraguey, C., Blond, A., Xavier, S.X., Pousset, J.L., Bodo, B., (1999) Pohlianins A B and C cyclic peptides from the latex of Jatropha pohliana spp molissima. Tetrahedron, 55, 11495-11510.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Balaji, R., Rekha, N., Deecaraman, M., Manikandan, L., (2009) Antimetastatic and antiproliferative activity of methanolic fraction of Jatropha curcas against B16F10 melanoma induced lung metastasis in C57BL\/6 mice, African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 3,547\u2013555.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Balentine, J.A., (1969) the isolation of two esters of the napthaquinone alcohol shikonin from the shrub Jatropha glandulifera Phytochemistry, 8, 1587-1590.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Banerji, J., Das, B., Chatterjee, A., Shoolery, J.N., (1984) Gadain a lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia. Phytochemistry ,23, 2323-2327.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Baraguey, C., Auvin-Guette, C., Blond, A., Cavelier, F., Lezenven, F., Pousset, J.L., Bodo, B., (1998) Isolation structure and synthesis of chevalierins A B and C cyclic peptides from the latex Jatropha chevalieri. Journal of Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions, 1, 3033-3039.<br \/>\r\n[15]. 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Carmelo, R., Antonio, M.M., (1979) Components from the latex of Jatropha acotinifolia Mill var palmata (Wild) Muell. Arg Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 10, 35-36.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Charles, D.H., Babajide, O.O., (1978) Non-polar constituents of J curcas. Lloydia, 41, 161 \u2013 165.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Chatterjee, A., Das, B., Chakrabarti, R., Bose, P., Banerji, J., Banerji, A., Budzikiewicz, H., (1988) Prasanthaline a new lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia Linn. Indian Journal of Chemistry. Section B: Organic Including Medicinal Chemistry, 27,740-741.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Chopra, R.N., Nayar, S.L., Chopra, I.C., (1956) Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Das, B., Anjani, G., (1999) Gossypidien a lignan from stems of Jatropha gossypifolia. Phytochemistry, 51, 115-117.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Das, B., Banerji, J., (1988) Arylnaphthalene lignan from Jatropha gossypifolia. Phytochemistry, 27, 3684-3686.<br \/>\r\n[26]. 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Weiner, M.A., (1971) Ethnomedicine in Tonga. Economic Botany, 4, 423-450.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Madepalli Byrappa Gowdu Viswanathan, Jesu Doss Jeya Ananthi, N. Venkatesan &#8220;Review on <em>Jatropha<\/em>&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.39-46 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/39-46.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/39-46.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/review-on-jatropha\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review on <em>Jatropha<\/em><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ea46a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73ea46a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ea57b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ea57b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73ea72b\" data-id=\"73ea72b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ea861 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73ea861\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ea915 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ea915\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73eaa87\" data-id=\"73eaa87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73eaba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73eaba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73eac45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73eac45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73eadd0\" data-id=\"73eadd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73eaee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73eaee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Towards Enduring Democratic Polities in Africa: Prospects, Challenges and Trajectories<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yahaya Yakubu, Abubakar Aliyu Maigari &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 47-51<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73eaf8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73eaf8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73eb0ff\" data-id=\"73eb0ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73eb242 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"73eb242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study explores the causal plausible mechanisms through which culture conditions institutional outcomes and design. Upon review of relevant literature, it opines the confounding role of culture on the nature of institutions cannot be downplayed. Building on Almond and Verba\u2019s Participant Political Culture, it claims the inherent transplanted democracy as obtained in Africa is likely to remain unresponsive. In furtherance, it equates the plausible functionality of any political arrangement, when such political arrangement embodies socially adhered and accepted norms, values and beliefs. Hence, it contends that for democracy to function in Africa there abounds the utmost need for contextual domestication as opposed to the current system of transplantation. Consequently, the exploration and objective application of democratic values inherent in the dominant indigenous culture remains a likely solution to the crisis of governance in Africa and should not be dismissed. While the research does not assents a return to traditionalism, it propagates for the contextual domestication of democracy in tandem with prevailing norms and existential political and societal realities across the African continent.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 47-51\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya Yakubu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science &amp; Int\u2019l Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Aliyu Maigari <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science &amp; Int\u2019l Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abebe, S. G. (2000). Relevance of African Culture in Building Modern Constitution and the Quest for Legal Pluralism, Saint Louis Christy School of Law, Vol. 55 (4), pp. 429 \u2013 446.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adelman, S. (1998). Constitutionalism, Pluralism and Democracy in Africa, Journal of Legal Pluralism, Vol. 11, (42), pp. 75 \u2013 89.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Avruch, R. (1998). Culture and Conflict Resolution, Washington D. C: US Institute for Peace Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bratton, M. (2007). Formal Versus Informal Institutions in Africa, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 4 (21), pp. 236 \u2013 249.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Dahl, R. (1971). Polyarchy, Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ethan, B and Nathan, C. (2008). Why Democracies Fail, Journal of Democracy, vol. 119 (4), pp. 57 \u2013 68.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Elaigwu, J. S. (2015). Nigeria Yesterday and Today for Tomorrow: Essays in Governance and Society, Jos: Aha Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Fukuyama, F. (1992). The End of History and the Last Man, Yale: Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Gorodnichenko, Y and Roland, G. (2013) Culture Institutions and Democratization, Berkeley: University of California Berkeley.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Helme, G and Levistky, S. (2004). Informal Institutions and Comparative Political Research Agenda, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 2, (4).<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ibagare, E and Omoera, O. S. (2010). The Democratization Process and the Nigerian Theatre Artist, Journal of Studies of Tribes, Vol. 8, (2), pp. 67 \u2013 75.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Ifeanacho, M. I and Nwogwu, J. (2009). Democratization and National Integration in Nigeria, Research Journal of International Studies.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Macionis, J. J. and Plummer, K. (2005). Sociology: A Global Introduction (3rd Ed) Essex: Pearson Educational Limited.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Mazrui, A. (2002). Who Killed Democracy in Africa? Clues from the Past, Concerns for the Future, Development Policy Management Network, Vol. 15 (17), pp. 91 \u2013 104.<br \/>\r\n[15]. North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Nwonolue, E. E and Ojukwu, N. (2012). Legislative Efficacy and Democratic Stability in Nigeria\u2019s Fourth Republic, Governance and Politics in Nigeria: A Re-Appraisal of National Assembly, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Businees Management Review, Vol. 1, (2), pp. 234 \u2013 241.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Osaghae, E. E. (1999). Democratization in Africa: Faltering Prospects, New Hopes, Journal of Contemporary African Studies, Vol. 17, (1), pp. 121 \u2013 136.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Platteau, J. P. (2002). Institutions Social Norms and Economic Development, New Ark, New Jersey: Harwood Academic Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Said. E. W. (1993). Culture and Imperialism, London: Chatto and Windus.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yahaya Yakubu, Abubakar Aliyu Maigari &#8220;Towards Enduring Democratic Polities in Africa: Prospects, Challenges and Trajectories&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.47-51 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/47-51.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/47-51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/towards-enduring-democratic-polities-in-africa-prospects-challenges-and-trajectories\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Towards Enduring Democratic Polities in Africa: Prospects, Challenges and Trajectories<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ec0c3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"73ec0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ec1bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ec1bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73ec34f\" data-id=\"73ec34f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ec46d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73ec46d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ec529 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ec529\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73ec69e\" data-id=\"73ec69e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ec7b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73ec7b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Historical Factors That Contributed the Ship (URU) Building in Beypore<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Shameerali .M &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 52-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-73ec854 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"73ec854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7406368\" data-id=\"7406368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74064f2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74064f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This work is an attempt at understanding the historical factors that contributed the <i>Uru<\/i> (wooden ship) building in Beypore. The history of ship building in Beypore goes back to 2000 years before. The ship building has been an impulse to trade in Malabar with overseas regions. Many attempts have been made by many scholars to study the history of ship building. The significance of ship building is closely related with trade, both native and foreign, prosperity of land, water transportation etc. The present attempt is a micro level study about the historical factors that contributed the ship building in the port of Beypore in Kozhikode. Studies on some aspects of ship building in Beypore have appeared along the history of the locality. It is an exclusive study on the ship building in Beypore. The scope of the present work is limited to the study of ship building in a particular area only. Sources for this work are mainly secondary sources. Primary sources like Gazetteers, interviews, news papers etc. have been used for this study. Descriptive and analytical methods have used in the preparation of this work.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The age old tradition of the ship building in Beypore goes back to 2000 years before. According to some historians, there are references about Beypore in the history of Solomon, Israeli emperor (C. 900 BC). His sailors and traders used to have precious goods from Malabar. This references deserve study. After that, Romans came here for trade. From ancient period, even today, teak timber of the region of Kerala has it\u2019s own peculiarity. Teak and other timbers are found abundantly grown in the forests of Malabar and its transportation through rivers, management of skilled laboures, etc contributed the ship building. The trade relations with Arabs have been an impulse to ship building in Malabar. The ship building of Malabar has attracted scholars, studies on the history of trade and oceanic voyages.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">The important factors that contributed the development of ship building in Beypore are estuarine port, availability of timber, river transportation of timber, attitude of local rulers towards trade and traders, trade relations with the Arabs and the Portuguese, growth of skilled and non-skilled labours, etc.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 52-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shameerali .M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Scholar, Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University, Tirur, Malappuram, Kerala, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/port<br \/>\r\n[2]. https:\/\/www.nationalgeographic.org\/encyclopedia\/estuary\/.<br \/>\r\n[3]. https:\/\/www.keralatourism.org\/destination\/beypore\/318<br \/>\r\n[4]. Dr.Kunhali V., Construction of Indian Vessels in 16th century in Malabar (Jnrl) The Malabar, Calicut University, Vol.I, (Sept. 2001), Pp.16.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Asokan,K.K., Tourism Potentials of Kerala with special reference to Beach Tourism; PhD (Commerce) Thesis submitted to the University of Calicut (Dept. of Commerce); 2011, Pp 129.<br \/>\r\n[6]. William Logan, Malabar Manual (1887), Thiruvananthapuram,1981, p.40.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Vijayalekshmy, M., Trade and Trading centres in Kerala (A. D. 800- 1500); PhD (History) theses submitted to University of Calicut; 1997; Pp. 64.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Dr. Vijayalekshmy, M., Malabarileaadhya kala Muslim Samooham; in M.C.Vasisht, P.B.Salim IAS &amp;N.P.Hafiz Mohamed (Ed.); Malabar Paithrkavum Prathapavum, 2011, Calicut, Pp. 95.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Arunachalam, B; &#8220;Timber Traditions in Indian Boat Technology&#8221;; in K.S.Mathew, ed., Shipbuilding and Navigation in the Indian Ocean Region A D. 1400- 1800, New Delhi, 1997, Pp.13.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Joseph.C.C., Ship building and Navigation in India and the Portuguese during the Sixteenth and seventeenth centuries., PhD (History) Thesis submitted to The University of Pondicherry., 2003., Pp.47.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ibid., Pp. 43.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Ibid., Pp. 45.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Dr.Kunhali, V., Timber Industry related to ship building in Kerala; History of Traditional Navigation., edited by Dr. G. Victor Rajamanikkam, Tanjavur, 1998, Pp.159.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Kadeeja, P., The Arabs in East West trade \u2013 A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions \u2013 9th To 15th Century; PhD (History)Thesis submitted to the University of Calicut, 2008, Pp.115-116.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Ibid., Pp.161-162.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Dr.Kunhali, V., Timber Industry related to ship building in Kerala; Op.Cit., Pp.158.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Joseph, C.C., Op.Cit., Pp.5.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Ibid.,Pp.48 &#8211; 49.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Dr.Kunhali, V., Timber Industry related to ship building in Kerala; Op.Cit., Pp.159.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Joseph, C.C., Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Dr.Kunhali, V., Timber Industry related to ship building in Kerala; Ibid..<br \/>\r\n[23]. Joseph,C.C., Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Mammad Koya Parappil, P.P., Kozhikkotte Muslimkalude Charithram, Calicut, 1994, Pp.392-393.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Mujeebu Rehiman, M.P., Formation of Society and Economy In Malabar 1750-1810; PhD (History Thesis submitted to the University of Calicut; 2009; Pp. 35.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Vasisht, M.C and Dr.P.B.Salim IAS, Arab Rekhakalile Malabar; in M.C.Vasisht, P.B.Salim IAS &amp; N.P.Hafiz Mohamed (Ed.); Malabar Paithrkavum Prathapavum, 2011, Calicut, Pp.85 &#8211; 86.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Dr.Mathew, K.S., Malabarile Portuguese sannidhyam; in M.C.Vasisht, P.B.Salim IAS &amp; N.P.Hafiz Mohamed (Ed.); Malabar Paithrkavum Prathapavum, 2011, Calicut, Pp. 148.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Interview with Goguldas; Mesthiri in Beypore, Dated on 26.04.2006.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Interview with Edathumpadikkal Sivasankaran, Former Mestiri in Beypore, Dated on 25.04.2006.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Joseph,C.C., Op.Cit., Pp.54-55.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Interview with Sathyan Edathodi, Mestiri in Beypore, Dated on 04.11.2017.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Joseph,C.C., Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Mammad Koya Parappil, P.P., Op.Cit., Pp.131.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Dr.Kunhali, V., Construction of Indian Vessels in 16th Century in Malabar, Op.Cit., Pp.19-20.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Muhammed Koya Parappil, P.P., Op.Cit., Pp.79<br \/>\r\n[39]. Alex, George., Traditional Technology of Malabar Khalasis; Malabar, M.G.S.Narayanan (Ed.), Souvenir of Malabar Mahotsav \u2013 1993, Calicut, 1994, Pp.167.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[41]. https:\/\/www.thehindu.com\/features\/magazine\/the-boatmakers-of-beypore\/article4884192.ece<br \/>\r\n[42]. Madhyamam daily, VaradhyaMadhyamam, dated 14, September 2008.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[44]. https:\/\/samskarikam.blogspot.in\/2005\/06\/blog-post_15.html.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Interview with Shanmugham Kozhippally, a Uru building worker in Beypore, dated on 04.11.2017.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Interview with Abdullah Beramy, Bermintakam, Kozhikode, dated on 04.11.2017.<br \/>\r\n[47]. SubairHudavi, Dr., Malabar MuslimgaludeAtmiyaParambaryam; in M.C.Vasisht, P.B.Salim IAS &amp;N.P.Hafiz Mohamed (Ed.); Malabar PaithrkavumPrathabavum, 2011, Calicut, Pp. 161.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Mammad Koya Parappil, P.P., Op.Cit., Pp.110-111.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Mammad Koya Parappil, P.P., Op.Cit., Pp.130-131.