{"id":2188,"date":"2019-04-14T03:35:53","date_gmt":"2019-04-14T03:35:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2188"},"modified":"2019-05-16T07:21:48","modified_gmt":"2019-05-16T07:21:48","slug":"volume-iii-issue-iv","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iii-issue-iv\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue IV"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2188\" class=\"elementor elementor-2188 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edb60e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edb60e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edb63fa\" data-id=\"edb63fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edb65a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edb65a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Kenya\u2019s Export of Cut Flowers to the European Union: A Constant Market Share Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol, Sharon Jebiwot Keror, Harrison Kimutai Yego &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 01-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edb68c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edb68c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edb6af5\" data-id=\"edb6af5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edb6cd0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edb6cd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Kenya is one of the leading exporters of cut flower export products to the European Union market. It is the most important market for Kenya\u2019s horticultural produce. This paper explores at length the market shares and lack of export growth of Kenya\u2019s cut flower exports to the European Union market using a Constant Market Share Analysis methodology. This study used annual time series data from 2001 to 2014 of cut flower exports to the 28 member countries of the EU market. The growth in exports of cut flower products from Kenya to the European Union during the period under study was chiefly due to market share effect. The absence of export growth in cut flower products was attributed to commodity composition effect since the market distribution effect revealed that export products from the country did not attain much with respect to the expanding global markets.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sharon Jebiwot Keror<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harrison Kimutai Yego<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Economic Survey 2015<br \/>\r\n[2]. Horticultural Crops Directorate, 2014<br \/>\r\n[3]. Tyszynski, Henry. &#8220;World Trade in Manufactured Commodities, 1899\u201019501.&#8221; The Manchester School 19.3 (1951): 272-304<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ahmadi\u2010Esfahani, Fredoun Z. &#8220;Constant market shares analysis: uses, limitations and prospects.&#8221; Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 50.4 (2006): 510-526<br \/>\r\n[5]. Amador J, Sonia C (2008) The Portuguese Export Performance in Perspective: A Constant Market Share Analysis. Economic Bulletin 14: 201-221.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Gilbert, J. (2010). Constant Market Share Analysis of the Pattern of Southeast Asian Export Growth in the 2000s. Internet Address: www. unescap. org\/tid\/artnet\/mtg\/tdgc_gilbert. pdf, Date of Access, 14, 2013<br \/>\r\n[7]. Batista, J. C. (2008). Competition between Brazil and other exporting countries in the US import market: a new extension of constant-market-shares analysis. Applied economics, 40(19), 2477-2487<br \/>\r\n[8]. Fredrik O.L. Nilsson, Emma Lindberg and Yves Surry (2006). Are the Mediterranean countries competitive in fresh fruit and vegetable exports? , Paper prepared for presentation at the 98th EAAE Seminar \u2018Marketing Dynamics within the Global Trading System: New Perspectives\u2019, Chania, Crete, Greece as in: 29 June \u2013 2 July, 2006 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK, pp 1357-1368<br \/>\r\n[9]. Skriner, E. (2009). Competitiveness and specialisation of the Austrian export sector: A constant-market-shares analysis(No. 235). Reihe \u00d6konomie\/Economics Series, Institut f\u00fcr H\u00f6here Studien (IHS)<br \/>\r\n[10]. Rahmaddi, R., &amp; Ichihashi, M. (2012). How Do Foreign and Domestic Demand Affect Exports Performance? An Econometric Investigation of Indonesia\u2019s Exports<br \/>\r\n[11]. Tatarer, \u00d6. (2004). The export performance of the Turkish manufacturing industries with respect to selected countries. Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: ODT\u00dc Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<br \/>\r\n[12]. Ahmad Klasra, M., &amp; Fidan, H. (2005). Competitiveness of major exporting countries and Turkey in the world fishery market: a constant market share analysis. Aquaculture economics &amp; management, 9(3), 317-330<br \/>\r\n[13]. Aytemi 2011z, S. (2011). Turkey exports Market Analysis for Fixed Pau Method. Afyon Kocatepe University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 13 (2), 181-201.<br \/>\r\n[14]. \u015eAHAN, F. (2012). The Impact of Technology Level and Strucural Change of Exports on the Dynamics of International Competitiveness: A Sectoral Disaggregated Analysis of Turkish Manufacturing Sector. Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara: ODT\u00dc Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc<br \/>\r\n[15]. Richardson, J. D. (1971). Constant-market-shares analysis of export growth. Journal of International Economics, 1(2), 227-239<br \/>\r\n[16]. Thomas, Sunny, and Waheeda Sheikh. &#8220;India\u2019s export of Cereals and Cereals Preparations-a constant market Share Analysis.&#8221; Abhinav\u2013National Monthly Referred Journal of Research in Commerce and Management 1: 2277-1166<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol, Sharon Jebiwot Keror, Harrison Kimutai Yego &#8220;Kenya\u2019s Export of Cut Flowers to the European Union: A Constant Market Share Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.01-08 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/01-08.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/01-08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/kenyas-export-of-cut-flowers-to-the-european-union-a-constant-market-share-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Kenya\u2019s Export of Cut Flowers to the European Union: A Constant Market Share Analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edb7c6f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edb7c6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edb7d6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edb7d6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edb7f14\" data-id=\"edb7f14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edb8048 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edb8048\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edba8af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edba8af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbaae4\" data-id=\"edbaae4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbac20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbac20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Gender and Changing Forms of Inheritance among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria: A Case-Study of Women&#8217;s Inclusion in Landed-Property Bequest in Ijesa Land<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>OWAGBEMI, Olusola Gabriel, OLUSANYA Oyewole Omoniyi &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 09-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbaccf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbaccf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbae4d\" data-id=\"edbae4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbaf72 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edbaf72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Over the years, gender has been one major factor which determines what goes to an individual in inheritance acquisition in the Yoruba society of the South-west Nigeria. As it is in most patriarchal societies there has been unequal positioning of male and female children to inheritance. The study investigates gender and the changing form of inheritance among the Yoruba of South-west Nigeria. Quantitative data was collected from randomly selected respondents numbering one hundred and twenty-five. The quantitative data collected were analysed with statistical package for the social sciences and the formulated hypotheses were tested using chi-square. Findings revealed that. The inheritance system is still in favour of the male than the female children due to patriarchal culture which still prevail among the Yoruba people. The Yoruba still believe that female children are not permanent member of their &#8216;first&#8217; family, therefore if given a landed property, when married, it will become the husband&#8217;s property. The study also confirms the future possibility of female inclusion into landed properties inheritance acquisition in Ijesa land. The study therefore recommends that the Yoruba should de-emphasise the culture of patriarchy which promotes the superiority of men over women. people should be encouraged to stop seeing women as not being part of their &#8216;first&#8217; family and also, as someone who cannot adequately handle landed properties even if it&#8217;s transferred to them after their parent&#8217;s demise, women should be out to seek for redress whenever they are being discriminated upon in inheritance sharing.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OWAGBEMI, Olusola Gabriel <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLUSANYA Oyewole Omoniyi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].Aina, I.O. (1998) \u201cWomen, Culture and Society\u201d in Amadu Sesay and Adetanwa Odebiyi (eds). Nigerian Women in Society and Development. Ibadan Dokun Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ann J.T. (2001). &#8220;Patriarchy&#8221;. Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy: Entries P-Z. Taylor &amp; Francis. 1197\u20131198.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Araviashvili, M. (2014) Gender Aspects of Inheritance Management in Georgia Cultural Practices vs Law Regulations, problems of management in the 21st century, 9 (3), 183-196.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carmen, D.D. and Cheryl, R.D. (2006)The Gender Asset Gap: What do we know and why does it matter? Feminist Economics, 12(1\u20132), 1\u201350.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ekhator, E.O. (2013) \u2018The Impact of the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on Domestic Law: A Case Study of Nigeria. A paper presented at the Kings College London Seventh International Graduate Legal Research Conference Forum. 8-9 April 2013, London.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Jayachandran, S. (2014) The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries, Prepared for Annual Review of Economics, Northwestern University.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kennedy, M.G., &amp; Eremie, M.D. (2016) Gender Bias: Roadblocks to Equal Distribution of Inheritance in Okrika Clan Rivers State, Nigeria: Implication for Family Counseling, International Journal of Innovative Legal &amp; Political Studies, 4(4):30-36.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Kramarae, C. (1992) \u201cThe Condition of Patriarchy\u201d in Kramarae Cheris and Spender Dale (eds.) The knowledge explosion: London. Athen Series, Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Levy, S.K. &amp; Pinto, M. (2012). Properly and Belongingness. Rethinking Gender-biased Disinheritance. Texas journal of women and the law. 21 (1), 24-36.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Makama, G.A. (2013) Patriarchy and Gender Inequality in Nigeria: The Way Forward, European Scientific Journal, 9 (17), 115-144.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Moha, E. (2016) Women, Gender, and Politics in Morocco, social science Soc. Sci. 5, (75), 1-8 doi:10.3390\/socsci504007<br \/>\r\n[12]. Nmadu, T. (2000). \u201cOn our Feet: Women in grassroots&#8217; development\u201d, Journal of Women in Academics, 1 (1), 165-171.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Obbo, E. (2005). \u201cGender Equality, Human Rights and Development\u201d, in CODESRIA Bulletin, Special Issue, Re-thinking African Development: Beyond Impasse, Towards Alternatives, 6-10 December 2005, Maputo, Mozambique.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Owagbemi, G.O. &amp; Aruna, J.O. (2018). National Development and the Development of Yoruba Family Moral Values. Akungba Journal of Linguistics and Literatures, 9 (Special Edition), 348-358.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Pearson, R. (2000), \u201cRethinking Gender Matters in Development\u201d in Allen, T. and Thomas, A. (Eds), Poverty and Development into the 21st Century. Oxford, Oxford University Press. P.18.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Salaam, T.( 2003) A Brief Analysis on the Situation of Women in Nigeria Today, DSM.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Stacey, J. (1993) \u201cUntangling Feminist Theory\u201d in Richardson D. and Robinson V. (eds.) Introducing Women\u2019s Studies: Feminist Theory and Practice. Macmillan, London.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Sunam N.A., (1995) \u201cWomen and Culture\u201d Gender and Development, Oxfam, 3 (1), 37-46.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Sussman, M.B., Cates, J.N. and Smith, D.T. (1970). The Family and Inheritance. New York: Russell Sage Fund.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OWAGBEMI, Olusola Gabriel, OLUSANYA Oyewole Omoniyi &#8221; Gender and Changing Forms of Inheritance among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria: A Case-Study of Women&#8217;s Inclusion in Landed-Property Bequest in Ijesa Land &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.09-12 April 2019\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/09-12.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/09-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-and-changing-forms-of-inheritance-among-the-yoruba-of-southwest-nigeria-a-case-study-of-womens-inclusion-in-landed-property-bequest-in-ijesa-land\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Gender and Changing Forms of Inheritance among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria: A Case-Study of Women&#8217;s Inclusion in Landed-Property Bequest in Ijesa Land <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbbddd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edbbddd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbbec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbbec5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbc04d\" data-id=\"edbc04d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbc1ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbc1ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbc262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbc262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbc3c3\" data-id=\"edbc3c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbc4d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbc4d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbc576 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbc576\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbc6c3\" data-id=\"edbc6c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbc7d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbc7d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbc86d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbc86d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbc9bf\" data-id=\"edbc9bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbcac7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbcac7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbcb69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbcb69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbccb7\" data-id=\"edbccb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbcdc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbcdc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbce5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbce5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbd6af\" data-id=\"edbd6af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbd857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edbd857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Small Holder Dairy Farmers Milk Production and Supply to Market in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Elly Kiptanui Kurgat, Sharon Jebiwott Keror, Harrison Kimutai Yego, Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol &#8211; April 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 13-18<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edbd920 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edbd920\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edbdad3\" data-id=\"edbdad3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edbdc14 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edbdc14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed at analyzing the determinants of small holder dairy farmers\u2019 milk production and supply to market in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. A Cobb Douglas production function was used to determine the factors influencing the quantity of milk produced while a supply function was used to determine factors influencing the quantity of milk marketed. Results of this study indicated that farmers are doing dairy farming for commercial purpose (79%) which is a clear step towards improving productivity and marketing. Factors which significantly affected milk production included milk price, training on animal husbandry, access to AI services, total farm size and group membership whereas sex of household head and the duration of keeping dairy cattle did not significantly influence milk production. The variables which significantly influenced the quantity of milk sold to the market were amount of milk produced and amount of milk consumed at home whereas household size and average price of milk did not significantly affect amount of milk supplied to the market. Given the results of this study the government should invest more in dairypolicies geared towards price stabilization, provision of AI services and training on dairy farming. Farmers should also be encouraged to join farmer dairy groups.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-18\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elly Kiptanui Kurgat<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCounty Government of Nandi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sharon Jebiwott Keror<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, P.O BOX 30900, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harrison Kimutai Yego<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, P.O BOX 30900, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, P.O BOX 30900, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. Rahman, M. D., &amp; Manprasert, S. (2006). Landlessness and its impact on economic development: A case study on Bangladesh<br \/>\r\n[2]. Government of Kenya, 2009. Population and Housing census. Nairobi: Ministry of state for Planning, National development and Vision 2030<br \/>\r\n[3]. FAO. 2011. Dairy development in Kenya, by HG Muriuki. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations<br \/>\r\n[4]. Staal S.J., Pratt, A.N. and Jabbar. M .2008. Dairy Development for the Resource Poor Part 1: A Comparison of Dairy Policies and Development in South Asia and East Africa. PPLPI Working Paper No. 44-1 ILRI<br \/>\r\n[5]. Conelly, W. T. (1998). Colonial era livestock development policy: introduction of improved dairy cattle in high-potential farming areas of Kenya. World Development, 26(9), 1733-1748<br \/>\r\n[6]. Von Braun, J., &amp; Kennedy, E. T. (1994). Agricultural commercialization, economic development, and nutrition. Published for the International Food Policy Research Institute [by] Johns Hopkins University Press<br \/>\r\n[7]. World Bank. 2008. Bringing agriculture to the market. World Development Report: Agriculture for Development. Washington DC: The World Bank<br \/>\r\n[8]. Key, N., Sadoulet, E., &amp;Janvry, A. D. (2000). Transactions costs and agricultural household supply response. American journal of agricultural economics, 82(2), 245-259<br \/>\r\n[9]. Abdulai, A., &amp;Birachi, E. A. (2009). Choice of coordination mechanism in the Kenyan fresh milk supply chain. Review of Agricultural Economics, 31(1), 103-121<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ouma, E., Jagwe, J., Obare, G. A., &amp; Abele, S. (2010). Determinants of smallholder farmers&#8217; participation in banana markets in Central Africa: the role of transaction costs. Agricultural Economics, 41(2), 111-122<br \/>\r\n[11]. Olok-Asobasi, Frank and Sserunjogi, Mohammed (2001). Survey of Dairy Markets in Kenya and Rwanda and Opportunities for Ugandan Exports<br \/>\r\n[12]. Karanja (2003). The Dairy Industry in Kenya: The Post-Liberalization Agenda. Paper presented at a Dairy Industry Stakeholders Workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya (27th August 2002)<br \/>\r\n[13]. Smallholder Dairy Project (SDP). 2005. The uncertainty of cattle numbers in Kenya. SDP PolicyBrief No. 10.Smallholder Dairy (R&amp;D) Project. www .smallholderdairy.org<br \/>\r\n[14]. Uasin Gishu County Government, 2017. County Integrated Development Plan (2018-2022)<br \/>\r\n[15]. Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling Techniques: 3d Ed. New York: Wiley<br \/>\r\n[16]. Muriuki, H. (2011), \u201cDairy Development in Kenya\u201d, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. 52 pp<br \/>\r\n[17]. R\u00f6mer, K. (2001, October). Time synchronization in ad hoc networks. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking &amp; computing (pp. 173-182). ACM<br \/>\r\n[18]. Damodar, G. (2004). Econometr\u00eda. Editorial Mac Graw Hill,<br \/>\r\n[19]. Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS. Sage publications<br \/>\r\n[20]. Olwande, J., and Mathenge, M. 2010. Market Participation among the Poor Rural Households in Kenya. Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development<br \/>\r\n[21]. Agwu, N.M., Anyanwu, C.I. and Mendie, E.I.2012. Socio- Economic Determinants of Commercialization among Small Holder Farmers in Abia State, Nigeria. Greener Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Vol. 2 (8): 392-397<br \/>\r\n[22]. Wanjala, S. P. O., &amp;Njehia, B. K. (2014). Institutional constraints affecting dairy development in Western Kenya. International Journal of Development Research, 4(7), 1386-1392<br \/>\r\n[23]. Musalia, L. M., Mukoya, S., Wangia, M., Shivairo, R. S. and Vugutsa, V. 2010. Effects of policy change on the dairy production support services within the smallholder dairy farmers in Butere\/Mumias and Kakamega districts of Western Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5(8) : 661-667<br \/>\r\n[24]. Birachi, E. A., Ochieng, J., Wozemba, D., Ruraduma, C., Niyuhire, M. C., &amp;Ochieng, D. (2011). Factors influencing smallholder farmers&#8217; bean production and supply to market in Burundi. African Crop Science Journal, 19(4), 335-342.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elly Kiptanui Kurgat, Sharon Jebiwott Keror, Harrison Kimutai Yego, Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol &#8220;Determinants of Small Holder Dairy Farmers Milk Production and Supply to Market in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.13-18 April 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/13-18.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/13-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-small-holder-dairy-farmers-milk-production-and-supply-to-market-in-uasin-gishu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Determinants of Small Holder Dairy Farmers Milk Production and Supply to Market in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc03c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edc03c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc049e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc049e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc062d\" data-id=\"edc062d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc0757 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc0757\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc0801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc0801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc0950\" data-id=\"edc0950\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc0ad7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc0ad7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc0b8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc0b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc0ce2\" data-id=\"edc0ce2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc0e02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc0e02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc0ea0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc0ea0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc102e\" data-id=\"edc102e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc1271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc1271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc13a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc13a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc1581\" data-id=\"edc1581\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc16aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc16aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc1759 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc1759\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc18e3\" data-id=\"edc18e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc1a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc1a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Education Inequality between Urban Slum and Rural Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jafred Muyaka &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 19-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc3dc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc3dc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc3fb0\" data-id=\"edc3fb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc42c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edc42c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the current paper was to determine the relationships between marginalised school location (Urban Slums versus Arid and Semi-Arid Lands) and girls\u2019 performance in literacy and numeracy in Kenya. The study sampled 5,185 girls in Grades 5,6, 7 and 8 in the Urban slums of Nairobi and Mombasa Counties and ASAL areas of Turkana, Tana River, Kwale, Samburu, Marsabit and Kilifi Counties. The findings show significant differences in the performance of girls in Urban slums and ASALs in favour of the former. In addition, girls\u2019 performance in middle grades (5&amp;6) was better in numeracy than literacy while upper grades (7&amp;8) the performance was better in literacy than numeracy. The study recommends the need to have quality education as one of the educational metrics to direct the education policy for the marginalised groups in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 19-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jafred Muyaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Foundations of Education, School of Education, University of Eldoret, P.O. BOX 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. UNESCO, 2014. Teaching and Learning-Achieving Quality for All. Education for All Global Monitoring Report. https:\/\/un.org.au\/2014\/01\/30\/unesco-report-teaching-and-learning-achieving-quality-for-all\/ Accessed on 19 January 2019.<br \/>\r\n[2]. UNESCO. (2010). World Declaration on Education for All, Jomtien, Thailand (1990). https:\/\/bice.org\/app\/uploads\/2014\/10\/unesco_world_declaration_on_education_for_all_jotien_thailand.pdfAccessed on 25 November 2018.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Uwezo. (2012a). Are our children learning? Annual learning assessment report. Nairobi: Uwezo.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Uwezo. (2012b). Are our children learning? Literacy and numeracy across East Africa. Nairobi: Uwezo.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Nishimura, M and Yamano (2008). School Choice between Public and Private Primary Schools under the Free Primary Education Policy in Rural Kenya. GRIPS Policy Information Center<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2016). Statistical Abstract 2017. KNBS.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Omondi, D and Guguyu, O (2018 June 12th). Why all indicators are blinking red on Kenya&#8217;s debt clock. The Standard. https:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke\/business\/article\/2001283800\/why-all-indicators-are-blinking-red-on-kenya-s-debt-clock. Accessed on 20 November 2018.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Nation Newspaper (2018 May 7). 8 KDF soldiers killed near Dobley, Somalia. https:\/\/www.nation.co.ke\/counties\/wajir\/8-KDF-soldiers-killed-near-Dobley- Somalia\/3444790-4549360-b3ky3pz\/index.html. Accessed on 20 November 2018.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ministry of Education Science and Technology (MoEST). (2014). 2014 Basic Education Statistical Booklet. Accessed on 19 January 2019.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) (2015). Statistical Abstract 2017. KNBS.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Chege, N. F. and Sifuna, N. D. (2006). Girls\u2019 and Women\u2019s Education in Kenya-Gender Perspectives and Trends, UNESCO<br \/>\r\n[12]. Waswa A.W. (2015). Factors Affecting Girl-Child Progression Rates in Primary Schools in ASAL Areas: A Survey of West Pokot Sub County in West Pokot County Kenya. Unpublished MED Thesis, Moi University.<br \/>\r\n[13]. World Conference on Education for All, Meeting Basic Learning Needs (1990). UNESCO, Paris: France.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Gove, A., Chabbott, C., Dick, A. DeStefano, J., King, S., Mejia, J. and Piper, B. (2015). EarlyLearning Assessments: a retrospective. Background Paper for Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2015. UNESCO. Paris: France.<br \/>\r\n[15]. RTI International (2007). Early Grade Reading Assessment: Protocol. Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI International for USAID.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Gove, A., &amp; Wetterberg, A. (2011). The Early Grade Reading Assessment: An introduction. In A. Gove &amp; A. Wetterberg (Eds.), The Early Grade Reading Assessment: Applications and interventions to improve basic literacy (pp. 1-37).Research Triangle Park, NC: RTI Press.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Sprenger-Charolles, L. (2008). Early grade reading assessments (EGRA): Results from 1,200 Gambian primary students learning to read in English\u2014Report for the World Bank. website: www.eddataglobal.org.<br \/>\r\n[18]. McCracken, D and Barcinas, J.D.T (1991). Differences Between Rural and Urban Schools, Student Characteristics, and Student Aspirations in Ohio. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 1991, Vol. 7, No.2, pp. 29-40<br \/>\r\n[19]. Swanson, 1988; Swanson, A. D. (1988, Spring). The matter of size: A review of the research on relationships between school and district size, pupil achievement and cost. Research in Rural Education, 5(2),1-18.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Petersen, A. C. (1978). The self-image of rural adolescent girls. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service Document No. ED 168 179).<br \/>\r\n[21]. Southern and Eastern African Consortium for Monitoring Education Quality (SACMEQ). (2011). Progress in Gender Equality in Education in Namibia. Gaborone: SACMEQ.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Tayyaba, S. (2012). Rural\u2010urban gaps in academic achievement, schooling conditions, student, and teachers&#8217; characteristics in Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Management, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09513541211194356.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Zhang D., Li X and Xue J. (2015). Education Inequality between Rural and Urban Areas of the People&#8217;s Republic of China, Migrants\u2019 Children Education, and Some Implications.Report.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Uwezo. (2011). Are our children learning? Literacy and numeracy across East Africa. Nairobi: Uwezo<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jafred Muyaka &#8220;Education Inequality between Urban Slum and Rural Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.19-26 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/19-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/education-inequality-between-urban-slum-and-rural-arid-and-semi-arid-areas-of-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Education Inequality between Urban Slum and Rural Arid and Semi-Arid Areas of Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc57fc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edc57fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc58ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc58ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc5a83\" data-id=\"edc5a83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc5bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc5bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc5c62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc5c62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc5dca\" data-id=\"edc5dca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc5edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc5edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc5f7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc5f7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edc612d\" data-id=\"edc612d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edc625a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edc625a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edc62ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edc62ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcc298\" data-id=\"edcc298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcc4a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcc4a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcc58e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcc58e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcc75c\" data-id=\"edcc75c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcc898 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcc898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Using Community Learning Resources to Enhance the Acquisition of Science Process Skills<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Stella Kabesa, Dr. Lazarus M. Okioma &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 27-35<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcc958 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcc958\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edccaff\" data-id=\"edccaff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edccc52 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edccc52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Current curriculum reforms in science education calls for a new look at using community resources. The science syllabi require access to the world beyond the classroom so that students get educational experiences that can diversify the array of learning opportunities and connect school lessons with daily life and real problems. A schools\u2019 immediate community is a wonderful curriculum laboratory, which can provide extremely dynamic, interesting and real life opportunities for the acquisition of science process skills which include: observation, classification, measurement, inference, prediction and communication. In view of that, this study was conducted to investigate the use of community resources in helping students acquire science process skills. The study resides in a general survey model (Karasar, 1999).The study targeted form four students in 33 secondary schools of Uasin Gishu County. Data was collected from a sample of 186 form four students using self administered questionnaire. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Correlation was employed to establish the association while multiple regressions were used to test the study hypotheses. The results revealed that use of school grounds, objects and specimens; use of zoos, parks and botanical gardens; resource persons; museums; models and dioramas exert statistically significant effect on the student\u2019s acquisition of science process skills. It is recommended that school management should support the use of community resources by allowing and facilitating students to go for out-of-classroom activities and closely monitoring their full participation. Further, resource persons should be occasionally engaged in teaching and learning since they are full of memory, experience and expertise. This study provides theoretical insight that community resources can help students make connections between learning science skills and applying them in daily life.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-35\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Stella Kabesa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Lazarus M. Okioma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ayas, A., \u00c7epni, S. &amp; Akdeniz, A. R. (1994). Fen Bilimleri E\u011fitiminde Laboratuvar\u0131n Yeri Ve \u00d6nemi-II. \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f E\u011fitim, 205, 7\u201311.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Braund, M and Reiss, M J (Eds) (2004) Learning Science Outside the Classroom, RoutledgeFalmer, London.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ekici, G. (2003). Biyoloji \u00d6\u011fretmenlerinin Laboratuvar Dersine Y\u00f6nelik Tutumlar\u0131n\u0131nFarkl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015fkenler A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u0130ncelenmesi. 17<br \/>\r\n[4]. Falk, J H and Dierking, L D (2000) Learning from museums, AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek USA<br \/>\r\n[5]. Field, A. (2005), Discovering Statistics Using SPSS, 2nd ed., Sage, London.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Gayford, C. (1988). Aims, Purposes And Emphasis in Practical Biology At Advanced Level \u2013A Study Of Teachers\u2019 Attitudes. School Science Review, 69 (249), 799-802.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Garver, M.S. and Mentzer, J.T. (1999), \u201cLogistics research method: employing structural Equation modeling to test for construct validity\u201d, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1,pp. 33-58.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Gilbert, J and Priest, M (1997) Models and discourse: a primary school science class visit to a museum, Science Education, 81, 749-762.<br \/>\r\n[9]. G\u00fcrdal, A. (1991a). \u0130lkokul Fen E\u011fitiminde Laboratuvar Ve Ara\u00e7 Kullan\u0131m\u0131. Marmara \u00dcniversitesi E\u011fitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3, 145\u2013155\/352. http:\/\/www.crscience.org\/ practical support for great science teaching<br \/>\r\n[10]. Jahangir, N. and Begum, N. (2008), \u201cThe role of perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, security and privacy, and attitude to engender adaptation in the context of technology\u201d, African Journal of Research Management, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 32-40.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Karasar, N. (1999). Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Y\u00f6ntemi: Kavramlar, \u0130lkeler, Teknikler. Ankara: 3A Ara\u015ft\u0131rma E\u011fitim Dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Knapp, C. E. (1996). Just beyond the classroom: Community adventures for interdisciplinary learning. (ED 388485) Available from ERIC Clearinghouse on Rural Education and Small Schools, P. O. Box 1348, Charleston, WV 25325-1348 ($12 includes shipping and handling).<br \/>\r\n[13]. Landolfi, 2002 Landolfi, E. (2002). Novice And Experienced Science Teachers\u2019 Understanding And Uses Of Practical Activities. Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, University Of Toronto.07.06.2005, Proquest Digital Dissertations.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Luarn, P. and Lin, H.H. (2005), \u201cToward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use technology\u201d, Computer in Human Behaviour, Vol. 21 No. 6, pp. 873-91.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Lynch, P.P., &amp; Ndyetabura, V.L. (1983). Practical Work In Schools: An Examination Of Teachers\u2019 Stated Aims And The Influence Of Practical Work According To Students. Journal Of Research In Science Teaching, 20 (7), 663\u2013671.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Maarschalk, J. (1988). Scientific literacy and informal science teaching. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 25, 135-146.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Manny and Manny, L.M (1992). Investigation in Teaching Genetics. In: Biology Teacher.Vol;45(5):264-266<br \/>\r\n[18]. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics(NCTM), (1989). Curriculum and evaluation standards for school mathematics. Reston, VA: Author.<br \/>\r\n[19]. National Research Council (1996). National science education standards. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Nundy, S. (2001).Raising Achievement Through the Environment: the Case for Fieldwork and Field Centres. Doncaster: National Association of Field Studies Officers.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Nunnally, P. R. (1978) Problems Associated with the Teaching of Science Boston:Havard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Osborne, J (2006) Communicating Science: A BAI Roundtable Summary, The Centre for Informal Learning and Schools, www.exploratorium.edu\/cils\/documents\/RTcommunicationJO.pdf<br \/>\r\n[23]. Rickinson, M, Dillon, J, Teamey, K, Morris, M, Choi, M Y, Sanders, D and Benefield, P (2004). A Review of Research on Outdoor Learning, National Foundation for Educational Research, Slough<br \/>\r\n[24]. Rennie, L. J., &amp; McClafferty, T. (1995). Using visits to interactive science and technology centers, museums, aquaria, and zoos to promote learning in science. Journal of Science Teacher Education, 6, 175-185.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Semper, R. J. (1990, November). Science museums as environments for learning. Physics Today, 2-8.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Swain, J., Monk, M., &amp; Johnson, S. (1999). A Comparative Study of Attitudes to the Aims Of Practical Work According To Students. Journal Of Research In Science Teaching, 20 (7), 663\u2013671.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Tsai, C.-C. (2003). Taiwanese Science Students\u2019 and Teachers\u2019 Perceptions Of The Laboratory Learning Environment: Exploring Some Epistemological Gaps.<br \/>\r\n[28]. UNESCO, (1978). New Unesco Source Book for Science Learning. Hohan Primlani of Oxford and IBM Publishing Company<br \/>\r\n[29]. Wang, W.Q. and Benbasat, I. (2007), \u201cRecommendation agents for technology: effect of explanation facilities on trusting beliefs\u201d, Journal of Information System, Vol. 23 No. 4, pp. 217-46.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Wittich, M.J. and Schuller, R.W. (1979), Monk, Fairbrother, , &amp; Dillon, J.S. (1993). Learning Content Through Process: Practical Strategies For Science Teachers\u2019 In Developing Countries. Journal Of Science And Mathematics Education In S. E. Asia, 16, 13\u201320.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Wong, C.C. and Hiew, P.L. (2005), \u201cDiffusion of technology education in Malaysia: drivers and barriers\u201d, Enformatika, Vol. 5, pp. 263-6<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Stella Kabesa, Dr. Lazarus M. Okioma &#8220;Using Community Learning Resources to Enhance the Acquisition of Science Process Skills&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.27-35 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/27-35.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/27-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/using-community-learning-resources-to-enhance-the-acquisition-of-science-process-skills\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Using Community Learning Resources to Enhance the Acquisition of Science Process Skills<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcdbbb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edcdbbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcdd4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcdd4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcdf30\" data-id=\"edcdf30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edce062 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edce062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edce11f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edce11f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edce2a4\" data-id=\"edce2a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edce3d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edce3d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edce489 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edce489\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edce5ea\" data-id=\"edce5ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edce706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edce706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edce7a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edce7a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edce8f7\" data-id=\"edce8f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edceb37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edceb37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcebe9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcebe9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edced45\" data-id=\"edced45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edceeb4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edceeb4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcef63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcef63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcf0ba\" data-id=\"edcf0ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcf1c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcf1c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcf268 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcf268\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcf3ce\" data-id=\"edcf3ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcf4e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcf4e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcf584 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcf584\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcf6f4\" data-id=\"edcf6f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcf813 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcf813\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcf8b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcf8b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcfaeb\" data-id=\"edcfaeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcfc46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edcfc46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Structure-Agent Relationship in Social Construction Process An Implementation of Election Information System in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Harjono Padmono Putro, Udi Rusadi &amp; Kholil &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 36-42<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edcfcf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edcfcf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edcfea7\" data-id=\"edcfea7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edcfff4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edcfff4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The 2019 Concurrent Election, which was the first time in the history of elections in Indonesia which use a Political Party Information System (Sipol) as a working aid for the General Election Commissions of Indonesia (KPU RI) and Political Parties at the registration stage of 2019 Election Contesting Political Parties, caused legal, social, Sipol users and technical and non-technical aspects. The Critical Paradigm that underlies this research uses qualitative research methods using the Theory of Social Construction of Technology (SCoT), Giddens Structural theory and Information Systems theory. Evaluation analysis were conducted using the Holostic Critical Evaluation framework and data analysis using Miles and Hubermas models.<br \/>\r\nThe evaluative analysis results showed some differences in interpretation of meanings between structures and agents, this shows that the social construction process in the development and implementation of this Sipol (1). not yet have consistency starting from the vision to the results and (2). there is no balance between technical aspects and non-technical aspects. There is a practice of structural domination by the KPU RI due to unequal power relations between the RI KPU and Political Parties, so that there are differences in the position of the electoral system structure in Indonesia, and this has an effect on the development and application of Sipol. This research succeeded in offering 3 recommendations, namely: (1). model, (2). the use of theory between scientific fields and (3). architecture for development and implementation of Sipol. The renewal of this research is the modification of the SCoT theory with the Giddens Structural theory called the Giddens-SCoT Structural Theory Integration.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 36-42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harjono Padmono Putro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudents Ph.D Program of Science Communication, Post Graduate School of Sahid University, Jakarta Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udi Rusadi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor at Post Graduate School of Sahid University, Jakarta Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kholil<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor at Post Graduate School of Sahid University, Jakarta Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. 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Of Business Information Technology Faculty of Business and Management Manchester Metropolitan University<br \/>\r\n[28]. Russell, S., 1986, 16:331-346, The social construction of artifacts: a response to Pinch and Bijker, Social studies of science<br \/>\r\n[29]. Sharif, N., 2005, 83-105, Contributions from the Sociology of Technology to the Study of Innovation Systems, Knowledge, Technology &amp; Policy, 17(3-4), 83-105.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Stein, L., 2011, Environmental Website Production: a Structuration Approach, Media Culture Society, Published by:http:\/\/www.sagepublications.com<br \/>\r\n[31]. Stone, R., 2005, Structuration theory, Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan<br \/>\r\n[32]. Turban, Efraim. et. al., \u201cIntroduction To Information Technology\u201d, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., edisi ke 3, 2005<br \/>\r\n[33]. Veenstra, Anne Fleur van, Melin, et.al, 2014, Theoretical And Practical Implications From The Use Of Structuration Theory In Public Sector Information Systems Research, Link\u00f6ping University, Department of Management and Engineering, Information Systems, Link\u00f6ping, Sweden<br \/>\r\n[34]. Webster, JG, 2011, The Duality of Media: A Structurational Theory of Public Attention, Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA<br \/>\r\n[35]. Winner, L., 1993, Upon Opening the Black Box and Finding It Empty: Social Constructivism and the Philosophy of Technology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute<br \/>\r\n[36]. Xia, Y., 2012, Chinese Use of Mobile Texting for Social Interactions: Cultural Implications in The Use of Communication Technology, Intercultural Communication Studies XXI, Rider University, USA<br \/>\r\n[37]. Yousefikhak, S., 2017, Sociology Of Innovation : Social Construction Of Technology Perspective, Universidad Eafit, Medellin, Columbia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Harjono Padmono Putro, Udi Rusadi &amp; Kholil &#8220;Structure-Agent Relationship in Social Construction Process An Implementation of Election Information System in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.36-42 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/36-42.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/36-42.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/structure-agent-relationship-in-social-construction-process-an-implementation-of-election-information-system-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Structure-Agent Relationship in Social Construction Process An Implementation of Election Information System in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd184f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edd184f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd194b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd194b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd1acb\" data-id=\"edd1acb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd1c02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd1c02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd1ca5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd1ca5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd1dfa\" data-id=\"edd1dfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd1f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd1f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd1fb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd1fb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd2124\" data-id=\"edd2124\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd2244 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd2244\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd22ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd22ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd2439\" data-id=\"edd2439\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd2556 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd2556\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd260c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd260c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd276b\" data-id=\"edd276b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd2877 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd2877\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd6283 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd6283\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd670c\" data-id=\"edd670c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd6a7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edd6a7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Implementation of Subsidiary toward Holding Company in Manifestation of <i>Good Corporate Governance (GCG)<\/i> Principle<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Alfarina Ardyastutik, Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto, Yudho Taruno Muryanto- April 2019 Page No.: 43-47<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edd6ba9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edd6ba9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edd6ed3\" data-id=\"edd6ed3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd7029 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edd7029\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research aims to know the implementation of the subsidiary toward the holding company in manifestation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principle. This research was conducted at PT INKA (Persero) and PT IMS. This research uses empirical legal research and the nature of this research is descriptive research. It explained implementation of the subsidiary toward the holding company in manifestation of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) principle. The types of data are divided into primary and secondary data. The primary data are the data gained from interview, and the secondary data taken from written document, reports, books, journals, and articles related to the research. Meanwhile, source of data consist of primary and secondary data source. The primary data source is information or fact which is directly gained through research on location, and secondary data source consist of primary and secondary legal material. Technique of collecting primary data is conducted by interview, while technique of collecting secondary data is conducted by literature review. Based on the research finding and discussion, it can be concluded that the implementation of Subsidiary toward holding company in manifestation of Good Corporate Governance has been corresponding with Article 36 paragraph (2) of Decree of the Minister of State-Owned Enterprises No: KEP-117\/M-MBU\/2002 concerning the application of Good Corporate Governance Practice in the State-Owned Enterprises. The implementation of the Good Corporate Governance Principle is important for companies. It is used to increase business success and company accountability in order to embody long term shareholder value while while paying attention to the interest of other stakeholders based on the legislation and ethical values.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 43-47\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alfarina Ardyastutik<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster Program of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer Master Program of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yudho Taruno Muryanto<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer Master Program of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Books<br \/>\r\n[1]. Djakti, D. K. (2004). Good Corporate Governance di Indonesia: Komisaris Independen Penggerak Praktik GCG di Perusahaan. Jakarta : PT. Indeks.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Fuady, M. (2005). Pengantar Hukum Bisnis Menata Bisnis Modern di Era global. Bandung: PT Citra Aditya Bakti.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Prasetya, R. (2014). Perseroan Terbatas. Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Rajagukguk, E. (2008). Peranan Hukum Dalam Mendorong BUMN meningkatkan Pendapatan Negara dan Kesejahtraan Rakyat. Jakarta : PT Indeks.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Shadily, H (pemred). (1987). Ensiklopedia Indonesia. Jakarta : PT. Ichtiar Baru \u2013 Van Hoeve.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Soeriaatmadja, A. (2010). Laporan Akhir Kompendium Bidang Hukum Keuangan Negara (Sumber-Sumber Keuangan Negara). Jakarta: Law and Human Rights Development Agency of Republic of Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Suhardi, G. (2007). Revitalisasi BUMN. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Usman, R. (2004). Dimensi Hukum Perusahaam Perseroan Terbatas. Bandung : Alumni<br \/>\r\nJournal<br \/>\r\n[9]. Wijayanti, M. (2015). PENERAPAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (GCG) PADA METODE PENGADAAN BARANG DAN JASA DI BUMN (Studi Kasus Pada Perusahaan BUMN PT.XYZ). Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Xu, X., &amp; Xia, Y. (2012). Internal corporate governance and the use of IPO over-financing: Evidence from China. China Journal of Accounting Research, 5(3), 231- 249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjar.2012.08.003<br \/>\r\n[11]. Leung, N. W., &amp; Cheng, M.-A. (2013). Corporate governance and firm value: Evidence from Chinese state-controlled listed firms. China Journal of Accounting Research, 6(2), 89-112. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.cjar.2013.03.002<br \/>\r\nLegislation<br \/>\r\n[12]. Act No. 17 of 2003 about State Finances ;<br \/>\r\n[13]. Act No.19 of 2003 about State-Owned Enterprises;<br \/>\r\n[14]. Act No. 15 of 2006 about Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia ;<br \/>\r\n[15]. Act No. 40 of 2007 about Limited Liability Company;<br \/>\r\n[16]. Government Regulation No. 72 of 2016 about Amendment of Government Regulation No. 44 of 2005 concerning Participation and Administration Procedure of State Capital on State-Owned Enterprises and Limited Liability Company (PT).<br \/>\r\n[17]. Regulation of Minister of Stated Owned Enterprises No. Per 03\/MBU\/2012 of 2012 concerning Guidelines for Appointment of Members of the Board of Directors and Board of Commissioners of Subsidiary of State-Owned Enterprises.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Regulation of Minister of Stated Owned Enterprises No: PER \u2013 01\/MBU\/2011 concerning Good Corporate Governance Implementation in the State-Owned Enterprises which states that all of State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alfarina Ardyastutik, Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto, Yudho Taruno Muryanto, &#8220;The Implementation of Subsidiary toward Holding Company in Manifestation of <i>Good Corporate Governance (GCG)<\/i> Principle&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.43-47 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/43-47.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/43-47.