{"id":2229,"date":"2019-05-14T08:16:56","date_gmt":"2019-05-14T08:16:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2229"},"modified":"2019-06-19T19:15:26","modified_gmt":"2019-06-19T19:15:26","slug":"volume-iii-issue-v","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iii-issue-v\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue V"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2229\" class=\"elementor elementor-2229 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2be8b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2be8b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2bec4f\" data-id=\"e2bec4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2bef1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2bef1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Personal Remittances on Monetary Policy Variables in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>James Tumba Henry, Enam Pagiel Abalis &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 01-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2bf2e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2bf2e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2bf5d8\" data-id=\"e2bf5d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2bf7bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2bf7bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nigeria is one of the countries with high personal remittances inflows in the world. However, these inflows have serious implications for the effectiveness or otherwise of the CBN\u2019s objective of price stability. This is because they are not properly tracked and captured when designing monetary policy targets. Thus, this study was conceived to investigate the impact of personal remittances on monetary policy variables within a linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. Three equations were developed and secondary data from 1980 to 2016 was assembled for this study. The hypotheses stated in this study were tested at 10% and 5% levels of significance. The result obtained revealed that personal remittances and consumer price index have a positive and significant impact on broad money supply in the long and short runs within the period of study. It was therefore recommended that the CBN should keep track of all remittances inflow into the country by enacting laws that will encourage the transfer of remittances through financial institutions and prohibits transfer through other means.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Tumba Henry<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Enam Pagiel Abalis<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adenutsi, D. O., &amp; Christian, R. K. A. (2008). Remittances, exchange rate and monetary policy in Ghana. West African Journal of Monetary and Economic Integration, 8(2), 1-42.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Augustine, C. O., &amp; Chekwube, V. M. (2015). Remittances, exchange rate and monetary policy in Nigeria. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: B Economics and Commerce, 15(6), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Gujarati, D. N., &amp; Porter, D. C. (2009). Essentials of Econometrics (4th ed.), New York: NY, McGraw-Hill\/Irwin.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gujarati, N. D., Porter, C. D., &amp; Gunasekar, S. (2009). Basic econometrics: Special Indian Edition (5th ed.) New Delhi: McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Immaculate, M., &amp; Peter, T. (2016). Remittance inflows and state-dependent monetary policy transmission in developing countries. Beitrage Zur Jahrestagung des Vereins fur Socialpolitik, B15-V3, 1-33. Retrieved from https:\/\/editorialexpress.com\/cgi-bin\/conference\/download.cgi?<br \/>\r\n[6]. Issahaku, H., Harvey, S. K., &amp; Abor, J. Y. (2016). Does development finance pose an additional risk to monetary policy?. Review of Development Finance, 6(2016), 91-104. Retrieved from http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rdf.2016.06.001<br \/>\r\n[7]. Joseph, C. O., &amp; Okwudili, B. E. (2015). The impact of international remittances on the Nigerian economy. British Journal of Economics, Management &amp; Trade, 7(1), 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Kemeisha, B. (2010). The effect of remittances on the real exchange rate: The case of Jamaica. Caribbean Centre for Money and Finance, 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Mbutor, O. M. (2010). Can monetary policy enhance remittances for economic growth in Africa? The case of Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2(8), 156-163. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.academicjournals.org\/jeif<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ruiz, I., &amp; Vargas-Silva, C. (2010). Monetary policy and international remittances. The Journal of Developing Areas, 43 (2), 173-186. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/40376256<br \/>\r\n[11]. World Bank Group. (2016). Migration and remittances factbook (3rd Ed.). Retrieved from https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/bitstream\/handle\/10986\/23743\/9781464803192.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">James Tumba Henry, Enam Pagiel Abalis &#8220;Impact of Personal Remittances on Monetary Policy Variables in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.01-08 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/01-08.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/01-08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-personal-remittances-on-monetary-policy-variables-in-nigeria-an-autoregressive-distributed-lag-ardl-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Personal Remittances on Monetary Policy Variables in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c0e12 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2c0e12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c0f08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c0f08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c114b\" data-id=\"e2c114b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c129d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c129d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c1376 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c1376\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c1644\" data-id=\"e2c1644\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c1791 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c1791\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Analysis of Human Influence and Physical Influence of Road Accidents in the State of Terengganu: Enforcement Agency Perspective<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lokman Abdullah, Ramle Abdullah &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 09-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c1841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c1841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c19bd\" data-id=\"e2c19bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c1ae1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2c1ae1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Injuries and deaths that are caused by road accidents are the world&#8217;s most major factor beside of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, lung infections, and respiratory difficulties. The purpose of this study is to explore the element of road accidents caused by human influence from the point of view of enforcement agencies. This study will analyse the human impacts on the accidents for all types of vehicles in all districts in Terengganu. The data were collected using qualitative methods involving two techniques, namely follow-up observation and interviews with five main respondents representing the implementing agencies and enforcement agencies. The data is then will be analysed using NVivo QSR computer software to get the exact details and explanation pertaining to the issues being studied. The findings show that human influence is one of the main factors in causing road accidents which include negligence and carelessness, the attitude and habits of road users and the constraints of the enforcement agency&#8217;s role. While physical influence is also one of the causes for the occurrence of road accident cases. These factors include surface and road geography, vehicle conditions, seasons, weather, nature, and solid waste. In conclusion, the trend of road accidents in the state of Terengganu shows that human influence is more dominant than the physical influence in cases of road accidents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lokman Abdullah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ramle Abdullah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of General Studies and Advance Education, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, 21300 Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmat, N. B., Nor, N. G. M., Zin, A. M., &amp; Nor, A. H. S. M. (2011). Hubungan Kecederaan Trafik dengan Pembangunan Ekonomi Malaysia. Jurnal Ekonomi Malaysia, 45(1), 81-87.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Gabany, S. G., Plummer, P., &amp; Grigg, P. (1997). Why drivers speed: The speeding perception inventory. Journal of Safety Research, 28(1), 29-35.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Kementerian Pengangkutan Malaysia (2016). Indeks Kematian Akibat Kemalangan Jalan Raya.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Lim, A. K. (2007). Hubungan Sikap Pengguna Dengan Keterlibatan Dalam Kemalangan Jalan Raya: Kajian Kes Di Negeri Melaka [HE5614. 5. M2 L732 2007 f rb] (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Sains Malaysia).<br \/>\r\n[5]. Mayer, R. E., &amp; Treat, J. R. (1977). Psychological, social and cognitive characteristics of high-risk drivers: A pilot study. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention, 9(1), 1-8.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Mohd Sunif. S. F. (2011). Perkhidmatan Pengangkutan Awam Di Malaysia. Fakulti Pendidikan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Sabey, B. E., &amp; Staughton, G. C. (1975). Interacting roles of road environment vehicle and road user in accidents. Ceste I Mostovi.<br \/>\r\n[8]. WHO (2009) Global Status Report on Road Safety. 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 27. [Cited 16 November 2014]. Available from: www.who.int\/violence_injuiry_prevention.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Manan, M. M. A., Jonsson, T., &amp; V\u00e1rhelyi, A. (2013). Development of a safety performance function for motorcycle accident fatalities on Malaysian primary roads. Safety science, 60, 13-20.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Borhan, M. N., Ibrahim, A. N. H., Aziz, A., &amp; Yazid, M. R. M. (2018). The relationship between the demographic, personal, and social factors of Malaysian motorcyclists and risk taking behavior at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention, 121, 94-100.