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shameerali .M &#8220;Historical Factors That Contributed the Ship (URU) Building in Beypore&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.52-56 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/52-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/52-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/historical-factors-that-contributed-the-ship-uru-building-in-beypore\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Historical Factors That Contributed the Ship (URU) Building in Beypore<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7407437 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7407437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7407538 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7407538\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74076d4\" data-id=\"74076d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74077f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74077f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-740789b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"740789b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7407a29\" data-id=\"7407a29\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7407b4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7407b4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7407bf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7407bf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7407d73\" data-id=\"7407d73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7407e95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7407e95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Denominationalism of Private Universities in Uganda as an Antecedent of Employee Job Satisfaction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Kayindu Vincent, Toriola Funke Christiana, Umar Saleh Baba &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 57-63<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7407f36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7407f36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74080b3\" data-id=\"74080b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74081fd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74081fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was carried out in 13 private universities in Uganda (six denominational universities and seven non denominational universities) to assess the difference in the job satisfaction of academic officials between denominational and non-denominational private universities. The study used a descriptive survey design which involved quantitative and qualitative approaches. Whereas quantitative data were analyzed using the t-test, qualitative data was analysed using percentage distribution. Results from 296 respondents who were chosen to participate in the study using universal and purposive sampling, revealed that there was a significant difference in the job satisfaction of academic officials between denominational and non-denominational private universities in Uganda (sig, .000). It was recommended that non denominational universities should borrow a leaf from denominational universities by making workers feel that they own the respective universities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-63\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kayindu Vincent<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Toriola Funke Christiana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umar Saleh Baba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Kampala: M.P.K Graphics.<br \/>\r\n[22]. McShane, S.L. and Glinow, M.A.V. (2003). Organizational behavior: Emerging realities for the workplace revolution (2nd ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Ngabirano, W. (2003). Challenges of managing private universities in Uganda. A case of Christian University Mukono. Unpublished MED dissertation, Makerere Universtiy, Kampala, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Chuck, W. (2000). Effective management: A multimedia approach. Texas: Thomson Learning.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Deci; E.L., and Ryan, A.M. (2000). The what and why of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self \u2013 determination of behaviour. Psychological inquery. 11,227-268.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Jennifer, M.G. and Gareth, R.J.(1999). Understanding and managing organizational behaviour. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Sumil, M.O. (1999). The degree of motivation received by the faculty of Cebu doctors\u2019 college: Basis for an executive development program. Unpublished M.A (organizational development) Thesis, Doctors\u2019 College, Cebu City. Phillipines.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Mulindwa, S.K. (1998). Job satisfaction among academic and senior administrative staff in technical education institutions in Uganda, A case of Uganda Polytechnic Kyambogo and Technical colleges. Unpublished M.A Educ. Mgt. dissertation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Vallerand, R.J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. In zanna, M.P.( ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology (vol.29). NewYork: Academic press.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Auster, C. (1996). The sociology of work: Concepts and cases. New Delhi: Pine Forge Press.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Hersey, P. and Blanchard, K.H. (1993). Management of Organizational behavior: Utilising Human Resources: (6th ed.). Tokyo: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Deci, E.l, Connell, J.P. and Ryan, R.M. (1989). Self determination in a work organization. Journal of applied psychology. 74, 580-590.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Cohen, A.R.,Fink, S.L, Gadon, H and Robin, D.W.(1980). Effective behavior in organizations. Ontario: Irwin-Dorsey Limited.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Tuma, T. and Mutiibwa, P. (1978). A century of Christianity in Uganda, 1877 -1977. Nairobi: Uzimas press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Ilife,J.(1973). Tanzania under German and British rule. In Zamani (ed.). A survey of East African history. Nairobi: Longman group Ltd.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Kayindu Vincent, Toriola Funke Christiana, Umar Saleh Baba &#8220;Denominationalism of Private Universities in Uganda as an Antecedent of Employee Job Satisfaction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.57-63 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/57-63.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/57-63.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/denominationalism-of-private-universities-in-uganda-as-an-antecedent-of-employee-job-satisfaction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Denominationalism of Private Universities in Uganda as an Antecedent of Employee Job Satisfaction<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7412a93 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7412a93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7412b89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7412b89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7412d36\" data-id=\"7412d36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7412e68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7412e68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7412f0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7412f0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74130a8\" data-id=\"74130a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74131c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74131c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Politics, Interests and Social Security: Key Drivers of Social Policy in Africa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Datti Maryam Ibrahim &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 64-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7413275 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7413275\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74133e2\" data-id=\"74133e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7413524 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7413524\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social policy in Africa is seen to be driven bydiverse factors, a close assessment of the different waves of social policy, from colonial Africa topresent day social policy shows a provision that is discriminatory; through all era\u2019s of African social policy development the common denominator was a non-inclusive provision.A variety of factors have determined the provision of social policy in Africa in different eras from the colonial era, through the era of decolonisation, nationalism, democratisation and decades that followed. Provision of social policy was driven by attempts to pre-empt uprisings, ideologies of nation building, political elite interests and poor social conditions on the continent. This paper aims to investigate the main drivers of social policy in Africa from the colonial era to the post-colonial era, and present day development of social policy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 64-67\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Datti Maryam Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Lecturer, Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ad\u00e9s\u00edn\u00e0, J. O. (2009). &#8220;Social policy in sub Saharan Africa: a glance in the rear view mirror.&#8221; International Journal of Social Welfare 18:37-51.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bangura, Y. and Hedberg, C.J, (2006).\u201cDemocracyand social policy development: Introduction and overview\u201d. InYusuf Bangura(ed.), Democracy and Social Policy. UNRISD\/Palgrave, Basingstoke.<br \/>\r\nBarrientos, A. and D. Hulme (eds.) (2008). Social Protection for the Poor and Poorest: Concepts, Policies and Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Barrientos, Armando; David Hulme and Miguel Nino-Zarazua (2009). &#8220;Will the Green Shoots Blossom? A New Wave of Social Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa,&#8221; In.Manchester: Brooks World Poverty Institute, University of Manchester.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carbone, G. (2011). &#8220;Democraticdemands and social policies: the politics of health reform in Ghana.&#8221; The Journal of Modern African Studies 49:381-408.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Croke, K. (2012). &#8216;The Political Economy of Child Mortality Decline in Tanzania and Uganda, 1995\u20132007&#8217;, Studies in Comparative International Development.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Devereux, S. and Lund, F. (2010), \u2018Democratizing Social Welfare in Africa\u2019, in Padayachee, V. (ed.), The PoliticalEconomy of Africa. Routledge, London.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Devereux, S. and White, P. (2010). Social Protection in Africa: Evidence, Politics and Rights. Poverty &amp; Public Policy. 2. 5-5. 10.2202\/1944-2858.1078.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Hickey, S. 2008. \u201cConceptualising the Politics of Social Protection in Africa,\u201d in Social Protection for the Poor and the Poorest: Concepts, Policies and Politics, eds. A.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Iliffe, J. (1987), The African Poor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.International Social Security Association. (2011), Africa: A New Balance for Social Security. ISSA, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Kpessa, M., D. B\u00e9land and A. Lecours (2011). &#8216;Nationalism, development, and social policy: The politics of nation-building in sub-Saharan Africa&#8217;, Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 34(12), pp. 2115-2133.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Laird, S. E. (2007), Rolling Back the African State: Implications for Social Development in Ghana. Social Policy &amp; Administration, 41: 465\u2013486.doi:10.1111\/j.1467-9515.2007.00568.x<br \/>\r\n[12]. Luiz.J.M, 2013, A Review of Social Welfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: From the Colonial Legacy to the Millennium Development Goals, economic papers 32(1), 110\u2013121<br \/>\r\n[13]. Nkurmah. K, 1967, Axioms of Kwame Nkurmah, Freedom Fighters edition, International Publishers, New York, NY, USA.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Mkandawire. T, (2010).&#8221;How the New Poverty Agenda Neglected Social and Employment Policies in Africa.&#8221; Journal of Human Development and Capabilities: A Multi-Disciplinary Journal for People-Centered Development 11, no. 1 (2010): 37 &#8211; 55.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Sch\u00fcring, E. and Lawson, M. J. (2011). &#8220;Social Protection in Zambia \u2013 Whose Politics?,&#8221; In \u201cSocial Protection for Social Justice\u201d.Institute of Development Studies, UK.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Suleiman, B.M., Onyeonoru, I., Matthew, E. (2015). &#8216;Demagogues and the Challenge of Democratic Politics in Nigeria&#8217;. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Science Index 105, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(9), 3170 &#8211; 3174.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Ulriksen, M. S. (2012). &#8220;Welfare Policy Expansion in Botswana and Mauritius: Explaining the Causes of Different Welfare Regime Paths.&#8221; Comparative Political Studies 2012: 1\u201327<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Datti Maryam Ibrahim &#8220;Politics, Interests and Social Security: Key Drivers of Social Policy in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.64-67 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/64-67.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/64-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/politics-interests-and-social-security-key-drivers-of-social-policy-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Politics, Interests and Social Security: Key Drivers of Social Policy in Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7414445 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7414445\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-741453b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"741453b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74146cc\" data-id=\"74146cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74147fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74147fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74148b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74148b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7414a28\" data-id=\"7414a28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7414b3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7414b3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Personal Hygiene Practices among Primary School Pupils in Makindye Urban Council, Kampala District, Uganda: Implications for School Managers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Kayindu Vincent, Toriola Funke Christiana, Umar Saleh Baba &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 68-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7414beb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7414beb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7414d5d\" data-id=\"7414d5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7414e8d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7414e8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper presents part of the findings of a study carried out in 2017 partly to investigate personal hygiene practices among primary school pupils in Makindye Urban Council, one of the seven Urban Councils which make Kampala district. Taking a sample of 380 pupils randomly selected from six primary schools in the area, the data collected were analyzed using arithmetic mean, and the findings showed that the personal hygiene practices among primary school children were generally good (mean, 2.05). Thus, the implications for school administrators were<br \/>\r\nthe need for teachers and head teachers and classroom teachers to sensitize pupils more about culture; the need for head teachers to urge pupils to have shoe brushes or sponge for cleaning shoes. Even water should be availed at school for them to clean themselves, such as washing hands; head teachers using part of the school funds to buy toilet tissues and put them in the toilets to be used by the learners who go there for the long call, as well as the need for school administrators to do more to promote activities which help to educate pupils on the ways of maintaining good personal hygiene, for example Drama and group discussions on topics related to personal hygiene. All this can help learners to be healthy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kayindu Vincent<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Toriola Funke Christiana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umar Saleh Baba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda, East Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aiello, A.E, Larson, E.L, Sedlak, R.. (2008), Personal health bringing good hygiene home. American Journal of Infection Control; 36, 52-65.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Byaruhanga-Akiiki, A.T. (1991). African world religion: A grassroots perspective. Kampala: Makerere University Printery.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Kayindu, V. (2017). Social and religious perspectives of contemporary ethical issues (Accessed online).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Kirwana-Ssozi, P. (2000). Ebyobuwangwa y\u2019emmunyeenye y\u2019eggwanga. Kampala: Tipset Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kizza, P. (2016). Primary school inspection in Kampala district of Uganda. Unpublished MED dissertation, Kampala International University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Larson EL, Lin SX, Gomez Pichardo C. (2008) Predictors of infectious disease symptoms in inner city households. Nursing Research; 53:190-7<br \/>\r\n[7]. Muguluma, G. (2015). Psycho-social determinants of secondary school students\u2019 discipline in Wakiso district, Uganda. Unpublished MED dissertation, Kampala International University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Republic of Uganda (2006). Primary school teachers\u2019 guide on STD\/HIV\/AIDS prevention education. Kampala: Ministry of Health.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Republic of Uganda (2008). The Education (Pre \u2013primary, Primary and Post- primary) Act, 2008. Kampala.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Sarkar, M. (2013). Personal Hygiene among primary school children living in slum of Kolkata, India. Journal of preventive medicine and Hygiene. September; 54(3):153-158<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ssonko, D. (2014). Head teachers\u2019 management styles and secondary school students\u2019 discipline in Ssembabule district, Uganda. Unpublished MED dissertation, Kampala International University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Tumwebaze, I.K. et al. (2015), Sanitation facilities in Kampala slums, Uganda: users\u2019 satisfaction and determinant factors. Int J Environ Health Res.; 23(3):191\u2013204.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Kayindu Vincent, Toriola Funke Christiana, Umar Saleh Baba &#8220;Personal Hygiene Practices among Primary School Pupils in Makindye Urban Council, Kampala District, Uganda: Implications for School Managers&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.68-73 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/68-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/68-73.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/personal-hygiene-practices-among-primary-school-pupils-in-makindye-urban-council-kampala-district-uganda-implications-for-school-managers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Personal Hygiene Practices among Primary School Pupils in Makindye Urban Council, Kampala District, Uganda: Implications for School Managers<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7422223 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7422223\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742232f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742232f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74224cc\" data-id=\"74224cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74225f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74225f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74226a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74226a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7422819\" data-id=\"7422819\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742293a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"742293a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Classroom Management Techniques for Effective Teaching and Learning in Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Eboatu, V. N., Enemoh, Chinwe Grace &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 74-79<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74229df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74229df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7422b61\" data-id=\"7422b61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7422c94 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7422c94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was designed to investigate teachers\u2019 classroom management techniques for effective teaching and learning in Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of the study, four research questions were formulated. From a population of 325 teachers, 240 teachers were randomly selected from the secondary school in study areas. Teachers\u2019 classroom management techniques were examined using a structured questionnaire made by the researchers and validated by two lecturers in the department of Educational Management and Policy and an expert in Measurement and Evaluation. The test-retest method was used to establish the reliability coefficient (r). This was established as 0.85. Data was analyzed using mean. Results showed among others that secondary school teachers in Njikoka use rules and active student engagement to manage their classrooms, and that cordial relationships exists between teachers and their students. It was recommended that students should be made to understand and memorize the rules and regulations. Teachers should keep engaging the students actively in the class and maintain cordial relationships with the students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-79\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eboatu, V. N.