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-implementation-of-subsidiary-toward-holding-company-in-manifestation-of-good-corporate-governance-gcg-principle\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Implementation of Subsidiary toward Holding Company in Manifestation of <i>Good Corporate Governance (GCG)<\/i> Principle<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edd9b81 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edd9b81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edda00d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edda00d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edda164\" data-id=\"edda164\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edda27e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edda27e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edda31f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edda31f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edda476\" data-id=\"edda476\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edda57c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edda57c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edda621 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edda621\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edda765\" data-id=\"edda765\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edda878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edda878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edda916 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edda916\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddaa6b\" data-id=\"eddaa6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddab72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddab72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddac14 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddac14\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddad80\" data-id=\"eddad80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddae8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddae8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Performance Evaluation of Electricity Service Delivery Privatisation in Selected Developed and Developing Countries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Olamide Eniola Victor (PhD) and Adeoti, I. &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 48-53<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddaf24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddaf24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddb0ae\" data-id=\"eddb0ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddb201 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eddb201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Electricity service delivery privatisation had been the strategy embarked upon in some developed and developing nations with the intention of finding a solution to the problem of poor supply of electricity. The comparative analysis of the factors that account for either poor or excellent performance of this strategy in some selected countries across the globe is the thrust of the paper. Relevant literaturewas systematically reviewed to unravel the factors responsible for poor or excellence performance as method adopted in this paper. Seventeen nations were purposively selected across the globe and the comparative analysis of the factors for effective service delivery of electricity in some nations and otherwise in some other nations. The analytical results of the factors like; availability of enabling environment of functional electric facilities, the effective distribution network of electricity facilities, and cautious privatisation planning process by the government that have utmost concern and consideration for electricity users among others, formed the points of the discourse of the study. Recommendations like; availability of functional electricity service delivery facilities, preparedness of the government, appropriate planning process, inter alia,before venturing into privatisation, were the submission of the paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 48-53\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olamide Eniola Victor (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adeoti, I.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Federal Polytechnic Ado Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. A Eurelectric Paper, (2013). Power Distribution in Europe \u2013 Facts and Figures, D\u00e9p\u00f4tl\u00e9gal:D\/2013\/12.105\/46.http:\/\/www.eurelectric.org\/media\/113155\/ dso_report-web_final-2013-030-0764-01-e.pdf<br \/>\r\n[2]. Account learning, (2016) Non Probability Sampling | Methods | Advantages &amp; Disadvantages.http:\/\/accountlearning.com\/non-probability-sampling-methods-advantages-disadvantages\/Money Matters | All Management Articles Copyright \u00a9 2016.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Auriol E, Blanc A (2009) Capture and corruption in public utilities: The cases of water and electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa. Utilities Policy 17, 203\u2013216<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bonfanti Fernando Ariel, (2016) Electric power in Argentina. http:\/\/www.monografias.com\/trabajos15\/energiaelectricaargentina\/energiaelectricaargentina.shtml<br \/>\r\n[5]. Colin Teese (2010)Economic Affairs: Privatisation has failed to deliver cheaper electricity by News Weekly, May 1, 2010. \u00a9 Copyright NewsWeekly.com.au 2011.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Demarco, C.,Heydt, G. T, Oren, S. (2016).The Electricity Of Tomorrow. Overcoming a grand challenge for the future grid power Systems Engineering Research Center (PSERC).<br \/>\r\n[7]. Eberhard, A. (2007). The political economy of power sector reform in South Africa Stanford CUP Book Chapter 6 pp. 215-253.<br \/>\r\n[8]. England, E. (2011). &#8220;Privatization: Analyzing the Process of Privatization in Theory and Practice.&#8221;Student Pulse, Vol. 3 No. 08 | Pg. 1\/5 Retrieved from http:\/\/www.studentpulse.com\/a?id=566<br \/>\r\n[9]. Enrique, O. R. (2016). How can Mexico reach its full energy potential?Chief Executive Officer, Comision Federal de Electricidad (CFE). https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2016\/03\/how-can-mexico-reach-its-full-energy-potential\/<br \/>\r\n[10]. 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Zamin, Noor ZafinaMohd, Abidin, Nor ZihaZainol and Ibrahim, Joon B. (2013) Single Buyer \u2013 A Step Forward in Malaysian Electricity Supply Industry Reform. IEEE 2013 Tencon \u2013Spring<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olamide Eniola Victor (PhD) and Adeoti, I., &#8220;Performance Evaluation of Electricity Service Delivery Privatisation in Selected Developed and Developing Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.48-53 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/48-53.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddd082\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddd1e6\" data-id=\"eddd1e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddd2fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddd2fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddd3a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddd3a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddd4f5\" data-id=\"eddd4f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddd603 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddd603\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddd6a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddd6a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddd7eb\" data-id=\"eddd7eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddd8f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddd8f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddd995 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddd995\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edddb01\" data-id=\"edddb01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edddc10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edddc10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efficiency and Productivity Pattern of Public and Private Hospitals in Oyo State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Joseph Afolabi Ibikunle- April 2019 Page No.: 54-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edddcb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edddcb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddde22\" data-id=\"eddde22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edde266 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edde266\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The importance of good health to social and economic development has been the reason for countries\u2019 health systems to pursue effective, efficient, quality and equity objectives. However, the success depends on how much any or all of these objectives could be attained. This study estimates the efficiency and productivity pattern of public and private hospitals in Oyo State, Nigeria for the period of 2007 to 2016. Convenience sampling method was employed to select 10 public and 10 private hospitals. The input data are the number of Doctors, Nurses, hospital beds, unit cost of operation, equipment and cost of drugs while the output variables were inpatient, outpatient, deliveries and revenue. Data Envelopment Analysis and the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) was used to calculate the efficiency and productivity growth of the hospitals. Findings revealed that the public hospitals were more efficient in terms of technical, allocative and cost with the mean score of (0.858, 0.822 and 0.701) than the private hospital (0.616, 690 and 0.425), but both are deteriorating in productivity growth (0.971 and 0.763). The study recommended that the Ministries of Health should equip the hospitals towards the changing health demands and competitiveness in the cost of operation for both hospitals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 54-61\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Afolabi Ibikunle<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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J.C., Onwujekwe, O.E., Uzochukwu B., &amp;Ezeoke, O. (2014). Patients\u2019 satisfaction and quality of case in a tertiary institution in Southeast Nigeria. International Research Journal of Basic and Clinical Studies, 2(2), 14-19.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Ichoku, H.E., Williams, M. F., &amp; Obinna, E.O. (2012). Evaluating the technical efficiency of hospital in southeastern Nigeria. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(8),1-25.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Polsa P., Wei, F., S\u00e4\u00e4ksj\u00e4rvi, M., &amp; Bei, S. (2011). Cultural values and health care service quality in China: A case study of Tianjin\u201fs number one hospital. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 4(3), 19 \u2013 30.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., &amp; Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring efficiency of the Decision Making Units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Coelli, T. J., Prasada, D.S., Rao., C. J. O., &amp; George E. B. (2005). An Introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis, Second Edition, Springer.<br \/>\r\n[34]. F\u00e4re, R., S. Grosskopf, B. Lindgren, B., &amp; Bjorn, R.P. (1992). Productivity changes in Swedish Pharmacies 1980 \u2013 1989: a non \u2013 parametric Malmquist approach. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3(1-2), 85 \u2013 101.<br \/>\r\n[35]. F\u00e4re, R., Grosskopf, S., Lindgren, B., &amp; Jean-Pierre, P. (1997). Productivity Growth in Health-Care Delivery, Medical Care (35)4, 354-366.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Afolabi Ibikunle&#8221; Efficiency and Productivity Pattern of Public and Private Hospitals in Oyo State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.54-61 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/54-61.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/54-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efficiency-and-productivity-pattern-of-public-and-private-hospitals-in-oyo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Efficiency and Productivity Pattern of Public and Private Hospitals in Oyo State Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddf0f7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eddf0f7\" 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class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddf36c\" data-id=\"eddf36c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddf494 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddf494\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddf535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddf535\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddf845\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddf994\" data-id=\"eddf994\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddfaa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddfaa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddfb43 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddfb43\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddfc95\" data-id=\"eddfc95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eddfda7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eddfda7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eddfe44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eddfe44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eddffa6\" data-id=\"eddffa6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede00b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede00b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Beginning Change: Incorporating Information Communication Technologies into Secondary-level Biology Education in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Khayrunnahar Shirin, Patricia A Kerslake &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 62-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede014d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede014d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede02cb\" data-id=\"ede02cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede0407 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ede0407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Using a self-study methodology as a basis of investigation, this paper explores theincorporation ofinformation communication technology (ICT) into secondary-level Biologyeducation in Bangladesh.Given that the traditional secondary-level learning environment in Bangladesh isoften unequipped for preparing students to function beyond its own society, the encroachment of globalism renders pedagogical progress (in the form of incorporated ICT) both vital and inevitable. Using ICT in a learning environment is commonplace in developed nations, yet developing countries, such as Bangladesh, are still considering whetherICT is even an appropriate application, yet there is scant understandingor substantive research upon which to base future policy change. This paper examines the role that ICTmay play in supporting face-to-face teaching and learning in thesecondary-level Biology classroom, at the same time as improving knowledge-retention, and dealing with special-needs students. This paper also discusses possible ICT education needs in Bangladesh and suggests futurepolicy direction.The result of this research is an important tool for educators, students, politicians, development practitioners, researchers, and many other freelance knowledge educators.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-67 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khayrunnahar Shirin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGovernment Titumir College, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia A Kerslake<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCQ University, Melbourne, Australia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. 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UNDP (2011). e-Shikkha Vision 2021, A2I Program, Prime Minister\u2019s Office, Bangladesh, Online: https:\/\/docs.google.com\/file\/d\/0BwHArhOsFZ1-ZjE2ODllN2ItMzU4Ny00ZDNjLTkxYzAtZGVjM2IyNmY0Yjdi\/edit?hl=en_US&amp;pli=1 Accessed21 November, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Yaman, M. and Graf, D. (2010). Evaluation of an International blended learning cooperation project in Biology teacher education, The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology,, 9 (2), p 87-96<br \/>\r\n[38]. Zeichner, K. (1999). The new scholarship in teacher education. Educational Researcher, 28(9), 4\u201315.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Zeichner, K. M., and Liston, D. P. (1996). Reflective teaching: An introduction. Mahway, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khayrunnahar Shirin, Patricia A Kerslake &#8220;Beginning Change: Incorporating Information Communication Technologies into Secondary-level Biology Education in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.62-67 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/62-67.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/62-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/beginning-change-incorporating-information-communication-technologies-into-secondary-level-biology-education-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Beginning Change: Incorporating Information Communication Technologies into Secondary-level Biology Education in Bangladesh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede127c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ede127c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede1373 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede1373\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede14f7\" data-id=\"ede14f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede1634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede1634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede16e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede16e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede1846\" data-id=\"ede1846\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede195d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede195d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede19fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede19fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede1b58\" data-id=\"ede1b58\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede1c67 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede1c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede1d13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede1d13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede1e7c\" data-id=\"ede1e7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede1f97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede1f97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Concept of Best Practice in Vocational and Technical Education: Case Study of Federal College of Education (Tech) Gombe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ado Makama Adamu PhD, Rakiya Audu, Rhoda Sarki Awak PhD, Yakubu Abubakar &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 68-72<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede2035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede2035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede219c\" data-id=\"ede219c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede22c8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ede22c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to appraise what academic staff of Federal College of Education Technical Gombe understands by the concept of \u2018best practice\u2019. The concept of best practices resonate with almost everybody, it has been a buzz word in many fields of human endeavors. It is the same in the academic world, yet it isa nebulous construct precisely demarcating what constitute best practice seems to be a daunting task. In this study the concept of best practice was tested with 163 academic staffs of Federal College of Education (Tech.) Gombe. Results indicates that concept of best practice is not well understood by the respondents. Suggestion for further studies is made; among others there is a need for scholars to come up with a group of procedures that will be use as best practice.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-72 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ado Makama Adamu PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Federal College of Education Technical Gombe, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rakiya Audu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHome Economics Department, Federal College of Education Technical Gombe, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rhoda Sarki Awak PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nOffice Technology and Management, Federal College of Education Technical Gombe, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yakubu Abubakar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting, Federal College of Education Technical Gombe, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Anonymous. (1982). Glossary of occupational safety and health terms. The Paper Conservator, 7:32-82.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Armstrong, J. S., &amp; Overton, T. S. (1977). Estimating Nonresponse Bias in Mail Surveys. Journal of Marketing Research, 14(3), 396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3150783<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cato, P. S. (2001). Best Practices \u2013 what does that imply\u202f? Excerpt From the SPHNC Newsletter, (February).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gaskin, J. (2012). \u201ccase screening\u201d Gaskination\u2019s starwiki. http:\/\/stawiki.kolobkreations.com youtube video.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hamilton, D. K. (2011). What Constitutes Best Practice in Healthcare Design? Health Environmrntals Research and Design Journal, 4(2), 121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193758671100400210<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hatheway, A. W. (1992). Standards, guidelines and protocols: Keeping our house in order. AEG News, 35(1):26-28. Association of Engineering Geologists.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hayes, A. F., &amp; Krippendorff, K. (2007). Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data,Communication Methods and Measures. Communication Methods and Measures, 1(1), 77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19312450709336664<br \/>\r\n[8]. Krejcie, R. V, &amp; Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining Sample Size for Research Activities. Educationan and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607\u2013610.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Vesel\u00fd, A. (2011). Theory and Methodology of Best Practice Research\u202f: A Critical Review of the Current State. Central European Journal of Public Policy, 5(2), 98\u2013117.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ado Makama Adamu PhD, Rakiya Audu, Rhoda Sarki Awak PhD, Yakubu Abubakar &#8220;The Concept of Best Practice in Vocational and Technical Education: Case Study of Federal College of Education (Tech) Gombe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.68-72 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/68-72.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/68-72.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-concept-of-best-practice-in-vocational-and-technical-education-case-study-of-federal-college-of-education-tech-gombe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Concept of Best Practice in Vocational and Technical Education: Case Study of Federal College of Education (Tech) Gombe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede308c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ede308c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede3177 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede3177\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede3301\" data-id=\"ede3301\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede3427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede3427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede34e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede34e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede3642\" data-id=\"ede3642\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede374f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede374f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede37ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede37ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede3964\" data-id=\"ede3964\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede3a7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede3a7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede3b1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede3b1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede3c70\" data-id=\"ede3c70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede3d7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede3d7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede3e20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede3e20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede3f65\" data-id=\"ede3f65\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede4071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede4071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede410c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede410c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede4258\" data-id=\"ede4258\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede435c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede435c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede440b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede440b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede4553\" data-id=\"ede4553\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede4660 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede4660\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede46fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede46fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede4887\" data-id=\"ede4887\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede4993 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede4993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Adamawa State of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mundi R, Nwankwo BB , Dakyes SP, Ishaya S, Yohanna S &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 73-80<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede4a38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede4a38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede4baa\" data-id=\"ede4baa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede4d4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ede4d4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background<br \/>\r\nThe United Nations Children\u2019s Fund (UNICEF) identifies that children are at a greater risk of dying before age five if they are born in rural areas, among the poor, or to mothers who have no basic education. This study aimed to examine the influence of the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of women of child bearing age on the survival of their under- five years children.<br \/>\r\nMethods<br \/>\r\nThis cross-sectional descriptive study employed the use of quantitative data derived from primary sources. The study participants were selected from communities in three Local Government Areas of Adamawa State using a multi-stage sampling technique. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The demographic and socioeconomic variables analyzed include age, Level of education, marital status, occupation, average monthly income, ethnicity, religion, living with spouse\/partner. Chi square test of significance was used to analyze the categorical data, while logistic regression was used to determine the variables that were the most predictive of under-five mortality.<br \/>\r\nResults<br \/>\r\nFour hundred and thirty- eight mothers aged between 15 and 49 years (mean 30.8 +\/- 9) consented and completed the interviews in the different communities studied. One hundred and seventy-two (39.3%) of the mothers had experienced the death of at least one child before the attainment of five years. The bivariate analysis of the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the mothers depicts a statistically significant relationship between mothers\u2019 education, mother monthly income, ethnicity, religion, marital statusas well as occupation of partner and under-five child mortality. Age of mothers and Occupation had no statistical significant relationship with under-five child mortality. The, low educational status, widowed and divorcees, who had no other source of income than housewifery were significantly more likely to have an under-five mortality compared to their counterparts (p-value &lt;0.05). On multinomial logistic regression beta coefficient, of all the variables, religion was the onlysignificant causing under 5 mortality.<\/p>\r\n<p>Conclusion<br \/>\r\nDespite concerted efforts by several international organizations to reduce under-five mortality worldwide, there remains unacceptably high numbers of children dying before reaching the age of five years in Adamawa State, Nigeria.Low educational status, low income, maternal unemployment, divorce and widowed status were noted to be important predictors of a woman experiencing the death of her under-five children. The continued practice of girl child marriage, high divorce rate and the paralysis of economic activities by the insurgency in the Northeast, Nigeria may be indirectly sustaining the high under-five mortality in Adamawa State.<br \/>\r\n.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 73-80\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mundi R<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwankwo BB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dakyes SP<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Family Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishaya S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, University of Abuja, Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yohanna S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Family Medicine, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. WHO. Millennium Development Goals. www.who.int\/topics\/millenniumdevelopment_goals\/ about\/en. Accessed 18\/6\/2018<br \/>\r\n[2]. UNICEF. Child Mortality Report 2017<br \/>\r\n[3]. Committing to child survival: A Promise Renewed \u2013 Progress report 2012. New York, NY: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund; 2012<br \/>\r\n[4]. WHO, Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Child mortality and causes of death, 2016<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ghana Statistical Service: 2010 Population and Housing Census, National Analytical Report. 2013, (Access on 20th June 2018)<br \/>\r\n[6]. Levels &amp; Trends in Child Mortality Estimation, United Nations 2014 Child Mortality Report 2017.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ramesh A, Chai P: Household headship and child death; Evidence from Nepal. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010, 10: 13<br \/>\r\n[8]. www.unicef.org\/nigeria\/children<br \/>\r\n[9]. https:\/\/knoema.com\/atlas\/Nigeria\/topics\/Health\/Health-Status\/Under-5-mortality-rate<br \/>\r\n[10]. CanbackDangel. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved 2008-08-20.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Robert V.K, DARYLE W. M, Determining sample size for research activities and educational and psychological measurement 1970, 30, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[12]. National Population Council Report 2010<br \/>\r\n[13]. Wiley. H. M and Lincoln. C. C (\u200e2003)\u200e. An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries: public health classics \/ W. Henry Mosley and Lincoln C. Chen. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/71801<br \/>\r\n[14]. Edmund W. K, Ayaga A. B, Isaiah A, Fabian S. A, John Koku A.-w, Abraham R. O, James F. P, and James A1, Socio-economic and demographic determinants of under-five mortality in rural northern Ghana, Published online 2014 Aug 21. doi: 10.1186\/1472-698X-14-24<br \/>\r\n[15]. Fengqing C, Danzhen Y, Jon P, Lucia H, Leontine A. National and regional under-5 mortality rate by economic status for low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic assessment. The Lancet Global Health. 2018; 6: e345-e347<br \/>\r\n[16]. Sinha S1, Aggarwal AR, Osmond C, Fall CH, Bhargava SK, Sachdev HS, Maternal Age at Childbirth and Perinatal and Under five Mortality in a Prospective Birth Cohort from Delhi.2016;53(10):871-877. Epub 2016 Jul 10.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Sunday A. A,CliffordO,Eunice N.S. I, Dorothy N.O, Ethnic differentials in under-five mortality in Nigeria Published online 2014 Mar 5. doi: 10.1080\/13557858.2014.890599<br \/>\r\n[18]. Aristide R. B and Sathiya A. S, David O. C (ed). Women&#8217;s Education and Health Inequalities in Under-Five Mortality in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries, 1990\u20132015, Editor. Published online 2016 Jul 21. doi: 10.1371\/journal.pone.0159186<br \/>\r\n[19]. Oyewale M. M ,Adeniyi F. F. Neonatal, infant and under-five mortalities in Nigeria: An examination of trends and drivers (2003-2013). 2017,https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0182990<br \/>\r\n[20]. Nafiu L, Moses O, Adiukwu R. N.Determinants of under-five mortality in Abim district, Uganda. Medicine and Medical Sciences. 2016, 2354-323 (3) 040-045,<br \/>\r\n[21]. Isa Nuri W, Sarni M B, Nursalam N, Ferry E, Joni H, EkaMisbahatul M H, Elida U, Sylvia D W,AnnisaNurIslami W. Analysis of the Survival of Children Under-Five in Indonesia and Associated Factors. 2018. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.116012014<br \/>\r\n[22]. Solomon G, Emmanuel G. Determinants of Under-Five Mortality in High Mortality Regions of Ethiopia: An Analysis of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Data, International Journal of Population Research, Volume 2016, Article ID 1602761, 7 pages http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/1602761<br \/>\r\n[23]. Cau, M. B., Sevoyan, A., and Agadjanian, V., (2013) Religious Affiliation And Under-Five Mortality In Mozambique. J Biosoc Sci. 2013 May; 45(3): 415\u2013429. Published online 2012 Aug 3. doi: 10.1017\/S0021932012000454.<br \/>\r\n[24]. aabneh, A. &#8216;Christian-Muslim differences in child survival in Egypt&#8217;, Journal Of Population Research, 31, 3, p. 253-267, 2014 Scopus\u00ae, EBSCOhost, Last accessed: August 22, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Heaton, T.B. &#8216;Religion and socioeconomic status in developing nations: A comparative approach&#8217;, Social Compass, 60, 1, pp. 97- 114, 2013, Last accessed: August 22, 2018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mundi R, Nwankwo BB , Dakyes SP, Ishaya S, Yohanna S &#8220;Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Adamawa State of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.73-80 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/73-80.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/73-80.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/demographic-and-socioeconomic-factors-associated-with-under-five-mortality-in-adamawa-state-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Under-Five Mortality in Adamawa State of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede5ca6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ede5ca6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede6d03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede6d03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede6da6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede6da6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede6f3e\" data-id=\"ede6f3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede706a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede706a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede711b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede711b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede7291\" data-id=\"ede7291\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede741a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede741a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Voice and Accountability on Tax Revenue in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>N. S. Awotomilusi, Prof. I. R. Akintoye, Dr. F. F. Adegbie &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 81-89<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede74f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede74f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede7689\" data-id=\"ede7689\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede7807 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ede7807\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">:-Tax revenue is an essential aspect of government revenue considered as the wheel of economic development of a nation and it facilitates the implementation of the fiscal policy of the government. Quite a few reforms have been carried out in Nigeria tax system to improve the tax revenue but yielded little effect as the country still experiences over-dependence on oil revenue. This study explored another alternative that may influence and improve tax revenue without necessarily reviewing tax rate that may adversely affect taxpayers&#8217; purchasing power in the long run. Several studies were carried out on the impact of institutional factors on tax revenue in developing nations using panel data analysis without specific effect, but it seems not many have been conducted in Nigeria. The study evaluated the influence of voice and accountability as institutional factor jointly with economic factors which are industry share in GDP, the share of Agriculture in GDP, trade openness and inflation held as control variables on tax revenue in Nigeria.<br \/>\r\nThe ex-postfacto research design was adopted for this study. The geographical coverage of the study is Nigeria. Secondary data were obtained from the reports of Federal Inland Revenue Service, Political Risk Services of International Country Risk Guide and the World Bank Development Index for a period covering 1984-2017 using purposive sampling technique the study adopted descriptive and inferential (regression) statistics for data analysis.<br \/>\r\nThe study found that significant relationship existed betweenvoice and accountability and tax revenue (\u03b2 = 0.0413; p&lt; 0.05; t(34) = 2,54; R2= 0.99 ) in line with a priori expectation. There was also a significant positive relationship between control variables. The researcher recommended that government should improve on voice and accountability to improve tax revenue through voluntary compliance to tax laws<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 81-89\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N. S. Awotomilusi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D. Student, Babcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. I. R. Akintoye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBabcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. F. F. Adegbie<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBabcock University, Ilisan Remo, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\nREFERENCES<br \/>\r\n[1]. 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Corruption, governance and tax revenues in Africa. (2017). , Business and Economic Horizons, 13, 439-467. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15208\/beh.2017.31<br \/>\r\n[13]. Federal Ministry of Finance. (2016). National Tax Policy.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ghura, D. (1998). Tax Revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa: Effects of Economic Policies and Corruption. Working paper of the International Monetary Fund, 1-25.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Gravelle, J. G., &amp; Marples, D. J. (2014). Tax rates and economic growth. Washington, DC: Congressional research service., 1-20.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Hassan, M. M. (2010). Government accounting. Ibadan: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Hussain, S., Llahi, N &amp; Ul- Islam M. (2016). Impact of Institutional Quality and Governance on Tax-GDP Ratio: A Cross Country Analysis. Journal of Managerial Science, X(2), 183-203.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Imam, P. A., and Jacobs, D. F. (2007, November). Effect of Corruption on Tax Revenues in the Middle East. 1-35. New York, USA: IMF Institute and Fiscal Affairs Department.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Ishola, K. A. (2011). Taxation principles and fiscal policy in Nigeria. Ilorin: Lavgark Nigeria publishers limited.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Ishola, K. A. (2016). Taxation principles and fiscal policy in Nigeria (Revised ed.). Ibadan: Cresthill Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Jhingan. (2009). Public finance and international trade. Delhi: B.K. Offset Press.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A., and Mastruzzi, M. (2010). The Worldwide Governance Indicators Methodology and Analytical Issues. NY: The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth Team.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Kebede, M. and Tegegn, T. (2016). Problems Associated with Tax Payers and Revenue Authority in Case of Dessie Town, Northern Ethiopia. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 25, 56-64.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Lien, N. P. (2015). The impact of institutional quality on tax revenue in developing countries. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 5(10), 181-195.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Martin, L. (2014). Taxation, Loss Aversion, and Accountability: Theory and Experimental Evidence for Taxation\u2019s E\u21b5ect on Citizen Behavior. Yale University, 1-45.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Mberere, F. (2011). Tax Justice Network. African Tax Spotlight, 1-20.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Musa, S. J., Nwachukwu, M. N. &amp; Success, B. E. (2018). Direct tax and economic growth in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting and Management, 1(1), 185-192.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Olajide, R. A. (2015). Revenue generation as a significant source of income for the government at the state: an empirical analysis of two parastatals. International journal of economics, commerce and management, 3(6).<br \/>\r\n[29]. Omolehinwa E.O. &amp; Naiyeju J.K. (2011). Theory and Practice of Government Accounting in Nigeria (1st ed.). Lagos: Pumark Nigeria Limited.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Petkovski, M. and Kjosevski, J. (2014). Does banking sector development promote economic growth? An empirical analysis for selected countries in Central and South Eastern Europe. Economic Research, 27(1), 55 &#8211; 66. doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/1331677X.2014.947107 .<br \/>\r\n[31]. Richard, M. B., Jorge, M. V.&amp; Benno, T. (2008). Tax effort in developing countries and high income countries: the impact of corruption,. Economic analysis &amp; policy, 38(1).<br \/>\r\n[32]. Torgler, B. (2003). Tax morale and empirical analysis of tax compliance, Dissertation, der universistat. Dissertation, der Universit\u00e4t Basel, 1-668.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Ubani, M. (2013). Nigerian Tax Administration\/Enforcement Challenges. Lagos: Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria., 9.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">N. S. Awotomilusi, Prof. I. R. Akintoye, Dr. F. F. Adegbie &#8220;Influence of Voice and Accountability on Tax Revenue in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.81-89 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/81-89.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/81-89.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-voice-and-accountability-on-tax-revenue-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Voice and Accountability on Tax Revenue in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede870e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ede870e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede8b68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede8b68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede8cd1\" data-id=\"ede8cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede8de6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede8de6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede8ea1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede8ea1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9000\" data-id=\"ede9000\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede910c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede910c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede91a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede91a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9313\" data-id=\"ede9313\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede9427 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede9427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede94c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede94c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9617\" data-id=\"ede9617\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede971d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede971d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede97b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede97b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9901\" data-id=\"ede9901\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede9a16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede9a16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede9ab3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede9ab3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9c3b\" data-id=\"ede9c3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ede9d53 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ede9d53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ede9e12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ede9e12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ede9f7a\" data-id=\"ede9f7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edea092 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edea092\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study of Relationship between Pedagogical Knowledge and Practice among Senior Secondary School Civic Teachers in Osun State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. B.A. Adeyemi &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 90-95<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edea130 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edea130\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edea298\" data-id=\"edea298\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edea3c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edea3c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study determined the adequacy level of pedagogical knowledge as well as pedagogical practice of senior secondary school Civic teachers in Osun State. It also examined the relationship between pedagogical knowledge as well as pedagogical practice of senior secondary school Civic teachers and finally determined the influence of educational qualification and year of experience on pedagogical practice of senior secondary school Civic teachers in Osun State.The study adopted the correlational research method. Multistage sampling procedure was employed in selecting a sample size of 100 Civic teachers. Two instruments were designed and validated before use. Two research questions were raised and answered and three hypotheses were tested and verified. The results among others showed that 80% of Civic teachers had adequate level of pedagogical knowledge whereas 18% of Civic teachers demonstrated good level of pedagogical practice. The results equally showed that there was a significant relationship between the pedagogical knowledge and pedagogical practice of senior secondary school Civic teachers (\u03c72 = 13.490; p &lt; 0.05). The study concluded that a cordial harmony existed between pedagogical knowledge and pedagogical practice of senior secondary school Civic teachers. This is keen to ensuring effective teaching and learning<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 90-95\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. B.A. Adeyemi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Education, Faculty of Education, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeyemi, B.A. (2019). Influence of Value Self Efficacy on Knowledge of National Values in Civic Education among Senior Secondary Schools Students. Journal of Emerging Trends in Education Research and Policy Studies,10(1): 33 \u2013 40.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Alter, J &amp;Coggshall, J.G. (2009). Teaching as a clinical practice profession: Implications forteacher preparation and state policy; New York: New York Comprehensive Center for Teacher Quality.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bl\u00f6meke, S. &amp; Delaney, S. (2012). Assessment of teacher knowledge across countries: A review of the state of research. ZDM Mathematics Education, 44, 223-247.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Brophy, J.E., &amp; Good, T.L. (1986).Teacher behavior and student achievement.In M. C. Wittrock (Ed.), Third handbook of research on teaching (3rd ed., pp. 328-375). New York: Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Brown, S. &amp;Mclntyre, D. (1993).Making sense of teaching.Journal of Education for Teaching, 19(3): 341 \u2013 342.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Carroll, J. (1963). A model for school learning,Teachers College Record, 64, 723\u2013733.<br \/>\r\n[7]. FRN (2014).National Policy on Education. 6th Edition, Lagos: NERC<br \/>\r\n[8]. Hill, H. C., Rowan, B.&amp; Ball, D.L. (2005).Effects of teachers\u2019 mathematical knowledge for teaching on student achievement.American Educational Research Journal, 42(2): 371- 406.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hodge, N. (2008). Armed Humanitarians.The rise of the Nation Builders. New York City: Bloombury U.S.A<br \/>\r\n[10]. Lloyd, G. M. and Wilson, M. (1998).Supporting Innovation: The Impact of a Teacher Conceptions of Functions on his Implementation of a Curriculum. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education,29(3): 248-274.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Mishra, P.&amp; Koehler, M. J. (2006).Technological pedagogical content knowledge: Aframework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017\u20131054.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Okebukola, P.A.O. (2005). Cross-border Higher Education: The African Experience Presented at the UNESCO- HEP Conference on cross-border higher education<br \/>\r\n[13]. Popoola,A.A. and Odili,G.A. (2011). Secondary School Mathematics Teachers Utilization of Pedagogical Knowledge and their teaching effectiveness.African Journal of Education and Technology, 1(3): 53-61<br \/>\r\n[14]. Riley, J.E. (2003). Collaborative Explorations.The Journal of Mathematics and Science,6, Pp 179-189.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Shavelson, R. J. &amp; Stern, P. (1981).Research on teachers\u2019 pedagogical thoughts, judgments, decisions, and behavior.Review of Educational Research, 51(4): 455 \u2013 498.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Shulman, L.S. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the New Reform. Harward Educational Review, 57(1), 1-22.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Slavin, R. E. (1984). Team Assisted Individualization: Cooperative Learning and Individualized Instruction in the Mainstreamed Classroom. Remedial and Special Education, 5(6): 33 \u2013 42.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. B.A. Adeyemi &#8220;A Study of Relationship between Pedagogical Knowledge and Practice among Senior Secondary School Civic Teachers in Osun State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.90-95 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/90-95.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/90-95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-of-relationship-between-pedagogical-knowledge-and-practice-among-senior-secondary-school-civic-teachers-in-osun-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Study of Relationship between Pedagogical Knowledge and Practice among Senior Secondary School Civic Teachers in Osun State Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edeb1b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edeb1b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edeb297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edeb297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edeb420\" data-id=\"edeb420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edeb544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edeb544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edeb5e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edeb5e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edeb73b\" data-id=\"edeb73b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edeb84a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edeb84a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edeb8e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edeb8e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edeba3d\" data-id=\"edeba3d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edebb4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edebb4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edebbeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edebbeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edebd42\" data-id=\"edebd42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edebe4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edebe4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edebef4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edebef4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edec058\" data-id=\"edec058\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edec170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edec170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tafsir Literature: Growth and Development<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abu Nasar Mohammad Abdul Mabood &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 96-107<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edec20f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edec20f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edec3ce\" data-id=\"edec3ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edec539 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edec539\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Qur\u2019\u0101n introduces itself as a guidance which encourages man to realize the nature of his existence. The man who would reflect upon All\u0101h\u2019s guidance should therefore have a thorough understanding of the Qur\u2019\u0101n. The Qur\u2019\u0101n needed interpretation, even while it was being revealed. The effort of interpreting the meaning of this guidance according to man\u2019s ability is called tafsir. As recorded in many accounts, the style of Qur\u2019\u0101n commentary is traceable as far back as the first generation of Muslims( 310-23, 1995, V. 72, n. 2, Der Isl\u0101m). After the Prophet Muhammad (r) himself, Ibn \u2018Abb\u0101s (<em>\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627<\/em>) was the most prominent Qur\u2019\u0101n interpreter among the Prophet\u2019s Companions,<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> his exegesis was marked by a close attention to certain expressions of the Qur\u2019\u0101n and the occasions on which the Qur\u2019\u0101n was revealed. It contains an unlimited possibility of meanings. The impression that it has upon our thoughts stands at the level of absolute existence. Therefore, its verses are always open to new interpretation; it can never be restricted to a single interpretation. The variety of possible interpretations of the Qur\u2019\u0101nic verses shows the need for a similar variety of approaches. Qur\u2019\u0101nic exegetes formed schools and formulated principles of exegesis and methods of interpretation which often reflected the socio-political environment and comparison the religious thoughts of their eras.<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> At first, the study of the Qur\u2019\u0101n involved the study of the text itself, focusing on its readings and the traditions that explained it. Later, this was extended to commentary on the Qur\u2019\u0101n originally meant to give Muslims Qur\u2019\u0101nic answers to their daily problems. When Muslims encountered other civilizations, the status of the Qur\u2019\u0101n was included. Toward the end of the last second century hijri, the study of the authenticity of the Qur\u2019a&gt;n and of its miraculous nature (i\u2018j\u0101z al-Qur\u2019\u0101n) developed mainly to establish the validity of Muhammad\u2019s(r) Prophethood. After the Prophet (r) it has been developed day by day by the methods which are accredited to all. The paper has been focused on the development of Tafsir literature.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 96-107\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abu Nasar Mohammad Abdul Mabood<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDr., Associate Professor, Department of Islamic Studies, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Moh}ammad \u2018Abdul \u2018Azim said, \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u064a\u064a\u064a\u0646Manahil al- \u2018Irfa&gt;n, v.2.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Hans Wehr, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, ed. J. Milton Cowan, Ithaca:Spoken Language Service, Inc., 1976, p. 435, 64.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Abadi, al-Fayruz, al-Qa&gt;mu&gt;s al-Muhit, Mu\u2019assasah al-Risalah, (Beirut:1996), vol.2.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Darya&gt;ba&gt;di, \u2018Abdul Ma&gt;jid, Tafsir- ul- Qur\u2019a&gt;n, vol. 1, 3, p. 109.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Nasafi, Imam `Abdullah bin Ahmad bin Mahmud, Mada&gt;rik al-Tanzil wa Haqa&gt;\u2019iq al-Ta`wil, Dar al-Ma`rifah, Beirut.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Abu&gt; Hayya&gt;n, Muh}ammad b.Yu&gt;suf, Al-Bah}ru al-Muh}it f&gt;i al-Tafsir, (Bayru&gt;t, Da&gt;r al-Fiqh:1412AH\/1992AD), Vol.I. p. 26.<br \/>\r\n[21]. 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Helmut Gatje, The Qur\u2019a&gt;n and its Exegesis, trans, &amp; ed. Alford T. Welch, London:Routledge&amp; Kegan Paul, 1976 A.D.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Clement Huart, A History of Arabic Literature (London:William Heinemann, 1903 A.D.).<br \/>\r\n[39]. Muhammad Ishaq,\u201dThe Role of Hadith in Early Islam\u201d, the Islamic Literature 3rd Year, No.1 (January 1952).p.40.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Al-Khatib at-Tabrizi, Mishka&gt;t al-Mas}abih}, (Kolkata, n.d.).p.174.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Imam Muslim, as-S}ah}ih}, (Delhi, n.d.), Vol.1.p. 347.414.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Ibn Ma&gt;jah, as-Sunan, (Diwband, n.d.).<br \/>\r\n[43]. Raisuddin, Spanish Contribution to the Study of the Hadith Literature, (Ph.D. thesis, University of Dhaka, 1984 A.D.), p. 1,3-4, 7, 12,53.<br \/>\r\n[44]. \u2018Ali, \u2018Abdulla&gt;h Yu&gt;suf, The Glorious Qur\u2019a&gt;n:Translation and Commentary (Beirut:Da&gt;r al-Fikr, n.d.), p. 35.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Faruqi, I.H. Azad, The Tarjuman al-Qur\u2019a&gt;n:A Critical Analysis of Mawlana Abul Kalam Azad\u2019s Approach to the Understanding of the Qur\u2019a&gt;n (New Delhi:Vikas Publication House, 1982), p. 2.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Al-\u2018Alwani, Taha Jabir,The Islamization of Knowledge, Yesterday and Today, International Institute of Islamic Thought,USA,1995.<br \/>\r\n[47]. S}ubh}}i al-S}a&gt;lih}}, Maba&gt;h}ith fi \u2018Ulu&gt;m al-Qur\u2019a&gt;n (Beirut:Da&gt;r al-\u2018Ilm li al-Mala&gt;yin, 1988), p. 289.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Al-Zarqa&gt;ni, Mana&gt;hil al-\u2018Irfa&gt;n fi \u2018Ulu&gt;m al-Qur\u2019a&gt;n, Vol. II (Cairo: Da&gt;r al-Kita&gt;b al-Mis}ri, n.d.), p. 13.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Al-Dhahabi, Muh}ammad H}usayn. Al-Tafsir wa al-Mufassiru&gt;n, Vol. I, Da&gt;r al-Kutub al-H}adithah, 1961, p.37-44,63,66, 68,94-6, 100,101, 131,141, 161-2,210, 201-202, 226,369.<br \/>\r\n[50]. N.J. Coulson, A History of Islamic Law,Edinburgh University Press, 1991, p. 53-60.<br \/>\r\n[51]. Denffer, Ahmad Von. \u2018Ulu&gt;m al-Qur\u2019a&gt;n: An Introduction to the Sciences of the Qur\u2019a&gt;n\u2019,London: The Islamic Foundation, 1983, p. 134.<br \/>\r\n[52]. John Wansbrough, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).<br \/>\r\n[53]. Rippin, Andrew, Tafsir, in Mircea Eliade, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion (New York:Macmillan, 1987).<br \/>\r\n[54]. K.A.Farid, A History of Arabic Literature, (Ummayyad Period), New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. 1978 A.D, p. 86.<br \/>\r\n[55]. Ibn Taimiyah, Muqaddimah fi usul al-Tafsir, (Kuwait: 1971), p. 105,347.<br \/>\r\n[56]. al-Alwani, T}ah}a Jabir, and Ima&gt;d al-Din Kha&gt;lid, The Qur\u2019a&gt;n and the Sunnah:The Time-Space factor, IIIT,1991,p. 13.<br \/>\r\n[57]. Ilse Lichtenstadter, \u201cQur\u2019a&gt;n and Qur\u2019a&gt;n Exegesis\u201d Humaniora Isla&gt;mica 2, 1974, p. 18-19, 22.<br \/>\r\n[58]. Fudah, Nash\u2019at al-Tafsir wa Manahijuh fi Daw\u2019 al-Madhahib al-Islamiyya, Cairo:Matbaat al-Amanah, 1986, p. 394.<br \/>\r\n[59]. Amin,Dr. Muhammad Ruhul,Tafsir: Its Growth and Development in Muslim Spain, Dhaka: University Grants Commission of Bangladesh, 2006, p. 5, 6, 8.<br \/>\r\n[60]. Ahmad Amin, D}uh}a&gt; al-Isla&gt;m, vol.II (Cairo:Lajnat al-Ta\u2019lif wa al-Tarjuma wa al-Nashr, 1952), p. 137, 140, 143-44.<br \/>\r\n[61]. Al-\u2018Alwani, Taha Jabir,The Islamization of Knowledge, Yesterday and Today, International Institute of Islamic Thought,USA,1995, p. 17.<br \/>\r\n[62]. \u2018Abd al-Rah}ma&gt;n al-\u2018Ak, Us}u&gt;l al-Tafsir wa Qawa&gt;\u2018iduh (Beirut: Da&gt;r al-Nafa&gt;\u2019is, 1986), p. 79, 208.<br \/>\r\n[63]. H.A.R. Gibb and J.H. Kramers, ed., The Encyclopaedia of Isla&gt;m, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960, s.v. \u201cAbu&gt; \u2018Ubayda\u201d by H.A.R. Gibb.<br \/>\r\n[64]. Kamali, \u201cAbu&gt; al-Kala&gt;m A&gt;za&gt;d\u2019s Commentary on the Qur\u2019a&gt;n,\u201d Muslim World 49 (1959):8.