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Manan, M. M. A., V\u00e1rhelyi, A., \u00c7elik, A. K., &amp; Hashim, H. H. (2017). Road characteristics and environment factors associated with motorcycle fatal crashes in Malaysia. IATSS Research.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Sagberg, F. (1999). Road accidents caused by drivers falling asleep. Accident Analysis &amp; Prevention, 31(6), 639-649.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Petridou, E., &amp; Moustaki, M. (2000). Human factors in the causation of road traffic crashes. European journal of epidemiology, 16(9), 819-826.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Jones, I. S. (2016). The effect of vehicle characteristics on road accidents. Elsevier.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ismail, R., &amp; Zaini, N. (2017). Pemanduan Berisiko Dan Agresif Serta Penilaian Terhadap Bahaya Dan Kemalangan Jalan Raya (Risky and Aggressive Driving, Perception towards Hazardous Situation and Road Accident). E-Bangi, 14(5).<br \/>\r\n[16]. Biggs, J., Sherwood, S., Michalak, S., Hansen, L., &amp;Bare, C. (2004). Animal-related vehicle accidents at the Los Alamos national laboratory, New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist, 49(3), 384-395.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mosedale, J., Purdy, A., &amp; Clarkson, E. (2004). Contributory factors to road accidents. London: Department of Transportation.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lokman Abdullah, Ramle Abdullah &#8221; Analysis of Human Influence and Physical Influence of Road Accidents in the State of Terengganu: Enforcement Agency Perspective &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.09-14 May 2019\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/09-14.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/09-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-human-influence-and-physical-influence-of-road-accidents-in-the-state-of-terengganu-enforcement-agency-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Analysis of Human Influence and Physical Influence of Road Accidents in the State of Terengganu: Enforcement Agency Perspective <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c2a73 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-id=\"e2c2bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c2d6f\" data-id=\"e2c2d6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c2e9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c2e9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c2f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c2f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c30ae\" data-id=\"e2c30ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c31c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c31c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c3265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c33c3\" data-id=\"e2c33c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c34dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c34dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c357c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c357c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c36c9\" data-id=\"e2c36c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c37da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c37da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3883 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c3883\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c39ce\" data-id=\"e2c39ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c3b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3c37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c3c37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3d9d\" data-id=\"e2c3d9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3eb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c3eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c3f50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c3f50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c40ce\" data-id=\"e2c40ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c41dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c41dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u201cThe Effect of Risk Taking Behavior in Gender and Educational Level (Secondary and Higher Secondary)\u201d<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Nahid Hasan, Sabrien Sobnom, Shakib Uzzaman &#8211; May 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 15-21<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c42dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c42dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c4500\" data-id=\"e2c4500\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c4687 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2c4687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of the present study was to investigate the risk taking behavior in gender and educational level (secondary and higher secondary). There were 800 students as a sample of the present study. The respondents were equally divided into two groups male 400 and female 400. Each group was also divided into secondary and higher secondary student. They were purposively selected from Puran Tahirpur high school, Mohongonj High School and Mohongonj Degree College. Demographic and personal information sheet, Bengali version of risk taking behavior scale was used for data collection. The obtained data were analyzed through t-test. Results showed that effect of gender was statistically significant in risk-taking behavior and male students have higher score of risk-taking behavior in comparison to their female counterpart. The result also showed that the effect of educational level was statistically significant in risk-taking behavior and higher secondary student have higher score than secondary student.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nahid Hasan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sabrien Sobnom<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shakib Uzzaman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Pharmacy, Varendra University, Rajshahi, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. 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Pattern of decision making as function of Risk-taking behaviour in management education institutions of state universities of Madhya Pradesh, India. International journal of Research and development in technology and management science-Kailash. Vol-21.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Tay, B. Ozkon, D. Tay, B.A. (2009). The effect of academic-Risk-taking level on the problem solving ability of gifted students. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1, (2009).<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ak\u00e7a, B. (2017). Determination of the relationship between the science anxiety and science related intellectual risk-taking behaviours of middle school students. Unpublished MSc thesis, Institute of Science, Adnan Menderes University, Ayd\u0131n, Turkey.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Tay, B., \u00d6zkan, D. &amp; Tay, B. A. (2009). The effect of academic risk taking levels on the problem solving ability of gifted students. 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Retrieved December 9, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Abdullah, M. &amp; Osman, K. (2010). 21st century inventive thinking skills among primary students in Malaysia and Brunei. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1646-1651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2010.12.380<br \/>\r\n[31]. Harris,C.R; Jenkins,M.;Diego,S.; &amp;Glaser,D.(2006).Gender Differences in Risk Assessment: Why do Women Take Fewer Risks than Men? Judgment and Decision Making,1(1):48-63. Retrieved December 9, 2016 from http:\/\/journal.sjdm.org\/jdm06016.pdf<br \/>\r\n[32]. Pawlowski, B., Atwal, R. &amp; Dunbar, R. I. M. (2008). &#8216;Sex differences in everyday risk- taking behavior in humans&#8217;, Evolutionary Psychology, 6(1), 29-42. [Available at http:\/\/www.epjournal.net\/].<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nahid Hasan, Sabrien Sobnom, Shakib Uzzaman &#8220;\u201cThe Effect of Risk Taking Behavior in Gender and Educational Level (Secondary and Higher Secondary)\u201d&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.15-21 May 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/15-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/15-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-risk-taking-behavior-in-gender-and-educational-level-secondary-and-higher-secondary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>\u201cThe Effect of Risk Taking Behavior in Gender and Educational Level (Secondary and Higher Secondary)\u201d<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c6300 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2c6300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c645c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c645c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c66a6\" data-id=\"e2c66a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c6820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c6820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c68dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c68dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c6b54\" data-id=\"e2c6b54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c6cdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c6cdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c6e08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c6e08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c7752\" data-id=\"e2c7752\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c78d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c78d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c7a22 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c7a22\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c7bd8\" data-id=\"e2c7bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c7d66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c7d66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c7ea2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c7ea2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c80de\" data-id=\"e2c80de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c831a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c831a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c83de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c83de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c8641\" data-id=\"e2c8641\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c8789 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2c8789\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relevance of Laissez-Faire and Fabian Social Policy Theorizing in Explaining and Addressing Social and