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D, Department of Educational Management and Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enemoh, Chinwe Grace<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abbott S. (2014). The glossary of Education reform. Retrieved from https:\/\/edglossary.org\/hidden \u2013 curriculum.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Afe, J.O (2003). Teacher effectiveness: Imperative for implementing universal basic education in Nigeria. Journal of Nigeria Academy of Education 1(1)<br \/>\r\n[3]. Anambra State Ministry of Education (2008).Handbook on Examination Ethics for Anambra State Schools. Anambra State Ministry of Education, Awka.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Cross, P. (2000). Collaborative learning 101. The cross papers #4 Mission Viego, C.A. League for innovation in the community college, educational testing service.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education, Lagos: NERDC Press, Lagos Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Goodman, N. (2001). Attending to attendance for retention and results. In NISOD abstracts XXIII, Austin: University of Texas.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Marzano, R.J &amp; Marzano, J.S (2003). The keys to classroom management Journal of educational leadership: Vol. 61, pg 6-73.<br \/>\r\n[8]. National Council for Accreditation of Teachers Education (2002) Professional https:\/\/www.radford.edu\/ntexp\/field experiences \/ forms \/ code of ethics.PDF<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ndiyo, Ndem A. (2005). Foundation of Statistics and computer Application. University of Calabar, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[10]. National Population Commission (NPC 2006).<br \/>\r\n[11]. Okorie, O. (2003). Effective Classroom Management in Nigeria Primary Schools.Afikpo Today. June, 12<br \/>\r\n[12]. Onwuchekwa, C.I. (2002). Organizational Behavior. Zik-Chuks, Nig. Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Smittle, P. (2003) Principles for Effective Teaching. https:\/\/www.nede.oppstate.edu\/resources\/reports\/documents \/ Vol. 26.<br \/>\r\n[14]. United Nation\u2019s Children Education Fund (2000). Primary School Education Report.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eboatu, V. N., Enemoh, Chinwe Grace &#8220;Teachers\u2019 Classroom Management Techniques for Effective Teaching and Learning in Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.74-79 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/74-79.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/74-79.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-classroom-management-techniques-for-effective-teaching-and-learning-in-njikoka-local-government-area-of-anambra-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teachers\u2019 Classroom Management Techniques for Effective Teaching and Learning in Njikoka Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7423aba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7423aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7423ba8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7423ba8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7423d2c\" data-id=\"7423d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742f6f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"742f6f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742f805 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742f805\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-742f9e3\" data-id=\"742f9e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742fb1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"742fb1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Civil Society and Democratization Process in Developing Country: A Review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Shahajadi Khanom &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 80-84<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-742fbda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"742fbda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-742fd5f\" data-id=\"742fd5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-742fea1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"742fea1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Civil society is an essential pillar of democracy. The role of civil society in developing country to establish democracy is very vital and important. This paper presents the concept of civil society, it\u2019s origin, idea of democracy, democratization and finally the role of civil society in democratization process especially in developing country like Bangladesh.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 80-84\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shahajadi Khanom<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer in Political Science, Officer on Special Duty (education leave), Directorate of Secondary and Higher Education. Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Diamond,Larry. Development Democracy Toward Consolidation. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University press, 1999.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Burnell, Peter and Calvert, Peter(ed) Civil Society in Democratization, Great Britain,Frank Cass and Company Limited (2004)<br \/>\r\n[3]. White,Gordon. \u201dTowards a Political Analysis of Markets \u2019\u2019 IDS Bulletin. vol-24.no-3, (1993 ) p. 4-11<br \/>\r\n[4]. White, Gordon.\u201dCivil Society, Democratization and Development(1):Clearing the Analytical Ground, Democratization (Autumn,1994) p. 375-390<br \/>\r\n[5]. Majumdar, Prof. Badiual Alam and Coonrod, John. \u201c Role of Civil Society in Bangladesh\u2019s Democratic Transition\u201dOctobar 9, 2009, Boston, USA<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ferdous, Robaet and Islam, Sheikh Mohammad Shafiul. \u201d Rationale for a Relationship Between Media Freedom and The Process of Democratization \u201c. Social Science Review, The Dhaka University Studies, Part-D, Vol-30, Number -2, December 2013,<br \/>\r\n[7]. Clark, J (1991 ), Democratizing Development: The Role of Voluntary Organizations (London: Earthscan)<br \/>\r\n[8]. Lehmbruch , Gerhard \u201cGermany\u201d, in Yamamoto Tadashi, ed., Governance and Civil Society in a Global Age, Tokyo: Japan Center for International Exchange, 2001, p. 230.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Bunbongkarn, Suchit \u201cThailand\u2019s Successful Reforms\u201d, Journal of Democracy, October 1999, p 57.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Emmerson, Donald \u201cA Tale of Three Countries\u201d Journal of Democracy, October 1999, p. 38.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Phatharathananunth, Somchai. Civil Society and Democratization, First published in 2006 Reprinted in 2007 by NIAS Press, Leifsgade 33, DK\u20132300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2002), \u201cCivil Society &amp; Non-Governmental Organizations \u201c, in ADB, To Serve and to Preserve (ADB).<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ferguson,Adam, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (1767), ed by D. Forbes, (Edinburgh, 1966)<br \/>\r\n[14]. What Civil Society Can Do to Develop Democracy, Presentation to NGO Leaders, February 10, 2004, Convention Center, Baghdad. What Civil Society Can Do to Develop Democracy &#8211; Stanford University https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/~ldiamond\/iraq\/Develop_Democracy021002.htm<br \/>\r\n[15]. Bunbongkarn, Suchit, The role of civil society in democratic consolidation in Asia, p-137-143. https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org<br \/>\r\n[16]. Andrew I. E. Ewoh,, Civil Society and Democratization Processes in Africa, Prairie View A&amp;M University, African Social Science Review, Volume 1, Issue 1, Article 1, Spring 2000, aiewoh@pvamu.edu<br \/>\r\n[17]. What is a Civil Society? &#8211; Definition &amp; Examples &#8211; Video &amp; Lesson.. Instructor: David White, https:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/what-is-a-civil-society-definition-examples.html<br \/>\r\n[18]. Civil Society: Meaning, Features and Role of Civil Society by DEEJAY SAM www.preservearticles.com\/&#8230;\/civil-society-meaning-features-and-role-of-civil-society.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Daily Prothom Alo,May-2008<br \/>\r\n[20]. NGOs in Bangladesh and their accountability | The Daily Star October 10, 2007 https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/news-detail-7284 by Muhammad Zamir<br \/>\r\n[21]. Criticisms of NGOs &#8211; Assignment Point www.assignmentpoint.com\/arts\/criticisms-of-ngos.html<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shahajadi Khanom &#8220;Civil Society and Democratization Process in Developing Country: A Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.80-84 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/80-84.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/80-84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/civil-society-and-democratization-process-in-developing-country-a-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Civil Society and Democratization Process in Developing Country: A Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7430d0e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7430d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7430e06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7430e06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7430f8f\" data-id=\"7430f8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74310a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74310a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7431151 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7431151\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74312b9\" data-id=\"74312b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74313c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74313c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7431463 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7431463\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74315d7\" data-id=\"74315d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74316ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74316ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impacts of Exchange Rate Volatility on Commodity Wise Trade Flows between Pakistan and Its Major Trading Partner China<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Muhammad Zubair Chishti, Khaliq ul Rehman, Dr. Javed Iqbal, Farrukh Mahmood &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 85-95<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74317a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74317a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7431931\" data-id=\"7431931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7431a81 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7431a81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The presented study explores the impacts of volatile exchange rate volatility on commodity wise trade flows between Pakistan and its major trading partner China, using the data from 1981 to 2015. Further, we use the ARDL approach to show the long run and short run empirical results of 38 exporting and 44 importing industries. We conclude that 79% of industries are affected in the short run due to the volatility. While, in the long run, 20 exporting industries and 29 importing industries respond to the volatility. And the unique findings of our study, due to employing disaggregated data, are that the two large exporting industries coded as 651 (57% share) and 652 (13% share) get benefits and get no benefit respectively in the long run. However, in theimports side, the large industry coded as 724 (10% share) gets loss due to the volatility.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 85-95\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Zubair Chishti<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khaliq ul Rehman<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Javed Iqbal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Assistant Professor School of Economics, Quaid-1-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farrukh Mahmood<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Centre for Research in Economic Development and Internat. Trade, University of Nottingham.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Rutto, R., &amp; Ondiek, A. (2014). Impact of exchange rate volatility on Kenya\u2019s tea exports. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2(12), 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Sekantsi, L. (2009). The impact of real exchange rate volatility on South African exports to the United States (US): a bounds test approach. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences, 2(3), 146-155.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Shahbaz, M., Tang, C. F., &amp; Shabbir, M. S. (2011). Electricity consumption and economic growth nexus in Portugal using cointegration and causality approaches. Energy policy, 39(6), 3529-3536.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Serenis, D., &amp; Tsounis, N. (2013). Exchange Rate Volatility and Foreign Trade: The case for Cyprus and Croatia. Procedia Economics and Finance,5, 677-685.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Serenis, D., &amp; Tsounis, N. (2014). Does Exchange Rate Variation Effect African Trade Flows?. Procedia Economics and Finance, 14, 565-574.<br \/>\r\n[41]. \u0160im\u00e1kov\u00e1, J., &amp; Stav\u00e1rek, D. (2015). The Effect of the Exchange Rate on Industry-Level Trade.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Situ, J. (2015). The Impact of Real Exchange Rate Volatility on Exports to US: A Comparison between Developed and Export-oriented Less Developed Countries. International Journal of Business and Management, 10(5), 214.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Toda, H. Y., &amp; Phillips, P. C. (1994). Vector autoregression and causality: a theoretical overview and simulation study. Econometric reviews, 13(2), 259-285.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Yan, H. D., &amp; Yang, C. L. (2012). Does an undervalued currency merit economic growth?: Evidence from Taiwan. Panoeconomicus, 59(1), 37-57.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Zubair Chishti, Khaliq ul Rehman, Dr. Javed Iqbal, Farrukh Mahmood &#8220;The Impacts of Exchange Rate Volatility on Commodity Wise Trade Flows between Pakistan and Its Major Trading Partner China&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.85-95 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/85-95.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/85-95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impacts-of-exchange-rate-volatility-on-commodity-wise-trade-flows-between-pakistan-and-its-major-trading-partner-china\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Impacts of Exchange Rate Volatility on Commodity Wise Trade Flows between Pakistan and Its Major Trading Partner China<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743f95a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"743f95a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-743fb21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"743fb21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-743fdfc\" data-id=\"743fdfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7440072 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7440072\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74401b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74401b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744048c\" data-id=\"744048c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74406c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74406c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Urbanisation Trends and Potentials in Telangana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. K. Jayachandra, V. Sai Prasanna &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 96-103<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7440818 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7440818\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7440af9\" data-id=\"7440af9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7440d62 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7440d62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">There is an emerging consensus that urbanisation is critically important to international development, but considerable confusion over what urbanisation actually is, whether it is accelerating or slowing, whether it should be encouraged or discouraged, and more generally what the responses should be. This Working Paper reviews some key conceptual issues and summarises urbanisation trends. It ends with a brief review of urbanisation and sustainable development, concluding that while urbanisation brings serious challenges, attempts to inhibit urbanization through exclusionary policies are likely to be economically, socially and environmentally damaging. Moreover, with the right support urbanisation can become an important element of sustainable development.<br \/>\r\nUrban or Built-up Land is comprised of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered by structures. Included in this category are cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways, transportation, power, and communications facilities, and areas such as those occupied by mills, shopping centers, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in some instances, be isolated from urban areas. Urbanisation in way, uses most of the land use land cover classes into built-up allowing certain percentage of vegetative areas as green spaces like Parks, As an advantage of urbanisation process, it coverts most of the wasteland categories into built-up or useful urban infrastructure related features such as play grounds, Graveyards, religious centres. The major land use that will completely diminishing due to urbanisation is the agriculture and some extent the smaller sized water bodies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 96-103\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 August 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. K. Jayachandra<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRegional Director, Centre for Environment and Development, Hyderabad &amp; Geomatics Consultant<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>V. Sai Prasanna<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPersuing M.Tech (Environmental Geomatics), JNTUH, Hyderabad, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. www.mdp.telangana.gov.in,<br \/>\r\n[2]. www.industries.telangana.gov.in and https:\/\/ipass.telangana.gov.in<br \/>\r\n[3]. Media Reports on Urbanisation, State formation<br \/>\r\n[4]. Urban Development in India by KamaldeoNarain Singh. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 978-81-7017-080-8. Retrieved 13 June 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5]. &#8220;Urbanization in India faster than rest of the world&#8221;. Hindustan Times. 27 June 2007. Retrieved 13 June 2012.<br \/>\r\n[6]. &#8220;Table 3: Urban agglomerations having population 1 Lakh and above&#8221; (PDF). Provisional Population Totals. Government of India. Retrieved 2011-10-19.<br \/>\r\n[7]. ViswambharNath; Surinder K. Aggarwal (1 January 2007). Urbanization, Urban Development, and Metropolitan Cities in India. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 3\u2013. ISBN 978-81-8069-412-7. Retrieved 15 June 2012.<br \/>\r\n[8]. &#8220;The Indian Industrial Revolution&#8221;. Srcindore.org. Retrieved 15 June 2012.<br \/>\r\n[9]. &#8220;Urbanization&#8221; (PDF). Planning Commission (India). Retrieved 15 June 2012.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. K. Jayachandra, V. Sai Prasanna &#8220;Urbanisation Trends and Potentials in Telangana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.96-103 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/96-103.