<br \/>\r\n[65]. Muhammad Abul Quasim, \u201cAl-Ghaza&gt;li in Defence of Sufistic Interpretation of the Qur\u2019a&gt;n,\u201d Islamic Culture 53 (1979):64.<br \/>\r\n[66]. Ignaz Goldziher, Madha&gt;hib al-Tafsir al-Isla&gt;mi, trans. \u2018Abd al-Halim al-Najja&gt;r (Cairo:Maktabat al-Khanji, 1955), p.243.<br \/>\r\n[67]. Sahl al-Tustari, Tafsir al-Qur\u2019a&gt;n al-\u2018Az}im (Cairo: Mus}t}afa&gt; al-H}alabi, n.d.), p. 10.<br \/>\r\n[68]. J. M. S. Baljon, Modern Muslim Koran Interpretation (1880-1960), (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1968), p. 80, 88-120.<br \/>\r\n[69]. Ibnul Ima&gt;d, Shadharatu\u2019dh-Dhahab fi Akhba&gt;r man Dhahab, new ed. (Bayrut: Dar Ihya&gt;\u2019it-Tura&gt;th al-\u2018Arabi,n.d.), vol. 1, pt. I, p. 40.<br \/>\r\n[70]. Muh}ammad al-Fa&gt;dil Ibn \u2018Ashu&gt;r, al-Tafsir wa Rija&gt;luhu&gt; (Tunis: Daru al-Kutu&gt;b al-Shirqiyya, 1972 A.C.), p. 30.<br \/>\r\n[71]. Muh}ammad b. \u2018 Ali al-Dawudi, Tabaqat al Mufassirin, (Bayrut:Daru al Kutub al \u2018Ilmiyya, n.d.), vol. 1, p. 239.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abu Nasar Mohammad Abdul Mabood &#8220;Tafsir Literature: Growth and Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.96-107 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/96-107.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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elementor-element-edee165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edee165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edee2ab\" data-id=\"edee2ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edee3ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edee3ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edee44c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edee44c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edee5ae\" data-id=\"edee5ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edee6c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edee6c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Inclusive Education for Persons with Disabilities in Context of Social Change and Development in Kenya \u2013 A Case of Kenyatta University<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Joyce. Achieng Ogogo, Molly M. Akinyi Ogalloh, Paul. K. Mbugua, Stephen M. Nzoka- April 2019 Page No.: 108-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edee762 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edee762\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edee8c9\" data-id=\"edee8c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edee9ed elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edee9ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this paper was to establish influence of inclusive education for persons with disabilities in context of social change and development in Kenya &#8211; a case of Kenyatta University. The study aimed at determining whether Kenya was ready for Inclusive Education, whether Inclusive Education is an effective means for social change and development for PWDs and persons without disabilities, whether Inclusive Education leads to all round development of a person, and whether Inclusive Education facilitates social change and development more than any other mode of education. Methodology-descriptive survey design. Population consisted of all persons with disabilities and those without disabilities within Kenyatta University and a sample size of 150 persons was purposively sampled. The findings of this study showed that: Kenya was not ready for inclusive education; Inclusive Education has not been quite an effective means of social change and development as in the context of KU; Inclusive Education would only benefits persons with disabilities; KU environment is generally not Inclusive because of inadequate facilities for PWDs; Inclusive Education is not cost effective. Some of the recommendations were: stakeholders need to work together as a team to put in places all the requirements; provision of resources to remove all the barriers to change and make modifications to the curriculum and infrastructure to cater for all students\u2019 needs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 108-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Joyce. Achieng Ogogo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Molly M. Akinyi Ogalloh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Paul. K. Mbugua<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Stephen M. Nzoka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, P.O Box 43844-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Action network for the disabled, (2013). www.andy.org.ke Ndemi Road off Ngong Road.Adopted by the World Conference on Special Needs Education: Access and Quality (Salamanca, Spain, 7-10 June 1994), UNESCO, 1994.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Agra seminar report 1998, Unpublished Paper Presented in India, March 1-7, 1998.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bricki, N., &amp; Green, J. (2007). A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology.Retrievedfromhttp:\/\/msf.openrepository.com\/msf\/handle\/10144\/84230<br \/>\r\n[4]. Convention on the rights of the child 1989: 44\/25 November, 1999.EENETnewsletter 1998 \u2013 http:\/\/www.eenet.org.keIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments(1997), (P.L. 105- 17), 111 Stat. 37-157 (1997).<br \/>\r\n[5]. IDEA (1990). The Individual with Disabilities Education Act. Retrieved May27, 2009 from http:www.help4adhd.org\/education\/rights\/idea.<br \/>\r\n[6]. MOE (2009): The National Special Needs Education Policy Framework 2009. Nairobi: Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mugenda, O. M. &amp; Mugenda, A. G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.<br \/>\r\n[8]. NAVADA partnership for inclusive education 2003. Government printers Persons with disabilities act (2003). International Labor Organization Act (No. 14 of 2003) (Cap. 133). (ILO). http:\/\/www.kenyalaw.org\/<br \/>\r\n[9]. Mwaura, P.N, ( 2009)), \u201cStigmatization and Discrimination of HIV\/AIDS Women in Kenya: A Violation of Human Rights and its Theological Implications,\u201d Exchange: Journal of Musicological and Ecumenical Research, Vol. 37 No.1, pp35-51.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Republic of Kenya (2004). Persons with Disability Act 2003. Nairobi Government printers Republic of Kenya (2009), Special Needs Education policy. Nairobi Government printers.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Siuestubbs (2002). Inclusive Education. https:\/\/scholar.google.coSiuestubbs (2002).<br \/>\r\n[12]. The Constitution of Kenya, (2010). National Council for Law.www.kenyalaw.org<br \/>\r\n[13]. The World Disability Report, (2011).WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data<br \/>\r\n[14]. UNESCO 2005, Guidelines for Inclusion: Ensuring Access to Education for All, Paris.<br \/>\r\n[15]. UNESCO, Inclusive Education: the Way of the Future, International Conference on Education, 48th session, Geneva, Switzerland, 25-28, November 2008.<br \/>\r\n[16]. World Conference on Education for All (Jomtien, Thailand, 1990). bice.org\/&#8230;\/unesco_world_declaration_on_education_for_all_jomt.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joyce. Achieng Ogogo, Molly M. Akinyi Ogalloh, Paul. K. Mbugua, Stephen M. Nzoka, &#8220;Inclusive Education for Persons with Disabilities in Context of Social Change and Development in Kenya \u2013 A Case of Kenyatta University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.108-115 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/108-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/108-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/inclusive-education-for-persons-with-disabilities-in-context-of-social-change-and-development-in-kenya-a-case-of-kenyatta-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Inclusive Education for Persons with Disabilities in Context of Social Change and Development in Kenya \u2013 A Case of Kenyatta University<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edef8b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"edef8b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edef999 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edef999\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edefb1c\" data-id=\"edefb1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edefc4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edefc4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edefceb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edefceb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edefe49\" data-id=\"edefe49\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edeff56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edeff56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edeffff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edeffff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf014d\" data-id=\"edf014d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf0254 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf0254\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf02ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf02ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf0468\" data-id=\"edf0468\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf0586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf0586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf0624 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf0624\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf0774\" data-id=\"edf0774\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf0884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf0884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf0926 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf0926\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf0a83\" data-id=\"edf0a83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf0b9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf0b9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Market Orientation on Business Performance of Women: Mediating Role of Innovation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Rahmat Magajiya Aliyu, Tunku Salha Binti Tunku Ahmad and Norshahrizan Binti Nordin &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 116-123<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf0c36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf0c36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf0dad\" data-id=\"edf0dad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf0ed9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edf0ed9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research examines the relationship between Market orientation (MO) on Business Performance of women (BP) in Nigeria using Innovation (I) as a mediator in improving the women performance which at the long-run will contribute positively towards the increase of Nigeria GDP. Data required for the study was collected from the Women (MSME\u2019s) operating in the North-Western Nigeria using a survey design, a systematic random and stratified disproportionate sampling. A designed questionnaire has been distributed across the target population of 576 through self-administration. In order to evaluate the proposed data, the study has adopted the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that MO and Innovation are important strategic for the women performance MSMEs in Nigeria. The findings also revealed that women MSME performance depends on the degree of MO of the business performance. However, innovation was found to mediate between MO and business performance of women. The findings of this study provide important insights to women owner\/managers of MSMEs, policy makers and researchers to further understand the impacts of MO and I on women MSME performance. Women MSMEs should also be encouraged to improve their MO and I which may increase their performances.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-123\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rahmat Magajiya Aliyu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Candidate, School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tunku Salha Binti Tunku Ahmad<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norshahrizan Binti Nordin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, School of Business Innovation and Technopreneurship, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Self-reports in organizational research: Problems and prospects. Journal of management, 12(4), 531-544.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., &amp; Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual review of psychology, 63, 539-569.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., &amp; Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Prifti, R., &amp; Alimehmeti, G. (2017). Market orientation, innovation, and firm performance\u2014an analysis of Albanian firms. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 8.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Sharma, P., Davcik, N. S., &amp; Pillai, K. G. (2016). Product innovation as a mediator in the impact of R&amp;D expenditure and brand equity on marketing performance. Journal of Business Research, 69(12), 5662-5669.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Suliyanto, S., &amp; Rahab, R. (2012). The role of market orientation and learning orientation in improving innovativeness and performance of small and medium enterprises. Asian Social Science, 8(1), 134.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Vorhies, D. W., &amp; Morgan, N. A. (2005). Benchmarking marketing capabilities for sustainable competitive advantage. Journal of marketing, 69(1), 80-94.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Wang, C. H., Chen, K. Y., &amp; Chen, S. C. (2012). Total quality management, market orientation and hotel performance: The moderating effects of external environmental factors. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 31(1), 119-129.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Zhou, S. S., Zhou, A. J., Feng, J., &amp; Jiang, S. (2017). Dynamic capabilities and organizational performance: The mediating role of innovation. Journal of Management &amp; Organization, 1-17.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rahmat Magajiya Aliyu, Tunku Salha Binti Tunku Ahmad and Norshahrizan Binti Nordin &#8220;The Relationship between Market Orientation on Business Performance of Women: Mediating Role of Innovation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.116-123 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/116-123.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf2490 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf2490\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf25dd\" data-id=\"edf25dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf26f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf26f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf2791 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf2791\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf28e1\" data-id=\"edf28e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf29e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf29e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf2a89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf2a89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf2bf0\" data-id=\"edf2bf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf2d00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"edf2d00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Governance and Operations of Corporate University-Industry Partnership: Strategic Transformation Management Plan Model<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Engr. Dennis S. Tibe &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 124-137<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-edf2d9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"edf2d9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-edf2f17\" data-id=\"edf2f17\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-edf3049 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"edf3049\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The focus of this study is to describe the governance and operations of corporate university-industry partnership, to develop a strategic transformation management plan model.The transformational management techniques utilized by the University administration in strategic transformation organizational management, governance and operations. The transformative tools employed by the University administration in strategic corporate management, governance, and procedures; and the extent to which the strategic models of partnerships between the University and industry undertaken by the University in management, governance, and operations. This study used a descriptive, analytical method of conducting research wherein the quantitative data were gathered using a survey questionnaire. Results showed that the University had a very satisfactory environment, a very satisfying delivery of strategic mandates, and often utilized the transformational management techniques; and the strategic models of partnership between the University and industry often undertaken which led to the development of the Governance and Operations of Corporate University-Industry Partnership: Strategic Transformation Management Plan Model. State Universities, Colleges, and private industries are encouraged to maximize the utilization of the said management plan model to bring economic impact to the country in general..<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 124-137\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Engr. Dennis S. Tibe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLeyte Normal University, Tacloban City, Leyte, Philippines<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Books<br \/>\r\n[1]. Adeyemo, Kolowale Samuel (2013). Management Technique forSchool Administrators Decision-Making Paradigm. Manila,Philippines: Rex Book Store.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Atienza, RumelValenton, (2012) Transformation OrganizationManagement. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store.www.rexpubishing.com.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Miclat, Eusebio T. Jr. (2005) Strategic Planning in Education: MakingChange Happen, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ouchi, Williams G. (2005) Theory Z: How the American Business CanMeet the Japanese Challenge: Reading MA: Addison WesleyPublication Co.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ramasamy, Subburaj (2012) Total Quality Management for PurchasingManagement. New York: Mc Graw Hill Inc.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Rowe, Allan J., Richard O. Mason, etal. (1994) as cited by Orcullo(2007) Strategic Planning: A Methodological Approach.Reading, MA.\u201d Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.<br \/>\r\nPamphlets, Journal, and Periodicals<br \/>\r\n[7]. Batas PambansaBlg. 68, otherwise known as \u201cthe Corporate Code of the Philippines, Section 36. Powers and Duties Board ofDirectors of a Corporation.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Biervlies and Morf (1996) as cited by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST, 2005).<br \/>\r\n[9]. EDPITAF-NETRC (1997) Educational Development ProjectsImplementing Task-Force-National Education Testing andResearch Center.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Education Commission (EDCOM) Report of 1991.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Education for All Program (2000) Department of Education.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Higher Education Act of 1994. Creation of the Commission of HigherEducation (CHED).<br \/>\r\n[13]. Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP), Technical-<br \/>\r\n[14]. Vocational Education and Training (TVET), 1999-2000.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Johnson (1999) as cited by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST, 2005).<br \/>\r\n[16]. Macapagal-Arroyo (2001-2004) \u201cAgenda for the Education Sector,\u201d<br \/>\r\n[17]. Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan. (MTPDP, 2001-2004)<br \/>\r\n[18]. Macasaet, Jess Alfonso (2005) \u201cGaps in Governing Technical-Vocational Education and Training.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Northwest Samar State University, University Code, 2015-2016.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Pe\u00f1a Reynaldo (2005) citing the Paul Monroe Educational Survey on Philippine Education, 1925.<br \/>\r\n[21]. PESS (2005) Physical Education and School Sports Department ofEducation<br \/>\r\n[22]. Republic Act 7766 of 1994, Technical Education and SkillsDevelopment Authority Established.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Republic Act No. 8292 \u201cAn Act Providing for the UniformComposition and Powers of the Governing Boards, the Manner ofAppointment and Term of Office of the President of CharteredState Universities and Colleges, and for Other Purposes.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Republic Act No. 8292, \u201cHigher Education Modernization Act of1997.\u201d<br \/>\r\n[25]. Republic Act (RA) 9155. The Governance of Basic Education Act of2001.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Republic of the Philippines. The Governance of Basic Education Actof 2001 (R.A. 9155 and the Implementing Rules and Regulations(IRR) promulgated by the Department of education.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Roco, Raul (2005) Reform Agenda and Accomplishments. BawatGraduate, Bayani at Marangal.<br \/>\r\n[28]. The Presidential Task Force for Education (2008), The Philippine Main<br \/>\r\n[29]. Education Highway: Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy.<br \/>\r\nPublished and Unpublished Materials<br \/>\r\n[30]. Adeyemo, Kolowale Samuel (2011) Predictors of Familiarity and Useof Qualitative and Quantitative Management Techniques ofAdministrators of Higher Institutions of Learning in Cavite,Philippines, SY 2010-2011. (Published Doctoral Dissertation,Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite).<br \/>\r\n[31]. De Los Santos, Delilah (2016), \u201cGovernance and Operations ofElementary Schools in Tacloban City Division: Outcome-BasedTransformation Strategic Management Model\u201d (UnpublishedDoctoral Dissertation, Asian Development Foundation College,Tacloban City).<br \/>\r\n[32]. Guia, Fatima Mignon (20160, \u201cBasic Education Strategy of Technical Vocational Secondary Schools in Leyte division: Transformation Organizational Management Reference Model.\u201d (Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Asian Development Foundation College, Tacloban City).<br \/>\r\nInternet\/Electronic Source<br \/>\r\n[33]. Arcia, Porta Pallais, ad Laguna (2005), \u201cSchool-Based ManagementReform in Nicaragua.\u201d Retrieved from www.nfern.ac.uk@National Foundation for Educational Research 2001, RegisteredCharity No. 313392. ISBM 978-1-906792-83-1.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Department of Education, Basic Education Curriculum (2002)Retrieved from www.ombudsman.gov.ph\/UNDP4\/wp-uploads\/2013\/01\/chap.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Hidalgo, Fe (2005) \u201cGap in Basic Education Governance. Retrievedfrom www.Ombudsman.gov.ph\/UNDP4\/wp-uploads\/2013\/01\/Chap.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[36]. King and Ozleer (2005), \u201cThe Effects of School Autonomy on StudentTest Scores in Mathematics and Spanish Using a MatchedComparison Design.\u201d Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wellcom.AC.UK\/stellentgroup\/corporalesitte\/@-msh-pda\/documents\/webdocument\/mtp.041389 .pdf<br \/>\r\n[37]. Macasaet, Jess Alfonso, A. (2005) \u201cGovernance of the EducationSector.\u201d Retrieved from www.ombudsman.gov.ph?UNDP4-content\/uploads\/ 2013\/01\/chap\/pdf.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Schieltz, Matthew (2016) \u201cTransformational Leadership\u201d Retrievedfrom http:\/\/psycnology.about.com\/od\/leadership\/a\/transformational.htm<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Engr. Dennis S. Tibe &#8220;Governance and Operations of Corporate University-Industry Partnership: Strategic Transformation Management Plan Model&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.124-137 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/124-137.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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data-id=\"ee004fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee00606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee00606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee006a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee006a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee00807\" data-id=\"ee00807\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee00958 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee00958\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee00a1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee00a1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee00bac\" data-id=\"ee00bac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee00cc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee00cc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Translation and Analyses of IbnTaymiyya\u2019s First Anti-Mongol Fatwa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Jabir Sani Maihula- April 2019 Page No.: 138-142<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee00d7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee00d7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee00ef3\" data-id=\"ee00ef3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0101e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee0101e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">IbnTaymiyya\u2019s three Anti-Mongol fatwas are his most controversial treatises regarding jihad. The controversial nature of the fatwas exposed them to the exploitation by the contemporary jihadists. The three fatwas are cited in volume twenty eight of the Majm\u016b\u02bffat\u0101w\u0101, the first fatwa is in 28:502 -508. This paper will translate the first fatwa into English and make some analysis on the content of the fatwa. The aim of the translation and analysis is to make the fatwa available to the non-Arabic readers to avoid accessing the fatwas from the analysis of the extremists and also to contextualize IbnTaymiyya\u2019s harshness in fatwas to the Mongol period.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 138-142\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jabir Sani Maihula<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. AbiDawud, S. A. (2003), SunanAbiDawud, A. Abdul-khair et tal (eds.), Dar al-Hadith.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ahmad Khan, 177\u2013203. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. n Hoover, \u201cIbnTaymiyya between Moderation and Radicalism,\u201d in Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classical Heritage, ed. Elisabeth Kendall and Ahmad Khan (Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press, 2016), 3.<br \/>\r\n[3]. \u201cLessons from the Fitnah of the Mongols,\u201d Dabiq 14, (April\/May 2016): 47. Last accessed 25\/04\/2017 https:\/\/azelin.files.wordpress.com\/2016\/04\/the-islamic-state-22dacc84biq-magazine-1422.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]. Aigle D. \u201cThe Mongol Invasions of Bil\u0101d Al-Sh\u0101m by Gh\u0101z\u0101nKh\u0101n and IbnTaym\u012byah\u2019sThree \u201cAnti-Mongol\u201d Fatwas.\u201d Maml\u016bk Studies Review 11, no.2 (2007): 89-120.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bonney, Richard. Jih\u0101d: From Qur\u2019\u0101n to bin Laden. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hoover, Jon. \u201cIbnTaymiyya between Moderation and Radicalism.\u201d In Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classical Heritage. Ed. Elisabeth Kendall<br \/>\r\n[7]. IbnTaymiyya, A\u1e25mad\u02bfAbd al \u1e24al\u012bmShaykh al-Isl\u0101m, Fat\u0101w\u0101 al-kubr\u0101. ed. Muhammad \u02bfAbd al-Q\u0101dir\u02bfA\u1e6d\u0101 and Mus\u1e6daf\u0101\u02bfAbd al-Q\u0101dir\u02bfA\u1e6d\u0101 Beirut: D\u0101ralkutub al-\u02bfilmiyya, 1978.<br \/>\r\n[8]. IbnTaymiyya, A\u1e25mad\u02bfAbd al \u1e24al\u012bmShaykh al-Isl\u0101m, Majm\u016b\u02bffat\u0101w\u0101 ed. \u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101nibnMu\u1e25ammadibnQ\u0101sim and Mu\u1e25ammadibn\u02bfAbd al-Ra\u1e25m\u0101nibnMu\u1e25ammad.Majm\u016b\u02bffat\u0101w\u0101 (Riyadh: Ma\u1e6d\u0101bi\u02bf al-Riy\u0101\u1e0d, 1961-67).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Muslim, M.H. (2008), Sahih Muslim, Siddiqui, A. (trans.): Beirut. Daru al-Arabia.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Jabir Sani Maihula, &#8220;Translation and Analyses of IbnTaymiyya\u2019s First Anti-Mongol Fatwa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.138-142 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/138-142.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/138-142.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/translation-and-analyses-of-ibntaymiyyas-first-anti-mongol-fatwa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Translation and Analyses of IbnTaymiyya\u2019s First Anti-Mongol Fatwa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee01e17 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee01e17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee01f10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee01f10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee020ad\" data-id=\"ee020ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee021cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee021cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0226a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0226a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee023bd\" data-id=\"ee023bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee024d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee024d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee02573 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee02573\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee02713\" data-id=\"ee02713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee02832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee02832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Career Guidance in the Ghanaian Senior High Schools: The Case of Tema Metropolis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Esther Agbodeka (Rev.Mrs.), Davis Mawuena Aweso, Rev. Ebenezer Tetteh Fiorgbor &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 143-145<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee028dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee028dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee02a5c\" data-id=\"ee02a5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee02b90 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee02b90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper offers primarily an assessment of parents, teachers and Guidance and Counseling Coordinators involvement in delivering counseling services in Senior High Schools within the Tema metropolis.<br \/>\r\nPremised on Super\u2019s theory of self-concept, the study conducted involve a heterogeneous sample of 150 respondents, comprising 25 SHS Students, 50 teachers, 50 parents and 25 Guidance and Counseling Coordinators were selected within the metropolis were selected using both statistical and non-statistical sampling techniques. Three questionnaires were the research instruments used to collect data from the respondents. The major findings of the study showed that 40% of the parents were involved in their wards career guidance. Again, 60% teachers were also involved in their students\u2019 career guidance in the selected Senior High Schools in the Tema Metropolis. However, more than half of thestudents\u2019 respondents needed to be guided by teachers especially, in the area of career choice.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 143-145\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Esther Agbodeka (Rev.Mrs.)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPrincipal, Agogo Presbyterian College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Davis Mawuena Aweso<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTutor, Agogo Presbyterian College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rev. Ebenezer Tetteh Fiorgbor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTutor, Agogo Presbyterian College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1]. Ackummey, M.A. (2003). Organisational and Administration of Guidance Programme. Accra: Media Graphic and Press Limited<br \/>\r\n[2]. Assoah, S.K. (2007). Guidance and Counseling in Education. Kumasi: Saviour Printing Press<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Esther Agbodeka (Rev.Mrs.), Davis Mawuena Aweso, Rev. Ebenezer Tetteh Fiorgbor &#8220;Assessment of Career Guidance in the Ghanaian Senior High Schools: The Case of Tema Metropolis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.143-145 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/143-145.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/143-145.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-career-guidance-in-the-ghanaian-senior-high-schools-the-case-of-tema-metropolis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of Career Guidance in the Ghanaian Senior High Schools: The Case of Tema Metropolis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee03961 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee03961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee03a4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee03a4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee03bb7\" data-id=\"ee03bb7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee03cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee03cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee03d72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee03d72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee03ece\" data-id=\"ee03ece\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee03fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee03fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0407a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0407a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee041bf\" data-id=\"ee041bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee042d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee042d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee04370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee04370\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee044c8\" data-id=\"ee044c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee04612 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee04612\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Justice Principles and Balance of Interests of Online and Conventional Taxi Business Competition in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dwi Eka Putriani, Adi Sulistiyono, Emmy Latifah- April 2019 Page No.: 146-154<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee046de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee046de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee04868\" data-id=\"ee04868\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0499f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee0499f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Justice is the ideal of law which is the basic right of every human being that must be realized in all aspects of life. One of them is business competition. The justice in business competition actualized in the principle of economic democracy basically makes public welfare the goal to be achieved. However, it has not been felt by conventional taxi industrialists because of the presence of online taxis that determine tariffs lower than those of conventional taxi so that many conventional taxi users begin to switch to online taxis resulting in a decrease in conventional taxi companies\u2019 turnovers. According to justice theory proposed by Aristotle, Roscoe Pound, and John Rawls, using document study method with legal analysis, it was found that Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 118 of 2018 issued by the Minister of Transportation of Indonesia is a manifestation of justice and balance of interests between online and conventional taxis in Indonesia. In the Minister of Transportation Regulation, the upper and lower limit tariff determination is the solution to the problem of non-significant tariff differences between online and conventional taxis. In addition, the regulation of operational terms and conditions in Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 118 of 2018 is intended to equal the rights and obligations of business people so that they can create a healthy business environment among them.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 146-154\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dwi Eka Putriani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLaw Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adi Sulistiyono<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLaw Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmy Latifah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLaw Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Journal<br \/>\r\n[1] Ahsaniamaliaanwar, (November 2017) \u201cOnline VsKonvensional; KeunggulandanKonflikAntarModaTranspotasi di Kota Makasar (Online Vs Conventional; Advantages and Conflicts between Modes of Transportation in Makassar City)\u201d ETNOSIA JurnalEtnografi Indonesia, Vol.2, Edition 2.<br \/>\r\n[2] Ayta\u00e7G\u00f6kmen and A. Turan\u00d6zt\u00fcrk, (2012) \u201cIssues of Business Ethics in Domestic and International Businesses: A Critical Study\u201d International Journal of Business Administration, Published by Sciedu Press, Vol. 3, No. 5.<br \/>\r\n[3] Barbara Mescher, (December 2009) \u201cBusiness Ethics and The Law of Contract\u201d Journal of Law and Financial Management Volume 8, No. 2,<br \/>\r\n[4] Bahder Johan Nasution, (2014) \u201cKajianFilsafatTentangKonsepKeadilan Dari PemikiranKlasikSampaiPemikiranModeren (Philosophical Study on the Concept of Justice from Classical to Modern Thought)\u201d Yustisia, Volume 3 Number 2.<br \/>\r\n[5] EdmiraRivani, (March,2017) \u201cKebijakanPenyesuaianTarifTaksiBerbasis Online (Online-based Taxi Tariff Adjustment Policy)\u201d, Info SingkatEkonomidanKebijakanPublik, Vol. IX, No. 06..<br \/>\r\n[6] EmmyLatifah, (2015) \u201cEksistensiPrinsip-PrinsipKeadilanDalamSistemHukumPerdaganganInternasional (Existence of Justice Principles in the International Trade Law System)\u201d PJIH (PadjadjaranJurnalIlmuHukum), Vol. 2, No. 1.<br \/>\r\n[7] Melisa Safitri, (2015) \u201cTinjauanHukumPersaingan Usaha TerhadapKonflikAntaraTaksiKonvensional Dan Taksi Online (Legal Review of Business Competition Against Conflicts Between Conventional and Online Taxis)\u201d JurnalProgresifKeadilan,Vol. 06 No. 02 Bandar Lampung.<br \/>\r\n[8] Monika Suhayati, (November 2016)\u201cPenyederhanaanIzinBagiPelaku Usaha Mikrodan Kecil dariPerspektifHukum; Studi Di Daerah Istimewah Yogyakarta (License Simplification for Micro and Small Business People from a Legal Perspective; A Study in Yogyakarta Special Region)\u201d Jurnal Negara Hukum, Vol.7 No.2.<br \/>\r\n[9] Monika Suhayati, (Juni 2011) \u201cKajianYuridisPrivatisasiBadan Usaha Minil Negara MelaluiMekanismePenawaranUmum (Juridical Study of State-Owned Enterprises through Initial Public Offering Mechanisms), Jurnal Negara Hukum, Vol.2, No.1.<br \/>\r\n[10] MuhdNorizam, et al., (2017) \u201cKeadilanTerasKepimpinan Raja-Raja Melayu: Dari Era TradisiKeKontemporari (Terrace Justice of Malay King Leadership: From Traditional to Contemporary Era)\u201d, JurnalMelayuBil. 16(1).<br \/>\r\n[11] PriyankaKansara, \u201cTheories of Justice and Constitution of India\u201d International Journal of Law and Legal Jurisprudence Studies: ISSN:2348-8212: Volume 2 Issue 4,<br \/>\r\n[12] RekaDewantara, (August 2014) \u201cRekonseptualisasiAsasDemokrasiEkonomiDalamKonstitusi Indonesia (Reconceptualization of Economic Democracy Principles in Indonesian Constitution)\u201d Arena Hukum, Volume 7, Number 2.<br \/>\r\n[13] TriasPalupiKurnianingrum, (June 2012) \u201cKajianHukumAtas Merger Cdma Flexi Dan EsiaDalamPersaingan Usaha Bisnis Telekomunikasi Seluler (Legal Review of CdmaEsia And Flexi Merger in Cellular Telecommunication Business Competition)\u201d Jurnal; Negara Hukum, Vol. 3 No.1.<br \/>\r\n[14] TulusTambunan, (2006) \u201cKeadilanDalamEkonomi (Economic Justice)\u201d Kadin Indonesia-Jetro,.<br \/>\r\nBook<br \/>\r\n[15] Bahder Johan Nasution, (2015) \u201cHukumdanKeadilan (Law and Justice)\u201d, Bandung: MandarMaju.<br \/>\r\n[16] Carl Joachim F.,( 2010) \u201cFilsafatHukumPerspektifHistoris (Historical Perspective Legal Philosophy)\u201d Nusa Media, Bandung.<br \/>\r\n[17] DardjiDarmohardjo, Shidarta., (2006)\u201cPokok-pokokfilsafathukum: apadanbagaimanafilsafathukum Indonesia (Principles of legal philosophy: what and how is Indonesian legal philosophy)\u201d Jakarta: GramediaPustakaUtama.<br \/>\r\n[18] HyronimusRhiti, (2011) \u201cFilsafatHukumEdisiLengkap (Legal Philosophy Complete Edition)\u201d UniversitasAtma Jaya Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta.<br \/>\r\n[19] John Rawls, (2011) \u201cTeoriKeadilan: Dasar-DasarFilsafatPolitikUntukMenujuKesejahtraanSosialDalam Negara (Justice Theory: Basics of Political Philosophy for Social Welfare in the Country)\u201d PustakaPelajar, Yogyakarta.<br \/>\r\n[20] Johnny Ibrahim, (2006) \u201cTeoridanMetodologiPenelitianHukumNormatif, edisirevisi(Normative Legal Research Theory and Methodology, revised edition)\u201dBanyumedia Publishing, Malang.<br \/>\r\n[21] Muhammad Erwin, (2013) \u201cFilsafatHukumRefleksiKritisTerhadapHukum (Legal Philosophy of Critical Reflection Against Law)\u201d PT. Raja GrafindoPersada, Jakarta,<br \/>\r\n[22] Sukarno Aburaera et al., (2013)\u201cFilsafatHukumTeoridanPraktik (Legal Philosophy Theory and Practice)\u201d KencanaPernada Media Group, Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[23] SatjiptoRaharjo, (2000) \u201cIlmuHukum (Legal Science)\u201d PT. Citra AdityaBakti, Bandung.<br \/>\r\n[24] SutrisnoHadi, (1989) \u201cMetodePenelitianHukum(Legal Research Method)\u201d, UNS Press, Surakarta.<br \/>\r\n[25] Sukarno Aburaera, (2014) \u201cFilsafatHukumTeoridanPraktik (Legal Philosophy Theory and Practice)\u201d KencanaPrenadamedia Group, Jakarta.<br \/>\r\nWebsite<br \/>\r\n[26] AndiFahmiLubis, et al., \u201cHukumPersaingan Usaha AntaraTeks&amp;Konteks (Business Competition Law between Text &amp; Context)\u201d Published and Printed with Support of Deutsche Gesellschaftf\u00fcrTechnischeZusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH, http:\/\/www.kppu.go.id, October 2009. Accessed on April 12, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[27] The Great Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) Online https:\/\/kbbi.web.id\/adil<br \/>\r\n[28] https:\/\/jdih.kemenkeu.go.id\/fulltext\/1945\/UUDTAHUN~1945UUDPenj.htm. Accessed on April 12, 2018.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dwi Eka Putriani, Adi Sulistiyono, Emmy Latifah &#8220;Justice Principles and Balance of Interests of Online and Conventional Taxi Business Competition in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.146-154 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/146-154.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/146-154.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/justice-principles-and-balance-of-interests-of-online-and-conventional-taxi-business-competition-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Justice Principles and Balance of Interests of Online and Conventional Taxi Business Competition in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0577a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee059fa\" data-id=\"ee059fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee05b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee05b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee05bbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee05bbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee05d0a\" data-id=\"ee05d0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee05e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee05e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee05ed5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee05ed5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0604d\" data-id=\"ee0604d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0618a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0618a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0622e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0622e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee06384\" data-id=\"ee06384\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0648d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0648d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee06532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee06532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee06697\" data-id=\"ee06697\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee067b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee067b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Diplomacy in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment for Development in Nigeria: A Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Shuttle Diplomacy from 1999 to 2007<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sanusi ADULWASIU and Muddassir AHMAD GADO &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 155-161<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee06859 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee06859\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee069c6\" data-id=\"ee069c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee06af3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee06af3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Diplomacy has been described as an established way of engagement between countries through representatives, it is a method of influencing the decision and behaviour of government through discussion, negotiation, dialogue and other measures of engagement that are free of war or violence. It also a conduct of international relationships within the range of issues between countries across the globe. One of such methods of diplomacy is shuttle diplomacy which entails travelling by an intermediary or representative to engage in a discussion, negotiations and dialogue with other parties for enhanced relations between them. Nigerian government during Olusegun Obasanjo era employed shuttle diplomacy to, among others, rebuild the country\u2019s image and confidence in the eyes of international communities with the sole aim of attracting investment for economic growth and development. Despite daunting challenges faced by the government in this regard, the method yielded some desired results in the area of foreign direct investment, debt clearance for the country among other benefits. It is therefore recommended that the present Nigerian government should maintain the good image of the country in the eyes of the world and make the nation\u2019s investment environment friendly for an overall economic growth and development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 155-161\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanusi ADULWASIU <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muddassir AHMAD GADO <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeniji, O, (2004) New Direction in Nigeria\u2019s Foreign Policy; in Bolaji A. Akinterinwa, (ed) Nigeria\u2019s New Foreign Policy Thrust: Essays in Honour of Ambassador Oluyemi Adeniji; Ibadan: Vantage Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Akinterinwa, B. A. (2004) Nigeria in Global Strategic Calculations: Image and Expectation;in Bolaji A. Akinterinwa,(ed) Nigeria\u2019s New Foreign Policy Thrust: Essays in Honour of Ambassador Oluyemi Adeniji; Ibadan: Vantage Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Aremu, J. A. (1997). Foreign Private Investment: Issues, Determinants and Performance. A Paper presented at a workshop of foreign investment policy and practice, organized by the Nigeria Institute of Advance Legal Studies, Lagos, March.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Asobie, A. (2002). Nigeria: Economic Diplomacy and National Interest &#8211; An Analysis of the Policies of Nigeria\u2019s External Economic Relation, In Ogwu J. and Adebayo O. (eds). The Economic Diplomacy of the Nigerian state Lagos, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs. Frankad Publisher.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Central Bank of Nigeria. (2000). The changing structure of the Nigerian economy and implications for development. Abuja: CBN.<br \/>\r\n[6]. David N. A. (2007). Attracting Foreign Direct Investment for Growth and Development in sub-Saharan Africa: Policy Options and Strategic Alternatives; Africa Development, Vol. XXXII, No. 2, 2007<br \/>\r\n[7]. Dunning, J. H. (1994). Re-evaluating the Benefit of Foreign Direct Investment, Transaction corporations, Vol. 3, February, no 1,23-51.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ezeife, D. I. (2002). The frenzied search for foreign investors &#8211; A severely flawed policy. Culled from www.nigeriaworld.com; Friday, July 26, 2002. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences ISSN: 2278- 6236 Vol. 1 | No. 6 | December 2012 www.garph.co.uk IJARMSS | 16<br \/>\r\n[9]. Garuba D. (2008). Country profile: Nigeria and its Regional Context. Annex Foreign policy; CIDOB International Yearbook 2008<br \/>\r\n[10]. Putnam,R. (1993). Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. In Peter Evans, Harold Jacobson and Robert Putnam (Eds), Double-Edged Diplomacy: International Bargaining and Domestic Politics, Berkeley: University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Rosenau, J. (1969). Linkage Politics: Essays on the Convergence of National and International Systems; New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Umah, K. E. (2007). The Impact of Foreign Private Investment On Economic Development of Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Economics and financial research. Vol.1, No.3<br \/>\r\n[13]. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2008). World Investment Report, New York and Geneva. www.unctad.org\/wir or w.unctad.org\/fdistatistics.<br \/>\r\n[14]. World Bank, (1996). World Debt Tables: External Finance for Developing Countries, Vol. 1 (Analysis and Summary Tables). Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Zabadi, I. S. (2004). Nigeria\u2019s New Multilateral Diplomacy. In Bolaji A. Akinterinwa,(ed) Nigeria\u2019s New Foreign Policy Thrust: Essays in Honour of Ambassador Oluyemi Adeniji; Ibadan: Vantage Publishers.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sanusi ADULWASIU and Muddassir AHMAD GADO &#8220;The Role of Diplomacy in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment for Development in Nigeria: A Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Shuttle Diplomacy from 1999 to 2007&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.155-161 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/155-161.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/155-161.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-diplomacy-in-attracting-foreign-direct-investment-for-development-in-nigeria-a-study-of-olusegun-obasanjo-shuttle-diplomacy-from-1999-to-2007\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Diplomacy in Attracting Foreign Direct Investment for Development in Nigeria: A Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Shuttle Diplomacy from 1999 to 2007<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0790d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee0790d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee08926 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee08926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee089e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee089e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee08b7e\" data-id=\"ee08b7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee08cad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee08cad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Community Score Card Strategy in Improving Quality Health Services. The Case Study of Shamva District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Olivia Gumbo &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 162-168<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee08d7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee08d7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee08f0c\" data-id=\"ee08f0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee09054 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee09054\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Zimbabwe health sector focusses more on treating diseases rather than preventing disease out breaks. There have been several diseases out breaks such as cholera, typhoid and other diarrheal related diseases. Zimbabweans face challenges to combat communicable diseases such as tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV\/AIDS. The country\u2019s health sector decentralisation implementation is moving at a snail\u2019s speed, triggering complaints of unsatisfactory service delivery at rural health centres. The study examined the impact of community score card in improving quality health services in Shamva District. The study sought to understand how community scorecard strategy was implemented in Shamva District, to empower the communities with health rights for them to be able to demand suitable health services. The study was guided by interpretive and critical post-modernist paradigms. Qualitative methodology utilised open-ended questionnaires, focus group discussions, key informant interviews and participant observation data generation tools. The data generated were analysed using grounded theory. The key findings are that community scorecard improved health rights knowledge of communities in Shamva District, this led them to demand quality services from nurses. The study concluded that lack of continuous funding and sustainable plans had led to the reversal of positive results that the community score card programme had made. The major recommendation is that government provides adequate human, financial and physical resources for successful implementation of SAcc in Shamva District Health Sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 162-168\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olivia Gumbo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nZimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ackerman, J.M. (2005). Human Rights and Social Accountability.Social Development Papers No.86.Washington. D.C.: The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chakaipa,S. (2001). The Zimbabwean experience. In D. Conyers, Paper presented at African Regional Conference on the challenge of Decentralisation and Local Government. Cape town: United Nations Capital Development Funds.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Community Working Group on Health (CWGH). (2016). Strengthening community participation in health programme report. Harare: CWGH.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Conyers, D. (2003). Decentralisation in Zimbabwe:A local perspective.[Adobe Digital Editions Version]. doi:10.1002\/pad.265.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Development Peace Education. (2013). Community parliament Report. Maseru: DPE. Lesotho.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Guba, E. (Ed). (1990). The paradigm dialogue. Newbury Park.CA.: Sage. E.G.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Makumbe.J (1998). Development and Democracy in Zimbabwe: Constraints of Decentralization. Zimbabwe: Sapes Trust.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Marume, M. and Jubenkanda.R.(2016). Centralisation and Decentralisation.Journal of research in Humanities and Social Sciences,6(2016),106-110. ISSN: 2321-9467.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Maykat, P. &amp; Morehouse, R. (1994). Beginning a Qualitative Research: A philosophic and Practical Guide.London: Falmer Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ministry of Health and Child Care. (2017). Zimbabwe Health Financing Policy.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Molynuex, S., Mulupi, S., Mbabu, L.&amp; Marsh, V. (2012). Benefits and payment for research participants:Experiences and views from a research centre on the Kenyan Coast.Kenya:BMC Medical Ethics Bio Med Central Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Save the Children. (2016). Quarter 11 report on strengthening community participation in health. UK: Save the Children International.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Schaaf, R.C., Dumont, R.L., Arbesman,M. &amp; May-Benson,T.A. (2018). Efficacy of occupational therapy using Ayres Sensory Integration.USA:US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Shah,M. (2003). \u201cUsing Community Scorecards for Improving Transparency and Accountability in the Delivery of Public Health Services:Experience from Local Initiatives for Health (LIFH) Project\u201d.CARE Malawi :CARE International in Malawi.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Training and Research Support Centre (TARSC). (2016). Supporting the role of the health centre committees. A training manual. Harare: TARSC.<br \/>\r\n[16]. WekweteK.H. (1990). Constraints to planning for socialism in Zimbabwe. Britain: Gower publishing Company Limited.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Winterford, K. (2009). Citizen Voice and Action Guidance Notes. London: World VisionUK.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Zimbabwe Constitution2013.Harare: Government Printers.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olivia Gumbo &#8220;The Impact of Community Score Card Strategy in Improving Quality Health Services. The Case Study of Shamva District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.162-168 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/162-168.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/162-168.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-community-score-card-strategy-in-improving-quality-health-services-the-case-study-of-shamva-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Community Score Card Strategy in Improving Quality Health Services. The Case Study of Shamva District<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee09ffc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee09ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0a47d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0a47d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0a5e6\" data-id=\"ee0a5e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0a704 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0a704\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0a7b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0a7b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0a905\" data-id=\"ee0a905\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0aa3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0aa3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0aae9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0aae9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0ac5b\" data-id=\"ee0ac5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0ad8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0ad8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0ae36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0ae36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0aff4\" data-id=\"ee0aff4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0b138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0b138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Education for Sustainable Development: Feminist Literary Texts Transforming African Societies<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr Winnet Chindedza, Dr Admire Mhindu &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 169-176<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0b1e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0b1e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0b394\" data-id=\"ee0b394\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0b4d2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee0b4d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study analyses the importance of studying feminist literature at university level.It was carried out with ten university students,six males and four females. The study analysed students\u2019 views on the importance of studying feministliterary texts for sustainable development in Africa in general and Zimbabwe in particular. Historically, the writing canon was a preserve for men. It was very difficult for women writers to publish their works. Their works were considered not suitable to be read by the public. However, some daring women authors had to publish their works using male pseudonyms. As a result, the twenty first century saw feminist writers emerging from different countries and the Sub-Saharan region has also produced its fair share of feminist writers. Since the emerging of these feminist writers in Africa, many academics have taken a keen interest in female writers\u2019 works of art. Many scholars have critically analysed these works and invariably found that these authors deal with issues that can transform African societies in as far as the condition of women and girls in society is concerned.The readings of such books willsensitise young adults who are future policy makers, on the need to formulate policies that put women and men on an equal footing.The students revealed that women and girls should be educated in order to sustain the development of African countries.They also indicated that women have the same capability asmen; and as a result, they should be accorded equal opportunities. Therefore, the objective of this study was to find out what university young adults say about the themes that are explored by these feminist authors. The authors explore themes on women oppression, marriages as institutions to oppress women among many others.This paper is viewed through the liberal feminist theory, and therefore recommends that feminist books be studied in high schools and tertiary institutions in order for these young adults to transform traditional societies to modern societies that advocate for equality between men and women.