Developmental Problems of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abubakar JIBRIL and Muddassir AHMAD GADO &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 22-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2c8841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2c8841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2c8aa5\" data-id=\"e2c8aa5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2c8be5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2c8be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Social policy entails the provision of social welfare services by the government to the people. Laissez-faire and Fabianism are models of social policy which seek to explain how a policy of a state on the provision of social needs of the population should be. The Laissez-faire model advocates that social policy should exclude government intervention in the economic affairs of the country and emphasized on the private ownership of property and virtue of individualism. The Fabian model was a model which favoured gradual development of socialism by peaceful means rather than revolutionary change. It emphasized on government intervention, abolition of private property and the perfectibility of the welfare state in which the government provides for the basic needs of the population. This paper therefore attempts to focus on these two models of social policy. The paper examined the historical emergence of the models. The paper compared and contrasted the major theoretical postulates of the two models and looked at their possible shortcomings. The Laissez-faire model was found relevant in explaining Nigerian social policy and the Fabian model was found to be the best in addressing Nigerian social problems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar JIBRIL<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muddassir AHMAD GADO<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Arthur, S. And Sheffrin, S. M. (2003): Economic Principles in Action. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Atkinson, A. B. (1995): The Welfare State and Economic Performance, Incomes and the Welfare State. United States of America: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Burden, T. (1998): Social Policy and Welfare: A Clear Guide. London: Pluto Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Clasen, J. (1999): Comparative Social Policy: Concepts, Theories and Methods. United States of America: Blackwell.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Drover, G. and Kearns, P. (1993): New Approaches to Welfare Theory. London: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Edaward, P. (1916): A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Gordon, M. (1998): Dictionary of Sociology. (2nd Edition). Britain: Clays Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Harris, A. L. (1973): Economics and Social Reform. United States of America: Greenwood Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Kurawa, S. S. (2009): Theory and Research in Social Policy. Unpublished Lecture Note in Department of Sociology, Bayero University, Kano.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mackenzie, J. and Norman, L. (1977): The Fabians; New York: Allen and Unwin Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Mishra, R. (1981): Society and Social Policy. London: Macmillan Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Schumpeter, J. (1943): Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. United States of America: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Semmel, B. (1960): Imperialism and Social Reform. London: Allen and Union Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Smith, A. (1776): The Wealth of Nation. London: Malthouse and Co. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Spicker, P. (2008): Social Policy: Themes and Approaches. United Kingdom: Policy Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]. World Bank, (2005): World Development Report.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abubakar JIBRIL and Muddassir AHMAD GADO &#8220;The Relevance of Laissez-Faire and Fabian Social Policy Theorizing in Explaining and Addressing Social and Developmental Problems of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.22-26 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/22-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/22-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relevance-of-laissez-faire-and-fabian-social-policy-theorizing-in-explaining-and-addressing-social-and-developmental-problems-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relevance of Laissez-Faire and Fabian Social Policy Theorizing in Explaining and Addressing Social and Developmental Problems of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca069 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2ca069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca165 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2ca165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca2ef\" data-id=\"e2ca2ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca456 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2ca456\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca50f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2ca50f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca677\" data-id=\"e2ca677\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca786 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2ca786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2ca88e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2ca88e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2caa07\" data-id=\"e2caa07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2cab19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2cab19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2cabe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2cabe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2cadbc\" data-id=\"e2cadbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2caed6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2caed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2caf85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2caf85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb0e2\" data-id=\"e2cb0e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb1ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2cb1ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb29c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2cb29c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb49c\" data-id=\"e2cb49c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb5e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2cb5e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Compatibility between Indigenous Healing and Biomedical Therapy for Mental Disorders in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lazarus Kajawu, Dr Chiweshe, M., Prof Mapara, J. &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 27-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb68c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2cb68c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2cb8c5\" data-id=\"e2cb8c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2cba3e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2cba3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">There is an increasing demand for collaboration between the Indigenous Healing Practitioners (IHPs) and the Biomedical Therapists (BTPs) to mitigate barriers in the delivery of mental health service in resource poor countries, including Zimbabwe. In Africa, many countries have resorted to different models of collaboration between IHPs and BTPs, but there is little or no studies on their compatibility in Zimbabwe. This study sought to examine the perceptions of health service providers and IHPs on the compatibility of IHPs and BTPs in the treatment of mental disorders in a settlement north-east of Harare using an exploratory qualitative methodology in order establish compatibility between IH and BT. Thirty key informant interviews with IHPs and one focus group discussion with nurses were conducted. Gathered data were coded using the Constant Comparison Method with multiple members of the research team, enhancing the validity and the reliability. The results of the study show that IHPs and BTPs were ready to collaborate, with potential benefits in the partnership. IHPs mainly treated common mental disorders, social problems and culturally specific problems perceived to have supernatural causality, which BTPs did not address and IHPs provided supportive and palliative care to BTPs\u2019 patients who had chronic conditions. However, the study also found some IHPs\u2019 practices with either health risks or were counterproductive to the partnership. For example, the IHPs ordered patients to stop taking BTPs\u2019 medication and they changed the diagnosis which patients were given by BTPs. Although they viewed some IHPs had flaws in the delivery of mental health care, the participants suggested that the partnership would resolve the problems. The study found IHPs and BTPs compatible and therefore should redistribute the tasks in mental health treatment in Zimbabwe. The IHPs should be integrated with the BTPs in order to increase the coverage of mental health care in resource poor countries. Policies on collaboration of IHPs and BTPs must be drawn and published in national guidelines. This is expected to initiate a wider, holistic, therapy. More research is needed to establish how the two approaches may collaborate in Zimbabwe.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lazarus Kajawu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Chiweshe, M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof Mapara, J.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nChinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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(2010). \u201c Because I was in pain, I just wanted to be treated\u201d: Competing Therapeutic Goals in the Performance of Healing HIV\/AIDS in Rural Zimbabwe. Journal of American Folklore, 123(489), 304\u2013328.<br \/>\r\n[52]. Teuton, J., Dowrick, C., &amp; Bentall, R. P. (2007). How healers manage the pluralistic healing context: The perspective of indigenous, religious and allopathic healers in relation to psychosis in Uganda. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 65(6), 1260\u20131273.<br \/>\r\n[53]. Weine, S., Danieli, Y., Silove, D., Ommeren, M. V., Fairbank, J. A., &amp; Saul, J. (2002). Guidelines for international training in mental health and psychosocial interventions for trauma exposed populations in clinical and community settings. Psychiatry, 65(2), 156\u2013164.