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/96-103.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/urbanisation-trends-and-potentials-in-telangana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Urbanisation Trends and Potentials in Telangana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744ecdd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"744ecdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744ee6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744ee6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744f108\" data-id=\"744f108\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744f2f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744f2f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744f402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744f402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744f6a0\" data-id=\"744f6a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744f83e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744f83e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744f929 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744f929\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744fab7\" data-id=\"744fab7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744fbea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"744fbea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Peasants\u2019 Income Diversification in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Md. Shafikuzzaman Joarder &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 104-109<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744fca3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"744fca3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-744fe3b\" data-id=\"744fe3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-744ff75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"744ff75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study aims to explore pattern and grounds of income diversification of the peasants in Bangladesh. By applying a mix method approach, the study interviewed 103 peasants from two villages of northwestern Bangladesh and analyzed the data accordingly. Evidence shows that drought, seasonality, discriminatory tenancy arrangement and in-effective market mechanism substantially reduce farm income and reshape peasants\u2019 livelihood in many ways. Subsequently, peasants strive to earn more from various off-farm sectors to cope with recurrent challenges, and with a hope to ameliorate their capability for future investment. Income diversification strategies, however, do not show a strong affiliation with income well-being and successful coping of the peasants. Therefore, this paper recommends for formulating a better policy to protect peasant livelihood.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 104-109\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Shafikuzzaman Joarder<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Buttel, F.H., Olaf, F.L. &amp; Gilbert, W.G. (1990). The Sociology of Agriculture. New York: Greenwood Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Webster, H. (1926). Readings in Early European History. New York: Heath and Co.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Singharoy, D.K. (2004). Peasant Movement in Post-colonial India: Dynamics of Mobilization and Identity. New Delhi: Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Freedman, P. (1999). Images of the Medieval Peasant. California: Stanford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Shanin, T. (ed) (1971). Peasants and Peasant Societies. Middlesex: Penguin Books Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Wolf, E.R. (1966). Peasants. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Beteille, A. (1974). Studies in Agrarian Social Structure. London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Sivakumar, M.V.K. &amp; Hansen, J. (eds) (2007). Climate Prediction and Agriculture: Advances and Challenges. Ver-lag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Sch\u00fcren, U. (2003). Reconceptualizing the Post-peasantry: Household Strategies in Mexican Ejidos. Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, 75, 47-63.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Wreford, A., Moran, D. &amp; Adger, N. (2010). Climate Change and Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation and Mitigation. OECD.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Salinger, J., Sivakumar, M.V.K. &amp; Motha, R.P. (eds) (2005). Increasing Climate Variability and Change: Reducing the Vulnerability of Agriculture and Forestry. Climatic Change Volume 70, Nos. 1-2. AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Chowdhury, N. &amp; Haggblade, St. (2000). Evolving Rice and Wheat Markets. In Out of Shadows of Markets and Food Policy in Bangladesh (ed) Ahmed, R. et al. Johns Hopkins University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Noman, A.N.K. &amp; Joarder, S. (2011). Agricultural Transformation, Climate Change and Issues of Food Security in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Economic Studies, 13, 139-168.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Yizengaw, Y.S., Okoyo, E.N. &amp; Beyene, F. (2015). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies: The case of smallholder rural farm households in Debre Elias Woreda, East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia, African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10(19), 1998-2013.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Khatun D. &amp; Roy, B.C. (2012). Rural Livelihood Diversification in West Bengal: Determinants and Constraints, Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(1), 115-124.<br \/>\r\n[16]. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2001). Production Yearbook 2000. Rome: Author.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Delgado, C.L. &amp; Siamwalla, A. (1997). Rural Economy and Farm Income Diversification in Developing Countries. Paper presented at a Plenary Session of the XXIII International Conference of Agricultural Economists, Sacramento, CA, U.S.A., August 10-16, 1997.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Barrett, C.B., Reardon, T. &amp; Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26, 315\u2013331.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Reardon, T., Delgado, C. &amp; Matlon, P. (1992). Determinants and effects of income diversification amongst farm households in Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Studies, 28 (1), 264 \u2013296.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Wan, J., Li, R., Wang, W., Liu, Z. &amp; Chen, B. (2016) Income Diversification: A Strategy for Rural Region Risk Management. Sustainability, 8, 1064, 1-12.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Shahid, S. &amp; Behrawan, H. (2008). Drought risk assessment in the western part of Bangladesh. Natural Hazards, 46, 3.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Ericksen, N.J., Ahmad, Q.K. &amp; Chowdhury, A.R. (1997). Socio-economic Implications of Climate Change for Bangladesh. Dhaka: Bangladesh Unnayan Parishad (BUP).<br \/>\r\n[24]. Salam, S., Alam, S. &amp; Moniruzzaman, M. (2012). Price Behaviour of Major Cereal Crops in Bangladesh. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2(2), 57-70.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Dorosh, P. &amp; Shahabuddin, Q. (2002). Rice Price Stabilization in Bangladesh: An Analysis of Policy Options. Washington D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Taslim, M.A. (1995). Agricultural Land Tenancy in Bangladesh: a review\u2019, in Rashid, S.(ed.) (1995) Bangladesh Economy: Evaluation and Research Agenda. Dhaka: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Orr, A., Magor, N. &amp; Islam, A.S.M.N. (1995). Targeting Vulnerable Small Farm Householdsin Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Development Studies, XXIII, Nos. 1&amp;2.<br \/>\r\n[28]. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, (2011). Handbook on Household Income Statistics. Geneva: United Nations.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. &amp; Reardon, T. (2002). Strategies for stimulating growth of the rural nonfarm economy in developing countries. Environment and Production Technology Division. Discussion Paper 92. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.<br \/>\r\n[30]. UNISDR (2009). Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Switzerland: United National International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Shafikuzzaman Joarder &#8220;Peasants\u2019 Income Diversification in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.104-109 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/104-109.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/104-109.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/peasants-income-diversification-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peasants\u2019 Income Diversification in Bangladesh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7456583 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7456583\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-745667a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"745667a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7456806\" data-id=\"7456806\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-745693c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"745693c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74569e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74569e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7456b5f\" data-id=\"7456b5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7456c82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7456c82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contending Issues in Party and Electoral Politics and Consequences for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: A Historical and Comparative Appraisal<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Victor E. Ita &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 110-121<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7456d25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7456d25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7456eaa\" data-id=\"7456eaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7456ff0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7456ff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1211\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1211\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article focused on some contending issues in Nigeria\u2019s party and electoral politics and its consequences for sustainable democracy in the country. Based on historical and comparative analysis, and drawing from the experiences of party and electoral politics in Nigeria\u2019s Second and Fourth Republics, the paper substantiated the fact that electoral and party politics have impacted negatively on the country\u2019s body politics as no elections conducted in the country within these epochs have been adjudged as credible, free and fair. The paper noted factors such as intra-party squabbles, inter-party violence, negative role of the security agents during election, the bias nature of electoral commission, godfatherism and money politics are germane to the problematic nature of party and electoral politics in Nigeria. On the strength of the debased nature of Nigeria\u2019s party and electoral politics, it was recommended among others, that the political parties should be reorganized on the principle of all-inclusiveness rather than exclusion and reoriented from being mere platforms for acquisition of political power to effective institutions that are capable of promoting internal democracy and engendering sustainable democracy in Nigeria\u2019s political landscape..<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 110-121\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1212\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1212\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Victor E. Ita<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Akwa Ibom State University Obio Akpa Campus, Oruk Anam LGA, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1213\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1213\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abubakar, A. (1998). Text of Broadcast to the Nation by the Head of State, 20 July, p. 2.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Abbas, A. I. (2016). Political Parties and Inter-Party Conflicts In Nigeria: Implications for Democratic Consolidation. International Journal of Political Science and Development, 4(6):216-230.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Adamolekum, L. (1983). The Fall of the Second Republic. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Adebayo, P. F. (2006). Political Parties: Formation, Development, Performance and Prospects. In: Ojo, E. O (Ed.), Challenges of Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Agbese, P. O. (2005). Four Years of Democracy in Nigeria: Still Searching for Freedom. In: Gana, A. T. and Omelle, B. C. (Eds.), Democratic Rebirth in Nigeria, Volume One: 1999-2003. Abuja: African Centre for Democratic Governance<br \/>\r\n[6]. Akpan-Nsoh, I. (2011). Political Violence, Death Berth in the Land of Promise. The Guardian Lagos, pp. 22-23.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Alapiki, H. E. (2010). Politics and Governance in Nigeria. Port Harcourt: S. P. Shapee Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Badejo, B. T. and Obah-Akpowoghaha, N. G. (2015).A Critical Insight into Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC): Implications for 2015 General Election and Democratic Advancement in Nigeria.Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Science, 3(2):13-22.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Bamgbose, J. A. (2012). Electoral Violence and Nigeria\u2019s 2011 General Elections.International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(1):205-219<br \/>\r\n[10]. Chizea, B. (2004). Parties and Party System in Nigeria. In: Odion-Akhaine, S. (Ed.), Governance: Nigeria and the World. Lagos: CENCOD.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Coleman, S. and Rosberg, A. (1970). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Diamond, L. (1983). Social Change and Political Conflict in Nigeria\u2019s Second Republic. In: Zartman, W. I. (Ed.), Political Economy of Nigeria. New York: Praeger.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Davies, A. E. (2005). Money and Politics in the Nigeria\u2019s Electoral Process. Mimeograph. Department of Political Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Dudley, B. J. (1982). An Introduction to Nigerian Government and Politics. Lagos: Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Epstein, L. D. (1967). Political Parties in Western Democracies. New York: Praeger.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Ibezute, C. C. (2003). Nigeria Leadership, Political Development and Democracy. Owerri. Cel-Bez and Company Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Ige, B. (1994). People, Politics and Politicians in Nigeria, 1940-1979. Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Ikechukwu, U.G. (2015). Parties Parallel Primaries and Its Implication to PoliticalDevelopment in Nigeria.Developing Country Studies, 5(10):109-120.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Ikpe, U. B. (2006). Is Nigeria\u2019s Democracy Consolidating? A Multi-Theoretical Evaluation of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. A Paper Presented at the 25 Annual Conference of Nigerian Political Science Association, held at University of Port Harcourt, 28-30 August.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Ikelegbe, A. O. (2013). Political Parties and Violence.A Paper Presented at National Conference on Political Parties and the Future of Democracy in Nigeria, Organized by the National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), Kuru, in Collaboration with the Democracy and Governance Development Project (DGD) of UNDP, 26-28 June.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Inter Parliamentary Union (IPU) (2006). Free and Fair Elections. Geneva: Inter Parliamentary Union.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ita, V. E. and Bassey, M. E. (2017). Nigeria\u2019s Political Parties and the Development of National Consciousness: Observations and Appraisal.International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Studies, 3(6): 459-475.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Joseph, R. (1991). Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria:The Rise and Fall of the Second Republic. London: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Kew, D. (1999). Democrazy, Dem Go Craze, O: Monitoring the 1999 Nigerian Elections. Issue: A Journal of Opinion, 27 (1): 29-33.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Mohammed, Y. (1999). Money Politics in Nigeria. Newswatch, Lagos, 11 November, p. 5.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Ofudile, C. (1996). Ideological Fluidity in Nigerian Politics. The Sunday Guardian, 25 August, p. 3.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Ogbeh, A. (2004). Four Years of Civil Rule: The PDP Perspective. In: Saliu, H. A (Ed.), Nigeria Under Democratic Rule 1999-2003, Volume One. Ibadan: University Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Ojo, E. O. (2006). Vote Buying in Nigeria. In: Adetula, V. A. O. (Ed.), Money, Politics and Corruption in Nigeria. Abuja: International Foundation for Electoral Systems(IFES).<br \/>\r\n[29]. Okibe, H. B. (2000). Political Evolution and Constitutional Development in Nigeria, 1861-1999. Enugu: Marydan Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Okolie, A. M. (2005). Electoral Fraud and the Future of Elections in Nigeria: 1999-2003. In: Onu, G. and Momoh, A. (Eds.), Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Lagos: Nigerian Political Science Association.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Omelle, Y. B. C. (2005). Introduction: Democracy, Is it a Means to or an End Itself? In: Gana, A. T. and Omelle, Y. B. C. (Eds.), Democratic Rebirth in Nigeria, Volume One: 1999-2003. Abuja: African Centre for Democratic Governance.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Omotola, J. S. (2009). Garrison Democracy in Nigeria: The 2007 General Elections and the Prospects of Democratic Consolidation. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 47 (2):194-220.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Oromareghake, P. B. (2013). Electoral Institutions\/Processes and Democratic Transition in Nigeria under the Fourth Republic. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(1):19-34.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Ouyang, H. (1994). Political Parties and Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Russia.https:\/\/www.oycf.org\/perspective\/6-06300. Accessed on 30\/6\/2017.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Oyediran, O. (1998). Introduction to Political Science. Ibadan: Oyediran Consults International.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Sartori, G. (1976). Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis &#8211; VolumeOne.London: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Schedler, A. (1998). What is Democratic Consolidation? Journal of Democracy, 9 (2):91-107.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Shale, V. and Maltosa, K. (2008). Managing Intra-party and Inter-party Conflicts in Lesotho. A Training Manual Prepared by EISA for a Training Programme for Political Parties in Lesotho, Organised by the Independent Electoral Commission of Lesotho with the Support of UNDP, Lesotho. Electoral Handbook No. 19, October.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Shariff, U. (2006).PDPJaga-Jaga, Everything Scatter-Scatter. Daily Trust, Lagos,13 June, p.1.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Simbine, A. T. (2004). Impact of More Parties on Democratic Project. In: Saliu, H. A (Ed.), Nigeria Under Democratic Rule 1999-2003, Volume One. Ibadan: University Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Sklar, R. L. (1963). Nigerian Political Parties: Power in Emergent African Nation. New York: NOK Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Sklar, R. L., Ebere, O. and Kew, D. (2006). Nigeria: Completing Obasanjo\u2019s Legacy. Journal of Democracy, 17(3):100-115.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Ubani, E. O., Ehiodo, C. C. and Nwaorgu, O. C. (2013). Nigerian Government and Politics: A Study in Governance. Aba: Cheedal Global Prints Ltd.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1214\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1214\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Victor E. Ita &#8220;Contending Issues in Party and Electoral Politics and Consequences for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: A Historical and Comparative Appraisal&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.110-121 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/110-121.