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 169-176\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Winnet Chindedza<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGreat Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Admire Mhindu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGreat Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. B\u00e2, M. (1980).Second Class Citizen. Glasgow: Fontana Collins.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Beauvoir, S. (1990). The Second Sex. London: Penguin Books.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Brickhill, P. (1996). Gender Stereotypes In Infant Primary Textbooks and The Potential Effect They Have on The Socialisation and Education Advancement of the Girl Child. An Analysis of Selected Primary Schools in Harare.Journal of Gender and Development, vol. 6(2), pp.44-57.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Chindedza, W. (2012).Radicalism in Feminist Literature: A Critique. New York: Lambert Academic.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Chirimuuta, C. (2006).Gender and the Zimbabwe Education Policy: Empowerment http:\/\/www.quietmountainessays.org\/chirimuuta.(Accessed 12 May 2013).<br \/>\r\n[6]. Chitando, A. (2011).Narrating Gender and Danger in Selected Zimbabwe Women\u2019s Writings on H.I.V AIDS.Unpublished PhD thesis. Pretoria: University of South Africa.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Egejuru, P.A. &amp; Katrak, K. H. (1997).Womanbeing &amp; African Literature. Asmara: Africa World Press Inc.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Emecheta, B. (1974). Second Class Citizen. London: William Collins Sons &amp;Co. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hannam, J. (2011). Feminism. Malaysia: Pearson Educated Limited.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Kambarami,M.(2006).FeminityandCulture:PatriarchyandFemaleSurbodination.Unpublished thesis. University of Fort Hare.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Moyana, R. (2006). Tsitsi Dangarembga\u2019s Nervous Conditions: An Attempt in the Feminist Tradition. Harare: Zambesia.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kwinjeh, G. (2007). Male Authority Disbanded: Understanding Opposition Politics in Zimbabwe. Journal of Alternatives for Democratic Zimbabwe, vol 5, pp 45-55.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Odhiambo, G. (2011).Women and Higher Education Leadership in Kenya: A Critical Analysis. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, vol. 33( 6),pp.114-150.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Snodgrass, M. E. (2014). Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature. North Carolina: Wonderland Books.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Tong, R. (2009).Feminist Thought: A Comprehensive Introduction. Abingdon: Westview Press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Winnet Chindedza, Dr Admire Mhindu &#8220;Education for Sustainable Development: Feminist Literary Texts Transforming African Societies&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.169-176 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/169-176.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/169-176.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/education-for-sustainable-development-feminist-literary-texts-transforming-african-societies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Education for Sustainable Development: Feminist Literary Texts Transforming African Societies<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0c4ef elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee0c4ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0c5e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0c5e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d340 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0d340\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d4b7\" data-id=\"ee0d4b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d5c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0d5c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indian Private Companies and Zambia\u2019s Economic Development, 1964-2015<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Euston Kasongo Chiputa &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 177-183<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d66d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0d66d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d7e3\" data-id=\"ee0d7e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0d917 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee0d917\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Most scholarly writings on the presence of business people of Indian origin in Zambia have tended to emphasise their role in commerce; retail and wholesale trading. However, since Zambia\u2019s liberalisation of the economy and introduction of plural politics in 1991, there emerged a paradigm shift towards other economic sectors. Business people of Indian origingravitated towards manufacturing, farming, agro-processing, water exploration and drilling and, by 2015, construction and real estate development. Their contribution emerged as one of the major pillars of the post-1991 liberalised Zambian economy. Since then these firms were making steady but significant inroads into Zambia\u2019s agricultural and emerging industrial sectors. There were private Indian business people and Zambians of Indian origin who invested in crop and livestock farming. There were also some companies that engaged in agricultural plant machinery and equipment merchandising and production of agro-chemicals. Zambia\u2019s largest steel plant commissioned in 2010; with both direct and indirect linkages to agriculture is owned by one of Zambia\u2019s largest manufacturing companies, Trade Kings. Zambians of Indian ancestry have a significant shareholding in Trade Kings. The only Coal powered electricity generation plant (300 megawatts) situated in southern Zambia, commissioned in 2016 was developed by an Indian-owned company. In the last decade, most private companies involved in underground water exploration and drilling for irrigation and for domestic consumption are of Indian origin. Up to 2015 the Zambian economy witnessed increased investments in the construction industry and real estate development by investors of Indian origin or Zambians of Indian descent. This study attempts to investigate the emergence, growth and contribution ofIndian private companies to Zambia\u2019s economic development from 1964 to 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 177-183\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Euston Kasongo Chiputa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Historical and Archaeological Studies, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Biswas Aparajita and Dubey Ajay, (April 2014), Report on \u2018Indian Private Agro-Investments in Zambia, A Case Study\u2019, New Delhi: Oxfam India.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Cheru Fantu and Obi Cyril (eds.), (2010), The Rise of China and Indiain Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, London: Zed Books.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Chiputa Euston K, (2006), \u2018Development Planning in Zambia and India: A Comparative Study from Independence to 1991\u2019, PhD Thesis, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gann Lewis H., (1958), The Birth of a Plural Society: The Development of Northern Rhodesia under the British South Africa Company, 1894-1914, Manchester: Manchester University Press.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hill Mathew, \u2018MTN Zambia trumps Airtel in Subscribers\u2019, Bloomberg, 21 May 2014, Accessed on 10 July, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[6]. https:\/\/investingnews.com, \u2018Taurian Manganese Invests in New Plant\u2019, 7 February, 2012, Accessed Sunday, 8 October, 2017; Times of Zambia, February, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[7]. https:\/\/www.kalpatarupower.com, Accessed 18 October, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[8]. https:\/\/www.lusakatimes.com, Accessed 13 May, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[9]. https:\/\/www.sarozambia.com, \u2018The Saro Group\u2019, Accessed Sunday, 8October, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Interview with Sheni Ahmed, Chipata, Zambia, 12 December, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Leahy Joe, \u2018Bharti seals deal for Zain Networks\u2019, https:\/\/ft.com, Financial Times, 30 March, 2010, Accessed 8 October, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Mfula Chris\/Reuters,\u2019 Taurian plans $150 mn manganese plant in Zambia\u2019, http:\/\/www.livemint.com\/Companies\/1RIW5slgteclxE4EDCI1cJ\/Taurian-plans-150-mn-manganese-plant-in-Zambia.html, Accessed 8 October, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Mufuzi, F. \u2018Indian Traders as Agents of Western Technological Consumption and Social Change Memoirs in Mukuni: Memories of the Sharma Brothers\u2019 Trading Store, 1950s to1964\u2019, in Ross Robert, Hinfelaar Marja, Pe\u0161a Iva, (eds.), (2013), The Objects of Life in Central Africa: The History of Consumption and Social Change, 1840-1980, (Leiden: Brill, NV, pp.189-214.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Nagaraj G., (Nov. 18-24, 2006), \u2018Indian Investments Abroad: What Explains the Boom?\u2019 Economic and Political Weekly, vol.41, No.46, pp.4716-4718.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Nyondo Linda, (26 December, 2016), \u2018Itezhi-Tezhi Ready to Roll OutPower\u2019, Zambia Daily Mail,.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Pathak Vidhan, (April-June, 2007), \u2018India\u2019s Francophone Africa Policy: Leniency to Partnership\u2019, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 68, No. 2, p.293.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Phiri BJ, (2000), A History of Indians in Eastern Province of Zambia, Lusaka: BJ Phiri.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Phiri BJ, (2001), \u2018Zambians of Indian origin: a history of their struggle for survival in a new homeland\u2019, Occasional paper, Centre for Advanced African Society, 12 Issues.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Press Trust of India, \u2018Vedanta Buys Zambian Copper Mine\u2019, https:\/\/m..rediff.com, Accessed 9 November, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[20]. PrizzonAnnalisa, \u2018The age of choice: Zambia in the new aid landscape\u2019, Research Report, OverseasDevelopment Institute, (March 2013), p.v.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Ramamurthy TG, (1997), \u2018Foundations of India\u2019s Africa Policy\u2019, Africa Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 1 and 2, p.30.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Republic of Zambia, Office of the President, (January 1989)Fourth National Development Plan, 1989- 1993, Vols.1 and 2, Lusaka: NCDP.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Republic of Zambia, The Balance of Payments Statistical Committee, \u2018Foreign Private Investments and Investor Perceptions in Zambia, 2015\u2019, Lusaka, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Taraporevala Persis and Mullen Rani D, \u2018Courting Africa through Economic Diplomacy\u2019, India Africa Brief, August 30, 2013, Updated on May 2, 2014, p.2.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Zulu Helen, \u2018Indian Firms Create 25,000 Local Jobs\u2019, Times of Zambia, 14th April, 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Euston Kasongo Chiputa &#8220;Indian Private Companies and Zambia\u2019s Economic Development, 1964-2015&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.177-183 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/177-183.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/indian-private-companies-and-zambias-economic-development-1964-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indian Private Companies and Zambia\u2019s Economic Development, 1964-2015<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0e847 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee0e847\" 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elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0f61f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0f61f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0f769\" data-id=\"ee0f769\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0f884 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0f884\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0f921 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0f921\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0fa92\" data-id=\"ee0fa92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0fbab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee0fbab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Economic Factors of Female\u2019s Rural to Urban Migration: Two Time Period Analysis in Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Farah Naz Ata, Qurra-tul-ain Ali Sheikh, Prof. Dr. Mahpara Begum Sadaqat &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 184-191<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee0fc4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee0fc4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee0fddb\" data-id=\"ee0fddb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee0ff16 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee0ff16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Migration for better standards of life and opportunities has been centuries old phenomenon. Migration around the world has been taking place internationally as well as domestically. Worldwide, majority of people are reported to be internal migrants and the trend of urbanization has become an increasing these days, especially in developing countries. Presently, about 37 percent population of Pakistan is living in the urban centers while by 2025, it is expected that more than half of the population will settle in the urban areas. Aside from this, another important aspect of rural to urban migration exists which has been increasingly known as the \u201cfeminization\u201d of migration. This study aims at estimating the gender aspect of internal migration through various socio-economic factors of migration such as age, age square, marital status, level of education, vocational training and status in the family. A probit regression model is used, by extracting the data from the Labor Force Survey (2010-11 and 2017-18). The findings showed that mostly females prefer to migrate due to non-economic factors (marriages, health care services, being associates of migration etc.) while males migrate for both economic (job arrangements, educational opportunities, business) and non-economic factors. Level of education and vocational training appeared as important factors to empower females and give them the independence to migrate; additionally, when females are charged as head of household, they are most likely to migrate than when males are heads of the household. However, the statistics (2017-18) also proved that males have been seen to be migrating more for marriage which is a better trend towards cultural change in the prevailing orthodoxy society of Pakistan. For further policy implications, it is suggested that more focus be given towards improving standard of education and vocational facilities for females, especially in the rural areas.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 184-191\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farah Naz Ata<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM. Phil candidate, Applied Economics Research Centre (AERC), University of Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Qurra-tul-ain Ali Sheikh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh. D candidate, Applied Economics Research Centre (AERC), University of Karachi, Pakistan<br \/>\r\nAsst. Prof. (Economics Department), Govt. Girls Degree College, Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dr. Mahpara Begum Sadaqat<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor, Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, North Campus, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmed, A.M. and Sirageldin, I. (1993). Socio-economic determinants of Labor Mobility in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review, 32(2), 139-157.<br \/>\r\nURL:\/\/ www.pide.org.pk\/pdf\/PDR\/1993\/Volume2\/139-157.pdf<br \/>\r\n[2]. 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KNOMAD Working Paper 8. pp:4.<br \/>\r\nURL:\/\/http:\/\/www.knomad.org\/docs\/gender\/KNOMAD%20Working%20Paper%208%20final_Formatted.pdf<br \/>\r\n[31]. The National Library of Medicine. (2014). Urbanization. Medical Subject Headings.<br \/>\r\nURL:\/\/ https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Urbanization#cite_note-1<br \/>\r\n[32]. Thorbecke, E. (1997). A dual-dual framework to analyse the process of development. Paper prepared for a conference in memory of John C. H. Fei on The Economics and Political Economy of Development at the Turn of the Century, Taipei.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Todaro, M.P. (1969) A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 138-148.<br \/>\r\n[34]. United Nations Population Fund (UNPF). State of World Population 2006: A Passage of Hope: Women and International migration.<br \/>\r\nURL:\/\/ http:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/publications\/state-world-population-2006<br \/>\r\n[35]. Zlotnik, H. (2003). The Global Dimensions of Female Migration. MPI: Migration Policy Institute. URL:\/\/ http:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/article\/global-dimensions-female-migration<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Farah Naz Ata, Qurra-tul-ain Ali Sheikh, Prof. Dr. Mahpara Begum Sadaqat &#8220;Socio-Economic Factors of Female\u2019s Rural to Urban Migration: Two Time Period Analysis in Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.184-191 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/184-191.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-economic-factors-of-females-rural-to-urban-migration-two-time-period-analysis-in-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Socio-Economic Factors of Female\u2019s Rural to Urban Migration: Two Time Period Analysis in Pakistan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee10e6b 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee115c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee115c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee11718\" data-id=\"ee11718\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1181d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1181d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee118b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee118b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee11a03\" data-id=\"ee11a03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee11b0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee11b0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee11ba7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee11ba7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee11d0c\" data-id=\"ee11d0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee11e1c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee11e1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Civil Servants Investigators of Department of Environmental of East Java In Conducting Environmental Law Enforcement Under Criminal Law Number 32 of 2009 Concerning The Protection and Environmental Management<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hanum Hapsari, Hartiwiningsih, Widodo Tresno Novianto &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 192-198<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee11ebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee11ebc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1201b\" data-id=\"ee1201b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1214a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee1214a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the role of civil servants investigator in the enforcement of environmental criminal law. Legal research is included in empirical legal research is descriptive with qualitative approach. Types and sources of data used in the writing of this legal research is primary data and secondary data, through field studies and literature, and analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques including data reduction, data presentation, drawing conclusions and civil servant investigators verifikasi. That in carrying out the duties and authority in accordance regulated in Law Number 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Management of the Environment has not been optimal.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 192-198\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hanum Hapsari<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster Program of Law, Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hartiwiningsih<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer Master Program of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Widodo Tresno Novianto <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer Master Program of Law Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Books:<br \/>\r\n[1]. Andi Hamzah. 2001. Indonesian Criminal Procedure Law. Jakarta: SinarGrafika. hlm.77<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bagir Manan. 1995. Growth and Development of a Country&#8217;s Constitution. Bandung: MandarMaju. hlm.55<br \/>\r\n[3]. BambangWaluyo. 2008. Crime And Punishment. Jakarta: SinarGrafika. hlm.41<br \/>\r\n[4]. EsmiWarrasihPujiRahayu. Assessing 2005. A Sociological Institution Law. Semarang: Top Suryandaru. Page.29<br \/>\r\n[5]. GatotSupramono. 2013. Environmental Dispute Resolution in Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Reserved. p.6<br \/>\r\n[6]. Asshiddiqie. 2009. Green Constitution: Shades of Green Constitution NRI 1945. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Page. 79<br \/>\r\n[7]. Muhammad Akib. 2013. Environmental Law Global and National Perspective, revised edition. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. Page. 204<br \/>\r\n[8]. Muhammad Akib. 2014. Environmental Law. Jakarta: King GrafindoPersada. Hlm.9<br \/>\r\n[9]. Robert B Seidman. Law orders and Power, Adition Reading Massachusetts&#8217; Wesley Publishing Company, 1972, p. 9-13<br \/>\r\n[10]. SamsulWahidin. 2014 Legal Dimensions of Environmental Protection and Management. Yogyakarta: Student Library. P. 104-106<br \/>\r\n[11]. SoerjonoSoekanto. 2010. Introduction to Legal Research. Jakarta: Indonesian University Press. Page.52<br \/>\r\n[12]. Soleman B Taneko. 1993. Principles of Legal Studies in Society. Jakarta: Rajawali Press. Hlm.47-48<br \/>\r\nJournals:<br \/>\r\n[13]. Agus Widodo, \u201cImplementation of Act No 32 of On Environmental Management\u201d, International Journal of Business, Economic and Law, Vol. 10, Issue 4, Aug, ISSN 2289-1552, p 84.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Endah Pujiastuti and Dewi Tuti Muryati, \u201cAdministrative Penalty On Licenses Violation Of Environmental Protection and Management On Regencies\/Cities In Central Java Province\u201d, Jurnal Dinamika Hukum, Vol. 18, No 1, January 2018. P 62.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Jo Gerardu and Cheryl Wasserman, Fifth International Conference on Environmental Compliance and Enforcement: Conference Proceedings, Vol. 1 and 2, Monterey, California, USA, 1998, p. 3.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Nurul Listiyani and M. Yasir Said, \u201cPolitic Law on the Environment: The Authority of the Government and Local Government to File Litigation in Law Number 32 Year 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management\u201d, Resource 2018, 7, 77, www.mdpi.com\/joournal\/Resource, p. 1.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Pantun Andrianus Lumban Gaol. Role of Civil Servant Investigators Center for Food and Drug Administration in the discipline Circulation Traditional Medicine Not Licensed under Act No. 36 of 2009 on Health in Pekanbaru. &#8220;Jom Faculty of Law. Volume III Number October 2, 2016. p.6<br \/>\r\n[18]. Rene Seerden and Michiel Heldeweg, \u201cComparative Environmental Law in Europe: An Introduction to Public Environmental Law in the EU Member States\u201d dalam G.H. Addink, Environmental Law in a Comparative Perspective: National, European and International Law, Literature, Institute of Constitutional and Administrative Law, Utrecht, 2002.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Slamet Tri Wahyudi. &#8220;Problems of Application of Criminal Dead in the Context of Law Enforcement in Indonesia&#8221;. Journal of Law and Justice. Vol. 1 Number July 2nd, 2012. Pg. 217.<br \/>\r\nDecision:<br \/>\r\n[20]. Act No. 32 of 2009 on the Protection and Environmental Management<br \/>\r\n[21]. The Code of Criminal Procedure<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hanum Hapsari, Hartiwiningsih, Widodo Tresno Novianto &#8220;The Role of Civil Servants Investigators of Department of Environmental of East Java In Conducting Environmental Law Enforcement Under Criminal Law Number 32 of 2009 Concerning The Protection and Environmental Management&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.192-198 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/192-198.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/192-198.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-civil-servants-investigators-of-department-of-environmental-of-east-java-in-conducting-environmental-law-enforcement-under-criminal-law-number-32-of-2009-concerning-the-protection-and-envi\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Civil Servants Investigators of Department of Environmental of East Java In Conducting Environmental Law Enforcement Under Criminal Law Number 32 of 2009 Concerning The Protection and Environmental Management<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee12f17 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee12f17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee12ff6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee12ff6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1317d\" data-id=\"ee1317d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee132a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee132a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee13343 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee13343\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee134d8\" data-id=\"ee134d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee135f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee135f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee136a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee136a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee13815\" data-id=\"ee13815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee13927 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee13927\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Entrepreneurship between the Internal Environment and Organizational Performance of Public Tertiary Institution in Nigeria: A Conceptual Paper<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Alhaji Adamu Saidu, Sadiq Abubakar Ilelah, Saidu Ali &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 199-202<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee139c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee139c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee13b3b\" data-id=\"ee13b3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee13c6e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee13c6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The internal environment of the public sector was observed among the factors that affect the performance of the public sector organization, studies have shown conflicting results regarding the effect of internal environment on organizational performance. This study has observed entrepreneurship between the internal environment and organizational performance. The objective is to provide additional explanations on the relationship between the internal environment and entrepreneurship on organizational performance and to examine the effect of entrepreneurship between the internal environment and organizational performance. The study was in line with a review of extant research and have conceptualized that entrepreneurship has a mediating effect between internal environment and organizational performance and the internal environment has an impact on organizational performance. In addition, it was found that entrepreneurship plays a significant role in organizational performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 199-202\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alhaji Adamu Saidu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sadiq Abubakar Ilelah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saidu Ali<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Abubakar Tatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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S., Labros, S.,Georgios, A., &amp; Ioannis P., (2014) The effect of the school internal environment of secondary education on daily work of teaching staff: A systemic approach. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5(13)244.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Supovitz, J. &amp; Turner, \u0397. (2000). The effects of professional development on science teaching practices and classroom culture. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37 (9), 963-980<br \/>\r\n[21]. Troman, G. (2000). Teacher Stress in the Low-Trust Society. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21(3), 331-353.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Uline, C. &amp; Tschannen-Moran, \u039c. (2008). The walls speak: the interplay of quality facilities, school climate, and student achievement. Journal of Educational Administration, 46 (1), 55 \u2013 73.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Van Dick, R. &amp; Ulrich Wagner, U. (2001). Stress and strain in teaching: A structural equation approach. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 71(2), 243-259.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Zahra, S. a., (1993). Environment, corporate entrepreneurship, and financial performance: A taxonomic approach. Journal of Business Venturing, 8(4),319\u2013340.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Zahra, S. A &amp; Covin, J.G., (1995). Contextual influences on the corporate entrepreneurship-performance relationship:A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Business Venturing, 9026(94),43\u201358.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alhaji Adamu Saidu, Sadiq Abubakar Ilelah, Saidu Ali &#8220;The Effect of Entrepreneurship between the Internal Environment and Organizational Performance of Public Tertiary Institution in Nigeria: A Conceptual Paper&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.199-202 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/199-202.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/199-202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-entrepreneurship-between-the-internal-environment-and-organizational-performance-of-public-tertiary-institution-in-nigeria-a-conceptual-paper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Entrepreneurship between the Internal Environment and Organizational Performance of Public Tertiary Institution in Nigeria: A Conceptual Paper<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee14a8e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee14a8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee14b71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee14b71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee14cf3\" data-id=\"ee14cf3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee14e1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee14e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee14ec1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee14ec1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee15019\" data-id=\"ee15019\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee15123 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee15123\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee151c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee151c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee15323\" data-id=\"ee15323\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1543d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1543d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Types of Hives Used By Bee Keepers in Marigat Baringo County- Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Chemwok C. K, Tuitoek D. K and Nganai S. K. &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 203-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee154db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee154db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee15650\" data-id=\"ee15650\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee15783 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee15783\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Beekeeping is one of the more universal agricultural activities. The study sought to identify the main types of beehives used by bee keepers in Marigat, Baringo County. The main types of hives are Traditional log hive, improved log hive, Kenya Top Bar hive and Langstroth hives. Majority of the farmers use traditional log hives. This may be caused by the fact that traditional log hives provide cool temperatures for the bees that normally prevail in the study area. The modern hives requires additional cost for construction of grass-thatched shelter to avoid high temperatures that make the bees avoid the modern hives being promoted as new technology.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 203-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chemwok C. K <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tuitoek D. K<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nganai S. K.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adjare, O. S. (1990). Beekeeping in Africa FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 68\/6. FAO, Rome, Italy.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bailey, L. (2001). The prevalence of viruses of honey bees in Britain. Ann. Appl. Biol: p 97, 109-118.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bradbear, N., Fisher, E. and Jackson, H. (2002) Strengthening livelihoods: exploring the role of bee keeping in development. Bees for Development, Monmouth, UK<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carter, (2004). Scientific tests carried through agricultural research, have shown that, that the yield of fruit is considerably increased when powerful stock&#8230; Case study of Butuntumula Sub-county, Luwero district. Makerere University Dissertation.<br \/>\r\n[5]. \u00c7i\u00e7ek, A. (1993). A research on the problems, economical importance and conditions of apiculture in Tokat Province. Gaziosmanpa\u015fa University. Journal of Agricultural Faculty. 10:150-160.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Collins,R. Solomon,G. (eds) (1999). Proceedings of the First Caribbean Beekeepin Congress, Tobago 1998. Tobago Apicultural Society, Trinidad &amp; Tobago<br \/>\r\n[7]. Crane E. (2004). Traditional Bee Keeping and Harvest of the Ancient World. Volume 68. Britain.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Croft, L. (2007). Honey and Health. Thorson&#8217;s Publishing Group. Wellingborough, UK.<br \/>\r\n[9]. FAO, (2012) Beekeeping in Africa. Agricultural Services Bulletin 68\/6 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations Rome.<br \/>\r\n[10]. FAO. (2013). Socio-Economic and Gender Analysis Programme. Field Level Hand Book.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Friedman, Matti (2007). &#8220;Israeli archaeologists find 3,000-year-old beehives&#8221; in USA Today, Retrieved 2010-01-04.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Gamze, S. (2004). The economic Analysis of Bee keeping Enterprise in sustainable Development: A Case Study of Turkey. APIACTA 38 pg 342 -341).<br \/>\r\n[13]. GoK, (2008,2012, 2013). Economic Survey (various issues). Nairobi: Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[14]. GOK, (2009). National Census reports that employment levels in Baringo have remained &#8230; 47%). Poverty levels are high in the district&#8230;<br \/>\r\n[15]. Gurung, M. B. (2005) improving the Cash Income of Poor Mountain Households through apis Cerana Beekeeping: An experience from Nepal; ICIMOD Newsletter from International Centre for International Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Nepal. No. 48 (Autumn 2005). p.18.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Hardison, M., Bush M., and Chandler P., (2007). Modernization of hollow log hive, with addition of wooden bars of specific width from which bees hang their combs. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Hussein, Moustafa H. (2001) Beekeeping In Africa: I- North, East, North-East And West African countries Proceedings of the 37th International Apicultural Congress, 28 October \u2013 1 November 2001, Durban, South Africa<br \/>\r\n[18]. ICIMOD, (1998). Annual Report of the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. Kathmandu: ICIMOD<br \/>\r\n[19]. Jodha, Narpat Singh (1993). Socio-Economic Constraints to Development of SAT and Highland Agriculture. In: ASIAN PRODUCTIVITY ORGANIZATION (Editor): Improvement of Semi-Arid and Highland Agriculture in Asia. Report of APO<br \/>\r\n[20]. Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, (2,000). Has been spent signi\ufb01cantly amount of resources over&#8217; the years&#8230; the agricultural community, developed the Agricultural&#8230;. superscripts.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, (2009), Population Census.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Kigatiira, K.I,and R.A.Morse (1979). The construction, Dimensions and sittings of log hives<br \/>\r\n[23]. Koirala, G. (1997). Food security challenges: Where does Nepal stand? HMG\/N, MOA\/ Winrock International, Kathmandu, Nepal. 41 p.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Lewicki, (1974). Scientific tests carried through agricultural research, have shown that &#8230; age (100- 1500AD) used honey in the preparation of meals (honey wine).The earliest &#8230; Determinants of technical efficiency of bee keeping using Cobb Douglas Frontier&#8230;<br \/>\r\n[25]. Logan, J. (1990). Termite (Isoptera) control in agriculture and forestry by non-chemical methods: a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research, : 80,309-330.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Muzaffar (1992). \u200eNature&#8230; has been promoted as a means of enhancing the status of women by providing them with an independent income stream.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Najma, Dharani. (2002). Field guide to common trees and shrubs of East Africa. Struik publishers, Cape town, South Africa<br \/>\r\n[28]. Nkunika, P. (2002). Small holder farmers\u2019 integration of indigenous technical knowledge in maize integrated pest management (IPM): A case study in Zambia, Insect Science and its Application,: vol. 22, No.2. pp 235-40.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Ntenga, G. M. (2000) A Study of Traditional Bee Keeping in Batbati District, Honey Hunters and and Bee Keepers. Swedish University of Agricultural Science Hilmi, M., Bradbear N. and Mejia D., (2010). FAO diversification booklet\u2026 Study Meeting, 7-12 December 1992, Japan (STM-07-92). APO, Tokyo; p. 7-35.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Taylor, (1942). The earliest practices of bee &#8230; on trees as many as 100 hives, made of straws, in a season. Further improvement &#8230; the reason that baiting is not used in the traditional management practices but only&#8230;<br \/>\r\n[31]. Tucak, Z, Perispic M, Beslo D, Tucak I (2004). Influence of the beehive type on the quality of honey. Collegium Antropol. 28:463-467. Bailey, L. (Two more small RNA viruses from honey bees and further observations on sac brood and acute bee-paralysis viruses. Journal . Gen. Virol (2007: 37, 175-182).<br \/>\r\n[32]. Wardell, D. (2007). Control of termites in nurseries and young plantations in Africa: established practices and alternative courses of action. Commonwealth Forestry Review.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chemwok C. K, Tuitoek D. K and Nganai S. K. &#8220;Types of Hives Used By Bee Keepers in Marigat Baringo County- Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.203-210 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/203-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/203-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/types-of-hives-used-by-bee-keepers-in-marigat-baringo-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Types of Hives Used By Bee Keepers in Marigat Baringo County- Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee165c6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee165c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee166a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee166a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee16831\" data-id=\"ee16831\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1695b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1695b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee169ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee169ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee16b59\" data-id=\"ee16b59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee16c64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee16c64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee16d08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee16d08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee16e61\" data-id=\"ee16e61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee16f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee16f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Local Government Administration and Service Delivery in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ola Abegunde Ph.D &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 211-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1701a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1701a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee17187\" data-id=\"ee17187\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee172b3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee172b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Effective local government administration plays a crucial role in ensuring efficient provision of public goods to vast rural dwellers. In Nigeria huge percent of the population lives in the rural areas, where it is the constitutional responsibility of the local government to provide basic social and public services. The non-performance of the 774 local governments in Nigeria has continued to generate concerns and attract reactions in the recent time. This study examines the challenges confronting local government administration in effective service delivery at the grassroots level. The study relies on secondary sources of data collection and personal observations. Data was collected through a comprehensive review of relevant literature on local government administration; descriptive qualitative technique of data analysis was adopted. The study identified lack of autonomy, mismanagement of available funds, corruption, lack of transparency and accountability and lack of competent man power among others as the challenges to effective service delivery by the local government administration in Nigeria. In view of this, the study provides some measures that could ensure effective service delivery at the local government level. Such measures include, constitution review to ensure the autonomy of local government, improve human capacity and institutional building, viable sources of revenue and leadership recruitment process that is merit driven, that will produce leaders of unquestionable character and integrity that will improve service delivery at the local government level. Local government leadership must be elected by the rural dwellers and not imposed by the higher authority. This study concludes that, if the above measures are not adopted, there will be improvement in local government service delivery among the rural dwellers in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ola Abegunde Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abe, T. and Omotoso, F. (2014), \u201clocal government\/ Governance system in Nigeria\u201d in R. Ajayi, and J.O. Fashagba (eds), Understanding Government and Politics in Nigeria. Omu-Aran: Landmark University.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Agagu, A.A. (1997), \u201clocal Government\u201d in D. Kolawole (ed), Readings in Political Science. Ibadan: Dekaal Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Agagu, A.A. (2004), \u201cContinuity and Change in Local Government Administration and the Politics of Underdevelopment\u201d in Agagu, A.A and Ola, R.F. (eds), Development Agenda of Nigeria State. Ibadan: Fiag Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Appadorai, A. (1975), The Sustance of Politics. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Appadorai, A. (1975) and Orewa, G.O. (1991) cited in Agagu, A.A. (2011), Theory and Practice of Local Government. Akure: Policy Development and Consultants Limited<br \/>\r\n[6]. Awolokun, K. (2005), Local Government Administration Under 1999 Construction in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 10 (2), 129-134.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Eboh, E. and Diejomoah, I. (2010), Local Government in Nigeria: Relevance and Effectiveness in Poverty Reduction and Economic Development. Journal of Economic and Sustainable Development, Vol.1. No.1.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Emezi, C. (1984), Local Government in Historical Perspective. Nigeria Journal of Public Administration and Local Government.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ezeani, E.O (2006), Fundamentals of Public Administration. Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Federal Government of Nigeria (1976), Guidelines for Local Government Referoms. Kaduna: Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Federal Government of Nigeria (1999), Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and Fundamental Rights (Enforcement Procedure) Rules with Amendments 201. Nigeria: Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Imam, I.B. (1990), Local Government Finance in Nigeria. Ibadan:NISER.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Laski, H.J. (1964), The Grammar of Politics. Princeton.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Odalonu, H.B. (2015), \u201cChallenges Confronting Local Government Administration in Efficient and Effective Social Service Delivery: the Nigeria Experience\u201d in International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), Vol.2, No.5 www.rcmss.com (Accessed 10-08-2018).<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ola, R.O.F. and Tonwe, D.A. (2009), \u201cThe Concept and Relevance of Local G overnment\u201d in R.O.F. Ola and D.A Tomwe (eds) Local Administration and Local Government in Nigeria. Lagos: AMFITOP BOOKS.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Orewa, G.O (1991), Principles of Local Government. Topo Badagry: ASCON<br \/>\r\n[17]. Oviasuyi, P.O., Idada, W. and Isiraojie, L. (2010), Constrains of Local Government Administration in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.24, No2.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ola Abegunde Ph.D &#8220;Local Government Administration and Service Delivery in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.211-217 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/211-217.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/211-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/local-government-administration-and-service-delivery-in-nigeria-prospects-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Local Government Administration and Service Delivery in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1808d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee1808d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1816e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1816e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee18309\" data-id=\"ee18309\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1844b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1844b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee184f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee184f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee18659\" data-id=\"ee18659\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee18794 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee18794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee18846 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee18846\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee189b0\" data-id=\"ee189b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee18ae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee18ae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Arousing and Sustaining Interest in the Study of TVET<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ruby Jecty, Dennis Annan &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 218-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee18b84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee18b84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee18d10\" data-id=\"ee18d10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee18e5d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee18e5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Ghana Government\u2019s initiative of formulating a free and double track senior high school education policy, which saw its maiden admissions made in 2017, with about 80% of JHS graduates accessing it, covered only the mainstream senior high schools at the unfathomable neglect of the TVET as if to say it has no prospects for its graduates. The prospective results of this policy therefore can be emphatically asserted to produce a bookish education system with little or no prospects of guaranteeing 50%of its graduates ready entry either to the tertiary institutions or the job market. On the other hand, considering sewing, a notable branch of TVET for example, Wallani (2000) says there are numerous importance that sewing offers to the individual, society and nation at large which include<br \/>\r\nIt serves as a source of income: The acquisition of skills and knowledge in sewing can serve as a source of income. These basic skills acquired will give pupils the ability to construct garment and make articles like tablecloth, hat, handkerchief, etc. made by crocheting which they will sell to generate some money. The generated income by the pupils will help them finance their education or support the family when the need arises.<br \/>\r\nIt serves as a leisure and hobby: Pupils acquiring skills and knowledge in sewing will make pupils busy during their leisure time as well as their hobby. As the popular saying goes \u201can idle man is the workshop of the devil\u201d. Pupils can engage themselves with construction of garments, articles made by crocheting and paper pattern during their leisure time. It also increases the interest in sewing and further pursue the course at higher educational level.<br \/>\r\nPupils can be an alterationist: Pupils with the ability to use the sewing machine and the hand needle can be alterationists. They will be able to renovate and remodel garment. Remodelling of a garment takes pupils with creative and mind and skills through skills and knowledge acquired from sewing. Pupils with skills and knowledge in sewing can be renovating and remodelling relatives garments or people in the community, which will generate them income and raise their standard of living. These and many other benefits of TVET may have been so great of a concern to the stakeholders involved in the formulation of the new 4 year B.Ed curriculum for initial teacher education institutions in Ghana that the discipline has attracted a specialism with specific colleges assigned to (PDS Handbook for Tutors Theme 9 pg 6)<br \/>\r\nThere should, hence, be a need to place emphasis on vocational and technical training for learners in all basic schools in Ghana so that learners with creative minds can with the basic skills acquired, start making artefacts or products to be sold especially during the waiting time for either an entry into a tertiary institution or the job market to help in their personal advancement in pursuit of higher educational level. The inclusion of Basic Design and Technology in the Junior High School curriculum, if intended to provide the pupils with basic skills in Design and Technology should be given precedence as a practical examinable subject.<br \/>\r\nApart from its potency of being pursued at higher levels of the educational ladder, it can also be recognized that the advancement of the country can only be accelerated if a large number of persons are trained in Design and Technology. It is expected that if the subject is taken seriously in schools, a new breed of pupils with Basic Design and Technology skills will be developed as the human resource for the growth of the individual and at large the country.<br \/>\r\nDisinterest in garment construction is a major problem facing many pupils in most basic schools in Ghana because many teachers and parents have associated mastery in this technique with learners who are academically weak. In this case little or no attention is given to the study of this subject. However if the pattern cutting methods taught in Ghanaian schools including draping, drafting, copying and direct cutting on fabric called freehand cutting are given some push, the menace of learners staying home after their secondary education for more than three years because of \u2018the no money syndrome\u2019 would be curtailed as their ability to measure accurately and cut patterns for garment construction will reduce the dependency on the little income parents generate from their professions and occupation.<br \/>\r\nIn a survey taken in AssinAmponsie JHS in the Assin North Municipality in the Central Region, it was observed that Learners\u2019 showed disinterest in measuring and cutting of patterns. This made the researcher embark on this study to identify the causes of their disinterest in garment construction and to systematically take them through the techniques of garment construction<br \/>\r\nThis article catalogues the outline of contemporary basic fashion design expectations for pupils in our basic schools to select appropriate tools and materials to learn the processes of design techniques such as drawing, freehand sketching and colour work to make a product or artefact that satisfies a need. It examines to what extent measurement and cutting fabrics can be used in training pre-tertiary learners to develop creativity and practicality which are vital to promoting individual effectiveness.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ruby Jecty<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFoso College Of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dennis Annan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFoso College Of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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(2013) \u2018Make technical, vocational education topmost priority\u2019 \u2013 The Ghanaian Times, Wednesday July 10th, 2013. Page 1<br \/>\r\n[9]. Butcher, N (2003). Technological infrastructure and use of ICT in education in Africa: an overview. Paris: working group on Distance and open Learning &amp; Association for the development of Education in Africa.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Cook P (2005). Textile fabrics and design. Hong Kong: Macmillan Company.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Cohen, L., Manion, L., &amp; Morrison, K. (2000). Research Methods in Education (5thed). New York, USA: RoutledgeFalmer.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Cresswell, J. W. (2003) Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and mixed methods approaches (2nded). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Ins.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Cunningham, U. &amp; Anderson, S (1999).Teacher, pupils and the internet. U.K, Wellington Street: Stanley Thorne\u2019s (publishers) Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Curzon, L. (1997). Teaching in further Education: An online of principles and practice.London; CASSELL Publication.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Dale, E. (1969). Audio visual methods in teaching. (3rded). N Y: Dryden Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Davidson, J. (1996). Information technology and the geography department. In Bailey, Fox, P. (Eds) Geography Teachers Handbook. The Geographical Association, Sheffield, United Kingdom pp 249-260.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Dike, V. E. (2009) Technical and Vocational Education: Key to Nigeria\u2019s Development. Via http:\/\/googlesearch.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Educational facilities. Retrieved from www.oecd.org\/edu\/ facilities\/evaluating quality. on 8-6-11.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Educational facilities. Retrieved from www.edfacilities.org\/pubs retrieved on 26-4-11<br \/>\r\n[20]. Fraenkel, J.R. &amp;Wallen, N.F. (2003).How to design and Evaluate research in Education. New York, McGraw-Hill Company Inc.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Ghana Home Science Association (1990). Home Economics for school book 1; Tema: Afram Publications (Ghana). Limited.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ghana Home Science Association (1990). Home economics for schools book 2; Tema: Afram Publication (Ghana). Limited.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Geisert, P.G. and Future M.K (2000). Teachers, computers and curriculum: micro computers in the classroom. (3rded). USA. A Pearson Education Company.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Harry, A. (2007). An investigating into the decline in enrolment for clothing and textile subject at the S.S.S level in the Central Region. Unpublished M.EdDissertation .University of Education Winneba.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Haunch P.B. (2003).Textiles science. U.S.A: West Publishing Comp.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Holland, K. (1999). All about fabrics. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[27]. http\/\/:serc.carleton.edu.onchallengies in clothing and textiles .Retrieved on 26-6-2011<br \/>\r\n[28]. http:\/\/tipexcellence gateway.orguk.onchallengies in teaching a topic. 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The teaching and learning process. Palo Alto: Scott, Foresman Co.<br \/>\r\n[37]. www.bukisa.com\/article\/project method of teaching retrieved on 24\/6\/11.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Kyei-Baffour, G. (2000) History of the Development of Education in Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Lambert, D. &amp;Balderstone, D. (2000).Learning to teach geography in the secondary school. London and New York: RoutledgeFalmer.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Lansah, N. (2006). Challenges affecting the implementation of clothing and textile curriculum at the teacher training colleges in Ghana.Unpublished.M.Ed.Dissertation.University of Education, Winneba.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Lawrence C (2003). Computer aided Instruction in secondary school clothing and textiles courses. Retrieved on 26th June 2011 from http:\/\/www.natefacs.org.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Little, J (2015).Introducing textile science. (8th Edition).U.S.A:CBS College Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Little, J (2015).Textiles. (2nded). U.SA. 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Org. on 8-7-11<br \/>\r\n[58]. Vanderpuye S.(2013) Textile for home and people. Lexington; Ginon and company.<br \/>\r\n[59]. Walkin, L. (2000). Teaching and learning in further and adult education. United Kingdom: Nelson Thorns\u2019 Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[60]. Weber, J. (2003) clothing fashion, fabrics and construction. 4th edition U .S. A. McGraw hills Company.<br \/>\r\n[61]. www.tpub.com.\/content\/demonstration method retrieved on 23\/6\/11<br \/>\r\n[62]. www.scribd.com\/&#8230;Teachingstrategies \u2013IV-Demonstration Method retrieved on 23\/6\/11<br \/>\r\n[63]. www.preservearticle. Com..\/ advantages \u2013and-disadvantages \u2013of- demonstration method. 23\/6\/11.<br \/>\r\n[64]. www.tweenparenting about.com.\/on educational issues \/personality of a good student.Retrieved on 23\/6\/17.<br \/>\r\n[65]. www.academic .cuesta.edu\/acuscipp.characteristics of a good student retrieved on 23\/6\/11.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ruby Jecty, Dennis Annan &#8220;Arousing and Sustaining Interest in the Study of TVET&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.218-228 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/218-228.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/218-228.