<br \/>\r\n[54]. WHO mhGAP. (2018). WHO | Collaboration \u2013 one answer to strengthening mental health services in Zimbabwe. Retrieved April 5, 2018, from http:\/\/www.who.int\/mental_health\/mhgap\/zimbabwe\/en\/<br \/>\r\n[55]. WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023. (n.d.). WHO | Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine. Retrieved March 20, 2018, from http:\/\/www.who.int\/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine\/en\/<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lazarus Kajawu, Dr Chiweshe, M., Prof Mapara, J. &#8220;Compatibility between Indigenous Healing and Biomedical Therapy for Mental Disorders in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.27-37 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/27-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/27-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/compatibility-between-indigenous-healing-and-biomedical-therapy-for-mental-disorders-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Compatibility between Indigenous Healing and Biomedical Therapy for Mental Disorders in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2cfd33 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2cfd33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2cfeb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d0308\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d049a\" data-id=\"e2d049a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d0639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d0776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d094f\" data-id=\"e2d094f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0b90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d0b90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0c5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d0c5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0e75\" data-id=\"e2d0e75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d0fd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d0fd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d1085 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d1085\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d12b7\" data-id=\"e2d12b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d13f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d13f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d149e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d149e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d16fc\" data-id=\"e2d16fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d1a99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d1a99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d1be9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d1be9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d1dfc\" data-id=\"e2d1dfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d1f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d1f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2018 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d2018\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2178\" data-id=\"e2d2178\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2284 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d2284\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d232c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d232c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2471\" data-id=\"e2d2471\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d25ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d25ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2654 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d2654\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d27ca\" data-id=\"e2d27ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d28e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d28e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Influence of Teachers\u2019 Discipline Management Strategies on Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination in Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jacob Kinoti Nkarichia, Dr. Jepkemboi Choge &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 38-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2991 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d2991\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2b19\" data-id=\"e2d2b19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d2c59 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2d2c59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Discipline in schools is about positive behavior change in order to create conducive environment for learning. When discipline is achieved in secondary schools, it becomes instrumental in students academic performance. This study focused on assessment of the influence of teachers\u2019 discipline management strategies on KCSE performance in public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya. The objective of this study was to establish the influence of guidance and counseling, on KCSE performance. The county has had a trend of grade wastage from KCPE to KCSE. The study adopted descriptive survey research design which used mixed method approach. The study targeted 104 public secondary schools in Tharaka Nithi County, with 10 boys schools, 17 girls schools and 77 mixed schools. Stratified random, purposive sampling method and Krejcie &amp; Morgan population sample table was used to determine the sample size. Principals and teachers were the respondents in this study. Interview schedule for 21 principals and 346 questionnaires for teachers were used as tools for data collection. The study sampled 42 schools, which constituted 40% of the total population size. The researcher prepared the instruments with expert judgment by supervisors. Cronbach\u2019s Alpha Coefficient (\u03b1) was employed in determining the reliability of the instruments. A pilot study of 10% of the sample schools and respondents was carried out from each of school category. Alpha index of 0.869 was obtained for the teachers\u2019 questionnaires. The reliability of the interview schedule was ensured by the consistency of the questions and the order in which they were administered. The study used descriptive statistics which included frequencies, measures of central tendencies (mean) and measures of dispersion (standard deviation). Inferential statistics Pearson r was used to test the relationships of the hypotheses with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) in analyzing the data. The data from the interview guide was arranged thematically, transcribed and then presented verbatim in order to triangulate the results. The results revealed that teachers\u2019 discipline management strategy influence KCSE Performance. Guidance and counseling influenced KCSE performance positively. The findings of this study are expected to be of benefit to different stake holders, who are sensitized with new information on alternative disciplinary strategies to be used on students\u2019 discipline in schools, the policy makers are assisted to come up with a new policy on use of alternative disciplinary methods in schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jacob Kinoti Nkarichia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctorate Student, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Maasai Mara University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jepkemboi Choge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Maasai Mara University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. 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London: Falme.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Smit, M. E (2010).The Role of School Discipline in combating violence in schools in the East London Region. M. Ed Report at the university of Forte Hare : East London.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Smith, M (2003): Research Methods in Accounting. London:Teachers College Press &amp; SAGE Publications Ltd<br \/>\r\n[49]. Soneson, U. (2005). Ending Corporal Punishment in SouthAfrica, Studies.Unpublished PGDE Project Report: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Squelch, J.M. (2010). Discipline. Pretoria: Centre for Education Law and Education Policy(CELP).<br \/>\r\n[51]. Stewart, D. (2004). Learner Discipline: An Australian Perspective. Koers, 69(2),317-335.<br \/>\r\n[52]. Sushil, S., &amp; Verma, N. (2010). \u201cQuestionnaire Validation Made Easy\u201d,.European Journalof Scientific Research, 46(2), 172-178.<br \/>\r\n[53]. Tharaka Nithi County Educational report, (2013).TharakaNithi County results analysis. Unpublished report.<br \/>\r\n[54]. Tharaka Nithi County Educational Report, (2014).Tharaka Nithi County Results analysis Unpublished report.<br \/>\r\n[55]. Wango, G. M. (2006). Policy and practices in guidance and counselling in secondary Schools in Kenya.PhD Thesis; University of Birmighan.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jacob Kinoti Nkarichia, Dr. Jepkemboi Choge &#8220;An Assessment of Influence of Teachers\u2019 Discipline Management Strategies on Kenya Certificate of Secondary Examination in Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.38-48 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/38-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/38-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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in Public Secondary Schools in Tharaka Nithi County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d3ccc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2d3ccc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4105 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d4105\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4264\" data-id=\"e2d4264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4374 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d4374\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d443d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d443d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4612\" data-id=\"e2d4612\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d472b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d472b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d47ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d47ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d49bb\" data-id=\"e2d49bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4aeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d4aeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4b89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d4b89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4d9d\" data-id=\"e2d4d9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4eca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d4eca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d4f6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d4f6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d91fe\" data-id=\"e2d91fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d9498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2d9498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Synergy of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development (Tim Pengawal Dan Pengaman Pemerintah Dan Pembangunan Daerah) of Bojonegoro District Attorney and Development Program of Bojonegoro District in Corruption Action Prevention Efforts<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dodik Mahendra, Prof. Dr. Hartiwiningsih, S.H., M.Hum, Dr. Muhammad Rustamaji, S.H., M. Hum- May 2019 Page No.: 49-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2d957c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2d957c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2d983e\" data-id=\"e2d983e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d99c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2d99c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research discusses the effectiveness of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development (Tim Pengawal Dan Pengaman Pemerintahdan Pembangunan Daerah\/TP4D) and Bojonegoro District attorney Development Program in an effort to prevent corruption. Bojonegoro TP4D district attorney was formed based on Decree of head of Bojonegoro District Attorney Number: Kep-23 \/ O.5.16 \/ Dps.1 \/ 11 in accordance with the Decision of the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia Number: Kep-152 \/ A \/ JA \/ 10\/2015.