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1215\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1215\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/110-121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1216\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1216\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contending-issues-in-party-and-electoral-politics-and-consequences-for-sustainable-democracy-in-nigeria-a-historical-and-comparative-appraisal\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contending Issues in Party and Electoral Politics and Consequences for Sustainable Democracy in Nigeria: A Historical and Comparative Appraisal<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7457e4f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7457e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7457f36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7457f36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74580cf\" data-id=\"74580cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74581fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74581fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-745829e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"745829e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74583f9\" data-id=\"74583f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7458501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7458501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74687c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74687c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7468a3a\" data-id=\"7468a3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7468b90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7468b90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Understanding of <i>Shaykh<\/i>Abd Allah Bin Foduye and <i>Badiuzzaman<\/i> Sa\u2019id Nursi on the Harmonisation among the Verses and Chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abubakar Ibrahim Usman, Zayyanu Altine &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 120-126<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7468c53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7468c53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7468de2\" data-id=\"7468de2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7468f1e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7468f1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Al-Qur\u2019an, as a compendium Book, contains knowledge dealing with issues for guidance to all human endeavours. It is the message from Allah to humankind and therefore it is of utmost importance to us. To properly grasp the teachings of the Qur\u2019an one needs first of all to understand its content. Therefore, some special knowledge of the circumstances that engulf the Glorious Qur\u2019an is also necessary for fuller understanding of its meaning and implications. For this purpose, the paper discusses the Understanding of <em>Shaykh<\/em>Abd Allah Bin Foduye <em>Badiuzzaman<\/em> Said Nursi in one important aspect or science of the (that is Harmonisation among the verses and chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an). This paper attempts to discuss the little background of these two prominent scholars that is <em>Shaykh<\/em> \u2018Abd Allah bin Foduye who was born in the year 1179A.H\/1766-7.C.E and (d. 1829 C.E), and <em>Badiuzzaman<\/em> Sa\u2019id Nursi who was born in 1877 C.E in the small village of Nurs in the province of Bitl is in eastern Anatolia of the old Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey) and (d. 1960 C.E). This paper also underlines the definition of the term Tanasubor Munasabat (Harmonisation) and bring out the views or understanding <em>Shaykh<\/em>Abd Allah bin Foduye and <em>Badiuzzaman<\/em> Said Nursi and on Harmonisation among the verses and chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an. The method used in this research is analytical method. This paper also explicit the two great scholars have expresses this aspect of Harmonisation among the verses and chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an in details.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 120-126\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Ibrahim Usman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zayyanu Altine<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nArabic and Islamic Education Board, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAl-Qur\u2019an-Kareem, (1997), Arabic text with corresponding English meanings, Al-Muntada Al-Islamy: AbulQasim Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAboki,S.A. &#038; Shuni,M. D. (2015), \u201cRecitation of the Glorious Qur\u2019an and Academic Achievement of Muslim Students in Higher Education Institutions\u201d Paper presented at the 1stNational Conference on Qur\u2019anic Recitation Competition in Nigeria, held at University Auditorium, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto,Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBritish, N. C. (2000), Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary, Oxford University Press, British.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCoruh, H. (2015), \u201cBediuzzamanSa\u2019idNursi and his understanding of exegesis in his Resale-I Nur\u201d A thesis submitted to the School of theology and Philosophy in Australian Catholic University.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFoduye, A. (2013),Al-Fara\u2019id al- JalilahwaSa\u2019it al-Fawa\u2019id al-Jamilah Fi\u2018Ulum al-Qur\u2019an, M. A. Kaigama et al (trans), S. Musa (ed) \u201cselected writings of Shaykh \u2018Abd Allah bnFoduye\u201d vol. 2. Iqra Publishing House,Gusau.<br \/>\r\n[6].\t__________(2011), Miftah, al-Tafsir, M.T. Gulma (ed.), Dar al-UmmahLiwakalat at-Matbua\u2019at, Kano.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGwandu, A. A. (1977), \u201cAbd Allah b. Foduye as a Muslim Jurist\u201d Ph.D Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, Durham University, London.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMuhammad, U.J. (2015), Qur\u2019anic ideals on Good Image formation &#038; positive personality traits:panacea for Harmonious Muslim-Muslim relation in Nigeria, paper presented at1st National Conference on Qur\u2019an recitation Competition in Nigeria held atUniversity Auditorium, UsmanuDanfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tNursi, S.(2004), Signs of Miraculousnesss: The Inimitability of the Qur&#8217;an&#8217;s Conciseness.<br \/>\r\n[10].\t\u2014\u2014\u2014.(2005), The  Words : The  Reconstruction  of  Islamic  Belief  and  Thought. Translated by H\u00fcseyin Akarsu. New Jersey: Light.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tVahide, S. (2003), A Chronology of Sa\u2019idNursi\u2019s life. In: Abu Rabi\u2019 I.M. (ed), Islamic at the Cross Road: on the life and Thought of BadiuzzamanSa\u2019idNursi. Albany: State University of New York Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\t__________(2005), Islam in Modern Turkey: An Intellectual Biography of Badiuzzaman Said Nursi, State University of New York Press, Albany.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abubakar Ibrahim Usman, Zayyanu Altine &#8220;The Understanding of <i>Shaykh<\/i>Abd Allah Bin Foduye and <i>Badiuzzaman<\/i> Sa\u2019id Nursi on the Harmonisation among the Verses and Chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.120-126 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/120-126.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/120-126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-understanding-of-shaykhabd-allah-bin-foduye-and-badiuzzaman-said-nursi-on-the-harmonisation-among-the-verses-and-chapters-of-the-glorious-quran\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Understanding of <i>Shaykh<\/i>Abd Allah Bin Foduye and <i>Badiuzzaman<\/i> Sa\u2019id Nursi on the Harmonisation among the Verses and Chapters of the Glorious Qur\u2019an<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7469e4f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7469e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7469f46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7469f46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-746a0de\" data-id=\"746a0de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746a20f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"746a20f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-746a2b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"746a2b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-746a431\" data-id=\"746a431\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746a554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"746a554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: Changing the Pattern of Counterinsurgency<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Modu Lawan Gana, Ku Hasnita Binti Ku Samsu, Mohd Mahadee Bin Ismail &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 127-130<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-746a5f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"746a5f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-746a764\" data-id=\"746a764\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746a894 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"746a894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper is a concept that x-rayed the existing pattern of counterinsurgency methods taken by Nigeria\u2019s government in combating an insurgent Boko Haram in Nigeria. The paper argued that the growth and sustenance of Boko Haram insurgency despite the successive counterinsurgency measures by the Nigeria\u2019s government is rooted from the enemy centric approach of the government that resulted in unquantifiable destruction of human and material goods. The repressive military action characterise by dragnet arrest, indefinite detentions and disappearance, looting and burning of civilian properties raises suspicions on the military that resulted in their detachment from the communities they are policing. This therefore denied the government with vital intelligence about the insurgent movement, their modus operandi and their dens. As consequence, the paper argued it captivated further support for the Boko Haram group from the affected communities. The paper in its contribution recommend that to ensure speedy successes in combating the Boko Haram group, Nigeria\u2019s government is to change its military centric counterinsurgency approach to civilian oriented measures that will incorporate the civilian groups in the affected communities into the counterinsurgency team.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 127-130\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Modu Lawan Gana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic Geidam, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ku Hasnita Binti Ku Samsu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nationhood and Civilization Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohd Mahadee Bin Ismail<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Nationhood and Civilization Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeniran, L. R. (2016). Socio \u2013 Economic Effects of Boko Haram Violence on Oyo State , Nigeria Socio \u2013 Economic Effects of Boko Haram Violence on Oyo. Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 19(January 2014), 61\u201365.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAgbiboa, D. (2013). The Ongoing Campaign of Terror in Nigeria\u202f: Boko Haram versus the State. Stability International Journal of Security &#038; Development, 2(3), 1\u201318.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAgbiboa, D. (2015). Resistance to Boko Haram: Civilian Joint Task Forces in North-Eastern Nigeria. Conflict Studies Quarterly, Special Is(December), 3\u201322.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAghedo, I., &#038; Osumah, O. (2012). The Boko Haram Uprising\u202f: How should Nigeria The \tBoko Haram Uprising\u202f: how should Nigeria respond\u202f? Third World Quarterly,33(5), \t853\u2013869.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAmnesty International (2012). Nigeria: Trapped in the Cycle of Violence. Amnesty \tInternational Ltd, London, United Kingdom<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAmnesty International, (2014). Nigeria: More Than 15,000 Killed in Armed Conflict in \tNortheastern Nigeria in Early 2014. Amnesty International Report,<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAzumah, J. (2015). Islam and Christian \u2013 Muslim Relations Boko Haram in Retrospect. Islam and Christian\u2013Muslim Relations, 26(1), 32\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09596410.2014.967930<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFalode, A. J. (2016). The Nature of the Nigeria\u2019s Boko Haram War, 2010-2015: A Strategic Analysis. Perspectives on Terrorism, 10(1), 41\u201352.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIndex, G. terrorism. (2015). MEASURING AND UNDERSTANDING Quantifying Peace and its Benefits.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNwankpa, M. (2016). Dialoguing and Negotiating with Terrorists: any Prospect for \tBoko Haram?, Behavioural Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/19434472.2016.1189445<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOnuoha, F. C. (2012). Reports BOKO HARAM\u202f: NIGERIA \u2019 S EXTREMIST ISLAMIC SECT.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tPham, J. P., &#038; Pham, J. P. (2016). Boko Haram\u202f: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State \u2019 West Africa Province Boko Haram\u202f: The strategic evolution of the Islamic State \u2019 s West Africa Province. The Journal of the Middle East and Africa, 7.1(April), 1\u201318.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tShola, O. J. (2015). Globilization of Terrorism\u202f: a Case Study of Boko-Haram in Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Modu Lawan Gana, Ku Hasnita Binti Ku Samsu, Mohd Mahadee Bin Ismail &#8220;Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: Changing the Pattern of Counterinsurgency&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.127-130 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/127-130.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/127-130.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/boko-haram-insurgency-in-nigeria-changing-the-pattern-of-counterinsurgency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria: Changing the Pattern of Counterinsurgency<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7478b46 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7478b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7478c3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7478c3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7478ddd\" data-id=\"7478ddd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7478f0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7478f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7478fb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7478fb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7479118\" data-id=\"7479118\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747922b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"747922b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conflict and Development: A Case Study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Masood ur Rehman Azhar, Saima Masood, Dr. Nor Malina Malek, Khaliq ul Rehman &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 131-135<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74792c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74792c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-747943b\" data-id=\"747943b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747957a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"747957a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This essay supports the theoretical approaches of conflict and development and reveals that unequal development and resources scarcity deepens the poverty and creates conflicts in the society. Resource scarcity and unequal distribution of available resource create new marginalization and grievances. The marginalized, deprived, and excluded people struggle for their rights through non-peaceful means. This case study presents a theoretical analysis of an International conflict, i.e., East Pakistan Crisis, 1971, and reveals that political, economic and social inequalities create an understanding of deprivation among the masses causing large-scale violence and conflict in society.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 131-135\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Masood ur Rehman Azhar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Social Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia<br \/>\r\nCOMSATS University Islamabad Wah Campus, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saima Masood<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCOMSATS University Islamabad Wah Campus, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nor Malina Malek<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, School of Social Sciences, UniversitiSains Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khaliq ul Rehman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nQuaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAzhar, M. u. R., Malek, N. M., Masood, S., &#038; Rehman, K. u. (2018). Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict: a case study of Pakistan. Journal of Advance Research in Social Science and Humanities, 4(8).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDesai, V., &#038; Potter, R. B. (Eds.). (2008). The companion to development studies (2nd ed.). London: Hodder Education.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDeutschman, P. (1971). Pakistan: What Never Gets Said. Nation, 213(15), 457-460.<br \/>\r\n[4].\ter-Rashid, H. (1967). East Pakistan: a systematic regional geography &#038; its development planning aspects (2nd ed.). Lahore,: Sh. Ghulam Ali.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFaruki, K. A. (1971). India&#8217;s Role in the East Pakistan Crisis: Legal Aspects. Pakistan Horizon, 24(2), 18-30.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHaq, M. (1966). The strategy of economic planning; a case study of Pakistan. Karachi,: Pakistan Branch Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHasan, K. S. (1971). Political Background of the East Pakistan Crisis. Pakistan Horizon, 24(2), 3-12.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHashmi, J. (2005). Haan mein baghi hoon. Lahore, Pakistan: Saghar Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHomer-Dixon, T. F. (1994). Environmental Scarcities and Violent Conflict: Evidence from Cases. International security, 19(1), 5-40.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKhan, M. A. (1983). Generals in Politics: Pakistan 1958-1982. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMalik, I. H. (2008). The history of Pakistan. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMatinuddin, K. (1994). Tragedy of errors: East Pakistan crisis, 1968-1971: Wajidalis.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNiazi, A. A. K. (1998). The betrayal of East Pakistan. Karachi: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tO&#8217;Donnell, C. P. (1984). Bangladesh: biography of a Muslim nation. Boulder, Colo.: Westview.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRahman, T. (1997). Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Asian Survey, 37(9), 833-839.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRais, R. B. (1985). Elections in Pakistan: Is Democracy Winning? Asian Affairs, 12(3), 43-61.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSchanberg, S. H. (1971). Pakistan Divided. Foreign Affairs, 50(1), 125-135.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSchendel, W. v. (2009). A history of Bangladesh. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSiddiq, S. (1977). Witness to surrender. Karachi: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tWarner, G. (2005). Nixon, Kissinger and the breakup of Pakistan, 1971. International Affairs, 81(5), 1097-1118. doi:10.1111\/j.1468-2346.2005.00504.x<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Masood ur Rehman Azhar, Saima Masood, Dr. Nor Malina Malek, Khaliq ul Rehman &#8220;Conflict and Development: A Case Study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.131-135 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/131-135.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/131-135.