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/arousing-and-sustaining-interest-in-the-study-of-tvet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Arousing and Sustaining Interest in the Study of TVET<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee19c70 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee19c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee19d51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee19d51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee19ed1\" data-id=\"ee19ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee19ff7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee19ff7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a09a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1a09a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a205\" data-id=\"ee1a205\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a310 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1a310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Socio-Economic Problems Affecting Women in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdul Jaleel Mirjat, Bahadur Ali Soomro, Shahnawaz Mangi &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 229-232<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a3bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1a3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a51a\" data-id=\"ee1a51a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1a648 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee1a648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the present era, agrarian women are confronting with big socio-economic problems. Particularly, in the field of agriculture, women have severe issues concerning socio-economic conditions. Taking into consideration, the present study is attempted to investigate the socio-economic problems which are faced by the women in the agriculture sector in Ghotki District of Sindh, Pakistan. We employed a survey questionnaire to get the responses from the agrarian women randomly. In total 225 valid cases have proceeded for the final analysis. By applying the contingency table method, the study found the agricultural women are facing the big socio-economic problems such as bad behaviour of the landowner, the problem of getting wages in time, and the problem of harsh conditions of the weather. They revealed that the hardship of work becomes responsible for their illness and health problems. Males are earning more money than females despite the same work. Finally, the women also underlined that they are not independent of consuming the amount which they obtained from agriculture in the shape of wages. The study may be valuable to know the challenges and problems that are frequently faced by the agrarian women of the rural areas of Ghotki or Sindh. The investigation may enrich and further validates the issues that have raised by the present study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-232\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdul Jaleel Mirjat<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bahadur Ali Soomro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nVisiting Faculty and Research Fellow, Area Study Centre, Far East and Southeast Asia, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shahnawaz Mangi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Research Scholar, Area Study Centre, Far East and Southeast Asia, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Paksitan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Agarwal, B. (2003). Gender and land rights revisited: exploring new prospects via the state, family and market. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3 (1&amp;2), 184-224.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Alvi, T. U. R., Hanif, I. H., Feryal, I., Waraich, I. A. &amp;Mortaza, N. (2012). Women participation in socio-economic development in agriculture areas of Pakistan. Universal Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 2(1), 9-20.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Carpenter, S. A. (2000). Women who work in the field: The changing role of farm and nonfarm women on the farm. Agricultural History, 74 (2), 465-474.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Diiro, G. M., Seymour, G., Kassie, M., Muricho, G., &amp;Muriithi, B.W. (2018). Women\u2019s empowerment in agriculture and agricultural productivity: Evidence from rural maize farmer households in western Kenya. PLoS ONE, 13(5), 1-27.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Doss, C. (2011). The role of women in agriculture. ESA Working Paper No. 11-02.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ferdoos, A. (2006). Social status of rural and urban working women in Pakistan: A comparative study. Pakistan Development Review, 32 (I), 101-125.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Garc\u00eda, Z. (2005). Impact of agricultural trade on gender equity and the position of rural women in developing countries. Federico Caff\u00e8 Centre Department of Social Sciences Roskilde. University.www.ruc.dk\/federico.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Kato, I., Watanabe-Meserve, H., Koenig, K. L.,Baptiste, M. S., Lillquist, P.P.,Frizzera, G., Burke, J. S., Moseson, M., &amp; Shore R. E. (2004). Pesticide Product Use and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Women. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112 (13), 1275-1281.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Kelkar, G. (2011). Gender and productive assets: Implications for women\u2019s economic security and productivity. Economic &amp; Political Weekly, 46(23), 59-68<br \/>\r\n[10]. Kongolo, M., &amp;Bamgose, O. (2002). Participation of rural women in development: A case study of TshesengThintwa, and Makhalaneng Villages, South Africa. Journal of International Women\u2019s Studies, 4 (1), 79-92.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kwa, A. (2001).Trade-related agenda, development and equity. T.R.A.D.E.Occasional Papers4.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Raynolds, L. T. (1998). Harnessing Women&#8217;s Work: Restructuring Agricultural and Industrial Labor Forces in the Dominican Republic. Economic Geography, 74 (2), 149-169.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sidhu, K. (2007). Participation Pattern of Farm Women in Post Harvesting. Studies on Home and Community Science, 1(1), 45-49.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Zaheer, R., Zeb, A., &amp;Khattak, S. W. (2014). Women participation in Agriculture in Pakistan (An overview of the constraint and problems faced by rural women). Journal of Business and Management, 16(2), 01-04.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdul Jaleel Mirjat, Bahadur Ali Soomro, Shahnawaz Mangi &#8220;Analysis of Socio-Economic Problems Affecting Women in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.229-232 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/229-232.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/229-232.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-socio-economic-problems-affecting-women-in-agriculture-a-case-study-of-ghotki-sindh-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of Socio-Economic Problems Affecting Women in Agriculture: A Case Study of Ghotki, Sindh, Pakistan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1b47e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee1b47e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1b584 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1b584\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1b70d\" data-id=\"ee1b70d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1b82a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1b82a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1b8cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1b8cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1ba30\" data-id=\"ee1ba30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1bb46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1bb46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1bbe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1bbe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1bd38\" data-id=\"ee1bd38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1be43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1be43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1bf78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1bf78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c0f4\" data-id=\"ee1c0f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1c205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Systematic Functional Linguistic Approach towards Mood Structure Analysis of Soliloquy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Subhanan Mandal &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 233-236<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c2a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1c2a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c405\" data-id=\"ee1c405\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1c529 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee1c529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Shakespearean dramatic texts exhibit the shades of power and ideology in the Elizabethan era through the representation of characters from various sections of the society. The class sensitive English society were much aware of their addressee\u2019s attachment to a specific social class which motivated not only their choice of lexemes but also the manner of arrangement of the same linearly in their conversations. However, there are situations when the participants in a conversational exchange do not linguistically react the way their mind wants to. This results in a disparity between thought and action. Soliloquies take deep into the minds of the interlocutors and brings out the actual thought process of individuals which may not always be reflective in conversational activities. This study aims to understand the nature of thought process, particularly through categorization of mood structures, understanding the soliloquial discourse and the manner of self expression.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 233-236\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Subhanan Mandal<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhd Research Scholar, Dept. of Linguistics, University of Mysore.<br \/>\r\nJRP, Central Institute of Indian Languages.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Archer, Dawn &amp;Rayson, Paul. 2006. Love- a familiar or devil? An exploration of key domains in Shakespeare\u2019s Tragedies and Comedies. AHRC ICT Methods Network Expert Seminar on Linguistics.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Blake, N.F. 1983. Shakespeare\u2019s Language- An Introduction. The MacMillam Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Brown, Roger &amp; Gilman, Albert. 1989. \u2018Politeness Theory and Shakespeare\u2019s Four Major Tragedies\u2019. Language in Society. 18.2:159-212<br \/>\r\n[4]. Calvo, Clara. 1990. PhD thesis: \u2018Power Relations and fool-master discourse in Shakespeare: A discourse stylistics approach to dramatic dialogue\u2019. University of Nottingham.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ezzina, Rym. 2015. \u2018Transitivity Analysis of the The Crying Lot of 49 by Thomas Pynchon\u2019. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies. 2.3:283-292.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Grice, Paul. 1975. Logic and Conversation.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hall, Stuart. 1997. Representation-Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. Introduction to Functional Grammar. Routledge Publications.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Pishkar, Kiyan&amp;Nasery, Nooshin. 2013. \u2018Discourse Analysis of love and death in Shakespeare\u2019s Major Plays\u2019. International Researcher. 2.4:83-95.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Short, Mick. 1995. Language, Discourse and Literature. Routledge Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Subhanan Mandal &#8220;A Systematic Functional Linguistic Approach towards Mood Structure Analysis of Soliloquy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.233-236 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/233-236.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/233-236.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-systematic-functional-linguistic-approach-towards-mood-structure-analysis-of-soliloquy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Systematic Functional Linguistic Approach towards Mood Structure Analysis of Soliloquy<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d34e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee1d34e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1d435\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d5bb\" data-id=\"ee1d5bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d6ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1d6ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d78f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1d78f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d8ea\" data-id=\"ee1d8ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1d9fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1d9fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1daa2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1daa2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1dbfc\" data-id=\"ee1dbfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1dd2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1dd2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Indigenous Aesthetic Qualities Inherent in the Dagomba <i>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/i> (Smock) in Northern Region of Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mumuni Zakaria Fusheini., Dr. Joe Adu-Agyem, Asante Eric Appau &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 237-248<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1ddcc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1ddcc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1df39\" data-id=\"ee1df39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1e07c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee1e07c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Dagomba, who remains the biggest ethnic society noted for the use of the <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> as their traditional wear, have also exhibited lack of knowledge on the indigenous aesthetics. The aim of this article is to identify the indigenous aesthetic qualities inherent in the <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014ba<\/em> among the Dagomba in Northern Region of Ghana. It also sought to examine how the indigenous aesthetic qualities characterize the various types of <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014ba<\/em> among the Dagomba ethnic society. This will go a long way to provide sanity in the Dagomba <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> art and culture thereby helping to promote the cultural heritage of Ghana\u2019s indigenous dresses as a whole. A population of <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> weavers, sewers and traditional folk historians from five <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> production communities among the Dagomba were used. Data was taken from a sample of 60 respondents comprising weavers, sewers and traditional folk historians. Through face to face interview and observations, the study gathered, simplified, scrutinized, edited, discussed and analyzed the data with the aid of narratives, descriptions, tables and figures. The study found out that the indigenous aesthetic qualities of any type of <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> makes it useful or functional in the context of the Dagomba culture. Also, <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em> meant for prominent people such as chiefs and other traditional rulers have unique indigenous aesthetic qualities which differentiate them from the commoners\u2019 <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em>. Conclusions drawn from the findings indicated that to purchase and wear a <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em>, it becomes necessary to consider the indigenous aesthetic qualities of the <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/em>. This will help the users to choose <em>Bim\u2019ma\u014ba<\/em> that match their personalities as well as adding beauty to the wearer\u2019s physical qualities<em>. <\/em><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 237-248\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mumuni Zakaria Fusheini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTutor, Head of Department, Department of Vocational Skills, E.P College of Education-Bimbilla, N\/R, Ghana.<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joe Adu-Agyem <\/strong><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Former HOD, Department of Educational Innovations for Science and Technology, Faculty of Art and Built Environment, KNUST, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asante Eric Appau <\/strong><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Educational Innovations in Science and Technology, Faculty of Art and Built Environment, KNUST, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Darimoah, J.B. (2014, November 12). Bim\u2019ma\u014ba in northern Ghana.VIBE Ghana. Retrieved from http:\/\/vibeghana.com\/2014\/11\/12\/Bim\u2019ma\u014ba-in-northern-ghana\/<br \/>\r\n[2]. Sabutey, G. T. (2009). Aesthetics, appreciation and criticism among indigenous Asantekente weavers: Implications for art education and national development (Doctoral thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology). Retrieved from<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/ir.knust.edu.gh\/bitstream\/123456789\/791\/1\/Gordon%20Terkpeh%20Sabutey.pdf<br \/>\r\n[3]. Waithera, K.L. (2013), Comtemporary Kenyan Aesthetic Applied to Fashion for Young Professionals in Kenya (Bachelor of Arts, The University of Nairobi, Nairobi). Retrieved from http:\/\/arts-design.uonbi.ac.ke\/sites\/default\/files\/cae\/artsdesign\/artsdesign\/Contemporary%20Kenyan%20aesthetic%20applied%20to%20fashion%20for%20young%20p.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]. Acquah, S., Amissah, E.R.K., Yankson, G. (2017). Dress aesthetics of Bim\u2019ma\u014bli in northern Ghana: Form, function, and context. Textile Eng Fashion Techno, 1(2), 2-11, 00013,DOI:10.15406\/jteft.2017.01.00013<br \/>\r\n[5]. Awedoba, A K 2006, The People of northern Ghana, Ghana Governemnt Publication Service, Accra.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kingraftheradiant 2013, History of the people of Tamale (The Dagbong Tribe), viewed 21 April 2016, &lt;radiantghanaguide.wordpress.com\/2013\/04\/11\/history-of-the-people-of-tamale-the-dagomba-tribe&gt;.<br \/>\r\n[7]. St. James, M. (2010).About the dagomba Wiki, viewed 7 February, 2017, &lt;https:\/\/wikis.uit.tufts.edu\/confluence\/display\/DagombaDanceDrumming\/About+the+Dagomba [8]. Danso, D.K. (2014). Textiles of Ghana: A philosophical enquiry based on a conceptual view of aesthetics (Unpublished Doctoral thesis).Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. [9]. Abugri, G. S (2016, April 19). The fugu Dr. Nkrumah gave the world. Daily Graphics Retrieved from http:\/\/www.sydneyabugri.com\/Web\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=218:the fugu-dr-nkrumah-gave-the-world&amp;catid=39:other-resources&amp;Itemid=152 [10]. Chanda, J. (1991). African arts and culture. Worcester, Massachusetts: Davis Publication, Inc. [11]. News Ghana (2016, March 4). The priceless traditional attire, batakari\u2019, NewsGhana.Retrieved from http:\/\/www.newsghana.com.gh\/the-priceless-traditional-attire-batakari. [12]. Shorn, B. &amp;Malokwane, J. (n.d). The african aesthetics as it informs the product form. Gaborone, Bostwana : University of Bostwana. [13]. Ulzen-Appiah, E.V (2005). A review of symbolism in indigenous West African textiles. Journal of Science and Technology,25 (1), 108-124. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/just\/article\/view\/32937\/6341 [14]. Adu-Agyem, J. (1990). Aesthetics, appreciation and criticism (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis).Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. [15]. Essel, O.Q &amp;Amissah, E.R (20150. Smockfashion culture in Ghana\u2019s dress identity-making. Historical Research Letter, 18, no. 2225-096, pp. 32-39. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319417874_Smock_Fashion_Culture_in_Ghana&#8217;s_Dress_Identity-Making\/download [16]. Dramedo, B.E, Ahiabor, R. &amp;Gbadegbe, R (2013). The relevance and symbolism of clothe within traditional institutions and its modern impacts on the Ghanaian culture. Arts and Design Studies, 13, 1-14. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iiste.org\/Journals\/index.php\/ADS\/article\/viewFile\/8079\/8173 [17]. Salm, S. J., &amp;Falola, T. (2002). Culture and customs of Ghana. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. [18]. Asare I.T. (2012). Critical success factors for the revival of the textile sector in Ghana. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(2), 307-310. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ijbssnet.com\/journals\/Vol_3_No_2_Special_Issue_January_2012\/32.pdf&gt;<br \/>\r\n[19]. Abdul-Rahim, A, Abdul-Wadudu, M. A &amp;Alhassan, Y.A (2016). Indigenous industries in the face of growing competition in textile markets: A study of Smock\/Fugu industry in Tamale metropolis, Northern Ghana. International Journal of Development Research,6(2), 6826-6833. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/313903858_The_BIM\u2019MA\u014aLI_Exploring_an_Indigenous_Industry_in_Tamale_Metropolis_of_Northern_Ghana<br \/>\r\n[20]. Jasmine, A. (2016, August 22). Fugu-the Tradition goes on. Graphic Ghana.Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.graphic.com.gh\/features\/features\/11044-fugu-the-tradition-goes-on.html<br \/>\r\n[21]. Adikorley, D.R. (2013).The textile industry in Ghana: A look into tertiary textile education and its relevance to the industry (Master\u2019s thesis). Ohio University, Ohio, USA.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Dzramedo, B.E. (2009). Clothing and fashion in Ghanaian Culture: A Case Study among the Akans\u2019, PhD thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Doctoral thesis). Retrieved<br \/>\r\nfrom&lt;http:\/\/ir.knust.edu.gh\/bitstream\/123456789\/292\/1\/Clothing%20and%20Fashion%20in%20Ghanaian%20Culture.pdf&gt;.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Akinbeleji, T.Y. (2014). Symbolic values of clothing and textiles art in traditional and contemporary Africa. International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3(4), 626-641. Retrieved from https:\/\/isdsnet.com\/ijds-v3n4-3.pdf<br \/>\r\n[24]. Disele, P.L.P., Tyler, D. and Power, Jess (2011) Conserving and sustaining culture through traditional dress. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 26(1). ISSN 1012\u00ad1080. Retrieved from<br \/>\r\n&lt;http:\/\/eprints.staffs.ac.uk\/4218\/1\/07%20-%20OSSREA%20%20JSDA%20Disele%20published%20copy%202011.pdf&gt;<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mumuni Zakaria Fusheini., Dr. Joe Adu-Agyem, Asante Eric Appau &#8220;Indigenous Aesthetic Qualities Inherent in the Dagomba <i>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/i> (Smock) in Northern Region of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.237-248 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/237-248.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/237-248.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/indigenous-aesthetic-qualities-inherent-in-the-dagomba-bimmanli-smock-in-northern-region-of-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Indigenous Aesthetic Qualities Inherent in the Dagomba <i>Bim\u2019ma\u014bli<\/i> (Smock) in Northern Region of Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1ee43 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee1ee43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1ef1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1ef1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f09f\" data-id=\"ee1f09f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f1c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1f1c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f267 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1f267\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f3b9\" data-id=\"ee1f3b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f4c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1f4c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f560 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1f560\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f6ca\" data-id=\"ee1f6ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f7e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee1f7e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Examination of Available Sources of Finance and Constraints to SMES in the Wenchi Municipal of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>AMPOSAH, Boateng Alfred  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 249-258<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f880 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee1f880\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee1f9e7\" data-id=\"ee1f9e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee1fb4b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee1fb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was conducted to examine the sources and constraints to SMEs financing in the Wenchi Municipal of the Brong-Ahafo region of Ghana.  The main objective of the study was to provide an examination of the sources from which SMEs received finance for their operations, the constraints associated with obtaining finances from the available sources and the implication for the growth and development of SMEs in the Wenchi municipality. In order to achieve these objectives data were collected from questionnaire administered to 170 randomly selected SMEs owners and 13 conveniently selected financial Institutions. Analysis of the data revealed that there are available internal and external sources of finances that SMEs in the Wenchi Municipal are able to obtain finances from.  The common internal sources include personal savings, sales of assets, retained earnings and equity investment. External sources of finances SMEs are able to access also include loans from financial institutions, governmental agencies, friends and relatives as well as trade credit.Conditions that militate against access to finance noted from the findings includedcollaterals, interest rates, size of credits, maturity time or duration before repayment, general economic conditions, firm-specific situations and bad attitude of lenders towards SMEs. Characteristics such as sex of the SMEs owners, education, sector of SME, length of existence were not found to be significant determinant of access to finance. The study therefore recommend that financial institution should undertake financial management education for SMEs to help them improve their financial management, SME should improve their business management and accounting skills by employing qualified professionals, government should also strengthen its agencies and parastatal that support SMEs financially.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 249-258\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AMPOSAH, Boateng Alfred <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBachelor of Business Administration, Methodist University College, Wenchi Campus, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbor, J. and N. Biekpe, (2006). \u201cSMEs\u2019 Access to Debt Finance: A Comparison of Male- Owned and Female-Owned Businesses in Ghana\u201d, International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 7(2), pp. 105-112.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAbor, J., &#038;Quartey, P. (2010). Issues in SME development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics,39(6), 215-228.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAcs, Z., R. Morck, and B. Young, 1999. \u201cProductivity Growth and Size Distribution\u201d, in Acs, Z., Carlsson, B. and Karlsson, C. (eds.), Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAnheier, H. K. and H. D. Seibel, (1987). \u201cSmall Scale Industries and Economic Development in Ghana\u201d, Business Behaviour and Strategies in Informal Sector Economies, VerlagBreitenbech, Saarbruckh, Germany.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBolton, J.E. (1971) Report of the Committee of Enquiry into Small Firms. Cmnd 4811, HMSO, London.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCook, P., &#038;Nixson, F. (2000). Finance and small and medium-sized enterprise development. Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFischer, E., &#038;Reuber, R. (2000). Industrial clusters and SME promotion in developing countries (No. 3). Commonwealth Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKayanula, D. and P. Quartey, 2000. \u201cThe Policy Environment for Promoting Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Ghana and Malawi\u201d, Finance and Development Research Programme, Working Paper Series, Paper No 15, IDPM, University of Manchester.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKish, L. (1965). Survey Sampling. New York: 3ohn Wiley &#038; Sons.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tLee, B. C., &#038; Tan, W. L. (2002). 14 Small and Medium Enterprises in Singapore and the New Economy. The role of SMEs in national economies in East Asia, 2, 374.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLiedholm, C. and D. Mead, (1987). \u201cSmall Scale Industries in Developing Countries: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications\u201d, International Development Paper No.9, Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLittle, D. A.; Anderson, F. M.; Durkin, J. W., 1987. A note on the effect of supplementation with noug cake (Guizotiaabyssinica) on the milk production of crossbred cows. Proceedings of a workshop held at Ryall&#8217;s Hotel, Blantyre, Malawi, September 1986 Ed. Little, D. A. and Said, N. A.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMensah, S. (2004). A review of SME financing schemes in Ghana. InUNIDO regional workshop of financing small and medium scale enterprises, Accra, Ghana (pp. 15-16).<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMuritala, T. A. (2012). An empirical analysis of capital structure on firms\u2019 performance in Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, 1(5), 116-124.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tPuopiel F. (2014). Prospects and Challenges of Electronic Banking in Ghana: The Case of Zenith Bank, Sunyani.Ijamee.info  March-April 2014 | Vol.1| Issue 1|06-14<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSchmitz, H. (1995). \u201cCollective Efficiency: Growth Path for Small Scale Industry\u201d, The Journal of Development Studies, 31(4), pp. 529-566.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSulemana, I. (2014). Factors Influencing the Performance of Small Scale Entrepreneurs in the Garment Industry of the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana).<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTonge, J. (2001). A review of small business literature part 1: defining the small business.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tWeiner, B., Amick, H., &#038; Lee, S. Y. (2008). Conceptualization and measurement of organizational readiness for change: a review of the literature in health services research and other fields. Medical Care Research and Review.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tWeston, J. F. and Copeland, T. E., 1998. \u201cManagerial Finance\u201d, CBS College Publishing, New York.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">AMPOSAH, Boateng Alfred  &#8220;An Examination of Available Sources of Finance and Constraints to SMES in the Wenchi Municipal of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.249-258 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/249-258.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/249-258.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-examination-of-available-sources-of-finance-and-constraints-to-smes-in-the-wenchi-municipal-of-the-brong-ahafo-region-of-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Examination of Available Sources of Finance and Constraints to SMES in the Wenchi Municipal of the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee20932 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee20932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee20a11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee20a11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee20ba0\" data-id=\"ee20ba0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee20cc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee20cc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee20d6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee20d6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee20eb4\" data-id=\"ee20eb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee20fc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee20fc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2105d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2105d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee211ab\" data-id=\"ee211ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee212ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee212ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee21353 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee21353\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee214b2\" data-id=\"ee214b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee215bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee215bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Libraries in Transparency and Combating Corruption in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro, Eda Rita &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 259-264<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee21657 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee21657\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee217cc\" data-id=\"ee217cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2190e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee2190e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Corruption is an all-pervasive phenomenon, whether as powerful business and political elites, or the petty corruption that acts as a kind of extra tax on the poor. Transparency in various forms offers potential for the combating of corruption through access to knowledge of regulations and laws, as well as revelations of wrong doing.  This work will look at the Relevant aspects of transparency which include: open government and public scrutiny of official business; freedom of information laws; protection of public interest, disclosure (whistle blowing; enforcement of good practice in financial accounting and audit; protection of investigative journalism; and civil society campaigning. The implications for archives and records management (the sources of information on transactions that may include corrupt dealing) is obvious; the role of libraries in transparency and combating corruption will also been look at.  This paper recommends few ways of how to combat corruption in Nigeria and in our society in general.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 259-264\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251 Warri, Delta State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eda Rita<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251 Warri, Delta State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBaston, L. (2000) Sleaze: the state of Britain. London: Channel 4.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBayley, D.H. (1966) The effects of corruption in a developing nation. Western Political Quarterly 19(4) pp.719-732.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBurkeman, O. &#038; Norton-Taylor, R. (2004) The spy who couldn\u2019t keep secret. Guardian [London] 26th February, G2 pp.2-3.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCalland, R. &#038; Dehn, G. (2004) eds. Whistle blowing around the world: law, culture and practice. Cape Town: Open Democracy Advice Centred.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCampaign (1996) for Freedom of Information. Open and shut case: access to information in Sweden and the EU. Available at http:\/\/www.cfoi.org.uk\/sweden1.html [Accessed 5.8.04].<br \/>\r\n[6].\tClay, E. (2004) Kenya\u2019s government is full of corrupt gluttons. Independent [London], 16th July p.27.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDaruwala, M. (2003) ed. Open sesame: looking for the right to information in the Commonwealth. New Delhi: Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDoig, A. (2003) Political corruption in the United Kingdom. In: Bull, M.J. and Newell, J.L. eds. Corruption in contemporary politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp.961-966.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGarai, A &#038; Shadrach, B. (2006) Taking ICT to every Indian village: opportunities and challenges. New Delhi: OneWorld South Asia.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tIFLA (2008) Manifesto on Transparency, Good Governance and Freedom from Corruption. http:\/\/www.ifla.org\/publications\/ifla-manifesto-ontransparency-good-governance-and-freedom-from-corruption (visited 22.12.11).<br \/>\r\n[11].\tJohnston, M. (1997) What can be done about entrenched corruption? In. Pleskovic, B. ed. Annual Word Bank Conference on development Economics, 1997. Washington: World Bank. pp.69-90.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tJohnson, C. (2004) Board approves accounting rules: auditors will be obliged to preserve backup documents. Washington Post 10th June, p.E02. Accessible at http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A29563-2004Jun9.html. [Accessed 15.4.2004].<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKumar, A. (2002) E-government and efficiency, accountability and transparency. Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, available at http:\/\/www.ejisdc.org.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLeff, N. (1964) Economic development through bureaucratic corruption. American Behavioural Scientist 8(3) pp.8-14.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tLeys, C. (1965) What is this problem about corruption? Journal of Modern African Studies 3(2) pp.215-224.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMarie Ch\u00eane, (2016).  Literature review: The use of ICTs in the fight against corruption. Transparency International, mchene@transparency.org Date: 10 November 2016 Number: 6<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMcKemmish, S. &#038; Acland, G. (1999) Archivists at risk: accountability and the role of the professional society. Available at http:\/\/www.archivists.org.au\/events\/conf99\/mckemmish_acland.html [Accessed 15.6.04].<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMendel, T. (2003) Freedom of information: a comparative legal survey. New Delhi: UNESCO Regional Bureau for communication and Information.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMohamed Sami Ben Ali  and Seifallah Sassi (2017). The Role of ICT Adoption in Curbing Corruption in Developing Countries. from book Catalyzing Development through ICT Adoption (pp.37-50). June 2017\u2002with\u2002576 Reads DOI 10.1007\/978-3-319-56523-1_4<br \/>\r\n[20].\tNorth, D.C. and Weingast, B.R. (1989) Constitutions and commitment: the evolution of institutions governing public choice in seventeenth century England. Journal of Economic History 49(4) pp.803-832.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOliver, R.W. (2004) What is Transparency? New York: McGraw-Hill. Sharma, G. and Sturges, P. (2007) \u2018Using ICT to help the poor access public services: an action research programme\u2019. Information Development, 23(1), pp. 15\u201323.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tPope, J. (2000) Confronting corruption: the elements of a national integrity system. Transparency International Source book 2000. http:\/\/www.transparency.org\/sourcebook\/index.html [Accessed 17.6.2004]<br \/>\r\n[23].\tPower, M. (1997), The audit society: rituals of verification. London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRice, X. (2006), Our man in Africa: lovely people, but it\u2019s just a pity you\u2019re corrupt from head to toe. Guardian [London] 11th November, p.3.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tShakirudeen Taiwo (2018). Corruption cases that affected Nigeria&#8217;s anti-graft war in 2017 business insider Published: 22.02.2018.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSturges, P. (2000) \u2018The Council of Europe, freedom of expression and public access to networked information\u2019. IFLA Journal, 26(4), pp. 280\u2013283.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tSturges, P. (2001) \u2018The library and freedom of information: agent or icon?\u2019 Alexandria, 13(1), pp. 3\u201316.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tSturges Paul (2007) Corruption, Transparency and a role for libraries In: Belan-Simic, A. and Sapro-Ficovic, M. eds. Library Professional Ethics and Civil Society Ethical Norms. Zagreb: Croatian Library Association, pp.182- 192.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tSturges, P. (2009) \u2018Stimulating IFLA\u2019s ethical conscience: FAIFE 2003\u2013 2009\u2019. IFLA Journal, 35(2), pp. 117\u2013122.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tTransparency International (2003) Corruption perception index. http:\/\/www.transparency.org\/cpi\/2003\/cpi2003.en.html [Accessed 17.6.2004].<br \/>\r\n[31].\tTsiko, S. (2004) Negligent record-keeping costing state. Herald [Zimbabwe] 2nd June. Available at http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200406020819.html. [Accessed 15.6.2004].<br \/>\r\n[32].\tWaisbord, S. (2001) Why democracy needs investigative journalism. Available at http:\/\/www.e11th-hour.org\/media\/investigative.journalism.html. [Accessed 2.6.2003<br \/>\r\n[33].\tWorld Bank. (2016). World Development report http:\/\/www.worldbank. org\/en\/publication\/wdr2016<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro, Eda Rita &#8220;The Role of Libraries in Transparency and Combating Corruption in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.259-264 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/259-264.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/259-264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-libraries-in-transparency-and-combating-corruption-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Libraries in Transparency and Combating Corruption in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2519f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee2519f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee252b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee252b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee25464\" data-id=\"ee25464\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee255bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee255bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2567e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2567e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee257e6\" data-id=\"ee257e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee25913 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee25913\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee259eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee259eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee25b89\" data-id=\"ee25b89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee25ca9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee25ca9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relevance of Interreligious Collaboration in Peacebuilding<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Emmanuel Chiwetalu Ossai  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 265-269<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee25d61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee25d61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee25ed5\" data-id=\"ee25ed5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee26017 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee26017\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper closely considers how interreligious collaboration between religious peacebuilders could help to make religious peacebuilding in cases where religion is (part of) the problem more effective. Considering how interreligious collaboration applies to some peacebuilding mechanisms such as conflict mediation and workshops, I identify and discuss four major advantages, which include the following: (i) bolstering the legitimacy and influence of religious actors,(2) enhancing the capacity of religious resources, (3) providing a platform for the combination of intra-\/intercommunal human, intellectual and material resources, and (4) sending unspoken and influential messages of love, tolerance and reconciliation to the public.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 265-269\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Chiwetalu Ossai  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Religion and Cultural Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAppleby, R.S.,(2000). The ambivalence of the sacred: religion, violence, and reconciliation. Lanham, MD: Rowman &#038; Littlefield.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAppleby, R.S., Omer, A. &#038; Little, D. (eds.) (2015). The Oxford Handbook of Religion, Conflict, and Peacebuiding. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarnard, A.&#038; Karam, S.,(2015). Image of drowned Syrian, Aylan Kurdi, 3, brings migrant crisis into focus. New York Times 3 September.Available from: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/09\/04\/world\/europe\/syria-boy-drowning.html?_r=0 [accessed 27 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBBC News (2016). Battle for Aleppo: photo of shocked and bloodied Syrian five-year-old sparks outrage 18 August. Available from: http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-37116349 [accessed 27 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBercovitch, J.,(2007). Mediation in international conflicts: theory, practice, and developments. In: Zartman I.W. (ed.) Peacemaking in international conflict: methods and techniques. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 163-194.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBercovitch, J.,(2011). Theory and practice of international mediation: selected essays. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBercovitch, J., &#038;Kadayifci-Orellana, S.A., (2009). Religion and mediation: the role of faith-based actors in international conflict resolution. International Negotiation 14, pp. 175-204.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFisher, J.R.,(2007). Interactive conflict resolution. In: Zartman, I.W., (ed). Peacemaking in international conflict: methods and techniques. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, pp.  227-276.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFoltz, J.W.,(1977). Two forms of unofficial conflict intervention: the problem-solving and the process-promoting workshops. In: Berman, R.M.&#038; Johnson, E.J.,(eds). Unofficial diplomats. New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 201-221.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGopin, M.,(1997). Religion, violence, and conflict resolution. Peace and Change 22(1), pp. 1-31.<br \/>\r\n[11].\t Gopin, M.,(2000). Between Eden and Armageddon: the future of world religions, violence, and peacemaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGopin, M.,(2002). Holy war, holy peace: how religion can bring peace to the Middle East. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHogan, L.,(2009). Between legitimation and refusal: Jewish, Christian, and Islamic responses to political violence. In: Hogan, L.&#038; Lehrke, L.D., (eds.)Religion and the politics of peace and conflict. Eugene, OR: Pickwick Publications, pp. ix-xxii.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHurewitz, C.J.,(1984). Book Review: The peace brokers: mediators in the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948-1979, by Touval, S.,(1982). Middle Eastern Studies 20(1), pp. 112-114.<br \/>\r\n[15].\t Little, D.,(2007). Peacemakers in action: profiles of religion in conflict resolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSaunders, H.H.,(2000). Interactive conflict resolution. a view for policy makers on making and building peace. In: Stern, C.P.&#038; Druckman, D.(eds.)International conflict resolution after the cold war. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 251- 293.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tTouval, S.,(1982). The peace brokers: mediators in the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1948-79. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tZartman, I.W.,(2007). Toward the resolution of international conflicts. In: Zartman, I.W.(ed.)Peacemaking in international conflict: methods and techniques. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. pp. 3-22.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel Chiwetalu Ossai  &#8220;The Relevance of Interreligious Collaboration in Peacebuilding&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.265-269 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/265-269.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/265-269.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relevance-of-interreligious-collaboration-in-peacebuilding\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relevance of Interreligious Collaboration in Peacebuilding<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee26eb3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee26eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee26f9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee26f9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee27158\" data-id=\"ee27158\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee272c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee272c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2736e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2736e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee274db\" data-id=\"ee274db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee275ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee275ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2768e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2768e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee277f7\" data-id=\"ee277f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2e452 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2e452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Roles of Librarians and Libraries Campaign as a Strategy for the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro, Ejitagha Stella &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 270-274<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2e54f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2e54f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee2e70b\" data-id=\"ee2e70b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2e865 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee2e865\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">All over the world in 2015, countries adopted a set of goals to end Poverty protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for as part of a new sustainable development goals. Seventeen general goals for sustainable development were set up. Each goal has targets to be achieved over 15 years. For the goals to be achieved, governments, the private sector, civil society and people in general need to be committed. For any nation to develop, it needs to have and provide relevant, updated and adequate information on food security, democracy, health, education, gender equality etc. Libraries can provide such access to information that would enable people to live gainful lives. However, people need to be skilled at identifying, acquiring, organizing, offering for use and publicly preserving materials irrespective of the form in which it is packaged in such a way that when it is needed it can be found and put to use. The paper describes the importance of library campaign as a strategy for attainment of the SDG in Nigeria. In addition, the paper also examines the roles of librarians for ensuring the actualization of the sustainable development goals in the country.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 270-274\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251 Warri, Delta State, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ejitagha Stella<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, Delta State Polytechnic Otafe-Oghara, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlokun, N. (1998). An appraisal of the role of the library in the implementation of mass literacy, adult and non-formal education programmes in Nigeria. Lagos: Librarian 1&#038;2 (53-59).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAmusan, David Adeleye, Oyetola, Solomon Olusegun, Ogunmodede, Thomas Ayinla (2012), Influence of Library and Information Services on Attainment of Millennium Development Goals on Education: A Case Study of Oyo State, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 2 No. 8; August<br \/>\r\n[3].\tApotiade, J. (2002). National, state, and public libraries. Ibadan: Distance Learning Center. University of Ibadan press.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tForsyth, E. (2005). Public libraries and the millennium development goals. I\uf002a Journal 4 (315- 323).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGupta, E. &#038; Savard, O. (2009). Marketing library and Information Services. Retrieved on 12\/08 2016-08-16 https:\/\/www.google<br \/>\r\n[6].\tIFLA, 2003. Information for all: the key role of libraries in the information society. Report Prepared for; libraries @ the heart of the information society. Retrieved on November 25, 2009, from http:\/\/www uniqe.ch\/blbio\/ses\/IFLA\/rol lib 030566.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tIFLA, 2007. \u2018African Libraries of The Future: Interfacing with the Millennium Development Goals&#8221; Report of the IFLA Africa Section Seminar.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tIgbuzor, O. (2006). The millennium development goals: Can Nigeria meet the goals in 2015? A paper presented at a symposium on millennium development goals and Nigeria: issues. Challenges and prospects organized by the Institute of Chartered Accountant of Nigeria (ICAN), at Sheraton Hotel and Towers Abuja on 27th July 2006.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tImplementation of the SDGs. A National Voluntary Review June 2017<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKabiru Ubale &#038; Abdullahi Yahaya (2016), Library Campaign as a Strategy for Actualizing the Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria: the Roles of Librarians. International Journal of Comparative Studies in International Relations and Development Hard Print: 2354-4198 Online: 2354-4201 Vol. 4, No. 1 November,<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKrolak, L. (2005). The roles of libraries in the creation of a literate environment. Retrieved on 12th August, 2016, role-of-libraries-in creation- of-literate environments.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOneyeyan Ryan, E. &#038; Adesina, P. (2016). A literature review of the role of libraries in the provision of information towards the attainment of the united nations millennium development goals (MDGs) in Nigeria. Retrieved on 12th August 2016. From http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cg?article2651.context=library Philo&#8217;<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPearson, S. &#038; Hall, A. (2015). 10 library strategies for effective public awareness. Retrieved On 9th August 2016. From www.becauseofthelibrary.org<br \/>\r\n[14].\tRubin, R. (2000). Foundations of library and information science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers Inc.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tTise, E. (2009). Access to knowledge through libraries: Information services and Information literacy today. Retrieved December 8, 2009, from http:\/\/www.i\uf002adeutschland.de\/de\/downloads\/keynote_tise_suedafrika.pdf<br \/>\r\n[16].\tUhegbu, A. &#038; Igwe, I. ( 2006). Information and communication technology (I.C.T) and the millennium development goals. Information Technologist. 3: 2: 97-109<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUNESCO 2000. Education for All: An Expanded vision. Paris: UNESCO. 11 &#038; 69.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUNESCO 2008. Promoting Gender Equality in Education. Retrieved on August 25, 2009, from http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/bangkok.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tUNDP 1998. Nigeria Human Development Report Lagos. UNDP.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tUNICEF 2004. Millennium Development Goals: Achieve Universal Primary Education. Retrieved on October 18, 2009, from http:\/\/www.unicef.org.\/mdg\/ education HTML.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUnited Nations Development Program (2010). Nigeria millennium development goals report 2010. Retrieved August 5, 2012, 2010. from http:\/\/www.ng.undp\/mdgs\/ Final- MDG-report-2010.pdf Comparative Jour | 96<br \/>\r\n[22].\tWilson, S. (2015). Library strategies: keys to managing your boards. Retrieved on 9th August 2016 Comparative<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro, Ejitagha Stella &#8220;The Roles of Librarians and Libraries Campaign as a Strategy for the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.270-274 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/270-274.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/270-274.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-roles-of-librarians-and-libraries-campaign-as-a-strategy-for-the-attainment-of-sustainable-development-goals-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Roles of Librarians and Libraries Campaign as a Strategy for the Attainment of Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2f6e3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee2f6e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2f7e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2f7e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee2f981\" data-id=\"ee2f981\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2faad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2faad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2fb5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2fb5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee2fcd4\" data-id=\"ee2fcd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee2fe02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee2fe02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee2fea5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee2fea5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee2fff8\" data-id=\"ee2fff8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee30101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee30101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee301a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee301a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee30318\" data-id=\"ee30318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee3042b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee3042b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Influencing Subsidized Fertilizer Access and Use Intensity on Small Holder Farmers in Trans Nzoia County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Augustine Wafula Barasa, Josephine Barasa, Paul Okelo Odwori, Kenneth Kisuya Malaba, Harrison Yego &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 275-279<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee304c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee304c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee30640\" data-id=\"ee30640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee3077d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee3077d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Low crop yields as a result of inadequate application of fertilizer remains to be a challenge limiting optimum crop production especially among smallholder farmers in Kenya. The government of Kenya, under The National Accelerated Agricultural Inputs Access Programme (NAAIAP), introduced subsidized fertilizersaimed at increasing crop productivity.Despite these initiative, there has not been much achievements as far as general increase in crop yields and especially maize crop yields in the country is concerned. This study therefore sought to investigate thefactors affecting the access and the use intensity of subsidized fertilizer among smallholder farmers in Western Kenya with the case of Trans Nzoia County.The specific objectives of the study were to establish the factors affecting the access to subsidized fertilizers and to assess the factors affecting the intensity of fertilizer used.This study employed cross-sectional survey using structured questionnaires to collect the data from 384 farmers who had been selected using multi-stage sampling technique. The data was analyzed econometrically using a double hurdle model which combined a probit model and a truncated regression model. The findings showed thatage, access to extension services, land size, distance to market, household size and non-farm income significantly affected the accessibility of subsidized fertilizer to the farmers while the intensity of subsidized fertilizer use was significantly determined by age, land size, access to extension services and non-farm income of household head. The study concluded that the government should target the smallholder farmers and consider their factors when formulating policies for distribution of subsidized fertilizers as they are the intended beneficiaries of the program.