<br \/>\r\nThis research is an empirical legal research with a sociological approach to law and constiturtion. The place of the study subject was in Bojonegoro District Attorney and Bojonegoro Regency Government. Data collection techniques used were interviews and document studies. The data analysis technique used is qualitative methods.<br \/>\r\nThe results of this study indicate that there has not been an optimal synergy between BojonegoroTP4D District Attorney and the respective owners of activities at each office, the relationship between the two parties was still a formality (fulfilling the needs of each agency), resulting in action of corruption prevention had not been effective. This was influenced by law enforcement factors, namely human resources who were members of Bojonegoro TP4D district attorney and Factors limiting budget support from both Bojonegoro District Prosecutor&#8217;s Office and from the Regional Work Unit (Satuan Kerja Perangkat Daerah\/SKPD) within Bojonegoro Regency Government as the job owner. However, the presence of Bojonegoro TP4D District Attorney Office was able to provide a sense of security and comfort, confidence and being able to change the way of thinking and acting patterns of Commitment Making Officer (Pejabat Pembauat Komitmen\/PPK) and Event Technical Officer (Pejabat Pelaksana Teknis Kegiatan\/PPTK) and team.<br \/>\r\nBojonegoro TP4D District Attorney needs to involve experts from trusted and independent institutions of higher education or laboratory institutions, so that the results of their assistance can be accounted for, and more intensive and pro-active in building communication with Regional Work Units (SKPD) in Bojonegoro Regency Government to foster trust and openness in providing data and reports needed by both parties and need to allocate adequate budget to further improve the work effectiveness of Bojonegoro District Attorney&#8217;s TP4D in guarding and securing the government and development in Bojonegoro Regency in actualizing clean development from practice corruption.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dodik Mahendra<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster Degree in Law Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dr. Hartiwiningsih, S.H., M.Hum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters in Law Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Muhammad Rustamaji, S.H., M. Hum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters in Law Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Book<br \/>\r\n[1]. Abdul Hakim Nusantara danNasroenYasabari. 1980.BeberapaPemikiran Pembangunan Hukum di Indonesia. Bandung: Alumni.<br \/>\r\n[2]. AdamiChazawi. 2016.HukumPidanaKorupsi di Indonesia. Jakarta:Rajawali Pers.<br \/>\r\n[3]. AndiHamzah. 1994. Korupsi Di Indonesia Masalah Dan Pemecahannya. Jakarta: Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[4]. BardaNawawiArief. 2013.KapitaSelektaHukumPidana. Bandung: Citra Aditya.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bernard Raho. 2007. TeoriSosiologi Modern. Jakarta:PrestasiPustaka.<br \/>\r\n[6]. ErmansjahDjaja. 2013.MemberantasKorupsiBersama KPK. Jakarta:SinarGrafika.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Esmi Warasih.2005. PranataHukumSebuahTelaahSosiologis. Semarang:SuryanadaruUtama.<br \/>\r\n[8]. George Ritzer and Douglas Goodman. 2010. TeoriSosiologi Modern. Jakarta:Kencana.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Gwendolen M. Carter and John H. Herz.1982. PerananPemerintahdalamMasyarakatMasaKini: MasalahKenegaraan. Jakarta: Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Hans Kelsen. 2006. General Theory Of Law And State. Bandung: Nusa Media.<br \/>\r\n[11]. _______. 2006.TeoriUmumTentangHukum Dan Negara. Bandung: Nusa Media.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Jean Jacques Rousseau. 1960.Social Contract. London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. John Locke. 1960.Social Contract. London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]. KirdiDipoyudo. 1985. KeadilanSosial. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.<br \/>\r\n[15]. M. BusyroMuqodas. 2009. KorupsiMengorupsiIndonesia.Jakarta: Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[16]. M. Yamin. 1945. NaskahPersiapan UUD 1945: RisalahSidang BPUPKI\/PPKI.Jakarta: Sekretariat Negara RI.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mariam Budiardjo. 1986. Dasar-DasarIlmuPolitik. Jakarta: Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[18]. _______. 1998. Dasar-DasarIlmuPolitik. Jakarta:Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Mien Rukmini. 2009.AspekHukumPidanadanKriminologi (SebuahBungaRampai).Bandung: Alummi.<br \/>\r\n[20]. MuktiFajar ND danYuliantoAchmad. 2010.DualismeHukumNormatif Dan Emperis. Yogyakarta:PustakaPelajar.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Otje Salman. 1987.IkhtisarFilsafatHukum. Bandung:Amrico.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Otje Salman dan Eddy Damian. 2002.Konsep-Konsep Hukumdalam Pembangunan. Bandung: Alumni.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Richard Grathoff. 2000. KesesuaianAntara Alfred Schutz Dan Talcott Parson: TeoriAksiSosial. Jakarta:Kencana.<br \/>\r\n[24]. RomliAtmasasmita. 2001.ReformasiHukum, HakAsasiManusia Dan PenegakanHukum. Bandung:MandarMaju.<br \/>\r\n[25]. _______.2004. SekitarMasalahKorupsiAspekNasional Dan AspekInternasional. Bandung:MandarMaju.<br \/>\r\n[26]. RosjidiRanggawidjaja. 1998.PengantarIlmuPerundang-Undangan Indonesia. Bandung:MandarMaju.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Salim H.S danErlisSeptianaNurbani. 2013.PenerapanTeoriHukumPadaTesis Dan Disertasi.Jakarta: Rajawali Press.<br \/>\r\n[28]. SatjiptoRahardjo. 2000. IlmuHukum. Bandung: Citra Aditya Bakti.<br \/>\r\n[29]. _______. 2006. MembedahHukumProgresif. Jakarta:Kompas.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Setiono. 2010.PemahamanTerhadapMetodelogiPenelitianHukum. Surakarta: Program StudiIlmuHukumPascaSarjana UNS.<br \/>\r\n[31]. SoerjonoSoekanto. 1983. PenegakanHukum. Bandung:BinaCipta.<br \/>\r\n[32]. _______. 1985. EfektivitasHukum Dan PerananSaksi. Bandung:RemajaKarya.<br \/>\r\n[33]. _______.1998. EfektivitasHukum Dan PenerapanSanksi. Jakarta: RamadjaKarya.<br \/>\r\n[34]. _______. 2006. PengantarPenelitianHukum. Jakarta:UI Press.<br \/>\r\n[35]. _______.2008. Faktor-Faktor Yang MempengaruhiPenegakanHukum.Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.<br \/>\r\n[36]. SoetandyoWignjosoebroto. 2006. HukumKonsep Dan Metode. Malang:Setara Press.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Thomas Hobbes. 1983.Leviathan. Middlesex: Penguin Books.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Theo Huijbers. 2006.FilsafatHukumDalamLintasSejarah.Yogyakarta: Kanisius.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Zainudin Ali. 2015. MetodePenelitianHukum. Jakarta:SinarGrafika.<br \/>\r\nJournal<\/p>\r\n<p>[40]. Abed Al-Rahman Mohammad Baker and Mohammad Al-Ibainy.2018. \u201cThe Impact Of Tax Governance On The Governmental Corruption Level InJordan\u201d.International Business Research. Vol. 11. No. 4.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Arif I. and Rawat A. S.2018. \u201cCorruption, Governance &amp; Tax Revenue: Evidence from EAGLE Countries\u201d, Journal Of Transnational Management. Vol. 23. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[42]. BambangWaluyo. 2014. \u201cOptimalisasiPemberantasanKorupsi\u201d.JurnalYuridis. Vol. 1. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[43]. CakraArbas. 2017. \u201cMinimizing Corruption By Optimizing The Privilege Of Aceh (Constitutional Perspective)\u201d.Asia Pasific Fraud Journal. Vol. 2. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Halif. 2012. \u201cPencegahandanPemberantasanTindakPidanaKorupsimelaluiUndang-UndangPencucianUang\u201d. Jurnal Anti Korupsi. Vol. 2. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[45]. La Sina. 2008. \u201cDampakdanUpayaPemberantasansertaPengawasanKorupsi di Indonesia\u201d.JurnalHukum Pro Justitia. Vol. 26. No. 1.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Marie-Christine and ThaizeChallier. 2018. \u201cUrban Conflict, Rent Seeking, and Corruption Economic and Political Institutions in a Historical Perspective\u201d. Review Of European Studies. Vol. 10. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Maryanto. 2012. \u201cPemberantasan Korupsi Sebagai UpayaPenegakanHukum\u201d.JurnalIlmiah CIVIS. Vol. 2. No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Mohammed IsahShehu and Fatima Shuaibu. 2014. \u201cCorruption, Drug Addiction, Poverty And Unemployment: The Pragmatic Potent Threats To Nigeria\u2019s National Security\u201d.Augustcon. Vol. 3. No. 1.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Samuel MangapulTampubolon. 2014.\u201cPeran PemerintahDalamUpayaPemberantasanKorupsiKaitannyadenganUndang-Undang No.32 Tahun 2004\u201d. LexEtSocietatis. Vol. 2. No.6.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Sri Suwitri. 2007.\u201cPemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia: SebuahUpayaRefotrmasiBirokrasi\u201d. Dialogue. Vol.4. No.1.<\/p>\r\n<p>Constitution<\/p>\r\n<p>[51]. 1945 constitution Republic of Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[52]. Constitution Number 20 of 2001 regarding Corruption Eradication.<br \/>\r\n[53]. Constitution Number 16 of 2004 regarding Republic Indonesia Judiciary.<br \/>\r\n[54]. Constitution Number8of 2010 regarding Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundry.<br \/>\r\n[55]. Constitution Number12 of 2011 regarding Establishing Constitution.<br \/>\r\n[56]. Constitution Number 23 of 2014 regarding District Government.