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/conflict-and-development-a-case-study-of-east-pakistan-crisis-1971\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Conflict and Development: A Case Study of East Pakistan Crisis, 1971<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747a3ce elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"747a3ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-747fad5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"747fad5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-747fd1c\" data-id=\"747fd1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-747fe67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"747fe67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-747ff31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"747ff31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74800c0\" data-id=\"74800c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74801e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74801e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Library and Information Science Role in Human Development<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Eniekebi Ejiro Regina (CLN) &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 136-140<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7480293 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7480293\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7480418\" data-id=\"7480418\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7480560 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7480560\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Library and information science play an important role in the development of knowledge, full society through its collections, facilities, resources and services. Information sciences have tried to develop human resource in all aspects. There are several challenges to solve user needs and satisfaction among library services at the right time. Human resource is the most needed asset in the organization because all other Natural resources can be better used by motivated human resources only. Thus It is important to invest time, money and effort  in it to provide fruitful results. But often these potentials are not fully utilized by management through appropriate and systematic efforts. As has been well observed, \u201cEvery human being is born with something new, something never existed before. Each is born with the ability to win in life. His own unique potentials, capabilities and limitations.\u201d Thus library and information science needs to develop human resources to the achievement of personnel as well as organization goals and objectives especially in weaker sections.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 136-140\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eniekebi Ejiro Regina (CLN)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251, Warri. Delta State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdulhadi Abba Kyari (2017). Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare. Human Development. Archived from the original on 2018-05-10.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAina L. O. (2004), Library and Information Science Text for Africa. Third world Information services Limited  Ibadan, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[3].\tA.L.A. (2010), George Eberhart Glossary of Library and Information Science. Chicago: ALA<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAllen, R. E. (1984) The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 421<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBates, M.J. and Maack, M.N. (2010). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences. Vol. 1-7. CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA. Also available as an electronic source.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBahramzadeh, H.A. (2003). Sustainable development. Tadbir Journal 134:35-42. (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBawden, David; Robinson, Lyn (2013). Introduction to information science. Chicago: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1555708610.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBordbar, S. (2000) Information systems and accessing human knowledge (2) Ettela&#8217;resani     journal. Iranian Information &#038; Documentation Center (IRANDOC). Available:  https:\/\/www.irandoc.ac.ir\/ETELA-ART\/JiSold\/7-1-1.htm. (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBorko, H. (1968). Information science: What is it? American Documentation 19(1), 3\u00ac5.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBuckland, M. (1991), &#8220;Information and Information systems. New York: Praeger, 225p<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBuckland, M. (1998), &#8220;What Is a Digital Document?&#8221;. In Document Num\u00e9rique Paris. 2 (2).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tBuckland, M (2005, June 12). Information schools: a monk, library science, and the information age. Retrieved from  https:\/\/people.ischool.berkeley.edu\/~buckland\/huminfo.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tCanada Library School University Programs (2014) &#8220;. www.canadian-universities.net. Retrieved 23 November<br \/>\r\n[14].\tCora Paul Bomar (2003). Lecture, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, April 5, 2003.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tCossette, Andre (2009). Humanism and Libraries: An Essay on the Philosophy of Librarianship.  Duluth, MN: Library Juice Press..<br \/>\r\n[16].\tDamparvar Journal  (2002). Human resource development. Journal 3:9. (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDeanna B. Marcum, (2003)&#8221;Research Questions for the Digital Era Library,&#8221; Library Trends 51 (Spring 2003): 636-651.<br \/>\r\n[18].\t&#8220;Definition of INFORMATION SCIENCE&#8221;. www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2017-09-25.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tEmard, J. P. (1976). &#8220;An information science chronology in perspective&#8221;. Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science. 2 (8): 51\u201356.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tEniekebi E.R. and Okoh H.E.(2013) The Role of Information in National Development, at the Conference of the Nigerian Library Association (NLA) Delta State Chapter, Asaba 14th \u2013 15th November, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tEniekebi Ejiroghene, Regina and Okoh, Helen Ewere. (2017). \u201cThe place of information in National social economics development\u201d Readings in Change and Social-Economic Development of Nigeria edited by Dr. Dickson Oyovwi. ISBN 978-033-405-7 School of Arts and Social Science, College Education, Warri. Chapter 31. PP 186-192<br \/>\r\n[22].\tEniekebi Ejiro Regina (2018). Information Access and Use the Path to Knowledge Discovery. Edited By Basil Enemute Iwhiwhu. Published by Blessed InfoCom Educational Services, Ugbeyiyi, Sapele Nigeria. ISBN 978-978-55606-2-6. Chapter 2. Pp 5- 17<br \/>\r\n[23].\tFoote, Jonathan (1999). &#8220;An overview of audio information retrieval&#8221;. Multimedia Systems. Springer. 7: 2\u201310. doi:10.1007\/s005300050106.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tGalvin, T. J. (1977). Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences. IN: Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (Vol. 22). Ed. by A. Kent, H. Lancour &#038; J.E.Daily. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (pp. 280\u2013291)<br \/>\r\n[25].\tGeorge M. Eberhart (2010). Librarian book of lists. ISBN: 9780838910634<br \/>\r\n[26].\tHarande, Y.I. (2009), Information Services for Rural Community Development in Nigeria. Library Philosophy and practice. 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(1998) Sematic Quirks in studies of Information In : F.Machlup and Una Mansfield (eds). The study of Information Interdisciplinary Messages. New York: Wiley, PP. 641-671<br \/>\r\n[33].\tMucchielli, A., (2000), La nouvelle communication : \u00e9pist\u00e9mologie des sciences de information communication. Paris, Armand Colin, 2000. Collection U. Sciences de la communication<br \/>\r\n[34].\tMiksa, Francis L. (1992). Library and information science: two paradigms. In: Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives. Edited by Pertti Vakkari &#038; Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 229-252).<br \/>\r\n[35].\tMirja Ryyn\u00e4nen, (1999). The role of libraries in modern society. 7 th Catalan Congress on Documentation, 5 th November 1999<br \/>\r\n[36].\tNurozi, A. (2006). Where is the station of knowledge (libraries) in scientific and economical development ?Available: https:\/\/nouruzi.persianblog.ir\/post\/233. (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[37].\tOnline Dictionary of Library and Information Science (ODLIS)<br \/>\r\n[38].\tRayward, W. B. (Ed.) (2004). Aware and responsible. Papers of the Nordic- International Colloquium on Social and Cultural Awareness and responsibility in Library, Information, and Documentation Studies (SCARLID). Lanham, MD:<br \/>\r\n[39].\tRobert S. Martin, (2003)&#8221;Libraries and Learners in the Twenty-First Century,&#8221; University of North Carolina at Greensboro, April 5, 2003<br \/>\r\n[40].\tRubin, Richard E (1998). Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. 495 p<br \/>\r\n[41].\tRubin, Richard E. (2010). Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. pp. 84\u201385.<br \/>\r\n[42].\tRubin, Richard E (2010). Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. p. 1. ISBN 978-1555706906.<br \/>\r\n[43].\tSaracevic, Tefko (1992). Information science: origin, evolution and relations. In: Conceptions of library and information science. Historical, empirical and theoretical perspectives. Edited by Pertti Vakkari &#038; Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham (pp. 5-27).<\/p>\r\n<p>[44].\tSharif al Nasabi, M. (1996). Development process: Guidelines for rapid growth. Tehran: Rasa Institute. (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[45].\tSrinivasan, T.N. (May 1994). &#8220;Human Development: A New Paradigm or Reinvention of the Wheel?&#8221;. Human Development (84.2): 238\u201343.<br \/>\r\n[46].\tStock, W.G., &#038; Stock, M. (2013). Handbook of Information Science. Berlin, Boston, MA: De Gruyter Saur.<br \/>\r\n[47].\tStreeten, Paul (May 1994). &#8220;Human Development: Means and Ends&#8221;. Human Development (84.2): 232\u201337.<br \/>\r\n[48].\t&#8220;The Human Development Foundation &#8211; The Human Development Concept&#8221;. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009.<br \/>\r\n[49].\tUnited Nations Development Programme (1997). Human Development Report 1997. Human Development Report. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-19-511996-1.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tWarner, Julian (2010). Human information retrieval.Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press<br \/>\r\n[51].\t&#8220;Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems: Technological Determinism&#8221;. Principia Cibernetica Web. Retrieved 2011-11-28.<br \/>\r\n[52].\t&#8220;What is information theory? definition and meaning&#8221;. BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 2017-02-28.<br \/>\r\n[53].\tWikipedia (2013), Economic Development. Retrieved From: https:\/\/en. Wikipedia.org\/ wiki\/Economic_ development<br \/>\r\n[54].\tWikipedia (2013), Library and Information Science. (LIS) Retrieved From: https:\/\/en. Wikipedia.org\/ wiki\/LIS<br \/>\r\n[55].\tWilson Library Bulletin (1982). Librarians for ERA. 57289-312.<br \/>\r\n[56].\tYan, Xue-Shan (2011-07-23). Information Science: Its Past, Present and Future (PDF). doi:10.3390\/info2030510. Retrieved 2017-11-05.<br \/>\r\n[57].\tZahedi Mazandarani, M.J. (2003). Development and inequality. Tehran: Maziar (Persian language).<br \/>\r\n[58].\tZhang, B., Semenov, A., Vos, M. and Veijlainen, J. (2014). Understanding fast diffusion of information in the social media environment: A comparison of two cases. In ICC 2014 Conference Proceedings, 522\u2013533<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eniekebi Ejiro Regina (CLN) &#8220;Library and Information Science Role in Human Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.136-140 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/136-140.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/136-140.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/library-and-information-science-role-in-human-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Library and Information Science Role in Human Development<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74813ca elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74813ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74814b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74814b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7481642\" data-id=\"7481642\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7481764 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7481764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7481808 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7481808\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7481971\" data-id=\"7481971\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7481a8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7481a8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Managerial Capabilities and Private University Performance in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jonas Yawovi Dzinekou and Robert Arasa &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 141-149<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7481b2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7481b2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7481cb3\" data-id=\"7481cb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7481df5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7481df5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the recent past, the dynamic capability framework has been intensively used to explicate the capabilities required by firms to adapt to a changing environment. However, the framework is rarely discussed in the context of academic institutions. Managerial capabilities have been discussed as crucial for organisational performance. This study analyses the effects of managerial capabilities in the performance of private universities in Kenya. Using a survey research design, the study is based on quantitative data. A random sampling method was used to sample 329 respondents that are stratified into academic and non-academic staff. The structural equation model was employed to analyse the relationship between managerial capabilities and university performance. The result shows that managerial capabilities have a positive influence on private universities performance. The finding provides more insights on how managerial capabilities can be deployed in the university changing environment to influence performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 141-149\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jonas Yawovi Dzinekou<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Social Ministry in Mission, Tangaza University College, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Robert Arasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Business and Economics, Machakos University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmbrosini, V., &#038; Bowman, C. 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North Carolina: Sas Institute.<br \/>\r\n[38].\tPavlou, P. a, &#038; Sawy, O. a El. (2011). Understanding the \u2019 Black Box \u2019 of Dynamic Capabilities. Management Science, 92521(1), 239\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1540-5915.2010.00287.x<br \/>\r\n[39].\tRoberts, N., Campbell, D. E., &#038; Vijayasarathy, L. R. (2016). Using Information Systems to Sense Opportunities for Innovation: Integrating Postadoptive Use Behaviors with the Dynamic Managerial Capability Perspective. Journal of Management Information Systems, 33(1), 45\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07421222.2016.1172452<br \/>\r\n[40].\tRuiz-Jim\u00e9nez, J. M., &#038; Fuentes-Fuentes, M. del M. (2016). Management capabilities, innovation, and gender diversity in the top management team: An empirical analysis in technology-based SMEs. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 19(2), 107\u2013121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brq.2015.08.003<br \/>\r\n[41].\tSre\u0107kovi\u0107, M. (2018). 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British Journal of Management, 26(1), 26\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8551.12066<br \/>\r\n[50].\tWangenge-Ouma, G., &#038; Langa, P. V. (2010). Universities and the mobilization of claims of excellence for competitive advantage. Higher Education, 59(6), 749\u2013764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10734-009-9278-x<br \/>\r\n[51].\tZahra, S. a., Sapienza, H. J., &#038; Davidsson, P. (2006). Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capbilities: A Review, Model and Research Agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 43(4), 917\u2013955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-6486.2006.00616.x<br \/>\r\n[52].\tZangoueinezhad, A., &#038; Moshabaki, A. (2011). Measuring university performance using a knowledge-based balanced scorecard. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(8), 824\u2013843. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17410401111182215<br \/>\r\n[53].\tZollo, M., &#038; Winter, S. (2002). Deliberate learning and the evolution of dynamic capabilities. Organisational Science, 13(3), 339\u2013351.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jonas Yawovi Dzinekou and Robert Arasa &#8220;Managerial Capabilities and Private University Performance in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.141-149 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/141-149.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/141-149.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/managerial-capabilities-and-private-university-performance-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Managerial Capabilities and Private University Performance in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748b397 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"748b397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748b48c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748b48c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748b61d\" data-id=\"748b61d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748b750 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748b750\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748b802 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748b802\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748b96f\" data-id=\"748b96f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-748bac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"748bac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Change and the Effect of Non Violence Conflict Management in Rural Communities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jibrin Ubale Yahaya &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 150-158<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-748bb6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"748bb6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-748bce3\" data-id=\"748bce3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749162a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"749162a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social change as a process could make peoples changes in the function of a social system which includes changes in the nature of social institutions, social behavior and social relations. Social change can be drive from cultural, religious, economic, political, scientific and technological forces. This paper would give us a picture on how non violent mechanism can brings about sustainable peace in the society. The violent and non-violent conflicts are also presented as opposite and contradictory. The paper intended to review various relevant researchers on the subject matter, the paper adopted urban industrial impact theory and Deprivation theory to explain how lives of peoples in rural areas needed changes that could lead to social adjustment. However peoples in rural areas are denied the rights of basic social amenities that make energetic youth migrate from rural to urban areas to seek for a better life. The paper also assesses how the peaceful and non-violent method of conflict resolution can contribute to address the problems of destructive violence in the society, through provision of basic social amenities at rural areas and engaging rural communities in governance process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 150-158\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jibrin Ubale Yahaya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBaldridge , J.V (2007) Power and conflict: John Wiley, Publishers, New York, USA<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDella, M.  (2002) \u2018\u2019Peace and security Management issues\u2019\u2019, Nigerian Defense Academy Kaduna, Publishers, Kaduna.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDennis S, (1999) Social Movement: an introduction to social life, Blackwell Publishers, London.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tForsyth, D.R (2009) Group Dynamics, 5th Edition, Pacific Groove, Brooks Cole.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGoldfien, J. H., Robbennolt, J. K. (2007). What if the lawyers have their way? An empirical assessment of conflict strategies and attitudes toward mediation styles. Ohio state Journal on Dispute Resolution. 22, 277-320.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHabers, M.  (2004) Sociology: Themes and perspectives 5th Edition: Collin, London.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHarambos, H (2004) Movement for social justice and residence to change, Kayemi  Publishers, Jos.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMiller, M (2003) Conflict Management and nonviolent process, Spectrum, Ibadan<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMolton, D. (1995) \u2018Order and Change\u2019\u2019 current anthropology\u2019: New York, Wiley<br \/>\r\n[10].\tRamis, M (2000) \u2018Change and the resistance for Freedom in Social Structure\u2019, Spectrum, Ibadan<br \/>\r\n[11].\tRichard, T.S (2006) Sociology, 6th Ed New York: McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tSallau M. (2002) \u2018Conflict Management Resolution Process and Strategies, Nessi, Ibadan Spectrum.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tYusif, O.A (2001) Religious Tolerance, Conflict Resolution and Human Right. A paper Presented at the National Human Right Commission, Seminar at Circular, Hotel, Illorin<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jibrin Ubale Yahaya &#8220;Social Change and the Effect of Non Violence Conflict Management in Rural Communities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.150-158 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/150-158.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/150-158.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-change-and-the-effect-of-non-violence-conflict-management-in-rural-communities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social Change and the Effect of Non Violence Conflict Management in Rural Communities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7492522 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7492522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7492620 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7492620\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74927bf\" data-id=\"74927bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74928e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74928e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7492994 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7492994\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7492af8\" data-id=\"7492af8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7492c15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7492c15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Electoral Process and Management in Nigeria: Towards a Non-violent General Election<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Asadu Ikechukwu &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 159-166<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7492cb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7492cb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7492e46\" data-id=\"7492e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7492f9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7492f9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Election is a vital instrument of democratic governance. For election to achieve its objectives as a mechanism for smooth transfer of power and exercise of peoples\u2019 sovereignty, it should be free and fair; devoid of any form of electoral cum political violence. Nigeria constitution and electoral laws outlaw electoral violence and stipulate penalties for offenders. Not withstanding the legal provisions against electoral violence, incidences of violence have continued to manifest in local, state and federal elections in Nigeria. The paper examined the salient factors responsible for electoral violence in Nigeria and its effects with a view to suggesting appropriate measures for reducing the rate of violent incidence during elections in Nigeria. The methodology of the paper is qualitative and descriptive. Data for the study were generated through documentaries and structured oral interview. The generated data were subjected to contextual-descriptive analysis. The findings among other things demonstrate that pervasive poverty and illiteracy; winner-take-all syndrome; excessive monetization of politics; political godfatherism and low civic education contribute to electoral violence in Nigeria. Consequently, the paper suggests capacity building for electoral bodies; zero tolerance to corruption; strengthened security agencies; strengthened civil society; poverty reduction and youth empowerment; less monetization of politics as measures to counter electoral violence.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 159-166\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asadu Ikechukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D, Department of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria   <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlmond, G.A. and Verba, S. (1963).The civic culture, political attitudes and     democracy in five nations.  Princeton: Princeton University Press<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAxford, B. ,Gary, B.  Richard, H, and Ben, R . (2002). An introduction to politics.  New York: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAdemola, F.S. (2006). Theories of social conflict. In S. Gaya Best (Ed) Introduction to peace and conflicts studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Books<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAjayi, K. (2007). Election administration in Nigeria and the challenges of the 2007 election, Social Science 2(2), 45 -57.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAlbert, I.O. (1994). Urban violence in contemporary Africa: Some theoretical explorations. In Albert et.al (Eds) Urban management and urban violence in Africa. Ibadan: IFRA<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAzeez, A. (2005). Political violence in Nigeria: Implications and options for democratic consolidation. In S.A. Ayinla (Ed) Issues in political violence in Nigeria. Ilorin: Hamson Printing Communication.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAmnesty International Report (2003), on increasing political violence in the run-up to 2003 elections in Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tAmnesty International, Interviews in Lagos, (March, 2007) and London, (April, 2007).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBellows, J. and Miguel, E. (2007). War and collective Action in Sierra Leone. Manuscript, U.C. Berkeley.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBlais, A. (2000). To vote or not vote: the merits and limits of rational Choice theory. Pittshurgh: University of Pittshburgh Press<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBaba, I.S. and Ogundiya, T.K. (2003). Electoral violence and democratic project: The Nigerian experience. In B.A. Olasupo (Ed) Electoral violence in Nigeria: Issues and perspective. Lagos: FES<br \/>\r\n[12].\tBekowitz, L. (1962). Aggression: A sociological analysis. New York: McGraw Hill<br \/>\r\n[13].\tBachrach, P. (1967). Theory of democratic elitism. London: University of London Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tCoalition for Violence Free Election Report (2007) .Nigeria: impunity for political violence in the run-up to the April 2007 election.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tCarmil, D and Breznitz (1991). Personal trauma and world View: Are extremely stressful experience related to political attitude, religious belief and future orientation.Journal of Traumatic Stress 4(3), 393-405<br \/>\r\n[16].\tCarol, C.A. and Celia, C. (1997). Theories of political literacy. Political Behaviour, 19(4), 317\u2013335<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDowns, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy: New York: Harper and Row.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tDalton, R.J. (1988). Citizen politics in western democracies. Chaltham, NJ: Chatham House<br \/>\r\n[19].\tDeutsch, M. (1973).  The resolution of conflict: constructive and destructive process.  London: Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tDye, R. T. (2001) Politics in America.  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Amercian Political Science Review 65(2), 131-143<br \/>\r\n[31].\tMaliki, A.E and Inokoba, P.K (2011).Youths, electoral violence and democratic consolidation in Nigeria: The Bayesta state experience. Anthropologist 13( 3), 217-225<br \/>\r\n[32].\tMoyser, P.G., Pary and Day. N (1992). Political participation and democracy in Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<br \/>\r\n[33].\tMcClusky, M. R., Mcleod, D.M, Sha, D.V. and Deshpand, S . (2004). The efficacy gap and political participation: when political influence fails to meet expectation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 16(4), 438 \u2013 455.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tNorman, H. and Verba, S. (1975). Political participation. In F. Greenstain   and Polsby, Handbook of political science,  Masachussett: Addison-Westey<br \/>\r\n[35].\tNwana, O.C. (1981).Introduction to educational research. Ibadan: Heineman Educational Book Limited.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tObakhedo, N.O. (2011). Curbing electoral violence in Nigeria: The imperative of political education. African Research Review 5(5), 99-110<br \/>\r\n[37].\tOkoye, F. (2007, May 14) .OBJ\u2019s hatchet men. The News watch<br \/>\r\n[38].\tOtoghile, A. (2009). Electoral violence and elections in Nigeria: Evolution, effects and solution. Unpublished Work.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tOkanya, D.O. (2001). Political violence in Nigeria: The experience under the second republic. Enugu: Mary Dan Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tRicker, W. and Ordeshook, P. (1968). A Theory of the calculus of voting. America Journal of Political Science Review 62(1), 25-42<br \/>\r\n[41].\tRobert, F.O. and Obioha. EE (2005).Electoral violence and role ofthe Police in Nigeria. In Onu and Momoh (Eds) Elections and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria.  Lagos: Npss<br \/>\r\n[42].\tRose, Marc (1993). The management of conflict: Interpretation and interest in Comparative Perspective. New haven: Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[43].\tRose, R. (1978). Is choice enough? Election and political authority. In Hermet, Rose and<br \/>\r\n[44].\tRouguie (Eds) Elections without Choice. London: Macmillan<br \/>\r\n[45].\tRose, R. (2001) How people view democracy: A diverging Europe.America Journal of Democracy12( 1), 93-105.<br \/>\r\n[46].\tScarborough, G.I. (1998). An expert system for assessing vulnerability to instability.In Davis J and T.R Gurr (Eds) Preventive measures: Building risk assessment and crisis early warning system. Lanham \u2018MD: Rowan and Little field.<br \/>\r\n[47].\tSoyinka, W. (2007, May 14).The News watch<br \/>\r\n[48].\tTamuno, T.N. (1991). Peace and Violence in Nigeria. Ibadan: University of Ibadan<br \/>\r\n[49].\tTakirambude (2003) in Human right watch report, New York, January.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tVerba, S, Schlozman, K.L. and Brady, H.E (2000) .Rational action and political activity Journal of Theoretical Politics12(3), 243-268.<br \/>\r\n[51].\tVerba, S, Nie, N.H. and Kim, J. (1978) Participation and political equality: A seven nation comparism.Cambridge: Havard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[52].\tWomen Advocate Research and Documentation Centre (WARTDC), Bi-Monthly Report on incidence of election<br \/>\r\n[53].\tYates, A. (1962). Frustration and Conflict. London: Methuen. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asadu Ikechukwu &#8220;Electoral Process and Management in Nigeria: Towards a Non-violent General Election&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.159-166 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/159-166.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/159-166.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/electoral-process-and-management-in-nigeria-towards-a-non-violent-general-election\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electoral Process and Management in Nigeria: Towards a Non-violent General Election<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7493f89 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7493f89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7494076 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7494076\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-749420a\" data-id=\"749420a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7494346 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7494346\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Logical Framework Approach and Performance of Early Childhood Development and Education Projects in Siaya County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Achila Linet Oyola &#038; Abuya Isaac Odhiambo  &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 167-174<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74943ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74943ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-749455d\" data-id=\"749455d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7494680 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7494680\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Early childhood development and education (ECDE) projects play an important role in the provision of safe and age appropriate instructional learning environments and resources for children aged between 3-6 years. Following the promulgation of the new constitution in 2010, ECDE was devolved and the created 47 county governments took responsibility for the design, implementation and monitoring of ECDE. However, available evidence suggest that the performance of ECDE projects may be compromised in the absence of effective monitoring and evaluation approaches. Monitoring and evaluation is vital for the effective and sustained performance of ECDE projects. However, few studies have been conducted to examine the influence of monitoring and evaluation approaches on the performance of early childhood development and education projects. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of logical framework approach on performance of early childhood development and education projects in Alego Usonga Sub-County.  The design of the study was cross-sectional. The target population was 1217respondents, composed of County Executive committee members, County Chief Officers, Departmental directors, Project management committee members, Sub-County Administrators, Ward administrators, ECDE coordinators and ECDE instructors. Simple stratified random sampling was used. Using the Krejcie and Morgan table of estimation, 297 sample size was calculated. Data was analysed using SPSS computer package version 21. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were computed. Descriptive statistics included frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. Inferential statistics included correlation and regression analyses. Pearson correlation(r) and coefficients of determination (R2), were computed to assess the association between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The finding of the study was that there was significant positive association between logical framework approach and performance of ECDE projects (r=0.395 P<0.01). The study recommended that the County government should strengthen the use of the logical framework approach in ECDE projects and that the logical framework should be integrated in the design and daily implementation of the projects. The County government should also ensure that the ECDE projects are effectively designed and implemented to assure sustainable and quality performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 167-174\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Achila Linet Oyola <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Open Learning, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abuya Isaac Odhiambo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Open Learning, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAune, J. B. (2000). Logical framework approach and PRA: Mutually exclusive or complimentary \ttools for project planning? Development in Practice, 10, 687\u2013690<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBabbie, E. 1989. Survey Research Methods (2nd edn), Belmont, CA, Wadsworth<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarasa, R. (2014). Influence of monitoring and evaluation tools on project Completion in Kenya: a case of constituency development fund projects in Kakamega County. Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). University of Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tColeman (1987), \u201cLogical framework approach to the monitoring and evaluation of agricultural \tand rural development projects\u201d, Project Appraisal, 2(4), pages 251- 259.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCouillard, J., Garon, S., &#038; Riznic, J. (2009). The Logical Framework Approach\u2013Millennium. Project Management Journal, 40(4), 31-44.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDonaldson, T., &#038; Preston, L. E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: Concepts, evidence and implications. Academy of Management Review, 20, 65-91.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGovernment of Kenya. (2012). Kenya Vision 2030. A Globally Competitive &#038; Prosperous Kenya. Nairobi: Government of Kenya, Press.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKrejcie, R. V., &#038; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Education and Psychological Measurement, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tLevin, H. (1995). International Encyclopedia of Economics of Education. 2nd ed. Pergamon: Oxford:, pp.381- 386<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMallak, L., Patzak, G. and Kurstedt, H. (1991). Satisfying stakeholders for successful project management. Computers &#038; Industrial Engineering, 21(1-4), pp.429-433.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNganga, L. W. (2009). Early childhood education programs in Kenya: challenges and solutions. Early Years: Journal Of International Research &#038; Development, 29(3), 227-236. doi:10.1080\/09575140902984400<br \/>\r\n[12].\tShaji, M. G., &#038; Indoshi, F. C. (2008). Conditions for Implementation of the Science Curriculum in Early Childhood Development and Education Centres in Kenya. Contemporary Issues In Early Childhood, 9(4).<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSitati, E. M., Ndirangu, M., Kennedy, B., &#038; Rapongo, G. S. (2016). Implementation of Early Childhood Development Education Service Standard Guidelines on Physical Facilities in Public and Private Early Childhood Education Centres Kakamega County, Kenya. Early Child Development And Care, 186(11), 1765-1778<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSmith, B., Hurth, J., Pletcher, L., Shaw, E., Whaley, K., Peters, M. and Dunlap, G. (2014). ECTA Center: A Guide to the Implementation Process: Stages, Steps and Activities.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tThompson, C., Pulleyblank, R., Parrott, S., &#038; Essex, H. (2016). The cost-effectiveness of quality improvement projects: a conceptual framework, checklist and online tool for considering the costs and consequences of implementation-based quality improvement. Journal Of Evaluation In Clinical Practice, 22(1), 26-30. doi:10.1111\/jep.12421<br \/>\r\n[16].\tYu, A. G., Flett, P. D., Bowers, J. A. (2005). Developing a value-centred proposal for assessing project success, International Journal of Project Management 23, 428\u2013436<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Achila Linet Oyola &#038; Abuya Isaac Odhiambo  &#8220;Logical Framework Approach and Performance of Early Childhood Development and Education Projects in Siaya County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.167-174 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/167-174.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/167-174.