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 275-279\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 April 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Wafula Barasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josephine Barasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Okelo Odwori<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Economics, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenneth Kisuya Malaba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harrison Yego<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Business and Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Resource management, Moi University, Kenya  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkudugu, M. A., Guo, E., &#038; Dadzie, S. K. (2012). Adoption of modern agricultural production technologies by farm households in Ghana: What factors influence their decisions. Journal of biology, agriculture and healthcare, 2(3).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAsante, B. O, Afari-Sefa V., &#038;Sarpong, D. B (2011). Determinants of Small-Scale Farmers\u2019 Decision to JoinFarmer Based Organizations in Ghana. Afr. J. Agric. Res., 6(10), 2273-2279.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCavane, E. (2016). Farmers\u2019 attitude and adoption of improved maize varieties and chemical fertilizers in Mozambique. Indian Research Journal of Extension Education, 11(21), 1-6.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCochran, W. G. (2007). Sampling techniques. John Wiley &#038; Sons.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCragg, J. (1971). Some statistical models for limited dependent variables with application to the demand for durable goods.Econometrica, 39(5), 829-844.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDorward, A., Chirwa, E., &#038; Jayne, T. S. (2011). Malawi\u2019s Agricultural Input Subsidy Program Experience over 2005\u201309. Yes Africa Can: Success Stories from a Dynamic Continent, 289-317.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDruilhe, Z., &#038; Barreiro-Hurl\u00e9, J. (2012). Fertilizer subsidies in sub-Saharan Africa (No. 12-04). ESA Working paper.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFAO. (2018) Kenya at a glance | FAO in Kenya | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2018). Fao.org. Retrieved 9 April 2018, from http:\/\/www.fao.org\/kenya\/fao-in-kenya\/kenya-at-a-glance\/en\/<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology. Methods and techniques, 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMAKAU, J. M. (2016). AN ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SUBSIDIZED FERTILIZER ON FARMER PARTICIPATION IN COMMERCIAL FERTILIZER MARKETS IN NORTH RIFT REGION OF KENYA (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMal, P., Anik, A.R., Bauer, S., and Schmitz, P.M., (2012), \u201cBt Cotton Adoption: A Double-hurdle Approach for North Indian Farmers\u201d, AgBioForum, 15(3): 294-302<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMartey, E., Wiredu, A. N., Etwire, P. M., Fosu, M., Buah, S. S. J., Bidzakin, J., &#038; Kusi, F. (2013). Fertilizer adoption and use intensity among smallholder farmers in Northern Ghana: A case study of the AGRA soil health project. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 3(1), 24.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMathenge, M., Place, F., Olwande, J., &#038; Mithoefer, D. (2010). Participation in agricultural markets among the Poor and marginalized: analysis of factors Influencing participation and impacts on income and Poverty in Kenya. Unpublished Study Report Prepared for the FORD Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tNg&#8217;ang&#8217;a, Stanley Karanja, An Notenbaert, Chris Miyinzi Mwungu, Caroline Mwongera, and Evan Girvetz. &#8220;Cost and benefit analysis for climate-smart soil practices in Western Kenya.&#8221; (2017).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNoltze, M., Schwarze, S., &#038; Qaim, M. (2011, September). Understanding the adoption of systemic innovations in smallholder agriculture: the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in Timor Leste. In presentation at the EAAE 2011 Congress, August (Vol. 30).<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOchola, R. O., &#038; Fengying, N. I. E. (2015). Evaluating the effects of fertilizer subsidy programmes on vulnerable farmers in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, 7(6), 192-201.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOdame H, Muange E (2012). Can Agro-dealers deliver the green revolution in Kenya? Future Agricultures Consortium DFID UK. Future Agricultures Policy Brief No. 45.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tVanlauwe, B., Kanampiu, F., Odhiambo, G. D., De Groote, H., Wadhams, L. J., &#038; Khan, Z. R. (2008). Integrated management of Striga hermonthica, stem borers, and declining soil fertility in western Kenya. Field Crops Research, 107(2), 102-115.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Augustine Wafula Barasa, Josephine Barasa, Paul Okelo Odwori, Kenneth Kisuya Malaba, Harrison Yego &#8220;Factors Influencing Subsidized Fertilizer Access and Use Intensity on Small Holder Farmers in Trans Nzoia County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.275-279 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/275-279.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/275-279.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-influencing-subsidized-fertilizer-access-and-use-intensity-on-small-holder-farmers-in-trans-nzoia-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Factors Influencing Subsidized Fertilizer Access and Use Intensity on Small Holder Farmers in Trans Nzoia County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee388a3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee388a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee3898f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee3898f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee38b3b\" data-id=\"ee38b3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee38c7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee38c7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee38d25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee38d25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee38e89\" data-id=\"ee38e89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee38fa4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee38fa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee39043 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee39043\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee3918f\" data-id=\"ee3918f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee392a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee392a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee3935f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee3935f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee394df\" data-id=\"ee394df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee39601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee39601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between a Banker and His Customer under a Letter of Credit: A Legal Reflection<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mantinkang Formbasso Lawrence &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 280-287<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee396a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee396a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee397fa\" data-id=\"ee397fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee39911 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee39911\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The banker\/customer relationship is a relation based largely on contract with well-defined terms. The contract conferred reciprocal rights and duties upon the parties. This is to say that the bank under normal banking operation is supposed to respect only the written terms of the contract between it and the customer. However, banks often intermittently of course perform some other duties which are not spelled out in the contract. The bank at times act as an agent of the customer towards other persons with whom the customer has a transaction. A documentary credit transaction stands out as a clear example of a situation where a bank act as an agent for the customer. The base contract giving birth to the opening of a documentary credit for the customer by the bank is a sale contract between the customer (buyer) and a seller in which they agree payment be made by a documentary credit. The conclusion of payment of goods supply to be made by documentary credit often give rise to three other independent but inter-related legal transactions among which is the transaction between the customer (buyer) and the issuing bank. This article focuses on this relationship between the customer and the bank which lead to the opening of a documentary credit. The credit is opened on the request of the customer for the benefit of the seller. The objective of this article is therefore to examine the content of the relationship between a customer and the issuing bank under a documentary credit transaction.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 280-287\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mantinkang Formbasso Lawrence<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Ngaoundere, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reference are not available.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mantinkang Formbasso Lawrence &#8220;Relationship between a Banker and His Customer under a Letter of Credit: A Legal Reflection&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.280-287 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/280-287.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/280-287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-a-banker-and-his-customer-under-a-letter-of-credit-a-legal-reflection\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Relationship between a Banker and His Customer under a Letter of Credit: A Legal Reflection<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee3ff47 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee3ff47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee400cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee400cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4035a\" data-id=\"ee4035a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee40548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee40548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee40660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee40660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4089d\" data-id=\"ee4089d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee40a6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee40a6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee40b74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee40b74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee40da2\" data-id=\"ee40da2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee40f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee40f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4107a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4107a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee412d6\" data-id=\"ee412d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee414b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee414b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Happiness Instrument Development<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ateerah, A. R., Lukman, Z. M.  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 288-292<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee415b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee415b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee41839\" data-id=\"ee41839\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee41a5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee41a5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Happiness is related with subjective well being. However, there is scarce of research pertaining to Islamic view of happiness. Previous research from Western perspectives have proven that positive element and attitude contribute positively to happiness. Hence, this research tries to identify several aspects that have relationship with happiness among Muslim specifically. Happiness Instrument was developed based on al-Ghazali\u2019s concept of happiness. It was about 500 Muslims involved in this study quantitatively in which using developed scale inventory as the main instrument. The data collected from the sampled population has been descriptively analysed based on mean and SD attained from the responses. Moreover, the PLS-SEM has been utilized in this chapter to test the theoretical model. Coherently, multiple approaches have been incorporated to examine the measurement and structural models such as the convergent validity, discriminant validity, R-square, and F-square among others. As a result, there is significant result of the construct such as religious knowledge, practices and individual with happiness.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 288-292\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ateerah, A. R. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lukman, Z. M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300, Terengganu, Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tYukiko, U., Shigehiro O., (2016). The Happiness of Individuals and the Collective. Japanese Psychological Research, 58(1), 125\u2013141. Special issue: Culture-inclusive approaches.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDiener, E., (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 542\u2013575.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDiener, E.D., Suh, E.M., Lucas, R.E., &#038; Smith, H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin 125(2), 276-302.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tWilson, W. R., (1967). Correlates of avowed happiness.Psychological Bulletin, 67, 294\u2013306.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAl-Ghazali. (2001). Kimiya-I-Sa\u2019adat (Alchemy of Happiness), trans: Muhammad Asim Bilal. Kazi Publications, Lahore, Pakistan.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAbulQuasem. (1977). Al-Ghazali\u2019s Theory: The Jewels of the Quran. Muhammad Department of Theology &#038; Philosophy, Faculty of Islamic Studies, National University of Malaysia (UKM).<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAl-Ghazali. (1997). The Alchemy of Happiness, transl from Arabic by HazratInayat Khan. Islamic Book Service, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNur, Z., Raihanah, A., (2011). The Model of Wellbeing in Family Life from Islamic Perspective (Model KeluargaBahagiaMenurut Islam). Journal of Fiqh, 8, 25-44.<br \/>\r\n[9].\t Al-Ghazali. (1995). TimbanganAmalMenujuKebahagiaanAkhirat, transl., by  Muhammad Mustafa Abul Ala. DarulTaqwa, Kuala Lumpur.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCampbell, A., (1981). The sense of well-being in America: recent pattern and trends. New York: McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[11].\t Dierendonck, D., (2005). The construct validity of Ryff\u2019s Scale of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 629-643.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tCummins, R. A., (2006). Personel Wellbeing Index. Melbourne: Australia Centre on Quality of life, Deakin University. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.deakin.edu.au\/research\/acqol\/instruments\/wellbeing_index.htm<br \/>\r\n[13].\tLee, D. Y., Park, S. H., Uhlemann, M. R., &#038; Patsula, P., (1999). What makes you happy? a comparison of self-reported criteria of happiness between two cultures. Social Indicators Research, 50, 351-362.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKu, P.W., Fox, K.R., &#038; McKenna, J., (2008). Assessing subjective well-being in Chinese older adults: the Chinese aging profile. Social Indicators Research, 87, 445-460.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKim, M.S., Cha K.H. &#038; Lim, J., (2002). The structure of good life and the relationship with subjective well-being among college students. Paper presented at the annual convention of Korean Psychological Association.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKnight A., and Khan Q., (2011). Spirituality and wellbeing. In Knight, A. &#038;McNaught, A. wellbeing: An introduction for students and practitioners of (Eds.). Understanding health and social care (pp.7-23). Banbury: Lantern Publishing<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNunes, R. P., Pimenteira, R. L., Silva, E. G., Carmo. M. D., (2016). Relationship between coping and subjective well-being of elderly from the interior of the Brazilian Northeast Psicologia: Reflex\u00e3o e Cr\u00edtica (2016) 29:33. DOI 10.1186\/s41155-016-0032-x<br \/>\r\n[18].\tDhir, S., (2016). Why Religion Promotes Happiness. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 21(12), Ver. 5, 49-51.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tLyubomirsky, S., Layous, K., (2013), How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57\u201362 sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177\/0963721412469809 http:\/\/cdps.sagepub.com<br \/>\r\n[20].\tLu, L., Gilmour, R. and Kao, S. F. (2001). Culture values and happiness: An East-West dialogue. Journal of Social Psychology, 141: 477-493<br \/>\r\n[21].\tKaldor P., Hughes P., Castle K. &#038; Bellamy J. (2004). Spirituality and Wellbeing in Australia NCLs occasional Paper 6: NCLS Research, Sydney. Australia.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRyff, C.D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069\u20131081.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tArgyle, M. (2001). Religion. In the psychology of happiness (2nd ed., pp. 164-177). New York, NY: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tCampbell, A., P. Converse and Rodgers, W., (1976). The Quality of American Life (Russell Sage Foundation, New York).<br \/>\r\n[25].\tKim, M.S., Cha K.H. &#038; Lim, J., (2002). The structure of good life and the relationship with subjective well-being among college students. Paper presented at the annual convention of Korean Psychological Association.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tKim, M.S., Kim, H.W., Cha, K.H., &#038; Lim, J., (2007). What makes Koreans happy? : Exploration on the structure of happy life among Korean adults. Social Indicators Research, 82, 265-286.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tKu, P.W., Fox, K.R., &#038; McKenna, J. (2008). Assessing subjective well-being in Chinese older adults: the Chinese aging profile. Social Indicators Research, 87, 445-460.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tCattan, M., White, M., Bond, J., &#038; Learmouth, A. (2005). Preventing social isolation and loneliness among older people: a systematic review of health promotion interventions. Ageing &#038; Society, 25 (1), 41-67.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tCummins, R. A. (2006). Personel Wellbeing Index. Melbourne: Australia Centre on Quality of life, Deakin University. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.deakin.edu.au\/research\/acqol\/instruments\/wellbeing_index.htm<br \/>\r\n[30].\t Lu, L., &#038; Shih, J.B., (1997). Personality and happiness: Is mental health a mediator? Personality and Individual Differences. 22(2), 246-256.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tDiener, E., &#038; Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81\u201384.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tSacks, D. W., Stevenson, B., &#038;Wolfers, J. (2010). 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Management Research Review, Vol. 37 Issue: 3, pp.308-330, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-02-2013-0027<br \/>\r\n[48].\tLyubomirsky, S., &#038; Lepper, H. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137-155.<br \/>\r\n[49].\tArgyle, M., Martin, M., &#038;  Crossland, J. (1989). Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. Recent Advices in Advanced Psychology: An International Perspective, 189-203.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tLawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28, 563-575.<br \/>\r\n[51].\tCohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[52].\tStone, M. (1974). Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 36(2): pp 111-147.<br \/>\r\n[53].\tGeisser, S. (1974). A Predictive Approach to the Random Effects Model, Biometrika, 61(1): 101-107.<br \/>\r\n[54].\tHair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., &#038;Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-sem) (2nd ed.). Thousands Oak, CA: Sage Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ateerah, A. R., Lukman, Z. M.  &#8220;Happiness Instrument Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.288-292 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/288-292.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/288-292.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/happiness-instrument-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Happiness Instrument Development<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee44966 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee44966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee44ad5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee44ad5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee44d5f\" data-id=\"ee44d5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee44f4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee44f4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee45055 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee45055\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee452b0\" data-id=\"ee452b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4548a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee4548a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinant of Self-Rated Satisfactory Quality of Life for older women (70+) in South-Eastern Nigeria: Preparing an Early Intervention <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Atumah Oscar. N. &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 293-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee455a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee455a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee45806\" data-id=\"ee45806\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee45a09 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee45a09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Quality of life for older adults is crucial to successful aging, and has formed a part of global goals, including the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A survey was administered to collect data from 30 women who are 70 years and above. Through multiple regression analysis, using self-rated satisfactory quality of life as the criterion variable, and access to housing, food, and healthcare as the predictor variables, this paper attempted to predict self-rated satisfactory quality of life for women 70 years and above. The intention is to have data backed information that will enable policy makers to plan an intervention for older adults, particularly the women. Findings revealed that access to food was the strongest predictor as it received the greatest weight in the standardized regression equation, and was also highest in terms of squared structured coefficient, accounting for about 86% of the total effect. Access to housing also received a sizeable beta weight, but did not out-perform access to healthcare substantially with respect to the observed effect. Implications include community partnership with universities to boost food production, to enact policies that will oblige government to subsidize the cost of food for adults above 70 years, and to emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of gerontology to aging professionals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 293-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atumah Oscar. N.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, FCT Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tOmotara, B., Yahya, S., Wudiri, Z.,Amodu, M., Bimba, J. and Unyime, J. (2015) Assesment of the Determinants of Healthy Ageing among the Rural Elderly of North Eastern Nigeria. Health, 7, 754-764. doi: 10.4236\/health.2015.76090<br \/>\r\n[2].\tKalache, A. and Kickbusch, I. (1997) A Global Strategy for Healthy Ageing. World Health, 4, 4-5<br \/>\r\n[3].\tPinquart, M., &#038;S\u00f6rensen, S. (2011). Spouses, Adult Children, and Children-in-Law as Caregivers of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Comparison. Psychology and Aging, 26(1), 1\u201314. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=EP59831272&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEsteban, R. (2015) Thinking about Aging: Experience, Identity and Meaning among an Elderly Population in the Philippines. Advances in Aging Research, 4, 133-153. doi: 10.4236\/aar.2015.45015<br \/>\r\n[5].\tLow, G. , Kalfoss, M. and Halvorsrud, L. (2015) Identity Processes, Depression, and the Aging Self\u2014A Norwegian Study. Advances in Aging Research, 4, 212-224. doi: 10.4236\/aar.2015.46023.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tWilson, D. , Osei-Waree, J. , Hewitt, J. and Broad, A. (2012) Canadian provincial, territorial, and federal government aging policies: A systematic review. Advances in Aging Research, 1, 38-46. doi: 10.4236\/aar.2012.12005.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tZhan, H. J. (2013). Population Aging and Long-Term Care in China. Generations, 37(1), 53\u201358. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=EP86024536&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[8].\tOkharedia, A. A. (1999). Sociological survey of the socioeconomic dilemma of the aged in less developed countries. Ageing International, 25(1), 17\u201330. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=78562&#038;scope=site<\/p>\r\n<p>[9].\tKimuna, S. R., &#038;Makiwane, M. (2007). Older people as resources in South Africa: Mpumalanga households. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 19(1), 97\u2013114. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=119167&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[10].\tO\u2019Loughlin, K., Loh, V., &#038;Kendig, H. (2017). Carer Characteristics and Health, Wellbeing and Employment Outcomes of Older Australian Baby Boomers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 32(3), 339\u2013356. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=EP124620237&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[11].\tApt, N. A. (2002). Ageing and the changing role of the family and the community: an African perspective. International Social Security Review, 55(1), 39\u201347. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=88725&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLiu, J., Guo, M., &#038; Bern-Klug, M. (2013). Economic Stress Among Adult-Child Caregivers of the Oldest Old in China: The Importance of Contextual Factors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(4), 465\u2013479. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=EP91959667&#038;scope=site<br \/>\r\n[13].\tFinkelstein, E. S., Reid, M. C., Kleppinger, A., Pillemer, K., &#038; Robison, J. (2012). Are Baby Boomers Who Care for Their Older Parents Planning for Their Own Future Long-Term Care Needs? Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 24(1), 29\u201345. Retrieved from https:\/\/libproxy.library.unt.edu:9443\/login?url=http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true&#038;db=gnh&#038;AN=EP70284899&#038;scope=site<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atumah Oscar. N. &#8220;Determinant of Self-Rated Satisfactory Quality of Life for older women (70+) in South-Eastern Nigeria: Preparing an Early Intervention &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.293-299 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/293-299.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/293-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinant-of-self-rated-satisfactory-quality-of-life-for-older-women-70-in-south-eastern-nigeria-preparing-an-early-intervention\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Determinant of Self-Rated Satisfactory Quality of Life for older women (70+) in South-Eastern Nigeria: Preparing an Early Intervention <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee470f7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee470f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4726e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4726e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee474de\" data-id=\"ee474de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee476c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee476c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee477cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee477cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee47a13\" data-id=\"ee47a13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee47bdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee47bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee47cfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee47cfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee47f2e\" data-id=\"ee47f2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee480fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee480fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee48205 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee48205\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4845c\" data-id=\"ee4845c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee48628 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee48628\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Geogebra Instructional Package on Secondary School Students Retention in Geometry in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abari, M. T.; Dr.(Mrs) Gimba, R.W.; Dr. Hassan, A. A; Dr. Jiya, M. &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 300-303<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee48728 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee48728\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4897f\" data-id=\"ee4897f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee48d11 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee48d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The research was concerned with the effects of Geogebra Instructional Package on secondary school students retention in Geometry in  Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State, Nigeria. Two research questions were asked and answered while two hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The design of the study was quasi-experimental design of pretest-post test non equivalent control group. The sample of the study was 205 students. The experimental group was taught using Geogebra Instructional package while the control group was taught using the expository method. The instrument for data collection was Geometry Retention Test(GRT) and Geometry achievement Test(GAT).The data collected at the end of the research was analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation to answer research questions while the hypotheses were tested using analysis of covariance. The result of the study revealed that students taught geometry using Geogebra Instructional Package retained higher mean scores than those taught using Expository method. The result also revealed no significant difference in the mean retention scores of male and female students taught geometry using Geogebra Instructional Package.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-303\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abari, M. T.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr.(Mrs) Gimba, R.W.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Hassan, A. A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jiya, M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBester, G. &#038; Brand, L. (2013). The effect of technology on learner attention and achievement in the classroom. South African Journal of Education, 33(2), 1-35.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tGambari, A. I.I, Falode, C. O. &#038; Adegbenro, D. A.(2014). The effectiveness of computer animation and geometry instructional model on mathematics achievement and retention on Junior Secondary School Students in Minna, Nigeria.European Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 2(2), 127-146.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tHohenwarter, M., Hohenwarter, J., Kreis, Y., and Lavicza, Z. (2008). Teaching and learning calculus with free dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra. Paper presented at the 11th International Congress on Mathematical Education. Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHohenwarter, J., Hohenwarter, M. and Lavicza, Z. (2010). Evaluating difficulty levels of dynamic geometry software tools to enhance teachers&#8217; professional development. International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education, 17(3), 127-134.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tHydea, J.S. &#038; Mertzb, J.E.(2009). Gender, Culture and Mathematics performance. Retrieved from http:\/tctvideo.madison.com\/uw\/gender on 13th November,2016.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKe\u015fan, C. and  \u00c7ali\u015fkan, S.(2013). The effect of learning geometry topics of 7th grade in primary Education with dynamic geometer\u2019s sketchpad geometry Software to success and retention. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology. 12(1);131-138.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOsemwinyen, A. C. (2009). Effects of e\u2010learning on retention and achievement in secondary school mathematics in Abuja, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tRoyati, A. S., Ahmad, F. M. &#038; Rohani, A.T. (2010).The Effects of Audio-visual \ton Mathematics Achievement: Enlightening Coordinate Geometry Learning.International Conference on Mathematics Education Research 2010 (ICMER 2010).Institute for Mathematical Research, Faculty of Educational Studies, University Putra Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tRussel, D. (2014). What is Geometry? Retrieved from www.math.about.com\/od\/geometry\/a\/why geo.htm on 19th November 2016.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tUchechi, I.E.(2013). Enhancing mathematics Achievement of Secondary School students using mastery learning approach. Journal of Emerging  trends in Educational Research and policy studies.4(6):846-854.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tZengin, Y &#038; Kutluca, T. (2012). The effect of dynamic Mathematics Software geogebra on student achievement in teaching of trigonometry. Procedia.-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 31; 183-187. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abari, M. T.; Dr.(Mrs) Gimba, R.W.; Dr. Hassan, A. A; Dr. Jiya, M. &#8220;Effects of Geogebra Instructional Package on Secondary School Students Retention in Geometry in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.300-303 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/300-303.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/300-303.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-geogebra-instructional-package-on-secondary-school-students-retention-in-geometry-in-makurdi-metropolis-of-benue-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Geogebra Instructional Package on Secondary School Students Retention in Geometry in Makurdi Metropolis of Benue State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4a4b7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee4a4b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4a626 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4a626\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4a89e\" data-id=\"ee4a89e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4aa7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee4aa7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4ab8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4ab8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4adc1\" data-id=\"ee4adc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4afb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee4afb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b0c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4b0c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b2f2\" data-id=\"ee4b2f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b4ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee4b4ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b5b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4b5b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b7fc\" data-id=\"ee4b7fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4b9c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee4b9c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aligning University-Industry Partnership in Africa to Employability of Graduates<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Goddana Mensima Darko, Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 304-312<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee4bacc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee4bacc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee4bd32\" data-id=\"ee4bd32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee4bf3b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee4bf3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines University-Industry collaboration in Africa as a tool for engendering graduate employability. It reviews perspectives on university education in Africa in the context of fulfilling the needs of industry through appropriate human capital development strategies. It outlines the challenges of African industries in respect of their collaboration with academia to foster employability of graduates. Available literature showed that the two institutions operate almost in isolation at a level of cooperation that is insignificant to guarantee employability of graduates on an appreciable scale. Beyond the pure teaching and research functions of academia and the profit goals of industry, the paper sheds light on workable employability strategies that can be adopted by the two institutions with support of government to create a win-win situation for universities and industry as well as guarantee employability of graduates.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 304-312\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goddana Mensima Darko <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Technology Education, Kumasi-University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Technology Education, Kumasi-University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbor, J. &#038; Quartey, P.,(2010). Issues in SME Development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 39, 1450-2887.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdeoji, J. (2009). University\u2013Firm interaction in Nigeria: An Analysis of the Constraints and Emerging Opportunities. Unpublished Report, Ibadan: Nigerian Institute for Social and Economic Research.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAnkrah, S., &#038; Al-Tabbaa, O., (2015). Universities-Industry Collaboration: A Systematic Review. Scandinavian Journal of Management. 31, 387-408.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBarringer, B., &#038; Harrison, J. (2000). Walking a Tightrope: Creating Value through Interorganizational Relationships. Journal of Management. 26, 367-403.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBawakyillenuo, S., Akoto, I.O., Ahiadeke, C., Aryeetey, E.K (2013). Tertiary Education and Industrial development in Ghana. Legon: Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBekkers, R., &#038; Bodas Freitas, I. (2008). Analysing Knowledge Transfer Channels between Universities and Industry: To What Degree do Sectors also Matter? Research Policy, 37, 1837-1853.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBeukes, C.J. (2010). Employability and Emotional Intelligence of the Individual within the School-to-Work Transition Phase. Unpublished Master\u2019s thesis, University of South Africa: Pretoria<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBiney, I. K. (2015). Exploring Graduate Unemployment Problems in Ghana: Challenges and Strategies. Research Journal of Education. 3(2), 2347-8225<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBlumenthal, D. (2003). Academic-Industrial Relationships in the Life Sciences. New England Journal of Medicine, 349, 2452-2459<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDacin, M. T., Oliver, C. &#038; Roy, J.P. (2007). The Legitimacy of Strategic Alliances: An Institutional Perspective. Strategic Management Journal. 28, 169-187<br \/>\r\n[11].\tDooley, L. &#038; Kirk, D. (2007). University\u2010Industry Collaboration: Grafting the Entrepreneurial Paradigm onto Academic Structures. 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Technology Transfer from Higher Education Institutions to Industry in China: Nature and Implications. Technovation, 21(3), 175\u2013188.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tMatamande, W., Nyikahadzoi, L., Taderera, E., &#038; Mandimika, E. (2013). An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Work Related Learning: A Case of the Industrial Attachment Program offered by the Faculty of Commerce, University of Zimbabwe. Journal of Instructional Pedagogies, 12, 1\u201310.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMayer, J.D., Salovey, P. &#038; Caruso, D.R. (2004). Emotional Intelligence: Theory, Findings &#038; Implications. Psychological Inquiry, 3(15) 197-215.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tMoE (2012). Education Strategic Plan 2010-2020, ESP Volume 2 &#8211; Strategies and Work Programme. Accra: Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tMunyoki, J., Kibera, F. &#038; Ogutu, M. (2011). Extent to which University- Industry Linkage exists in Kenya: A Study of Medium and Large Manufacturing Firms in Selected Industries in Kenya. Business Administration and Management, 4(1), 163-169.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tNewberg, J. A., &#038; Dunn, R. L. (2002). Keeping Secrets in the Campus Lab: Law, Values and Rules of Engagement for Industry-University R&#038;D Partnerships. American Business Law Journal, 39, 187\u2014241<br \/>\r\n[27].\tPerkmann, M., King, Z., &#038; Pavelin, S. (2011). Engaging Excellence. Effects of Faculty Quality on University Engagement with Industry. Research Policy, 40, 539-552<br \/>\r\n[28].\tPerkmann, M., and K. Walsh. (2007). University-Industry Relationships and Open Innovation: Towards a Research Agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 9(4), 259\u201380.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tPerkmann, M., Tartari, V., Mckelvey, M., Autio, E., Brostro\u00a8m, A., D\u2019este, P., (2013). Academic Engagement and Commercialisation: A review of the Literature on University-Industry Relations. Research Policy, 42, 423-442.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tPhilbin, S. (2008). Process Model for University-Industry Research Collaboration. European Journal of Innovation Management, 11, 488-521.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tRene, R. &#038; Heinrich A., (2006). Making University- Industry Collaboration Work. A Case Study of Deutsche Telecom Laboratories contrasted with Findings in Literature. MPRA Paper 5470. Munich: Munich University Library.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tSantoro, M. D., &#038; Betts, S. C., (2002). Making Industry-University Partnerships Work. Research Technology Management. 45, 42- 46.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tSiegel, D., Waldman, D., &#038; Link, A. (2003). Assessing the Impact of Organizational Practices on the Relative Productivity of University Technology Transfer Offices: An Exploratory Study. Research Policy, 32, 27\u201448<br \/>\r\n[34].\tSinger, S., and Peterka, S. (2009). &#8216;From Ignoring to Leading Changes \u2013 What Role do Universities Play in Developing Countries? (Case of Croatia)&#8217;. 7th Triple Helix Conference: University, Industry and Government Linkages. Glassgow, 2009,Glasgow, Scotland.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tSparks, D. L. &#038; Barnett, S. T. (2010). The Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: Out of the Shadows to Foster Sustainable Employment and Equity? International Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(5), 1-11.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tTumuti, D., Wanderi, P. &#038; Lang\u2019at-Thoruwa, C. (2013). Benefits of University-Industry Partnerships: The Case of Kenyatta University and Equity Bank. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(7), 26-33.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tVilanova, L. (2007). Neither Shareholder nor Stakeholder Management: What Happens When Firms are<br \/>\r\n[38].\tRun for their Short-Term Salient Stakeholder?\u2019 European Management Journal 25 (2): 146\u2013162<br \/>\r\n[39].\tWright, M., Clarysseb, B., Lockett, A., &#038; Knockaertd, M. (2008). Midrange Universities Linkages with Industry: Knowledge Types and the Role of Intermediaries. Research Policy, 37, 1205-1223.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tYusuf, S., Saint, W. &#038; Nabeshima, K. (2009). Accelerating Catch-up: Tertiary Education for Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: The World Bank<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Goddana Mensima Darko, Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong &#8220;Aligning University-Industry Partnership in Africa to Employability of Graduates&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.304-312 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/304-312.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/304-312.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/aligning-university-industry-partnership-in-africa-to-employability-of-graduates\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Aligning University-Industry Partnership in Africa to Employability of Graduates<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5b6d3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee5b6d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee5b7c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee5b7c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5b9c2\" data-id=\"ee5b9c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5bb04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee5bb04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee5bbb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee5bbb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5bd45\" data-id=\"ee5bd45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5be62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee5be62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee5bf0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee5bf0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c06e\" data-id=\"ee5c06e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c17b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee5c17b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c261 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee5c261\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c438\" data-id=\"ee5c438\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c557 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee5c557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students&#8217; Achievement and Interest in Longitude and Latitude<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Benjamin Akoji OGUCHE and Prof. K. O. USMAN &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 313-320<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c601 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee5c601\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c7cb\" data-id=\"ee5c7cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee5c946 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee5c946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of improvised instructional materials on students\u2019 achievement and interest in Longitude and Latitude. The influence of gender on the achievement and interest of the students taught with improvised instructional material (Frame of a Sphere) was also considered. Four research questions and six null hypotheses guided the study. A non-equivalent control group of quasi-experimental design was used for the study. The simple random sampling technique was used to select two schools from Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Each of the schools was assigned to control and experimental groups. Two intact classes from each of the schools were used for the study. Two instruments &#8211; Longitude and Latitude Achievement Test (LLAT) and Longitude and Latitude Interest Scale (LLIS) were used. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions and ANCOVA was used to test the hypotheses. The study revealed that the use of improvised instructional materials increases the students\u2019 achievement and interest. Based on the findings, it was recommended that Mathematics teachers should endeavour to use improvised instructional materials since it enhances the achievement and interest of students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 313-320\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benjamin Akoji OGUCHE <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. K. O. USMANE <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbakpa, B.O.&#038; Iji, C.O. (2011). Effect of Mastery Learning Approach on \tSenior \tSecondary School Students\u2019 Achievement in Geometry. Journal of the Science Teachers Association on Nigeria, 46 (1), 207-223.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAbdullahi Z.C. (2010). The Effect of concept mapping on students achievement in Literature in English. Proceeding of the 50thAnniversary Conference of STAN, 162-165.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAbolade, A.O. (2006). Importance of Learning and Instructional materials in the Nigeria. Education Industry, Journal of Curriculum Instruction (1), \t187.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAdetula, L.O. (2004). Mathematics classroom strategies. A paper presented during the workshop for states inspectors of mathematics and Physics Education in schools in Kaduna, 7th \u2013 13th February, 2002.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAgwagah, U.N.V &#038; Ezeugo, N.C  (2000). Effect of concept mapping on students achievement in Algebra Implication for Secondary School \tMathematics Education in 21st Century, ABACUS: The Journal of the  mathematics Association on Nigeria. (2591): 102<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAkinsola, R.O (2004) Learning and teaching Senior Secondary Mathematics in Anabra  State.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAzuka, B.F. (2003). The challenges of Mathematics in Nigeria: Economic &#038; Technological Development Implication for tertiary Education ABACUS 28 (1):18.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBadmus. G.A (2002). Improving Positive Attitude and interest of Students to Mathematical Science Education in Nigeria, Organize by National Mathematical Centre, Abuja 4th \u2013 5th October<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBetiku, O.F. (2002), Factors responsible for poor performance of students in school mathematics suggested remedies. Proceeding of the 43rd Annual Conference and Inaugural Conference of CASTME African Heinemann Educational Books Nig. Plc.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGambari, A.I. (2004). The Development of Computer Aided Instruction  (CAI) software\tfor individual instruction of Physics in Senior Secondary Schools in Niger State, \tNigeria. Unpublished M. Tech.\t Thesis Minna: Federal University of Technology.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGeorge, P. (2008). Interest and Mathematics achievement in Problem solving approach.\t Retrieved on 3\/8\/09. http:\/\/www.edu.intermap.org.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGimba, R.W. (2003). Effect of Computer Package on achievement, Interest and retention in Set Theory among Secondary School Students in Niger State.\tUnpublished Ph.D Thesis University of Nigeria Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tImoko, I.B. &#038; Agwagah, U.N.V. (2006) Improving Students\u2019 interest in Mathematics through the concept mapping technique: A focus on \tgender. Journal of Research \tin curriculum and Teaching 1 (1), 30 \u2013 38.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tIwendi, B.C. (2012) Effect of gender and age on the Mathematics Achievement of Secondary School students in Minna metropolis Nigeria. JOSMED, 9 (1), 215-\t223..<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNworgu, B.G. (2006). Educational Research. Basic Issues and Methodology. University Trust Publisher, Nsukka Enugu.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tObodo, G.C. (2004), Principles and Practice of Mathematics Education in Nigeria. Enugu Floxton Press.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOffoma, G.C. (2004). Gender and Language International Journal of Arts \tEducation. 4 \t(2) \u2013 Pp 38      \u2013 49.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOwodeyi, A.F. (2004) Mathematics for Sustainable Development, Implications and Illustrations for Secondary Education. Journal of the Mathematical Association on Nigeria. 29(1).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPiaget, J. (1964). Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. Patterson, NJ: Littke \tfield Adams.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tShih, S, KUO, B, Liu, Y. (2012). Adaptively Ubiquitous Learning in Campus Maths Path. Educational Teachnology &#038; Society, 15 (2), 298 &#8211; \t308<br \/>\r\n[21].\tYisa (2014). Effectiveness of Computer Animation on a progressive Learning achievement of Secondary School biology Students in Niger State, Nigeria.Unpublished Ph.D Thesis. Department of Education, FUT Minna.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benjamin Akoji OGUCHE and Prof. K. O. USMAN &#8220;Effect of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students&#8217; Achievement and Interest in Longitude and Latitude&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.313-320 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/313-320.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/313-320.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-improvised-instructional-materials-on-students-achievement-and-interest-in-longitude-and-latitude\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Improvised Instructional Materials on Students&#8217; Achievement and Interest in Longitude and Latitude<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee608b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee608b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee609bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee609bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee60f5b\" data-id=\"ee60f5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee610bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee610bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee61171 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee61171\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6132c\" data-id=\"ee6132c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6145f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6145f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee61503 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee61503\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee616de\" data-id=\"ee616de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee618ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee618ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee61994 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee61994\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee61bee\" data-id=\"ee61bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee61d24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee61d24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Correlational Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Performance: A Study of Usmanu DanFodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fodio Garba, Ph.D, Hani Awad Abdallah Hajjaze &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 321-326<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee61dcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee61dcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee61f45\" data-id=\"ee61f45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee62075 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee62075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2491\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Training plays an important role in the attainment of organizational goals and objectives, as it serve as a nerve that suffices the need of easy and smooth functioning of work which helps in enhancing the quality of work life of employees and organizational development. With respect to this context, the paper entitled the correlational effect of training and development on organizational performance: Astudy of UsmanuDanFodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria, was put forward to examine the impact of training and development on organizational performance with particular reference to UsmanuDanFodiyo University Sokoto Nigeria. The methodology applied was survey method. The data was collected through a well structured questionnaire. Data analysis has been done with the help of SPSS software version 21. The result obtained from the SPSS analysis output shows that there is strong positive relationship between staff training and development and service delivery.  So the higher the effective HRM practice of (T&#038;D) the higher the attainment of the training needs of the university.  The policy makers are therefore, recommended to continue formulating policies that support HRM practices of T&#038;D in the university, because the findings of the research reveals that such will help in improving and ensuring the attainment of the goals of the University.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 321-326\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2492\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2492\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fodio Garba, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUsmanu DanFodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hani Awad Abdallah Hajjaze<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Bakht Al-ruda, Sudan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2493\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2493\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArmstrong, M.(2010) Essential of Human Resource Management Practice, London, Kogan Page.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArmstrong, M (2012), \u2018Armstrong\u2019s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice,\u2019 London, Kogan Page.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAzolukwam, V., &#038; Perkins, S. (2009) Managerial Perspectives on HRM in Nigeria: Evolving Hybridization? A Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal of HRM. 16 (1), 5-27.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBhattacherjee, A., (2012), \u2018Social Sciences Research: Principles, Methods and Practices\u2019, Florida: Creative Commons Attribution.<\/p>\r\n<p>[5].\tFajana, S. (2009) HRM in Africa: The Social and Economic Frame work, Journal of Personnel Management, 7 (1), 80-86.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tFajana, S., &#038;Igwe, A.Y. (2010) Globalization and International Labor Mobility: An In-depth Study of the Nigerian Health Sector, Conference of Macro Economics, Blangi Foundation, Modena Italy.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGary, D., (2013), \u2018Personnel Management\u2019, New Jersey Prentice Hall International.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGrover, S., (2011), \u2018Managing the Public Sector\u2019, Boston, Ward Worth Learning Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKothari, C.R., (2014), \u2018Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Delhi, New Age International (P) Limited.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKothari, C.R. &#038;Gaurav, G. (2016), \u2018Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Delhi, New Age International (P) Limited Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKhawaja, J., &#038;Nadeem, A.B., (2013), \u2018Training and Development Program and its Benefits to Employee and Organization: A Conceptual Study\u2019, European Journal of Business and Management, 5 (2)<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKrejcie, R.V., &#038; Morgan, D.W., (1970), \u2018Determining Sample Size for Research Activities, Educational and Psychological Measurement\u2019, 30, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMaiyaki, A.A. (2012), \u201cInfluence of Service Quality, Corporate Image, Perceived Value, Switching Costs and Culture on Customer Behavioral Responses in the Nigerian Banks\u201d, PhD Thesis, University Utara, Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPallavi, P.K., (2013), \u2018A Literature Review on Training and Development and Quality of Work Life: Researchers World\u2019, Journal of Arts, Science and Commerce. IV, (2).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRao, P. S (2012), \u2018Essentials of Human Resource Management\u2019, Himalaya Publication House<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRobert, N., (2013), \u2018The Relationship between Training and Development on Performance of States Owned Corporations\u2019, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(9).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSharma, M.P., Sadana, B.L. &#038;Harpreet, K., (2012), \u2018Public Administration in Theory and Practice\u2019, New Delhi, KitabMahal Agencies.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUzoduke-Okeke, O.E., Ufo, O., Chitakunye, P., &#038;Pluri, M. (2014), \u2018Measuring Service Delivery in Relation to Recruitment Process\u2019, Kamla-Raj, Journal of Social Science, 40(1).