<br \/>\r\n[57]. Presidential Regulation Number 54 of 2010 regarding Procurement of Government Goods and Service.<br \/>\r\n[58]. President InstructionNumber 7 of 2015 regarding Corruption Prevention and Eradication Action.<br \/>\r\n[59]. Minister of Finance Regulation of Republic Indonesia Number 194\/PMK.05\/2014 regarding Budgeting for Completing Project in End of Budget Period.<br \/>\r\n[60]. General Attorney Decree of Republic of Indonesia Number KEP-152\/A\/JA\/10\/2015 regarding Establishment of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development.<br \/>\r\n[61]. General Attorney Instruction of Republic of Indonesia Number INS-001\/A\/JA\/10\/2015 regarding Establishment and Duties of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development of Judiciaryof the Republic of Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[62]. Local Regulation of Bojonegoro Regency Number 7 of 2017 regarding Responsibility of Budget Implementation of Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget 2016.<br \/>\r\n[63]. Regulation Attachment LampiranPeraturanMinistry of Administrative and Bureaucratic ReformNumber PER\/15\/M.PAN\/7\/2008 regarding General Guideline of Bureaucratic Reformation.<br \/>\r\nFurther Publication<br \/>\r\n[64]. http:\/\/setkab.go.id, accessed 3 June 2017.<br \/>\r\n[65]. https:\/\/www.cnnindonesia.com\/nasional, accessed 25 June 2017.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dodik Mahendra, Prof. Dr. Hartiwiningsih, S.H., M.Hum, Dr. Muhammad Rustamaji, S.H., M. Hum, &#8220;Synergy of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development (Tim Pengawal Dan Pengaman Pemerintah Dan Pembangunan Daerah) of Bojonegoro District Attorney and Development Program of Bojonegoro District in Corruption Action Prevention Efforts&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.49-56 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/49-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/49-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/synergy-of-team-guards-security-administration-and-regional-development-tim-pengawal-dan-pengaman-pemerintah-dan-pembangunan-daerah-of-bojonegoro-district-attorney-and-development-program-of-bojon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Synergy of Team Guards, Security Administration and Regional Development (Tim Pengawal Dan Pengaman Pemerintah Dan Pembangunan Daerah) of Bojonegoro District Attorney and Development Program of Bojonegoro District in Corruption Action Prevention Efforts<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dafed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2dafed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2db0dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2db0dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2db2a5\" data-id=\"e2db2a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2db3de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2db3de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2db483 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2db483\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2db639\" data-id=\"e2db639\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2db764 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2db764\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2db80b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2db80b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2db961\" data-id=\"e2db961\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dba7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2dba7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2dbb1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2dbb1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2dbc81\" data-id=\"e2dbc81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dbe07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2dbe07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2dbebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2dbebc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc01b\" data-id=\"e2dc01b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc16f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2dc16f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc25a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2dc25a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc3de\" data-id=\"e2dc3de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc519 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2dc519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Integrating Production Skills and Equipment Technology Transfer on the Growth of Micro and Small Catering Enterprises in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Bancy Muthoni Ngwiri, Phd. &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 57-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc640 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2dc640\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc7d9\" data-id=\"e2dc7d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2dc966 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2dc966\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the last few decades, both developed and developing countries, micro and small enterprises (MSEs) have been used to trigger economic development. However, there has been lack of accelerated investment in new technology in this subsector. This study thus examined to what extent the technology transfers of production skills and equipment technology transfers are integrated and what is the influence of such integration on the growth of micro and small catering enterprises in, Kenya. This study employed the descriptive research method with a mixed model approach combining both qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches. The subject for the study was all catering MSEs in Nairobi County, Kenya with a population of 11,162 respondents. Stratified and simple random sampling methods were used in the selection of the samples. The total sample size from the total population was 384 catering respondents. Secondary and primary data were collected for this research. Primary data was obtained from owners of MSEs through self-administered questionnaires. Both the validity and reliability of research instruments were tested. Descriptive statistics was used to describe the population characteristics numerically. Descriptive statistics such as measures of central tendency was used to describe levels of dispersion. The relationship between independent variables and the Dependent was determined based on hypothesis testing and regression analysis. The study used the Logistic (or Logit) regression to establish the effects of the independent variables to enterprise growth. Qualitative analytic reasoning process was used to interpret and structure the meanings that could be derived from the data. The results of findings indicated that the combined effect of production skills and technology transfer of equipment\/object is much greater than the effects of the individual predictors, production skills or technology transfer of equipment\/object.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bancy Muthoni Ngwiri, Phd. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Technology, School of Business Management Studies, Technical University of Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Bozeman, B. (2000). Technology transfer and public policy: a review of research and theory. Research Policy.29 (4), 627\u2013655.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Cantillon, R. (1775).Essaisur la nature du commerce en general, as quoted in Entrepreneurship in the Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Industries. Allison, M., Mike. R., &amp; Claire, W. (1979).<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cohen, W. M. (2004).The Economics of Innovation and Technical Change. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Dedrick, J., Gurbaxani, V., &amp; Kraemer, K. (2003).IT and Economic Performance: A Critical Review of Empirical Evidence ACM Computing Services, arch.Document.113.pdf. (n.d.).Retrieved September, 2015 from http:\/\/www.idisc.net\/en\/Document.113.html.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Grimes, R.N. (2009).Tough times call for revenue-generating technology. Nation\u2019s Restaurant News, 20 (1) 42.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ikiara, M, Moyi E. &amp;Ogbu, O. (n.d).Technology transfer and economic growth in Africa. Retrieved September, 2015, from http:\/\/ www.unescap.org\/tid\/publication\/indupub 2306_chap3.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kathuria, V. (1999).Role of externalities in inducing technical change: A case study of the Indian machine tool industry. Technological. Forecasting and Social Change, 61(1), 25\u201344.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Kathuria, V. (2000). Productivity spillovers from technology transfer to Indian manufacturing firms. Journal of International Development, 12(3), 343\u2013369.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Kothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology, Methods and Techniques (Revised Edition), Delhi: New Age International Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Liddle, A.J. (2009).Latest transaction tech gains traction as operators explore POS possibilities. Nation\u2019s Restaurant News, 1(2), 4.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Phillips, R. G. (2002). Technology business incubators: how effective as technology transfer mechanisms? Technology in Society, 24(3), 299\u2013316.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Schumpeter, J. A. (1961). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle (Vol. 55). Transaction Books. Retrieved from September,<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ramanathan, K. (1994).The polytrophic components of manufacturing technology. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 46(3), 221\u2013258.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ramanathan, K. (2001). E-strategies for technological capability development. In Management of Engineering and Technology, 2001.PICMET\u201901. Portland International Conference on (1) 10, 147\u2013150.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Republic of Kenya.(2005).Development of Micro and Small Enterprises for Wealth and Employment Creation for Poverty Reduction (Sessional Paper No. 2). Nairobi: Government Printer.