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/logical-framework-approach-and-performance-of-early-childhood-development-and-education-projects-in-siaya-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Logical Framework Approach and Performance of Early Childhood Development and Education Projects in Siaya County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-749552c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"749552c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-749560e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"749560e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74957a2\" data-id=\"74957a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74958d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74958d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Feminist Jurisprudence and Islam in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective on Some Contemporary Issues<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Md. Tuhin Mia  &#8211; August 2018 Page No.: 175-182<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7495975 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7495975\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a3d52\" data-id=\"74a3d52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a3f19 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74a3f19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Feminism\u2019s existence in Bangladesh and in Islam is not new phenomena. There are a lot of feminist jurisprudences in Islam which are still unreachable to Bangladeshi women. Since as of modernism, women have been struggling for their equal rights and empowerment which are already enshrined in the Islamic philosophy of life. However, in Bangladesh, some of the women\u2019s jurisprudential rights in Islam were ignored somehow due to social norms and customary legitimacy although this is a Muslim-majority country. It is notable that, Bangladesh is gradually developing women\u2019s rights-related challenges day by day; besides, its overall progress in the country. Some specific rights are very obvious, such as the right to education, political rights, social rights and so on. Yet, there are certain issues regarding women\u2019s rights in Islam that has a negative approach in Bangladesh and they do exist in the country while Islam does not conflict as religious disputes. Some women activists in Bangladesh are claiming that Islam discriminates between male and female in feminism. But it van be argued that Islam has given women rights and empowers them in a unique way. Islam is a religion that is in favor of women\u2019s emancipation in the society. This study will find out those issues with Islamic arrangement, following core principles outlined in the Quran and Hadith in terms of Islamic Jurisprudence of feminism and scholarly opinions of renowned scholars.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 175-182\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 September 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Tuhin Mia <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate Research Assistant, Ahmad Ibrahim Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Laws, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tKalam, A. (2014). Social norms and impediments of women development in Bangladesh. Int&#8217;l J. Soc. Sci. Stud., 2, 100.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlak, A. I. (2015). Modern States, Legal Reforms and Feminism (s) in Muslim countries. \u201cAnalize\u2013Journal of Gender and Feminist Studies\u201d is an on-line, open access, 98.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAl-Hibri, A. (1997). Islam, law and custom: Redefining Muslim women&#8217;s rights.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAl-Qaradawi, Y. (1997).  The status of women in Islam. Islamic Incorporated.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAl-Turabi, H. (1999). On the position of women in Islam and in Islamic society.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAnsari, A. H. (2010). Feminist jurisprudence in Islam: an overview. Journal of Islamic Law Review, 6(1), 85-107.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBadawi, Jamal A. (1980). &#8220;Status of woman in Islam&#8221;.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBadran, M. (2002). &#8220;Islamic Feminism: what\u2019s in a name?&#8221; Al-Ahram weekly online 569, no. 2002: 17-23.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBrandt, M., &#038; Kaplan, J. A. (1995). The tension between Women&#8217;s rights and religious rights: reservations to Cedaw by Egypt, Bangladesh and Tunisia. Journal of Law and Religion, 12(1), 105-142.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHasan, M. (2013). Islam\u2019s encounter with women\u2019s rights and feminism: The need for greater engagement of Muslim women. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 2(1), 81-94.<br \/>\r\n[11].\thttps:\/\/darussalamblog.com\/women-rights-work\/<br \/>\r\n[12].\thttps:\/\/sunnah.com\/abudawud\/1\/236, Sunan Abi Dawud 236, Book 1, Hadith 236<br \/>\r\n[13].\thttps:\/\/www.islamweb.net\/en\/article\/157409\/mutual-conjugal-rights-and-the-prophet%E2%80%99s recommendations-ii<br \/>\r\n[14].\thttps:\/\/www.islamreligion.com\/articles\/10662\/treating-guests-islamic-way\/#_ftnref26854<br \/>\r\n[15].\thttps:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/wex\/feminist_jurisprudence<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKamali, M. H. (2011). Islamic family law reform: problems and prospects. Islam and Civilisational Renewal (ICR), 3(1).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tRababah, H., &#038; Rababah, Y. (2016). Rules and Ethics of Hospitality in Islam.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSchuler, S. R., Hashemi, S. M., Riley, A. P., &#038; Akhter, S. (1996). Credit programs, patriarchy and men&#8217;s violence against women in rural Bangladesh. Social science &#038; medicine, 43(12), 1729-1742.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSunan Abi Dawud 4714, Book 41, Hadith 4697 https:\/\/sunnah.com\/abudawud\/42\/119<br \/>\r\n[20].\tTomm, M. (2011). Cultural Legitimacy and Human Rights in Bangladesh: Strategies for Effective Advocacy. Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, 8(1).<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUd-din, M. (2018). Continuity and Change in Patriarchal Structure: Recent Trends in Rural Bangladesh. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 10(1),117-130.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tVol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 4 https:\/\/sunnah.com\/urn\/178040<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Tuhin Mia  &#8220;Feminist Jurisprudence and Islam in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective on Some Contemporary Issues&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 8, pp.175-182 August 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/175-182.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-8\/175-182.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/feminist-jurisprudence-and-islam-in-bangladesh-a-critical-perspective-on-some-contemporary-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feminist Jurisprudence and Islam in Bangladesh: A Critical Perspective on Some Contemporary Issues<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a4e0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74a4e0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a4f02 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a4f02\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a50aa\" data-id=\"74a50aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a51d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a51d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Waziri Junaidu and His Contributions to Linguistics<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muhammad Arzika Danzaki &#8211; December 2018 Page No.: 243-246<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a5282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a5282\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a53ee\" data-id=\"74a53ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a552a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74a552a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper attempts to highlight the contributions of Waziri Junaidu to linguistics through a survey of some of his works on the subject. It established that, his contributions to linguistics are manifested in the works he wrote on aspects of Fulfulde language, especially syntax, morphology and phonology. It posit that, despite those works written by Waziri Junaidu, there was hardly any attention paid by researchers to his contributions in the study of language. After presenting a brief biography of the subject, the paper identified the works which represent his major contribution to the field. It further outlined some of the specific aspects of the language he dealt with in his said works.  <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 243-246\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2018<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Arzika Danzaki<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Arabic, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">.\tAlkali, H., (2002). The Chief Arbiter: Waziri Junaidu and his Intellectual Contributions. Sokoto: CIS, Usmanu Danfodiyo, University.\r\n[2].\tJunaidu, I., (1993). Rayuwar Wazirin Sokoto Alhaji Dr. Junaidu. Zaria: Gaskiya Corporation Ltd.\r\n[3].\tEl-Tekeinah, M. M., (1980). Al-Ab&#8217;ad al-Fanniyyatu fi ash&#8217;ar al-Waziri Junaidu. (Artistic Dimensions in the Poetry of Waziri Junaidu). Unpublished MA thesis, ABU Zaria.\r\n[4].\tSokoto, N. A., (2001). Al-Qiyamu al-Ruhiyyatu fi Shi&#8217;ri Waziri Junaidu. (Spritual Values in the Poetry of Waziri Junaidu). Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Arabic, UDU, Sokoto.\r\n[5].\t de Saussure, F., (1916). Course in General Linguistics. Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye (eds.)\r\n[6].\t Hijaziy, M. F., (n.d.). &#8216;Ilm al-Lughati al-&#8216;Arabiyyah. Kuwait: wikalatu al-Matbu&#8217;at.\r\n[7].\t Ibrahim, A., (2012). Samples of Prepositions in the Anthology of Waziri Junaidu: A grammatical Study. Unpublished MA dissertation, Department of Arabic, UDU, Sokoto. \r\n[8].\tSimons, G. F. and Charles, D. F. (eds.). 2018. Ethnolugue: Languages of the World, twenty first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Available at: http\/\/ethnologue.com\r\n[9].\tJunaidu, S. W., (2001). Wakakken Fassarar Marta&#8217;ul Adhhan  zuwa Hausa, (Translation of Marta&#8217;ul Adhhan to Hausa in verse). Hausa Studies. Vol III (3). PP. 30-54.\r\n[10].\t Junaidu, W., (n.d.). Marta\u2019ul al-Adhhan li man Yuridu Lughati al-Fullani. [Eng. &#8216;A Pasturage for the Minds for he who intends (to learn) Fulfulde Language.&#8217;]  \r\n[11].\tJunaidu, W., (n.d.). Iqdu al-Murjan \u2018al\u00e3 Lughati al-Full\u00e3ni. [Eng. &#8216;A Coral Jewellery on Fulfulde Langauge.&#8217;] \r\n[12].\tJunaidu, W., (n.d.). Al-Bakuratu al-Janiyyah \u2018ala Lughati al-Fullani. [Eng. &#8216;Ripe first fruits on Fulfulde Language.&#8217;]\r\n[13].\tde St. Croix, F. W., (1998) Fulfulde &#8211; English Dictionary; Daudu, G. K. et al (eds.). Kano: CSNL, Bayero University, Kano.\r\n[14].\tJunaidu, W., (n.d.). Al-Murshid al-Muwati Ila Tahajji Lughati al-Fullani. [Eng. &#8216;The suitable guide in Fulfulde Language spelling.&#8217;]\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Arzika Danzaki &#8220;Waziri Junaidu and His Contributions to Linguistics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 12, pp.243-246 December 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-12\/243-246.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-12\/243-246.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/waziri-junaidu-and-his-contributions-to-linguistics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waziri Junaidu and His Contributions to Linguistics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a64ed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74a64ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a65e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a65e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a676d\" data-id=\"74a676d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a6899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a6899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a693c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a693c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a6aa6\" data-id=\"74a6aa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a6bf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a6bf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Linguistic and Non-linguistic Features in Facebook Status Updates among Malaysian Youths: A Sociolinguistic Perspective<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ying Qi  Wu &#8211; December 2018 Page No.: 247-253<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a6c9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a6c9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a6e19\" data-id=\"74a6e19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a6f43 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"74a6f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1221\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1221\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims at exploring the linguistic and non-linguistic features found in the Facebook status updates among Malaysian youths. Firstly, the prevalent features of code switching, code mixing and emoticons are identifiedand the use of them among three main races in Malaysia isalso examined. Then the main purpose of this study is to find out the functions of code switching, code mixing and emoticons. For this purpose the status updates are analyzed through Appel and Muysken\u2019s (2006) as well as Dresner and Herring\u2019s (2010) works as analytical frameworks in this study. The results show that code switching and code mixing are frequently used by Malaysian youths in their Facebook status updates. Code switching mainly achieves the expressive and directive functions. Code mixing mainly fulfills expressive and referential functions.  In addition, the emoticons are mainly functionally used as facial expression, emotion\/feelings indicators and illocutionary force indicators.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 247-253\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2018<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1222\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1222\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ying Qi  Wu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPh.D. Student, Faculty of Language and Linguistics, University of Malaya, Malaysia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1223\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1223\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbu Bakar, H. (2009). Code-switching in Kuala Lumpur Malay, Explorations, Retrieved from http:\/\/scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu\/bitstream\/10125\/10712\/1\/UHM.Explorations.2009.v9.AbuBakr.Rojak.pdf. \r\n[2].\tAhkter, J. K., &#038; Soria, S. Sentiment Analysis: Facebook Status Messages.Final Project CS224N. Retrieved from https:\/\/nlp.stanford.edu\/courses\/cs224n\/2010\/reports\/ssoriajr-kanej.pdf.\r\n[3].\tAkaichi, J. (2013). Social networks\u2019 Facebook\u2019 statutes updates mining for sentiment classification. 2013 International Conference on Social Computing. IEEE. Alexandria, VA, USA. \r\n[4].\tAppel, R., &#038;Muysken, P. (2006). Language contact and bilingualism. Amsterdam University Press.\r\n[5].\tBarash, V., Ducheneaut, N., Isaacs, E., &#038; Bellotti, V. (2010). Faceplant: Impression (Mis)management in Facebook Status Updates. Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media, 207-210. \r\n[6].\tBaron, N. S. (2008): Always on: Language in an Online and Mobile World. New York: Oxford University Press. \r\n[7].\tBenson, E. (2001). The neglected early history of codeswitching research in the United States. Language &#038; Communication, 21, 23-36.\r\n[8].\t[8].Boyd, D. M., &#038; Ellison, N. B. (2008). Social network sites: Definition, history and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13 (1), 210\u2013230\r\n[9].\t[9].Bullock, B. E. &#038;Toribio, A. J. (2009). Themes in the study of code-switching. In B. E. Bullock &#038; A. J. Toribio (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of linguistic code-switching: 1-17. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[10].\tCarol, M. C. (2006). Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Maldan, MA:Wiley-Blackwell. \r\n[11].\tChua, S.K.C. (2010). Singapore\u2019s language policy and its globalised concept of Bi(tri)lingualism. Current Issues in Language Planning, 11 (4), 413-429. \r\n[12].\tClark, H.H. (1996). Using Language. Cambridge, UK: CUP. \r\n[13].\tDavid, M.K. (2007). Changing language policies in Malaysia: Ramifications and implications. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Language, Education and Diversity, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. \r\n[14].\tDresner, E., &#038; Herring, S. C. (2010). Functions of the non-verbal in CMC: Emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory.. \r\n[15].\tGunter, S.K. (2010). SAM&#8217;S Teach Yourself Facebook in 10 Minutes. USA: Pearson Education.\r\n[16].\tHeller, M. (1988). Codeswitching: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.\r\n[17].\tHoltgraves, T.M. (2002). Language as Social Action: Social Psychology and Language Use. New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.\r\n[18].\tHuang, H. T. M., (2013). Language, identity and mobility: Perspective of Malaysian Chinese youth. Malaysian Journal of Chinese Studies, 2 (1): 83-102. \r\n[19].\tIlyas, S., &#038;Khushi, Q. (2012). Facebook status updates: A speech act analysis. Academic Research International, 3 (2), 500-507.\r\n[20].\tKatsuno, H., &#038; Yano, C. (2007). Kaomoji and expressivity in a Japanese housewives&#8217; chat room. In B. Danet&#038; S. C. Herring (Eds.), The multilingual Internet: Language, culture, and communication online (pp. 278-301). New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[21].\tK\u00f6bler, F., Riedl, C., Vetter, C., Leimeister, J. M., &#038;Krcmar, H. (2010). Social connectedness on Facebook-An explorative study on status message usage. Social Connectedness on Facebook, 1-11. \r\n[22].\tKramer, A. D. I., &#038; Chuang, C. K. (2011). Dimensions of self-expression in Facebook status updates. Conference of ICWSM Barcelona, Spain. \r\n[23].\tMalik, L. (1994). Socio-linguistics: A study of code-switching. New Delhi, ND: Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd\r\n[24].\tNilep, C. (2006). \u201cCode switching\u201d in sociocultural linguistics. Colorado Research in Linguistics, 19.  \r\n[25].\tSocial Networking Fact Sheet. (2016). Retrievedfrom http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/fact-sheets\/social-networking-fact-sheet\/.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1224\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1224\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ying Qi  Wu &#8220;The Linguistic and Non-linguistic Features in Facebook Status Updates among Malaysian Youths: A Sociolinguistic Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.2 issue 12, pp.247-253 December 2018\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-12\/247-253.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1225\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1225\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-2-issue-12\/247-253.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1226\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1226\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-linguistic-and-non-linguistic-features-in-facebook-status-updates-among-malaysian-youths-a-sociolinguistic-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Linguistic and Non-linguistic Features in Facebook Status Updates among Malaysian Youths: A Sociolinguistic Perspective<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a7d69 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"74a7d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74a7e4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74a7e4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-74a7fea\" data-id=\"74a7fea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a8134 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"74a8134\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Factors Influencing the Quality of Health Care Provisions on Local Government Units John Paul R.Tumampus, Mary Jane 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