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tYahaya, T.B., &#038; Abdullah, A. (2015), \u2018Foundations of Personnel Management in (eds) S.O. Ilufoye and A. Jimoh, Foundations of Social Sciences, Lagos, Malthouse Press Ltd. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2494\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2494\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fodio Garba, Ph.D, Hani Awad Abdallah Hajjaze &#8220;The Correlational Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Performance: A Study of Usmanu DanFodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.321-326 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/321-326.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2495\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2495\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/321-326.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2496\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2496\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-correlational-effect-of-training-and-development-on-organizational-performance-a-study-of-usmanu-danfodiyo-university-sokoto-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Correlational Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Performance: A Study of Usmanu DanFodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6b71d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee6b71d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee6b82d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee6b82d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6b9bf\" data-id=\"ee6b9bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6baf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6baf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee6bb9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee6bb9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6bcef\" data-id=\"ee6bcef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6be07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6be07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee6beb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee6beb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c03a\" data-id=\"ee6c03a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c164 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6c164\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c20d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee6c20d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c384\" data-id=\"ee6c384\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c4a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee6c4a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Teaching Services in School: An Overview<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fodio Garba, Ph.D, Nura Abubakar Allumi, Ph.D &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 327-331<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c574 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee6c574\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c706\" data-id=\"ee6c706\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6c83b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee6c83b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Job satisfaction and motivation are very essential to the continuing growth of educational systems around the world and they rank alongside professional knowledge and skills, teacher competency, educational resources as well as strategies, in genuinely determining educational success and performance. In the teaching services, the place of trained human resource cannot be compromised noting the sensitivity attached to effective service delivery and result-oriented outputs. The responsible authorities must not only identify relevant techniques of motivating there teachers but also ensure that the said techniques are formidable enough to stimulate job satisfaction and increased productivity. The national education policy expressed in the personnel development component of some or any relevant declaration and convention, only succeeds in complying with global standards and best practices. Through the use of documentary method, relevant literatures have proven instrumental in informing the findings of the paper. Put differently, the paper concludes that for teachers to integrate their personal goals to those of the organization, a measure of job satisfaction instrumented by relevant motivational (incentive) packages must abound. Finally, the paper recommends that a separate salary structure, for teachers should be established and merit based employment, should be ensured by the authorities concerned.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 327-331\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fodio Garba, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration Usmanu DanFodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nura Abubakar Allumi, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration Usmanu DanFodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdulfatah, M. (1992) Challenges of Teachers Education, Farfaru Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Studies. ShehuShagari College of Education.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAfe, J.O (1990): A System Approach to the Organization Supervision and Evaluation of Teaching Practice, Faculty of EducationSeminar Series, University of Benin.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAfe, J.O (2001): Reflection of Becoming a Teacher and Challenges of Teacher Education, Unpublished Seminar Paper University of Benin.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAfe, J.O (2001): Thirty years of Education in Nigeria: A Critical Survey in Nigeria Past, Present and Future: Lagos Macmillan press.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAfe, J. O. (2002) \u201cReflections on Becoming a Teacher and the Challenges of Teacher Education\u201d Inaugural Lecture Series 64, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria. Berelson, B and Steiner, G.A (1964). Human Behaviour: an Inventory of Scientific Findings, New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tArmstrong, M., &#038; Taylor, S., (2014), \u2018Armstrong\u2019s Handbook of Human Resource ManagementPractice, London Kogan Page.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tArmstrong, M. (2010) Essential of Human Resource Management Practice, London, KoganPage.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tArmstrong, M. (2012), \u2018Armstrong\u2019s Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice,\u2019  London, Kogan Page.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBolarinwa, T.A (1994): Students Attitudes to Training, unpublished Seminar Paper Lagos state University.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCentra, J. (1993) Reflective Faculty Evaluation: Enhancing Teaching and Determining Faculty Effectiveness. Sam Francisco Jossy-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tCole, G.A. (2000) Management Theory and Practice, Lens Educational Aldine Place: London.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tEggen, P. and Karchak, D. (1992), \u201cEducational Psychology: classroom Connections\u201d New York: Macmillan, Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tEvans, M.G., (1999), \u201cConceptual and Operational Problems in the Measurement of Various Aspects of Job Satisfaction, Journal of Applied Psychology Vol.52,No.2.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tForm, W.H. and Geschwender, J.A (1962), \u201cSocial Basis of Job Satisfaction: The Case of Manual Workers\u201d. American\u2019s Sociological Review, No.27.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHackman J.R. &#038; Oldham, G.R, (1976). Motivation through the Design of work: Test of a Theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16:250-279.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tHay and miskel, (1987) Educational Administration, Theory and Practice Lagos Random House.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tIvancevich, J.M., Konospaske, R. &#038; Michael, T.M. (2008) Organizational Behavior and Management, Burr-Ridge, IL. McGraw- Hill.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tkanu, O.C. (1997) \u201cTeacher\u2019sMotivation as a Viable Option for the Survival of Nigerian Educational System\u201d. Journal of quality Education Vol.4<br \/>\r\n[19].\tKerlinger, F.N. (1993) Foundations of Behavioural Research, New York; Holt Rinehard and Winston Inc.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tTracy, K. (2000) \u201cIntrinsic Motivation\u201d. Teachers Net Gazette Vol. 1 No 6<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMaehr, Martin L. and carol Midgley (1991) \u201cEnhancing Student Motivation: A school wide Approach\u201d Educational Psychology 26, 3 and 4.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tMicheal, A. (1993) Personnel Management Practice, London: clays Ltd Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tNwadiani, Mon (1999) \u201cDystrophies in Higher Education: The Nigerian Experience\u201d. Higher Education Review.Vol.3. No.3.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tOkoro, R. V and Haruna, M.J (2006), \u201cIntroduction to the Principles and Practices of Education, Sokoto\u201d, But Bess Nigeria Ent.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tOluckukwu, E.E (2000) \u201cStaff Motivation towards Effective Job Performance in Nigerian Schools\u201d Management in Nigerian education: personal Administration and Quality in Education.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tRobbins, S. P. (1989) organizationalBehavior, prentice-hall internationalInc.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tSpector, p. e (1997), Job Satisfaction: Application, Assessment, and Cause, and Consequences, thousand Oaks, CA: sage.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tTolman, E. (1958) Behaviour and Psychological Man. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tUkeje, b.o (1991).The Education of Teachers for a New Social Order.TheNigerian teacher.vol. 1.no.1.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fodio Garba, Ph.D, Nura Abubakar Allumi, Ph.D &#8220;Teachers Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Teaching Services in School: An Overview&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.327-331 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/327-331.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/327-331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-motivation-job-satisfaction-and-teaching-services-in-school-an-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers Motivation, Job Satisfaction and Teaching Services in School: An Overview<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee6d878 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee6d878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Olaleye, Abdulhameed A. Odeseye, Emmanuel David, Edward A. Aregbesola, Uzoamaka Asogwa, Stephen A. Adams &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 332-338<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7154c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7154c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee716c4\" data-id=\"ee716c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee717fc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee717fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Profit is the increase in wealth an investor has from making investment, taking into consideration all costs associated with the investment. This study examined the profitability of marketing processed catfish in Ilorin metropolis of Kwara State.Employing three-stage sampling method, purposive sampling technique was used to select processed catfish marketers in the study area to have 132 catfish marketers which represents 72.53% of the total registered population. Through intensive field survey, data were collected and analysed using descriptive statistics for socio-economic characteristics, farm budget model for profitability, Shephered-Futeral model for marketing efficiency, and likert scale to analyse the constraints faced by the catfish marketers. Some of the socio-economic characteristics analysed include: age, marital status and years of experience. The retailers and wholesaler were observed to have return on investment of 1.79 and 1.27 respectively. The observed marketing efficiencies were 85.75% and 78.84% for retail and wholesale marketing of processed catfish respectively. The constraints that posed least effect on the marketing operations of processed catfish marketers in the study area were storage, distance and linkage with other actors with mean scores of 2.69, 3.29 and 3.35 respectively. Marketing processed catfish is a viable and profitable business in Kwara metropolis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 332-338\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel A. Olaleye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nExtension Management Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulhameed A. Odeseye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEnterprise Development Management Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel David<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nExtension Management Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edward A. Aregbesola<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAgricultural Finance and Rural Credit Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzoamaka Asogwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen A. Adams<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLearning Resources Division, Agricultural and Rural Management Training Institute, ARMTI, Ilorin, Nigeria. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbah, D. Zaknayiba, D.B and Simon, E. (2013). Economic Analysis of Fish Marketing in Lafia Local Government Area of Nassarawa State, Nigeria. PAT December, 2013; 9 (2): 54-62 www.patnsukjournal.net\/currentissue<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdeosun, O. and Adebukola, F. B. (2012): \u201cDeterminants of Income from Fish Marketing in Ibarapa Area of Oyo State, Nigeria\u201d Science Journal  of Agricultural Research &#038;Management, 135 (6).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAdewumi, A, A, and Olaleye, V. F. (2011). Catfish culture in Nigeria: Progress, Prospects and Problems. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(6):1281-1285<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAlabi, R. A and Aruna, M. B. (2006). Technical Efficiency of Family Poultry Production in Niger  Delta, Nigeria. Journal Central European Agriculture 6(6):1281-1285<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAnyiro, C. O. and Onyemachi, A. D (2015). Adoption of cassava value innovations and its implication on rural livelihood: A case study of Rural Women in Abia State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAromolaran, A. B. (2000). Analyzing Resources use Efficiency on fish farms: A case study of Abeokuta zone Ogun-State, Nigeria. Aquafield. 1(1): 12-21<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFederal Department of Fisheries (FDF. 2009). Nigeria National Aquaculture Strategy. Assisted by FAO. Formally approved by Government. p.18.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGarcia, Y. T. and Navarez, S. M. (2005). The effect of export prices on the demand and supply of fish in the Philippines, Aquaculture.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIliyasu, A. H., Onu, J. I.,Midau, A. and Fintan, J. S. (2011). Economics of smoked and dried fish marketing in Yola North and South local Government areas of Adamawa State, \tNigeria.J. Agric. Soc. Sci., 7: 13\u201316.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tLawal, W. L. and Idega, E. O. (2004). Analysis of Fish Marketing in Benue State. A paper presented at 2004 Annual Conference of the Association of Agricultural Economists (NAAE) Held at A.B.U. Zaria, November, 3-5, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNdahitsa, M. A. (2008). Impact of small scale Irrigation Technologies on Crop Production by Fadama users in Niger state, 10th national Annual Conference of National Association of Agricultural Economics (NAAEC). Held at university of Abuja main campus Pp 195.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOkafor, E. E. (2010). Child labour dynamics and implications for sustainable development in Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa.12 (5): 8 \u2013 17.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOgboru, I. (2006). Macroeconomics. Kaduna: Liberty Publications Limited<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOlatunde, A. A. (1989). Approaches to the study of Fisheries Biology in Nigerian Inland Waters. Proc. Nat. con. Of Two Decades of research on Lake Kainji. (Ayeni and Olatunde (Eds))pp 1538 \u2013 541.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOlukosi, J. O and Isitor, S. U. (1990). Introduction to Agricultural marketing and prices:  principle &#038; application living books series, G.U publication, Abuja<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOlukosi, J. O, Isitor, S. U and Ode, M. O (2005). Introduction to Agricultural marketing and prices: principles and applications. Living Book series, Abuja Nigeria PP3, 37, 44<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOladimeji, Y. U., Abdulsalam, Z. and Damisa, M. A. (2013). Socio-Economic Characteristics and Returns to Rural Artisanal Fishery Households in Asa and Patigi LGAs of Kwara State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Nature, 4(3): 445-455.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOladipo, F and Adekunle, O. (2010). Empirical Determination of Socio-economic Status and its Relationship with selected Characteristics of Rural Male Farmers in Kwara state, Nigeria. A Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 6(1):64-76, 2010<br \/>\r\n[19].\tOnoja, Anthony O. &#038; Achike, A.I. (2011). Resource Productivity in Small-Scale Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Farming in Rivers State, Nigeria: A translog Model Approach: Journal of Agriculture and Social Research 11(2): 201.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tRahji, M. (2000). An analysis of the determinants of Agricultural Credit Approval\/Loan Size by Commercial Bank in South western Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Development Studies \t2000;1: 6-25<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSadiq Mohammed, S, Singh, I.P and Kolo, M.D. (2015). Resource Optimization in Small- Scale Fish Farming in Minna Agricultural Zone of Niger State, Nigeria. International Journal \tof Innovative Research &#038; Development 2015; 4(1): 123-128<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSubba, Reddy.S., Ram, .P., Sastry, T.V. &#038; Bhavani, Devi. I. (2009). Agricultural Economics.  New Delhi, India::Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. PVT. LTD.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUsman, M. B (2005). Economic Analysis of Fresh Tomato Marketing in Jos Metropolis, Plateau State. Unpublished M.Sc Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economic and Extension, ATBU Bauchi. 114Pp<br \/>\r\n[24].\tYakasai, M. T. (2010). Economic Contribution of Cassava (A case study of Kuje Area Council Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria). Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 3 (1): 215-219.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tNational Population Commission, (2006). www.population.gov.ng.  Retrieved 2017-10-10<br \/>\r\n[26].\tOlayemi Folorunsho Foline, Adedayo Majekodunmi Rachael, Bamishaiye Eunice Iyabo and Awagu Emenike Fidelis (2011). Proximate composition of catfish (Clarias gariepinus) smoked in Nigerian stored products research institute (NSPRI): Developed kiln. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquaculture Vol. 3(5), pp. 96-98, May 2011<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Daniel A. Olaleye, Abdulhameed A. Odeseye, Emmanuel David, Edward A. Aregbesola, Uzoamaka Asogwa, Stephen A. Adams &#8220;Analysis of Profitability of Processed Catfish Marketing In Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.332-338 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/332-338.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/332-338.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-profitability-of-processed-catfish-marketing-in-ilorin-metropolis-of-kwara-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of Profitability of Processed Catfish Marketing In Ilorin Metropolis of Kwara State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b0e4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee7b0e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b1ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7b1ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b39c\" data-id=\"ee7b39c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b51c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee7b51c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b602 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7b602\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b794\" data-id=\"ee7b794\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b8cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee7b8cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7b976 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7b976\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee7bbe0\" data-id=\"ee7bbe0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7bd19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee7bd19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7bdc3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7bdc3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee7bf46\" data-id=\"ee7bf46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7c06d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee7c06d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effects of Instagram Based Activities in Improving Secondary School Students\u2019 Writing Skill<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Aadila Fatin Mohd Desa, Mohamed Amin Embi, Harwati Hashim &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 339-363<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee7c2ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee7c2ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee7c484\" data-id=\"ee7c484\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee7c5ea elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee7c5ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The 21st century of learning and teaching not only emphasises on core competencies such as collaboration, critical thinking, problem-solving but as well as on the digital literacy aspect. The integration of social networking sites (SNS) like Instagram application in the classroom is believed to be able to contribute to many beneficial impacts on students. However based on current findings, it is claimed that in the Malaysian school context, students\u2019 face real struggle in producing grammatically correct pieces of writing. Therefore, it is crucial to efficiently respond to this writing accuracy issue among students by identifying the most comprehensible features on Instagram which could work as the trailblazer. This study is conducted to unearth how the theoretical underpinnings that Instagram features own affect students\u2019 subject-verb-agreement instruction. In this intervention, 50 Form 4 students from a  secondary school in Perak were selected as the participants. A few Instagram-based writing activities were carried out to explore the effectiveness of Instagram features on students\u2019 use of subject-verb-agreement. Pre and post observation as well as questionnaire were also used as methods of data collection. The findings indicated that the students responded effectively to Instagram based activities thus it boosts their motivation in writing learning. Based on this finding, more studies are expected to be conducted in the future too as students should be well armed with sufficient writing skills to thrive in today&#8217;s world.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 339-363\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aadila Fatin Mohd Desa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Amin Embi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harwati Hashim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAl-Rahmi, W. M., Alias, N., Othman, M. S., Marin, V. I., &#038; Tur, G. (2018). A model of factors \taffecting learning performance through the use of social media in Malaysian higher education. Computers &#038; Education, 121, 59-72.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAkhiar, A., Mydin, A. A., &#038; Kasuma, S. A. A. (2017). STUDENTS\u2019PERCEPTIONS AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF INSTAGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE WRITING. Education, 47, 72.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAnggraeni, C. W. (2017, April). Students Perspectives toward the Use of Instagram in Writing Class. \t\t\t\t\tIn English Language and Literature International Conference (ELLiC) Proceedings (Vol. 1, pp\t\t\t\t\t68-74).<br \/>\r\n[4].\tArceneaux, P. C., &#038; Dinu, L. F. (2018). The social mediated age of information: Twitter and Instagram as tools for information dissemination in higher education. New Media &#038; Society, 1461444818768259.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAydin, S. (2014). Foreign language learners\u2019 interactions with their teachers on Facebook. System, 42(1), 155\u2013163. https:\/\/doi. org\/10.1016\/j.system.2013.12.001<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAzman, H., Salman, A., Razak, N. A., Hussin, S., Hasim, M. S., &#038; Sidin, S. M. (2015). Determining critical success factors for ICT readiness in a digital economy: a study from user perspective. Advanced Science Letters, 21(5), 1367-1369.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBarhoumi, C., &#038; Rossi, P. G. (2013). The Effectiveness of the instruction oriented hypertext systems compared to direct instruction in e-learning environment. Contemporary Educational Technology, 4, 281\u2013308.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBa\u015f, G., &#038; Beyhab, \u00d6. (2017). Effects of multiple intelligences supported project-based learning on students\u2019 achievement levels and attitudes towards English lesson. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2(3), 365-386.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBaldauf Jr, R. B., Kaplan, R. B., Kamwangamalu, N., &#038; Bryant, P. (2011). Success or failure of primary second\/foreign language programmes in Asia: What do the data tell us?. Current Issues in Language \tPlanning, 12(2), 309-323.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBermudez, C. M., Prasad, P. C., Alsadoon, A., &#038; Hourany, L. (2016, April). Students perception on the  use of social media to learn English within secondary education in developing countries.In Global \t\t\t\t\t Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), 2016 IEEE (pp. 968-973). IEEE.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBoyd, D. M., &#038; Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of computer\u2010mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tCambridge English (2013). Results Report: Cambridge Baseline 2013. Cambridge: CE.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tCampbell, N. (2004). Perception of affect in speech-towards an automatic processing of paralinguistic information in spoken conversation. In Eighth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tChe Musa, N., Koo, Y. L., &#038; Azman, H. (2012). Exploring English language learning and teaching in Malaysia. GEMA Online Journal of Language Studies, 12(1), 35-51. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ukm.my\/ppbl\/Gema\/GEMA%20vol%2012%20(1)%20Special%20section%202012\/pp_35_51.pdf<br \/>\r\n[15].\tChu, S. K., Capio, C. M., van Aalst, J. C., &#038; Cheng, E. W. (2017). Evaluating the use of a social media tool for collaborative group writing of secondary school students in Hong Kong. Computers &#038; Education, 110, 170-180.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tChun, D., Smith, B., &#038; Kern, R. (2016). Technology in language use, language teaching, and language learning. Modern Language Journal, 100, 64\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/modl.12302<br \/>\r\n[17].\tCorral, J. C. D. (2017). FACEBOOK POSTS: ERROR ANALYSIS ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND USAGE. 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Lurking and L2 learners on a facebook group: The \t\tvoices of the invisibles. English Language Teaching, 9(2), 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ elt.v9n2p1<br \/>\r\n[45].\tShih, R. C. (2013). Effect of using facebook to assist English for business communication course instruction. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(1), 52\u201359.<br \/>\r\n[46].\tSobaih, A. E. E., Moustafa, M. A., Ghandforoush, P., &#038; Khan, M. (2016). To use or not to use? Social media \t\t\tin higher education in developing countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 296-305.<br \/>\r\n[47].\tTashakkori, A., &#038; Teddlie, C. (2010). Sage handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Technology, November, pp. 34-7.<br \/>\r\n[48].\tToetenel, L. (2014). Social networking: a collaborative open educational resource. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 27(2, SI), 149\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09588221.2013.8 18561<br \/>\r\n[49].\tYunus, M. M., &#038; Salehi, H. (2012). The effectiveness of Facebook groups on teaching and improving writing: Students\u2019 perceptions. International Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 1(6), 87-96.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tZheng, B., Yim, S., &#038; Warschauer, M. (2018). Social media in the writing classroom and beyond. The \tTESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching, 1-5.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aadila Fatin Mohd Desa, Mohamed Amin Embi, Harwati Hashim &#8220;The Effects of Instagram Based Activities in Improving Secondary School Students\u2019 Writing Skill&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.339-363 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/339-363.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/339-363.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effects-of-instagram-based-activities-in-improving-secondary-school-students-writing-skill\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effects of Instagram Based Activities in Improving Secondary School Students\u2019 Writing Skill<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee83965 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee83965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee83b4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee83b4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee83d16\" data-id=\"ee83d16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee83e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee83e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee83f3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee83f3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee840bd\" data-id=\"ee840bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee841dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee841dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee84282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee84282\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee843d9\" data-id=\"ee843d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee844e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee844e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee84584 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee84584\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee846f5\" data-id=\"ee846f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee847fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee847fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Student Perception on the Extent Use of Instructional Material in Teaching Computer Organization Course<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Devine Grace D. Funcion &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 364-370<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee84899 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee84899\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee84ab3\" data-id=\"ee84ab3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee84ced elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee84ced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Instructional materials (IM) play an essential role in the teaching and learning process. IM\u2019s can be in the form of video, workbook, and textbook to enhance the knowledge and skills of the student. Books and instructional materials are some of the learning materials that the teacher use to deliver the experience and expertise to the student. However, factory produced instructional materials are insufficient and expensive because of the high-cost instructional material provided by the publishing companies, teachers are encouraged to create instructional materials. Moreover, because of the poor academic performance of students in Computer Organization Course which attributestoo numerous factors among which is the instructor&#8217;s approach in teaching the class due to the limited resources available in the library. However, several conducted studies on the development of instructional materials, but none of this study has been performed to determine the effectiveness of using improvised instructional materials to improve the academic performance of the student. This study shall employ a quantitative research approach using descriptive-correlation design. The respondents of the survey are the 2nd year Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) students enrolled in the course Computer Organization at Leyte Normal University. A total of 53 students who were identified to answer the survey questionnaire on the extent use of the instructional material in teaching Computer Organization course. The output of this study will serve as the basis for the revision of the instructional materials used in Computer Organization course.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 364-370\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Devine Grace D. Funcion<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLeyte Normal University, Philippines<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/364-370.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/student-perception-on-the-extent-use-of-instructional-material-in-teaching-computer-organization-course\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Student Perception on the Extent Use of Instructional Material in Teaching Computer Organization Course<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee85a4e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee85a4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee85b70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee85b70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee85d42\" data-id=\"ee85d42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee85e70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee85e70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee85f17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee85f17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee860ab\" data-id=\"ee860ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee86212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee86212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee862d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee862d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee95628\" data-id=\"ee95628\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee95842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee95842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee95915 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee95915\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee95b3e\" data-id=\"ee95b3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee95c7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee95c7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Encountered by Students in the Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills in Home Economics Education in Edo and Delta State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. (Mrs) B.E. Uwameiye &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 371-376<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee95d89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee95d89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee95f5f\" data-id=\"ee95f5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee960a1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee960a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined challenges encountered by students in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills in Home Economics Education in Edo and Delta State of Nigeria. The survey research design was adopted in this study. 82 final year students in the tertiary institutions participated in the study. Three research questions guided the study. A self-structured 21-item questionnaire was administered to elicit responses for the data. The Mean and Rank Order was utilized to rank the challenges encountered by students in Home Economics Education in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills, in order of gravity. Findings revealed that: school challenges preventing students in the acquisition of entrepreneurial skills in Home Economics Education are; The time allotted for practical courses as inadequate, facilities available are inadequate and that learning resources are obsolete. Students\u2019 personal challenges indicated by respondents include: Students have low interest in Home Economics Education, financial demand to study Home Economics Education is too high, no good motivation to acquire entrepreneurial opportunities in Home Economics Education. Teacher challenges indicated by respondents include; Methods utilized for teaching Home Economics Education courses are uninteresting, lecturers do not utilize modern learning methods to teach practical courses in Home Economics Education, lecturers utilize lecture methods to teach practical courses.  This paper recommends that meaningful intervention will require that all stakeholders in education look inward and address these challenges; by adequately funding, monitoring and supervising the teaching and learning of Home Economics Education programmes in all tertiary institutions of learning in Edo State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 371-376\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. (Mrs) B.E. Uwameiye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Vocational and Technical Education, Ambrose Alli University, EKpoma, Edo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArubayi, D.O. &#038; Obanidike J.C (2011). Problems of teaching and learning of clothing and textiles in senior secondary schools in Anambra State, Nigeria Studies in Home and Consumer Science, 5 (2) 113-119.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAyankoha , E.U &#038; Eluwa, M.A (1991). Home Management for schools and colleges. Nigeria, Africana FEB. Pub. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDikko, H &#038;Babalola, V.O (2010). Teaching aids\/instructional materials in clothing and textiles: Types and uses. Nigerian Journal of Home Economics.Vol 5(5) pp22-35.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEhirheme, E.P (2011). Etrepreneurship Educationin Tertiary Institutions in Nig eria: Issues and Challenges Journal of Education Health and technology research. Vol 1 (1),138-144.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFederal Government of Nigeria 2004. National policy of Nigeria. 4th edition.NERDC Press.Yaba Lagos, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tIsibor, A.O.(2011) Skill Acquisition in Textile and youth empowerment for sustainable economic development in Nigeria. Journal of Educational Health and Technology Research, 2(2) 14-19.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMeziobi, K.A 2013 Contemporary Issues in Social Studies in Nigeria. Owerri;Omama Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tObeta A.O.(2016) Challenges facing teaching and learning of clothing and Textiles in Abia State Secondary schools. Nigeria. International Journal of Home economics vol 9 (2)107-117.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tObiesesun, M. (2010) Appointment and management; Pay attention to entrepreneurial skills. The punch news paper, Teusday. Pp. 30.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tOgwo, B.A &#038;Oranu , R.N.(2006). M  ethodology in formal non\u2013formal technical and vocational education, Enugu,Ijejas and Publisher Company.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOgbodo C.O &#038; Oraka, A.O (2017) Challenges and Prospects of Entrepreneurship training and development in Nigeria Envidence from Awka South L.G.A  FROM Awka South LGA of Anambra State. Int. J.Initiative Finance and Economics. Res 5(4);73-86.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOkoro, J(2010). Assesment of office education skills required for entrepreneurial ventures. Business EducationJournal, 7(2). 188-189.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOkwilague, E.A (2007), Evaluating private and public schools dichotomy; School indiscipline. Nigerian Tribune Newspaper. February 9 pg 35. :<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOlaosebikan, V.B. (2011), Reflecting on entrepreneurship education in home economics curriculum in a depressed economy. Issues and Challenges Journal of Education Health and technology research.Vol 1 (1),117-123.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOwolabi, E.A, Peterat, L,&#038; Arcus, M (1991) Home Economics  Programmes in Oyo State Secondary Schools ; A survey. Journal of Consumer Science and Home Economics, 15, 95-105.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tTyarkoni, P (2011). Congnitive atlas concept: Skill Acquisition http:\/\/www.chow.com. Retrieval Date: 5\/3\/2019.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMbah, P.E (2003). The effect of two instructional methods on junior secondary school Home Economics students academic performance in Lagos Stae.Unpublished Phd thesis. University of Benin.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUwameiye, R(2000).An appraisal of technical and vocational education in Nigeria secondary schools, Journal of Educational Research Association.1(1)14-35.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. (Mrs) B.E. Uwameiye &#8220;Challenges Encountered by Students in the Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills in Home Economics Education in Edo and Delta State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.371-376 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/371-376.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/371-376.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-encountered-by-students-in-the-acquisition-of-entrepreneurial-skills-in-home-economics-education-in-edo-and-delta-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenges Encountered by Students in the Acquisition of Entrepreneurial Skills in Home Economics Education in Edo and Delta State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee97018 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee97018\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9711f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9711f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee973ed\" data-id=\"ee973ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee975da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee975da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee976cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee976cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee97853\" data-id=\"ee97853\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee979c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee979c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee97a92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee97a92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee97c47\" data-id=\"ee97c47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee97d75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee97d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee97e18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee97e18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee97fba\" data-id=\"ee97fba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee980dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee980dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>In Search of Our Common Humanity \u2013 Towards a Philosophy of Pluralism<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sylvanus Ifeanyichukwu Nnoruka  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 377-382<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee981b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee981b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee98333\" data-id=\"ee98333\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee98492 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee98492\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">More than sixty years after the ratification of the declaration of human rights, nothing can be taken for granted and everything is possible. We are more and more indifferent to the inhuman treatment we see around us. More and more nations wage wars against the others; the number of political refugees is drastically and alarmingly increasing every day. The African continent does not seem to have recovered from the devastating effects of slave trade and colonialism. What is worse, the world is increasingly becoming insecure. Nevertheless, there is still hope. It comes from the realisation that all humans undeniably have one thing in common \u2013 that they are humans, precisely human beings. We have a common humanity irrespective of when and where our contact with the world started. It is our conviction that it is through the realisation and promotion of our common humanity that authentic peace could be achieved today. We are working on the principle that no culture is self-sufficient. The attitude ought to be: I need the Other in order to develop myself meaningfully and authentically<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 377-382\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sylvanus Ifeanyichukwu Nnoruka <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, Bigard Memorial Seminary, Enugu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sylvanus Ifeanyichukwu Nnoruka  &#8220;In Search of Our Common Humanity \u2013 Towards a Philosophy of Pluralism&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.377-382 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/377-382.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/377-382.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/in-search-of-our-common-humanity-towards-a-philosophy-of-pluralism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">In Search of Our Common Humanity \u2013 Towards a Philosophy of Pluralism<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee99397 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee99397\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9954f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9954f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee997ed\" data-id=\"ee997ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee999b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee999b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee99aee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee99aee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee99e8b\" data-id=\"ee99e8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a146 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9a146\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a257 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9a257\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a3e9\" data-id=\"ee9a3e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a510 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9a510\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a5b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9a5b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a730\" data-id=\"ee9a730\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a842 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9a842\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Generative Instructional Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement and Attitude to Summary Writing<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Olagbaju Oladotun Opeoluwa PhD &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 383-393<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9a8e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9a8e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9aabc\" data-id=\"ee9aabc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9ac59 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee9ac59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Success in English language is one of the prerequisites for academic advancement and admission into tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Students\u2019 performance in English language examinations has been very poor and ineffective strategy in teaching summary writing is one of the causative factors. Most of the instructional approaches have been teacher-centred rather than learner-centred. This study determined the effects of Generative Instructional Strategy on students\u2019 achievement in and attitude to summary writing in Ibadan. Moderating effect of gender was also examined. Four intact randomly selected classes were assigned to experimental and control groups.  Data were analysed using analysis of covariance, and Scheffe post-hoc test. Generative instructional strategy was effective in enhancing students\u2019 achievement and attitude to summary writing.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 383-393\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olagbaju Oladotun Opeoluwa PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Education and Social Sciences, Legacy University, The Gambia.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAjayi, O. 2004. Home and school factors as correlates of primary school pupils reading proficiency in English language in Ibadan. An Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Ibadan.<\/p>\r\n<p>[2].\tAkinoso, S.O. 2012. Effects of concrete-representational-abstract and explicit instructional strategies on senior secondary school students\u2019 achievement in and attitude to mathematicsematics. A PhD Post-Field Report presented at the Joint Staff\/Higher Degree Students Seminar, Department of Teacher education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAlaneme, E.T. 2005. Nigeria: mass examination failure &#8211; dilemma of new education minister. Daily Champion Newspaper. Retrieved 25th May, 2018 from www.allafrica.com\/stories\/201005270581.html.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAniga, U.S. and Ellah, S.M. 2010. English language for daily communication. Ibadan: Panse Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAragoni, L. 2011. Teach how to write a summary Reading, writing, studying require it. Retrieved 17th October, 2011 from www.you-can-teach-writing.com<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAshade, D 2008 A-One English for Senior Secondary School English language. Ile-Ife: Ashdell Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAzubuike, O.C. 2011. The influential factors affecting the attitude of students towards the study of vocational\/technical subjects in secondary schools in Abia Educational zone. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Teaching, Learning and Change. International Association for Teaching and Learning (IATEL) Retrieved 22nd October, 2017 from http:\/\/www.hrmars.com\/admin\/pics\/127.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBanjo, A., Elugbe, B., Onaga, U., and Akano, A. 2005. New oxford secondary English course for senior secondary school 2. Ibadan: University Press Plc.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBarab, S.A., Young, M.F., and Wang, J. 1999. The effects of navigational and generative activities in hypertext learning on problem solving and comprehension. International Journal of Instruction and Media 26(3): 283\u2013309.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCarnine, D. and Kinder, C. 1985. Teaching low-performing students to apply generative and schema strategies to narrative and expository materials. Journal of Remedial and Special Education 6(1): 20\u201330.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tCavanaugh, D. 2002. Hemispheric preference. New York: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tChaudron, C. 1998. Second language classrooms: research on teaching and learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tCho, Y. 2012. Teaching summary writing through direct instruction to improve text comprehension for students in ESL\/EFL classroom. An unpublished Master\u2019s Project, University of Wisconsin-River Falls. Retrieved 23rd September, 2017 from www.minds.wisconsin.edu\/bitstream\/handle\/1793\/61052\/Cho.pdf?<br \/>\r\n[14].\tChularut, P. and DeBacker, T.K. 2004. The influence of concept mapping on achievement, self-regulation, and self-efficacy in students of English as a second language. Journal of Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29 (1): 248\u2013263.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tCoates, J. and Draves, W. 2006. Smart boys, bad grades. Leaning Resource Network. River Falls, WI.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tConnell, D. and Gunzelmann, B. 2004. The next gender gap: why are so many boys floundering while so many girls are soaring? Instructor, March: 14-17. Gage, Cengage Learning. Alabama: Project Innovation.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDeaux, K. 1995. Sex and gender. Annual Review of Psychology. 36(7), 49-82.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tDijkstra, B. 2006. Idols of perversity. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tElliot, I.1991. The Reading place, teaching. K-8, 21(3), 1991, 30-34.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tEmily, H. and Zee, V. 2000. Analysis of students\u2019 generated inquiry discussion International Journal of science education Vol. 22 ( 2):115-147.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tEsfandiari, M. 2003. Application of case based approach along with generative model of teaching and technical writing to the teaching of applied statistics. UCLA Department of Statistics. Retrieved 15th December, 2017 from www.preprints.stat.ucla.edu\/375\/Application of Case Based Approach Along with Generative Model of Teaching and Technical Writing to the Teaching of Applied Statistics.pdf<br \/>\r\n[22].\tFakeye, D.O. 2008. ESL students\u2019 cognitive and English comprehension achievement in South Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Counselling and Applied Psychology, University of Ado-Ekiti. Vol. 4 (1): 23-30.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tFakeye, D.O. 2010. Students\u2019 personal variables as correlates of academic achievement in English as a second language in Nigeria. Kamla-Raj Journal of  Social Science,22(3):205-211. 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Economics of Education Review, 21:589-598.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tKolawole, C.O.O.; Adepoju, A. and Adelore, O 2000. Trends in Secondary School Students\u2019 Performance in English Language Paper 1. African Journal of Educational Research, University of Ibadan, 6(1 and 2): 54-59.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tKomolafe, A. T. and Yara, P.O. 2010. Sentence Combining Strategy and Primary School Pupils Achievement in Written English in Ibadan, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.40 No.4 (2010), 531-539. EuroJournals Publishing, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tLee, H.W., Lim, K.Y. and  Grabowski, B.L. 2007 Generative Learning: Principles and implication for making meaning. Pennsylavia State University, University Park, Pennsylavia.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tMaroufi, C. 1989. A study of student attitude toward traditional and generative models of instruction. Adolescence, Vol 24(93), 65-72.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tObasa, A.O., Alamu,S. and Giwa, K. 2002. 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WAEC chief examiners\u2019 report for the West African Senior School Certificate examination (WASSCE). Lagos: WAEC Press.<br \/>\r\n[48].\tWittrock, M. C. 1992. Generative learning processes of the brain. Educational Psychology, 27(4), 531\u2013541.<br \/>\r\n[49].\tWittrock, M.C. 1974. A generative model of Mathematics education. Journal of Research in Mathematics Education 5(4), 181\u2013196.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tWyer, M. 2003. Intending to stay: Images of scientist, attitude towards women, and gender as influences of persistence among science and engineer majors. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering. Vol 9, 1-16. Retrieved 23rd October, 2018 from http:\/\/www.ncsu.edu\/project\/stereotypes\/lab\/Intending%20to%20Stay_jrlwmse1.pdf<br \/>\r\n[51].\tZembar, M.J. and Blume, L.B. 2009.  Middle Childhood Development: A Contextual Approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 100(1), 129-142.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olagbaju Oladotun Opeoluwa PhD &#8220;Effects of Generative Instructional Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement and Attitude to Summary Writing&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.383-393 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/383-393.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/383-393.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-generative-instructional-strategy-on-senior-secondary-school-students-achievement-and-attitude-to-summary-writing\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Generative Instructional Strategy on Senior Secondary School Students\u2019 Achievement and Attitude to Summary Writing<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9bba4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee9bba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9bce9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9bce9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9be90\" data-id=\"ee9be90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9bff2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9bff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c09d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9c09d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c1f3\" data-id=\"ee9c1f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c357 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9c357\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c40b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9c40b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c575\" data-id=\"ee9c575\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c68e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9c68e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between Transformational Leadership among Principal with Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Secondary School in the East Coast Malaysia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kaharuddin Sharkawi, Abdullah Bin Ibrahim, Wan Khairul Aiman Wan Mokhtar, Ramle Abdullah &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 394-397<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c72f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9c72f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c8ad\" data-id=\"ee9c8ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9c9f3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"ee9c9f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this research is to identify the level of Transformational Leadership of Principal towards Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). This research is a survey using questionnaire distributions. The questionnaire utilized in this research is divided into three parts. The first part of the questionnaire involves the questioning of the respondent demographics. The second part is the 20 items of the dimension of Organizational Citizenship Behavior based on Podsakoff (1990). While the third part of the study questions contains 20 items describing the style of Transformational Leadership based on instruments built by Bass and Avolio (1995). A total of 102 respondents have collaborated in the success of this research, and two types of statistics were used, which named descriptive statistics and inference statistics. The results of the study showed that the majority of the respondents were tending to the intellectual stimulating dimensions (mean 6.09) compared to the motivational dimensions (min 5.98), individual consideration dimensions (min 5.88) and charismatic dimensions (min 5.40). The intellectuals\u2019 stimulation is the fourth dimension embodied in transformational leadership. The T-test was found to have no significant relationship between the organization\u2019s citizenship behavior and the gender of the respondent. One of the objectives of the study is to investigate the relationship between Transformational Leadership and Organization Citizenship Behavior. Hence, the correlation test has been used and the findings show a significant relationship between transformational leadership and the organization\u2019s citizenship behavior (r = 0.431). As such, the role and responsibility of the Principals also need to change from time to time and they also need to alter them based on time and situation. If a principal has effective leadership qualities, then the mission and vision of making an outstanding school can be achieved. On the other hand, if a principal lacks character in his or her leadership, then it will give an unfavorable effect on the achievement of a school.