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bancy Muthoni Ngwiri, Phd., &#8220;Effect of Integrating Production Skills and Equipment Technology Transfer on the Growth of Micro and Small Catering Enterprises in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.57-64 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/57-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/57-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-integrating-production-skills-and-equipment-technology-transfer-on-the-growth-of-micro-and-small-catering-enterprises-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Integrating Production Skills and Equipment Technology Transfer on the Growth of Micro and Small Catering Enterprises in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e45e6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2e45e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e475b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e4b91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2e4d28\" data-id=\"e2e4d28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e4efa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2e4efa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e4fcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e4fcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5134\" data-id=\"e2e5134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e52c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2e52c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5390 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e5390\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2e54eb\" data-id=\"e2e54eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2e5645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5705 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e5705\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5896\" data-id=\"e2e5896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5a42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2e5a42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Design and Development of Chair Back \/Armrest Covers: Implication for Home Economics Graduates in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Alidu, Maryam, Agbo, Diana A, Akpan, E A, Igbua, Zashachia Francis- May 2019 Page No.: 65-71<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5b5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e5b5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5cf1\" data-id=\"e2e5cf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e5e54 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2e5e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study sought to Design and Develop Standard Chair Back and Armrest Covers for Home Users in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria. The Study employed Survey Research Method to collate the data needed for Analysis. The population of the study comprised of 200 Married Women and 200 Single Ladies. A sample of 100 Married Women and 100 Single Ladies was proportionally selected from the population. The findings of the study revealed that most chair covers were cut without considering the shapes and sizes of the chairs and hence did not fit comfortably around the chairs, but were found lying on the floor or squeezed into the chair. The study also identified poor quality of embroidery or designs on the chairs covers as a major factor which resulted to the short life span of the items. The study concluded that if chair covers were cut to standard sizes in proportion to the sizes and shapes of the chairs, the chair covers would be prevented from slipping off position or been squeezed into the chair. Additionally, the findings showed that in the production of chair covers, cotton fabrics were preferable to chiffon and satin fabrics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-71\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alidu, Maryam<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Home Science and Management, College of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agbo, Diana A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Home Science and Management, College of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpan, E A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Home Science and Management, College of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Igbua, Zashachia Francis<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Home Science and Management, College of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Anyakoha, E. U. (2006). Practical Tips for Survival. Nsukka: AP Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Lyons, G.H. (2008). Ten Common Home Decorating Mistakes and How to Avoid Them. Blue Sage Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Lytle S. (2018). Best Table Cloth. Retrieved from http:\/\/thoroughlyreviewed.com\/home-kitchen\/best-tablecloth\/<br \/>\r\n[4]. Standard Arm Cap. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Harvard-Decorative-Standard-Design-Furniture\/dp\/B00kG7WCLW<br \/>\r\n[5]. Stevenson, H. (2007). A Perspective on Entrepreneurship. Harvard Business Review, Aug. \u2013Sept., pp103 \u2013108.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Unemployment and Underemployment Report (2017). National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;url=http:\/\/nigerianstat.gov.ng\/do wnload\/694&amp;ved=2ahUKEwih_Ku_J3eAhXMXCwKHU1nBBUQFjAAegQIBBAB&amp;us g=AOvVaw2QyrrXrO9NdCrSj7-osvBE<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ward, L. (1999). Use What You Have Decorating. Penguin Group.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alidu, Maryam, Agbo, Diana A, Akpan, E A, Igbua, Zashachia Francis&#8221; Design and Development of Chair Back \/Armrest Covers: Implication for Home Economics Graduates in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.65-71 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/65-71.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/65-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/design-and-development-of-chair-back-armrest-covers-implication-for-home-economics-graduates-in-makurdi-metropolis-benue-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Design and Development of Chair Back \/Armrest Covers: Implication for Home Economics Graduates in Makurdi Metropolis, Benue State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2e9e90 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e2e9e90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2e9f8f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2e9f8f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2ea26e\" data-id=\"e2ea26e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2ea40d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2ea40d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2ea893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2ea893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2f25c5\" data-id=\"e2f25c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f2873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2f2873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2f29a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2f29a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2f2bfe\" data-id=\"e2f2bfe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f2dc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2f2dc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2f2ee8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2f2ee8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2f31bc\" data-id=\"e2f31bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f3412 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e2f3412\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Basic Schools Teachers\u2019 Integration of Computer Based Instruction into Social Studies Teaching in West Mamprusi Municipality; Implications for Further Development of Computer Based Instruction Use in Ghanaian Schools<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Iddrisu Bariham, Professor Henry Okello Ayot, Professor Samson Rosana Ondigi, Dr Mueni Ngungui Kiio, Nyakundi Patrick Nyamemba &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 72-82<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e2f3553 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e2f3553\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2f3837\" data-id=\"e2f3837\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2f3a88 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e2f3a88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2371\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2371\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This quantitative study was conducted in West Mamprusi Municipality to explore the integration of Computer Based Instruction in Social Studies instructional processes among basic schools; opportunities, challenges and implications for policy reforms. The study forms part of an ongoing PhD research which focuses schools preparedness for the integration of Computer Based Instructions in teaching and learning of Social Studies in Northern Region of Ghana. Three research questions and one hypothesis were formulated to guide the study. The research was anchored on the technology acceptance model developed by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw, (1989). The correlational research design was employed for the research. The design enabled the researchers to observe two or more variables at a point in time and alsouseful for describing a relationship between two or more variables in the study. Ten (10)Junior High Schools and 15 primary schools were randomly sampled for the study using proportional allocation formula developed by Yamane (1967).Data were collected by means of structured survey questionnai reconstructed with close-ended questions. The questionnaires were pre-tested to ensure reliability using Cronbach\u2019s Alpha formula.The questionnaires yielded an alpha of 0.79 which was within the acceptable standard and hence was adopted for the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The t-test was used to test the hypothesis to determine whether there was a significant relationship between teachers\u2019 gender, age, experience and location in their application of ICT resources during Social Studies instruction.The findings discovered that teachers\u2019 had positive attitudes towards the application of Computer Based Instructions CBIs) as tools for teaching and learning of Social Studies. However, teachers\u2019 do not incorporate CBI in instructions due to lack of digital infrastructure, lack of internet, poor teachers\u2019 ICT skills, limited time, lack of technical support for the teachers\u2019, unstable power supply and lack of school based ICT policies. Teachers\u2019 variables such as age, gender, experience and location were found to have significance mean difference on the extent of integration of Computer Based Instruction in instructional processes. This means that the null hypothesis of no influence of teachers\u2019 characteristics on their level of CBI integration should be rejected. However, teachers\u2019 qualification did not significantly influence the extent to which they incorporated CBI in Social Studies instructions. Based on the findings, the study recommends the Government of Ghana to supply basic schools with appropriate digital infrastructure including internet, in-service