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 394-397\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kaharuddin Sharkawi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdullah Bin Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wan Khairul Aiman Wan Mokhtar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ramle Abdullah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAquino, K. &#038; Bommer,W.H. (2003).Preferential mistreatment: How victim status Moderates the relationship between organizational behavior and Workplace victimization. Organizational Science, 14(4), 374-385.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBamberger, P. &#038; Mashoulam, I. (2000). Human resource strategy: Formulation, Implementation and impact. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. CA<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, Basic Books, New York.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBass, B.M. &#038; Avolio, B. J (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Mind Garden, Inc<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAli, A., Abu, D. S., Aminah, A., &#038; Bahaman, A. S. (2008). The relationship between transformational leadership behaviors, organizational justice, leader-member exchange, perceived organizational support, trust in management and organizational citizenship behaviors. European Journal of Scientific Research, 23(2), 227-242.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAli, A., Abu, D. S., Aminah, A., &#038; Bahaman, A. S. (2008). The relationship between leader-member exchange, organizational inflexibility, perceived organizational support, interactional justice and organizational citizenship behavior. African Journal of Business Management, 2(8), 138-145.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAquino, K. &#038; Bommer, W. H. (2003). Preferential mistreatment: How victim status moderates the relationship between organizational behavior and workplace victimization. Organizational Science, 14(4), 374-385.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBamberger, P. &#038; Mashoulam, I. (2000). Human resource strategy: Formulation, Implementation and impact. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks. CA<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations, Basic Books, New York.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBass, B. M. &#038; Avolio, B. J. (2004). Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Mind Garden, Inc<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBienstock, C. C., DeMoranville, C. W., &#038; Smith, R. K. (2003). Organizational citizenship behavior and service quality. 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Research method for business: a skill business approach, (4th ed.) John Wiley and Sons Inc.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tTwigg, N. W. (2004). Transformational leadership, perceived union support, and union citizenship behavior: a social exchange and social identity perspective. Retrieved from ProQuest LLC.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tWalumba, F.O., Wange, P., Lawler, J.J., &#038; Shi, K. (2004). The role of collective efficacy in the relations between transformational leadership and work outcomes. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 515-530.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tWang, H., Law,K.S., Hackett, R.D., Wang,D. &#038; Zhen, X. C. (2005). Leader member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers&#8217; performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 48(3), 420-423.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tDe Jong, J. P. J., &#038; Hartog, D. N. D. (2007). How leaders influence employees\u2019 innovative behavior. European Journal of Innovation Management, 10(1), 41-64<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kaharuddin Sharkawi, Abdullah Bin Ibrahim, Wan Khairul Aiman Wan Mokhtar, Ramle Abdullah &#8220;The Relationship between Transformational Leadership among Principal with Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Secondary School in the East Coast Malaysia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.394-397 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/394-397.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/394-397.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-transformational-leadership-among-principal-with-organizational-citizenship-behavior-in-secondary-school-in-the-east-coast-malaysia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relationship between Transformational Leadership among Principal with Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Secondary School in the East Coast Malaysia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9da51 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ee9da51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9db6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9db6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9dcec\" data-id=\"ee9dcec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9de10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9de10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9deae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9deae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9e00b\" data-id=\"ee9e00b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9e122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee9e122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ee9e1c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ee9e1c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ee9e323\" data-id=\"ee9e323\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb1dee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb1dee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb1f1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb1f1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb2106\" data-id=\"eeb2106\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb224a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb224a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cognitive Leadership Competencies and Performance of Private Universities in Kenya, A Case of Daystar University<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Onduso Salome Bosibori, Okode Martin Opiyo &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 398-401<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb22fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb22fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb2488\" data-id=\"eeb2488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb25c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eeb25c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study focused on cognitive leadership competencies and how it affects performance of faculty\/department leaders in private universities in Kenya. A descriptive research design with a mixture of both qualitative and quantitative methods of research approaches was adopted. Findings for constructs of cognitive leadership competencies revealed critical thinking highly (77.8%) influence leaders\u2019 performance, creativity highly (66.7%) influence leaders\u2019 performance and problem solving (12) lowly (66.7%) influence leaders performance.<br \/>\r\nStudy concluded that cognitive leadership competency has negative insignificant influence on leaders performance and recommends that university should embrace\/enhance capacity development training for leaders in order to develop or enhance their cognitive competency.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 398-401\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onduso Salome Bosibori<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Leadership and Management, Pan Africa University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okode Martin Opiyo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Maseno University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBass, B. M. (2000). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. NY: Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDonaldson, T. &#038; Preston, L.E. (1995). The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence and implications, Academy of Management Review, 20(1), 65-91.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tField, C.A. &#038; Ronchetti Hayward, C.A. (2009). Small Sample Asymptotics. IMS Lecture Notes, Monograph Series, 13.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCooper, P. R. &#038; Schindler, P.S. (2006).Business Research Methods.(10thed.). New York: Wiley.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCurrall, S.C. &#038; Epstein, M.J.(2003). The fragility of organizational trust: lessons from the rise and fall of Enron, OrganizationalDynamics, 32(2), 193-206.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDunphy, D., Griffiths, A., &#038; Benn, S. (2003). Organizational Change for corporate sustainability, London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEisenbach, R., Watson, K. &#038; Pillai, R. (2009).Transformational leadership in the contextof organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 12(2), 80-89.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGregersen, H.B., Morrison, A.J. &#038; Black, J.S. (2009).Developing leaders for the global frontier, Sloan Management Review,  Fall, 21\u201032.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHall, B.H. (2007). The relationship between firm size and firm growth in the US manufacturing sector. Journal of Industrial Economics, 35(4), 583.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHarris, P.R. &#038; Moran, R.T. (1987). Managing Cultural Differences, (2nd ed). Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKaramat, A.U. (2013). Impact of Leadership on Organizational Performance: A Case Study of D&#038;R Cambric Communication. Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Applied Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKariuki, J. (2015), Global leadership from A to Z: creating high commitmentorganizations, Organizational Dynamics, 295(309), 1\u201016.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKhan, V., Hafeez, M.H., Rizvi, S.M.H., Hasnain, A., &#038; Mariam, A. (2012). Relationship of Leadership Styles, Employees Commitment and Organization Performance: A Study on Customer Support Representatives. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 49, 133-43.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMwaura, K. (2007). The Failure of Corporate Governance in State Owned Enterprisesand the Need for Restructured Governance in Fully and Partially PrivatizedEnterprises: The Case of Kenya. Fordham International Law Journal, 31(1), 34-75.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNorthouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and practice. New York: Sage publications.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tNyanjom, C. (2013). Factors Influencing Employee Retention in the State Corporationsin Kenya, Unpublished MSc Thesis, Nairobi: University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOkundi, B. (2013) There\u2019s a Need to Breath New Life into State Corporations throughReforms. Daily Nation, September 25, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOReilly, C. A., Caldwell, D.F., Chatman, J. A., Lapiz, M., &#038; Social, W. (2010). Howleadership matters: The effects of leaders&#8217; alignment on strategy implementation. The Leadership Quarterly, 21, 104\u2013113<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Onduso Salome Bosibori, Okode Martin Opiyo &#8220;Cognitive Leadership Competencies and Performance of Private Universities in Kenya, A Case of Daystar University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.398-401 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/398-401.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/398-401.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cognitive-leadership-competencies-and-performance-of-private-universities-in-kenya-a-case-of-daystar-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cognitive Leadership Competencies and Performance of Private Universities in Kenya, A Case of Daystar University<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb34b6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eeb34b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb35d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb35d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb377e\" data-id=\"eeb377e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb38b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb38b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3958 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb3958\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3b11\" data-id=\"eeb3b11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3c4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb3c4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3d03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb3d03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3e50\" data-id=\"eeb3e50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb3f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb3f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb4005 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb4005\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb4241\" data-id=\"eeb4241\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb456e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeb456e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students\u2019 Attitude and Perceptions on Teachers\u2019 Comments: Does it associate with their Interest on Particular Subjects? A Case of Morogoro Municipality<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>MSEMO, Emanuel Mbazi, EDWARD, Mariafelista Massawe  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 402-404<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeb4650 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeb4650\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeb4934\" data-id=\"eeb4934\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb501b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eeb501b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored the relationship between students\u2019 attitude and perception towards teachers\u2019 comments and their interest on particular subjects. The study was conducted as a case study of Morogoro municipal in Tanzania, and employed a cross sectional design with a sample of size n=127 students from two schools. Schools in Morogoro municipal were clustered into two clusters (old schools and newly ward secondary schools) and one school from each cluster was randomly selected. Respondents were chosen within a cluster using simple random sampling. Information on study variables was obtained using questionnaire and to establish the relationship, a chi square test of association was performed. Results showed a significant relationship between students\u2019 attitude and perception towards teachers\u2019 comments and their interest on particular subjects. Choice of students on whether to engage on a particular subject depends on how they approach and interpret the feedback given by teachers. This suggests that, it is important to create a condunsive means of communicating feedback to students so as to achieve a learning environment that ignite and sustain student interests to subjects for greater achievements and performances.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 402-404\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MSEMO, Emanuel Mbazi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Lecturer, Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Computational Sciences, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>EDWARD, Mariafelista Massawe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Education, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tLipnevich, A. A., &#038; Smith, J. K. (2008). Response to assessment feedback: The effects of grades, praise, and source of information. ETS Research Report Series, 2008(1), i-57.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tNdalichako, J. L., &#038; Komba, A. A. (2014). Students\u2019 Subject Choice in Secondary Schools in Tanzania: A Matter of Students\u2019 Ability and Interests or Forced Circumstances? Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(08), 49.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tHattie, J. (2003). Teachers Make a Difference, What is the research evidence?<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHarackiewicz, J. M., &#038; Hulleman, C. S. (2010). The importance of interest: The role of achievement goals and task values in promoting the development of interest. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4(1), 42-52.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tElawar, M. C., &#038; Corno, L. (1985). A factorial experiment in teachers&#8217; written feedback on student homework: Changing teacher behavior a little rather than a lot. Journal of educational psychology, 77(2), 162.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tLincoln, Y.S. and Guba, G.E. (2000). The Only Generalization Is There Is No Generalization. In: Gomm, R., Hammersley, M. and Foster, P., Eds., Case Study Method, SAGE, London, 27-45.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tColley, A., Comber, C. and Hargreaves, D. (1994). School Subject Preferences of Pupils in Single Sex and Coeducational Secondary Schools, Educational Studies, 20: 379-85.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tColley, A., and Comber, C. (2003). School Subject Preferences: Age and gender differences revisited, Educational Studies, 29(1): 59-67.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">MSEMO, Emanuel Mbazi, EDWARD, Mariafelista Massawe  &#8220;Students\u2019 Attitude and Perceptions on Teachers\u2019 Comments: Does it associate with their Interest on Particular Subjects? A Case of Morogoro Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.402-404 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/402-404.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/402-404.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/students-attitude-and-perceptions-on-teachers-comments-does-it-associate-with-their-interest-on-particular-subjects-a-case-of-morogoro-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Students\u2019 Attitude and Perceptions on Teachers\u2019 Comments: Does it associate with their Interest on Particular Subjects? A Case of Morogoro Municipality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eebff7b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eebff7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eec0725 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eec0725\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eec089d\" data-id=\"eec089d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec0a1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eec0a1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eec0b00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eec0b00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eec0cd0\" data-id=\"eec0cd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec0e11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eec0e11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eec0ebb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eec0ebb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eec104d\" data-id=\"eec104d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec1174 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eec1174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Self Esteem and Depression: Relations with Muslims\u2019 Happiness<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ateerah, A. R., Lukman, Z. M. &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 405-409<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eec1218 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eec1218\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eec13aa\" data-id=\"eec13aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec14e3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eec14e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Happiness is negatively correlated with depression and anxiety. Likewise, self-esteem has close relationship with the element of happiness. Previous research mentioned that it possesses high correlations between measurement of happiness and self-esteem [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Thus, one aim of this study is to viewboth positive and negative aspects, by exploring the differential level of depression, self esteem and happiness on Muslim students.The method of this research is quantitative, and the respondents were selected in several states in Malaysia, which approximately 500 people. This research used Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 21) and happiness instrument developed by the researcher based on al-Ghazali\u2019s concept of happiness. After conducting the descriptive analysis for every construct, this research used the  average of construct, whereas to determine the correlation between depression and self-esteem aspects, pearson correlation has been computed and the result is significant which is r=-0.462, p<0.01]. It shows that the direction of relationship was found to be negative at the moderate level. As a conclusion, there is positive relationship with happiness and self esteem, and it negatively correlated with depression.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 405-409\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ateerah, A. R. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lukman, Z. M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 20300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAndrews, F.M.: (1991).Stability and change in levels and structure of subjective well-being: USA 1972 and 1988\u2019, Social Indicators Research, 25, pp. 1-30.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCampbell, A. (1981). The sense of well-being in America: recent pattern and trends. New York: McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCampbell, A., P. Converse and W. Rodgers. (1976).The Quality of American Life. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDiener, E., Diener, M. &#038;Diener, C. (1995).Factors of predicting the subjective well-being of nations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851-864.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFordyce, M.W.(1988). A review of research on the happiness measures: A sixty second index of happiness and mental health. Social Indicators Research, 20, pp. 355-381.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKozma, A., M.J. Stones: (1978). Some research issues and  findings in the assessment of wellbeing in the elderly.Canadian Psychological Review, 19, pp. 241-249.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tLyubomirsky, S., &#038;Lepper, H. (1999).A measure of subjective happiness preliminary reliability and construct validation.Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137-155.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tSchimmack, U., S. Oishi, R.M.Furr and D.C. Funder: (2004). Personality and life satisfaction: A facet-level analysis.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, pp. 1062-1075.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tLyubomirsky, S., Layous, K., (2013). How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57\u201362 sagepub.com\/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177\/0963721412469809 http:\/\/cdps.sagepub.com<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKramanon, R., Gray, R. S., (2015). Differentials in Happiness among the Young Old, the Middle Old and the Very Old in Thailand.Journal of Population and Social Studies, 23(2), 180 \u2013 192.  DOI 10.14456\/jpss.2015.13<br \/>\r\n[11].\tAflakser, A. (2012). Religiosity, Personal Meaning and Psychological wellbeing: A study among Muslim Students in England Pakistan. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, (9)2, 27-31.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tEryilmaz, A., (2015). Investigation of the Relations between Religious Activities and Subjective Well-being of High School Students Educational Sciences: Theory &#038; Practice, 15(2), 433-444.<br \/>\r\n[13].\t Abdel-Khalek A.M. (2011). The development and validation of the Arabic Scale Of Mental Health (ASMH). Psychol Rep. 109(3):949-64, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tVivian, M. C. L., (2013). Examining the Relation of Religion and Spirituality to Subjective Well-Being Across National Cultures . 5(4), 304\u2013315.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tLewis, C. and Cruise, S. (2006). Religion and happiness: Consensus, contradictions, comments and concerns. Mental Health, Religion &#038; Culture, 9(3), 213-225.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tLevin, J. (2013). Religion and Happiness Among Israeli Jews: Findings from the ISSP Religion III Survey. Journal Of Happiness Studies, 15(3), 593-611. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10902-013-9437-8<br \/>\r\n[17].\tJoshanloo, M. (2013). Eastern conceptualizations of happiness: Fundamental differences with western views. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 475-593.<br \/>\r\n[18].\t Twohig, M. P. &#038; Levin M. E. (in press). (2017). Acceptance and commitment therapy as a treatment for  anxiety and depression: A review. Psychiatric Clinics.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tAspinwall, L. G., &#038; Staudinger, U. M. (2003). A psychology of human strengths: Some central issues of an emerging field. In L. G. Aspinwall &#038; U. M. Staudinger (Eds.), A psychology of human strengths: Fundamental questions and future directions for a positive psychology (pp. 9-22). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/10566-001<br \/>\r\n[20].\tBarakat, H. (1993). The Arab world. Society, culture and state. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\t Inayat, Q. (2005). Islam, divinity, and spiritual healing. In R. Moodley &#038; W. West (Eds.), Integratingtraditional healing practices into counseling and psychotherapy (pp. 159\u2013169). Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tAbu-Raiya, H., &#038; Pargament, K. I. (2011). Empirically based psychology of Islam: Summary and critique of the literature. Mental Health, Religion &#038; Culture, 14(2), 93\u2013115.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tGavin, J. H., &#038; Mason, R. O. (2004). The virtuous organisation: the value of happiness in the workplace. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 379-392.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tBahiraei, S., Eftekharei, S., Zareimatin, H., &#038;Soloukdar, A. (2012). Studying the relationship and impact of personality on happiness among successful students and other students.Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 2(4), 3636-3641.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tTatarkiewicz, W. (1976). Analysis of happiness. Warsaw: Polish Scientific.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tDiener, E.D., Suh, E.M., Lucas, R.E., &#038; Smith, H.L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin 125(2), 276-302.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tMyers, D. G., &#038; Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6(1) 10-19.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tGilbert, D. (2009). Stumbling on happiness. Canada: Vintage Publication.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tMogilner, C., Kamvar, S. D., &#038; Aaker, J. (2011). The shifting meaning of happiness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(4), 395-402.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tRosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tBong, M., &#038; Clarkk, R. E. (1999). Comparison between self concept and self efficacy in academic motivation research. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 139-53.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tCampbell, J. D., &#038; Lavallee, L. F. (1993). Who am I? The role of self-concept confusion in understanding the behavior of people with low self-esteem. In R. F. Baumeister (Ed.), Plenum series in social\/clinical psychology. Self-esteem: The puzzle of low self-regard (pp. 3-20). New York, NY, US: Plenum Press.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4684-8956-9_1<br \/>\r\n[33].\tOrth, U., Robins, R. W., &#038; Widaman, K. F. (2012). Life span development of self esteem and its effects on important life outcomes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,102 (6), 1271-1288.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tCarver, S. C., Scheier, M. F., (2016). Optimism. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 879-889.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tScheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., &#038; Bridges, M. W. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, and practice(189-216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tHills, P., &#038; Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion, extraversion, and happy introvert Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 595-608.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tBaumeister, R. F., Jennifer D. C., Joachim, I. K., &#038; Kathleen, D. V. (2003). Does high self esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, (4), 1-44.<br \/>\r\n[38].\tBhattacharjee, A., &#038; Deb, S. (2007). Suicidal tendencies among depressive patients. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33 (2), 213-218.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tDSM-IV-TR. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC;<br \/>\r\n[40].\tEgger HL, Costello EJ, Angold A. (2003). School refusal and psychiatric disorders: Acommunity study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry;42:797-807.<br \/>\r\n[41].\tRowe R, Maugham B, Eley TC. (2006). Links between antisocial behavior anddepressed mood: The role of life events and attributional style. Journal of Abnormal Clinical Psychology, 34:293-302.<br \/>\r\n[42].\tTerna A. (2014). Perceived parental care, selfesteem and depression among adolescents in Makurdi secondary schools.Journal of Education and EntrepreneurialResearch.1(2):219-226.<br \/>\r\n[43].\tDixon RA. (2005). Adolescent gender differencesin mattering and wellness. Journal ofAdolescents, 753-763.<br \/>\r\n[44].\tDiener E, Emmons RA, Larson RJ, GriffinsS. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment,49:71-75.<br \/>\r\n[45].\tRowley, J., (2014) &#8220;Designing and using research questionnaires&#8221;, Management Research Review, Vol. 37 Issue: 3, pp.308-330, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/MRR-02-2013-0027.<br \/>\r\n[46].\tHair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., &#038; Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-sem) (2nd ed.). Thousands Oak, CA: Sage Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ateerah, A. R., Lukman, Z. M. &#8220;Self Esteem and Depression: Relations with Muslims\u2019 Happiness&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.405-409 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/405-409.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/405-409.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/self-esteem-and-depression-relations-with-muslims-happiness\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Self Esteem and Depression: Relations with Muslims\u2019 Happiness<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eec23a0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eec23a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eec248a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eec248a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed0dc5\" data-id=\"eed0dc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed0f70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed0f70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed1049 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed1049\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed11cf\" data-id=\"eed11cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed12e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed12e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed1399 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed1399\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed14f6\" data-id=\"eed14f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed165c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed165c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed1713 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed1713\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed18b1\" data-id=\"eed18b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed19d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed19d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges and Successes of E-Government Development in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review of the Literature<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Malang B.S. Bojang &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 410-414<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed1a7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed1a7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed1c3e\" data-id=\"eed1c3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed1dab elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eed1dab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Electronic government(e-Gov) is the innovation of the 21st century. This is because many governments around the globe are reforming their service delivery system via the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) to attain greater efficiency in public sector. The potential benefits of e-Gov were echoed by stakeholder and supranational bodies like United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, just to name a few. Developed countries have started reaping the fruit of ICTs in government service delivery while developing nations are stagnant with structural and sustainable failures of information systems in general. However, this study argued that some success stories are registered with regards to e-Service delivery in some developing countries and lesson needs to be learn from it\u2014Singapore, Egypt andChile can best this argument. Using explanatory method, data has been collected for this study from secondary sources.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 410-414\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Malang B.S. Bojang<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Public Administration, Kocaeli University, Turkey<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAL ATHMAY, A. A. (2013), \u201ce-Governance in Arab Countries: Status and Challenges,\u201d Global Journal of Business Research, Vol:7, No:5.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAL-KHOURI, A. M. (2011), \u201cAn Innovative Approach for e-Government Transformation,\u201dInternational Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC), Vol:2, No:1, pp.22-43<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAZAB, N. A. et al. (2009), \u201cA Suggested Framework for Assessing Electronic Government Readiness in Egypt,\u201d Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol:7, No:1, pp.11-28, available online at www.ejeg.com<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCARTER, L and B\u00c9LANGER, F. (2005), \u201cThe utilization of e-government services: citizen trust, innovation and acceptance factors,\u201d Info Systems, Vol:15, pp.5\u201325. Blackwell Publishing Ltd<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCHEN, Y. N. et al. (2006), \u201cE-Government Strategies in Developed and Developing Countries: An Implementation Framework and Case Study,\u201d Journal of Global Information Management, Vol:14, No:1, pp.23-46, Copyright, Idea Group Inc.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCHUA, J. (2012), \u201cThe e-Transformation Journey of Singapore,\u201d Chapter 2, Springer New York.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDADA, D. (2006), \u201cThe Failure of E-Government in Developing Countries: A Literature Review,\u201d The Electronic journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Vol:26, No:7, pp.1-10<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDAVIS, F. D. (1989) &#8220;Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use and User Acceptance of Information Technology\u201d, MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 319- 339<br \/>\r\n[9].\tDELONE, W. H. and MCLEAN, E. R. (1992) \u201cInformation Systems Success: The Quest for the Dependent Variable\u201d, Information Systems Research, Vol.:3, No:1, pp. 60-95<br \/>\r\n[10].\tELKADI, H. (2013), \u201cSuccess and failure factors for e-government projects: A case from Egypt,\u201d Egyptian Informatics Journal, Vol:14, pp.165\u2013173. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eij.2013.06.002<br \/>\r\n[11].\tEVANS, D. and YEN, D. C. (2006), \u201cE-Government: Evolving relationship of citizens and government, domestic, and international development,\u201d Government Information Quarterly Vol:23, pp.207\u2013235. doi:10.1016\/j.giq.2005.11.004<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFINGER, M and P\u00c9COUD, G. (2003), \u201cFrom e-Government to eGovernance? Towards a model of e-Governance,\u201d Electronic Journal of eGovernment, Vol:1, No:1, pp.52-62), available online at www.ejeg.com<br \/>\r\n[13].\tGICHOYA, D. (2005) \u201cFactors Affecting the Successful Implementation of ICT Projects in Government\u201d The Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol:3, No:4, pp 175-184, available online at www.ejeg.com<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHEEKS, R. (2002), \u201cInformation Systems and Developing Countries: Failure, Success, and Local Improvisations,\u201d The Information Society, Vol:18, pp.101\u2013 112, copyright Taylor &#038; Francis 0197-2243\/02 DOI: 10.1080\/0197224029007503 9<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHUANG, W. et al. (2002), \u201cAn empirical investigation of the adoption of e-government in Australian citizens: some unexpected research findings\u201d Journal of Computer Information Systems, Vol:43, No:1, pp.15-22.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tHUNG, S. Y. et al. (2006), \u201cDeterminants of user acceptance of the e-government services: The case of online tax filing and payment system\u201d, Government Information Quarterly, Vol:23, pp.97-122.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKE, W. (2004), \u201cSuccessful e-Government in Singapore. How did Singapore manage to get most of its public services deliverable online?\u201d article in communications of the acm \u2022 June doi: 10.1145\/990680.990687<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMUTULA, S. M. (2013), \u201ce-Government Divide: Implications for sub-Saharan Africa,\u201dIn Information Ethics for Africa: Cross-cutting Themes. Pretoria: ACEIE, pp.59-69<br \/>\r\n[19].\tNDOU, V. (2004), \u201cE-Government for Developing Countries: Opportunities and Challenges\u201d, The Electronic Journal on Information Systems in Developing Countries, Vol:26, No:1, pp.1-24<br \/>\r\n[20].\tNKOHKWO, Q. N. and ISLAM, S. M. (2013), \u201cChallenges to the Successful Implementation of e-Government Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review\u201d Electronic Journal of e-Government, Vol:11, No:2, pp253- 253, available online at www.ejeg.com<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOJO, J. S. (2014), \u201cE-Governance: An imperative for sustainable grass root development in Nigeria,\u201d Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research. Vol 6, No:4, pp. 77-89. DOI: 10.5897\/ JPAPR2013.0264<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRORISSA, A. and DEMISSIE, D. (2010), \u201cAn analysis of African eGovernment service websites,\u201d Government Information Quarterly Vol:27, pp.161\u2013169. 0740-624X\/$, Published by Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016\/j.giq.2009.12.003<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSARRAYRIH, M. A. and SRIRAM, B. (2015), \u201cMajor challenges in developing a successful e-government: A review on the Sultanate of Oman,\u201d Journal of King Saud University, Computer and Information Sciences, Vol:27, pp.230\u2013235. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jksuci.2014.04.004<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSCHUPPAN, T. (2009), \u201cE-Government in developing countries: Experiences from sub-Saharan Africa,\u201d Government Information Quarterly, Vol:26, No:1, From Implementation to Adoption: Challenges to Successful E-government Diffusion, pp.118-127.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tSTAHL, B. C. (2005), \u201cThe Paradigm of E-Commerce in E-Government and E-Democracy,\u201d Copyright Idea Group Inc.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tWANG, Y. and LIAO, Y. (2008), \u201cAssessing eGovernment systems success: A validation of the DeLone and McLean model of information systems success,\u201d Government Information Quarterly, Vol:25, pp.717\u2013733. doi:10.1016\/j.giq.2007.06.002<\/p>\r\n<p>Conferences and Working Paper Proceedings<\/p>\r\n<p>[27].\tANDERSEN, T. and RAND, J. (2006), \u201cDoes E-Government reduce corruption\u201d, University of Copenhagen, Department of Economics, Working Paper. http:\/\/bit.ly\/XYNVKq<br \/>\r\n[28].\tBECKER, J. et al. (2004), \u201ceGovernment Success Factors,\u201d Conference Paper in Lecture Notes in Computer Science. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-540-30078-6_87 \u2022 Source: DBLP CARTER, Lemuria and<br \/>\r\n[29].\tB\u00c9LANGER, F. (2003), \u201cDiffusion of innovation &#038; citizen adoption of e-government\u201d, The Fifth International Conference on Electronic Commerce (ICECR-5), Pittsburg, PA, pp.57-63.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tGAO, P. and GUNAWONG, P. (2014), \u201cUnderstanding e-Government Failure from an Actor-Network Perspective: The Demise of the Thai Smart ID Card,\u201d Centre for Development Informatics Institute for Development Policy and Management, SEED. University of Manchester. The iGovernment working paper series<br \/>\r\n[31].\tHEEKS, R.and SANTOS, R. (2009), \u201cUnderstanding Adoption of eGovernment: Principals, Agents and Institutional Dualism,\u201d Centre for Development Informatics Institute for Development Policy and Management, SED. University of Manchester. The iGovernment working paper series. Paper No. 19<br \/>\r\n[32].\tHEEKS, R. (2001), \u201cUnderstanding e-Governance for Development,\u201d Institute for Development Policy and Management. University of Manchester, iGovernment working paper series. Paper No. 11. View\/Download from: http:\/\/www.man.ac.uk\/idpm\/idpm_dp.htm#ig<br \/>\r\n[33].\tHEEKS, R. (2003), \u201cMost eGovernment-for-Development Projects Fail: How Can Risks be Reduced?\u201d Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. iGovernment Working Paper Series. Paper No. 14<br \/>\r\n[34].\tKIM, R. (2012), \u201cInstitutions and e-Government Development: Trends and Issues,\u201d EGovernment Technical paper. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM)<br \/>\r\n[35].\tKE, W. (2004), \u201cSuccessful e-Government in Singapore. How did Singapore manage to get most of its public services deliverable online?\u201d article in communications of the acm \u2022 June doi: 10.1145\/990680.990687<br \/>\r\n[36].\tKRAEMER, K. L. and KING, J.  L. (2003), \u201cInformation Technology and Administrative Reform: Will the Time After E-Government Be Different?\u201d Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, University of California, Irvine www.crito.uci.edu. Paper prepared for the Heinrich ReinermannSchrift fest, Post Graduate School of Administration, Speyer, Germany. September.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tLESSA, L.  et al. (2012), \u201cSteering e-Government Projects from Failure to Success: Using Design-Reality Gap Analysis as a Mid-Implementation Assessment Tool,\u201d Centre for Development Informatics Institute for Development Policy and Management, SED University of Manchester. The iGovernment working paper series. Paper No. 22<br \/>\r\n[38].\tSAPARNIENE, D. (2013), \u201cFrom e-Government to e-Governance: e-Initiatives in Europe,\u201d Access on 24\/10\/2016 via www.nispa.org\/files\/conferences\/2013\/papers\/201306191000380<br \/>\r\n[39].\tTORRES, L. et al. (2005), \u201cE-government and the transformation of public administrations in EU countries: Beyond NPM or just a second wave of reforms?\u201d Documento de Trabajo 2005-01. Facultad de CienciasEcon\u00f3micas y Empresariales, Universidad de Zaragoza.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tDAVIS, F. D. (1985) &#8220;A Technology Acceptance Model for Empirically Testing New End-User Information Systems: Theory and Results\u201d. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA<br \/>\r\n[41].\tThe e-Government handbook for developing countries. A project forInfoDev, Centre for democracy and technology, November 2002. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Malang B.S. Bojang &#8220;Challenges and Successes of E-Government Development in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review of the Literature&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.410-414 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/410-414.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/410-414.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-and-successes-of-e-government-development-in-developing-countries-a-theoretical-review-of-the-literature\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenges and Successes of E-Government Development in Developing Countries: A Theoretical Review of the Literature<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed2cab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eed2cab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed2ddd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed2ddd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed2f80\" data-id=\"eed2f80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed311a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed311a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed3221 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed3221\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed33c1\" data-id=\"eed33c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed34e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed34e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed3585 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed3585\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed8df2\" data-id=\"eed8df2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed8f9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed8f9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed9070 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed9070\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed9219\" data-id=\"eed9219\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed9333 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed9333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Democratization and Electoral Violence in Nigeria: A case of Sokoto State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Isah Musa Yusuf  &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 415-421<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eed93dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eed93dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eed9554\" data-id=\"eed9554\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed9685 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eed9685\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nSince the onset of the wave of democratization in parts of the world, sequel to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the wind of political changes that swept through Eastern Europe, many countries have made attempts, even if feeble in some  cases, to come to terms with the necessity of enthroning a project of democratization (Umar, 2009). In this respect, Nigeria has not been left out of the bandwagon of democratization. Evidently though, at independence in 1960, the country experimented with parliamentary democracy fashioned after the British model which was later bedeviled by electoral crises. Beginning from 1964\/65 general elections, violence became a major feature of electoral politics in the country. Thus, it was after thirteen (13) years of military rule (1966-1979) that the Federal Military Government of Nigeria (FMGN) handed over to a new civilian government on October I, 1979 and Nigeria\u2019s Second Republic was born amidst great expectations (Kurfi, 2005 cited in Omotosho, 2008:1).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 415-421\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isah Musa Yusuf <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdejumobi, S. (1998). \u201cElections in Africa: A Fading Shadow of Democracy?\u201d Africa Development. Vol. XXIII. No.1. Pg.41-46.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdejumobi, S. (2000). \u201cElections in Africa: A Fading Shadow of Democracy\u201d. International Political Science Review. Vol. 21<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAdekanye, J.B. (1990). \u201cElections in Nigeria: Problems, Strategies and Options\u201d. Nigeria Journal of Electoral and Political Behaviour. Vol.1. No.1.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAke, C. (1993). \u201cIs Africa Democratising\u201d. The Guardian Newspaper, December 12. Pg.49.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAke, C. (2000). Revolutionary Pressures in Africa. Port-Harcourt: Longman Group Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBekoe, D.A. (2010). Trends in Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDudley, B. (1973). Politics and Crises in Nigeria. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFischer, J. (2002). Electoral Conflict and Violence: A Strategy for study and Prevention Washington DC: IFES White Paper.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHancock, B. (2002). An Introduction to Qualitative Research. Nottingham: Trent Focus Group.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHoglund, K. (2009). Elections and Violence in Sri Lanka: Understanding Variation Across Three Parliamentary Elections\u201d. In Swain, A; Amer, R, and Ojendah, J. (eds). The Democratization Project: Opportunities and Challenges. London: Anthem Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tInternational Crisis Group. (2007). \u201cNigeria: Failed Elections, Failing State\u201d. Africa Report. No. 126. May 30.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNdegwa, S.N. (2001). \u201cA Decade of Democracy in Africa\u201d. Journal of Asian and African Studies. Vol. 36. No.1.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOmotosho, M. (2008). Electoral Violence and Conflict in Nigeria. Paper Presentation at Annual Political Science Association Conference. Lagos. March 15-18.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSisk, T. D. (2008). \u201cElections in Fragile States: Between Voice and Violence\u201d. A Paper Presented at the International Studies Association Annual Meeting at San Francisco California. March, 24-28.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tUmar, M.Z. (2009). \u201cDemocratic Transitions in Nigeria: Lessons Learned\u201d in Olutayo, O.A; Ogundiya, I.S; and Amzat, J. (eds). State and Civil Relations in Nigeria. Ibadan: Hope Publications.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tYin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Method. London: SAGE Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Isah Musa Yusuf  &#8220;Democratization and Electoral Violence in Nigeria: A case of Sokoto State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.415-421 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/415-421.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/415-421.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/democratization-and-electoral-violence-in-nigeria-a-case-of-sokoto-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Democratization and Electoral Violence in Nigeria: A case of Sokoto State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeda52a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eeda52a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Bojang &#8211; April 2019 Page No.: 422-426<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eedb3bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eedb3bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eedb587\" data-id=\"eedb587\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eedb6ff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"eedb6ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In search of answers to locate what is wrong with African civil societies, this study seeks to evaluate and critically explore contemporary debates surrounding civil society organizations in Africa. The study also aimed to ascertain whether African civil society organizations are replica of the Western civil societies. Much of the received wisdom on civil society discourse is that it enhances liberal democracy by widening citizens participations in political processes, eradicate poverty and fill the void created by state deficiencies. Yet civil society in many African countries is faced with doubts on its usefulness, origin and application in the continent. These uncertainties surrounding civil society often centered on its legitimacy, autonomy, authority and purpose. In Africa, civil society legitimacy and freedom can only be guarantee if they are transparent and accountable, in other words, they need to be democratic institutions; and they need to address accusations of manipulation for political or personal gain. While this study acknowledged the strength and effectiveness of civil society in Africa but still has a long road ahead to becoming a powerful voice on public policy or enhance democracy in the continent.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 422-426\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Malang B.S. Bojang<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Public Administration, Kocaeli University, Turkey<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tABDEL, H. and HASSAN, R. (2009),The State and Civil Society in Africa: A North African Perspective, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 3 (2), pp. 066-076, Available online at http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/AJPSIR , ISSN 1996-0832 \u00a9 2009 Academic Journals<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBAYLIES, C. and POWER, M. (2001), Civil Society, Kleptocracy and Donor Agendas: What Future for Africa? Review of African political economy, Vol. 28 No. 87, pp. 5-8<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBATES, T. R. (1975), Gramsci and the Theory of Hegemony, Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 351-366. University of Pennsylvania Press. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2708933<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBOJANG, M. B.S. (2017), Critical Issues Affecting Africa\u2019s Development: EGovernment, Democracy and Democratic Principles, And Governance as an Alternative for Socio-Economic Development in Africa, International Journal of Youth Economy, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 41-55, DOI. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.18576\/010103<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBRATTON, M. (1989), Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa, WorldPolitics, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 407-430.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBRATTON, M. (1994), Civil Society and Political Transition in Africa, Institute for Development Research Report, Vol. 11, No. 6<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCHABAL, P. and DALOZ, J. (1999),Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. International African Institute and Indiana University Press<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDIAMOND, L. (2005), Democracy, Development and Good Governance: The Inseparable Links, Annual Democracy and Governance Lecture, Center for Democratic Development, at the British Council Hall, Accra, Ghana, March 1, 2005<br \/>\r\n[9].\tELONE, J. J. (2001), Backlash Against Democracy: The Regulation of Civil Society in Africa, This paper builds on Trust-Africa funded research regarding the legislative environment for non-governmental organizations in Africa. Trust-Africa is an African foundation, based in Dakar, Senegal, which promotes equitable development and democratic governance by funding civil society organizations across the continent. For more information visit www.trustafrica.org<br \/>\r\n[10].\tELONE, J. J. (2008), African Civil Society, Democracy and Development, Draft Research Question, 2008<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGELLNER, E. (1994), Conditions of Liberty: Civil Society and its Rivals, London: Hamish and Hamilton<br \/>\r\n[12].\tG\u00dcNDO\u011eAN, E. (2008), Conceptions of Hegemony in Antonio Gramsci\u2019s Southern Question and the Prison Notebooks, New Proposals: Journal of Marxism and Interdisciplinary Inquiry, Vol.2, No. 1, pp. 45-60<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHEARN, J. (2001), The Uses and Abuses of Civil Society in Africa, Review of African Political Economy, No. 87, pp. 43-53<br \/>\r\n[14].\tJACOBS, S. (2011), Media, Civil Society and the State in Democratic Politics in Africa: The Case of South Africa, International Affairs Working Paper 2011-01 February 2011<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKENNEDY, M. D. (1991), Professionals, Power and Solidarity in Poland: A Critical Sociology of Soviet Type Societies. Cambridge M.A.: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKEW, D. (2005), The Role of Civil Society Groups in Strengthening Governance and Capacity: Avenues for Support, A Briefing Paper for the Conference on Aid, Governance, and Development, Northwestern University.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKEW, D. and OSHIKOYA, M. (2014),Escape from Tyranny: Civil Society and Democratic Struggles in Africa, E. Obadare (ed.), The Handbook of Civil Society in Africa, Nonprofit and Civil Society Studies 20, DOI 10.1007\/978-1-4614-8262-8_2, \u00a9 Springer Science+Business Media New York<br \/>\r\n[18].\tLEWIS, D. (2001), Civil Society in Non-Western Contexts: Reflections on the \u2018Usefulness\u2019 of AConcept, Civil Society Working Paper 13<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMAKUMBE, J.M.W (1998), Is There a Civil Society in Africa? International Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMARDIN, S. (1995), Islam and Civil Society, in John A. Hall, (ed.), Civil Society:Theory, History, Comparison, Cambridge: Polity Press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tNEUBERT, D. (2011), Civil Society in Africa? Forms of Social Self-Organization Between the Poles of Globalization and Local Socio-Political Order. Bayreuth African Studies Working Papers No. 12, Universit\u00e4t Bayreuth Institute of African Studies.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tOBADARE, E.(2004), The Alternative Genealogy of Civil Society and Its Implications for Africa:Notes for Further Research, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa, Africa Development, Vol. XXIX, No. 4, pp. 1-18<br \/>\r\n[23].\tORJI, N. (2009), Civil Society, Democracy and Good Governance in Africa, CEU Political Science Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 76\u00ad101, on www.ceeol.com<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRAU, Z. (1991),Introduction to The Reemergence of Civil Society in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Boulder C.O.: Westview Press.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tSOMOLEKAE, G. (1998),Democracy, Civil Society and Governance in Africa: The Case of Botswana.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSPURK, C. (2008), Understanding Civil Society &#8211; History, Debates, and Contemporary Approaches,Contribution to book Civil Society Peacebuilding. The paper is available at ResearchGate https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/264885895<br \/>\r\n[27].\tAFRICA FORUM ON CIVIL SOCIETY AND GOVERNANCE ASSESSMENTS REPORT 2011. Copyright \u00a9 2012 by the United Nations Development Programme One United Nations Plaza, New York, 10017, USA<br \/>\r\n[28].\tCIVIL SOCIETY IN AFRICA (2009). Pilot Project of a consultative approach by UNESCO with regard toNigeria, Ghana, Gambia and Cameroon, Published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Malang B.S. Bojang &#8220;The Debate around Civil Society in Africa: A Replica of \u201cWestern Civil Society\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 4, pp.422-426 April 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/422-426.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-4\/422-426.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-debate-around-civil-society-in-africa-a-replica-of-western-civil-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Debate around Civil Society in Africa: A Replica of \u201cWestern Civil Society\u201d<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeebdec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"eeebdec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; 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elementor-element-eeec1b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeec1b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeec25b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"eeec25b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-eeec3be\" data-id=\"eeec3be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeec4dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eeec4dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Kenya\u2019s Export of Cut Flowers to the European Union: A Constant Market Share Analysis Mathew Kipkoech Bartilol, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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