training for teachers and increasing budgetary support for schools to operate and sustain the CBI innovation in schools to improve on students\u2019 learning outcomes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 72-82 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2372\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2372\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iddrisu Bariham<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Student, Department of Educational Communication &amp; Technology, Kenyatta University<br \/>\r\nLecturer, Bagabaga College of Education, Tamale<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Henry Okello Ayot<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication &amp; Technology, Kenyatta University<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Samson Rosana Ondigi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication &amp; Technology, Kenyatta University<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Mueni Ngungui Kiio<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Communication &amp; Technology, Kenyatta University<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyakundi Patrick Nyamemba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, Kenyatta University<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2373\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2373\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. Adel, B. U. &amp;Mounir, D. (2014).The Impact of ICT on Student Performance in Higher Education: Direct Effects, Indirect Effects and Organizational Change.In: \u201cThe Economics of E-learning\u201d[onlinemonograph].Vol.5, no.1.UOC.[Accessed:http:\/\/www.uoc.edu\/rusc\/5\/1\/dteng\/benyoussef_dahmani.pdfISSN 1699-8154.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anderson, R. E., &amp; Dexter, S. L. (2000). School Technology Leadership: Incidence and Impact (Teaching, Learning, and Computing: 1998 National Survey Report No. 6). Irvine, CA: Center for Research on Information Technology and Organizations, University of California, Irvine.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bariham, I. (2015). Influence of Teachers\u2019 Variables for the Utilization of Fieldtrips for Environmental and Social Studies Instruction in Colleges of Education in Northern Ghana. International Journal of Education, Learning and Development Vol.3, No.6, pp.13- 35, July 2015.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bariham, I. (2019). Influence of Teachers\u2019 Gender and Age on the Integration of Computer Assisted Instruction in Teaching and Learning of Social Studies among Basic Schools in Tamale Metropolis. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(2), 52-69.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Cannon, G. C. (2017). Teacher and Student Perceptions of Computer-Assisted Instructional Software to Differentiate Instruction. Published PhD Thesis: Walden University.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Davis, F. D., Bagozzi, R. P., &amp;Warshaw, P. R. (1989). User Acceptance of computer Technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science. 35(8). 982-1003.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Demetriadis, S., Barbas, A., Molohides, A., Palaigeorgiou, G., Psillos, D., Vlahavas, I., Tsoukalas, I., &amp; Pombortsis, A. (2003). Cultures in negotiation: teachers\u2019 acceptance\/resistance attitudes considering the infusion of technology into schools. Computers &amp; Education, 41, 19-37.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Dubey, D. L. &amp;Berth, J. C. (1980).Social Studies: The enquiry Method Approach. Lagos: Thomas Nelson (Nig.) Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ghana Education Service. (2010). Social Studies Syllabus for Junior High Schools. Accra: Curriculum Research and Development Division.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Hakksrinen, K. (2001). Teachers\u2019 Information Communication Technology Skills and Practices of using ICT.Journal of Technology and Teacher Education.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Martorella, P. (1997). Technology and the Social Studies: Which way to the sleeping giant? Theory and Research in Social Education, 25(4), 511-514.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Mugenda, M. (2006). University Roles in Meeting Aspirations for ICT and Economic Development Frontiers of Knowledge.Cape Town: University Leaders Forum.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ngatia, P. K. (2015). Preparedness of Public Secondary Schools on the use of ICT in Teaching and Learning in Mukurweini, Nyeri County-Kenya. Unpublished Master Thesis.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Obonyo, S. O. (2013). Use of Information Communication Technology in teaching and learning processes in Secondary Schools in Rachuonyo South District, Homa-bay County, kenya. Published master\u2019s thesis. University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ogange, B. O. (2011). An Analysis of ICT Policy Development and Practice in Teacher Education in Kenya, 1997-2007. Center for Research in Education and Educational Technology. The Open University-UK.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Pascopella, A. (2001). Laptop or Textbook? District Administrators.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Potosky, D and Bobko, P. (2001).A model for predicting computer experience for Attitudes towards computers. Journal of Business and Psychology.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Rogers, E. M. (1995). Diffusion of innovations (4th Ed.). New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Taylor, J., &amp; Duran, M. (2006). Teaching Social Studies with technology: New research on collaborative approaches. History Teacher, 40(1), 9-25. Retrieved September 14, 2008, from ERIC database.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Todman, J. (2000). Gender differences in computer anxiety among university entrants since 1992. Computers &amp;Education, 34(1), 27-35. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/S0360-1315(99)00036-6.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Veen, W. (1993).The Role of Beliefs in the use of Information Technology: Implication for Teachers\u2019 Education or Teaching the Right Things at the Right time. Journal of Information Technology in Teacher Education.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Wajcman, J. (2006).Feminist perspectives on technology in Teich, A. H. (ed). Technology and the Future. Pg 67-79. Thomson Ward worth.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Wang, T. (2008). The Difficulties and Challengesof Teachers\u2019 Integrating Computer Assisted Instruction into Teaching. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 4(2), 134-141.<br \/>\r\n[24]. World Bank Report. (2012).Ghana Partnership for Education Grant Project. Report No. 72949- Gh.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Yamane, T. (1997). Statistics, An introductory Analysis, 2nd Ed., New York: Harper and Row Young, J. (2002). The 24-hour professor. The Chronicle of Higher Education, 48(38), p. 31-33.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Zhao, Y. &amp;Cziko, G. A. (2001). Teacher adoption of technology: a perceptual control theory perspective. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 9 (1), 5-30.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2374\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2374\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iddrisu Bariham, Professor Henry Okello Ayot, Professor Samson Rosana Ondigi, Dr Mueni Ngungui Kiio, Nyakundi Patrick Nyamemba &#8220;An Assessment of Basic Schools Teachers\u2019 Integration of Computer Based Instruction into Social Studies Teaching in West Mamprusi Municipality; Implications for Further Development of Computer Based Instruction Use in Ghanaian Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.72-82 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/72-82.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2375\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2375\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/72-82.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2376\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2376\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-basic-schools-teachers-integration-of-computer-based-instruction-into-social-studies-teaching-in-west-mamprusi-municipality-implications-for-further-development-of-computer\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Assessment of Basic Schools Teachers\u2019 Integration of Computer Based Instruction into Social Studies Teaching in West Mamprusi Municipality; Implications for Further Development of Computer Based Instruction Use in Ghanaian Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e301451 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e301451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30208a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30208a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3021ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3021ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e302487\" data-id=\"e302487\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3026af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3026af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3027de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3027de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e302a44\" data-id=\"e302a44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e302c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e302c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e302d52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e302d52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e302fff\" data-id=\"e302fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e303242 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e303242\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Institutional Characteristics as the Key Predictor of Alumni Donations<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Emma Darkoaa Aikins, Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong and Goddana Mensima Darko &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 83-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30338b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30338b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3062c8\" data-id=\"e3062c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30660f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e30660f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Alumni support for institutions of learning has gained much attention. A lot of views exist about the relationship between donation by alumni and the factors that induce donation. This article provides insight into the various determinants of donation and the key factors that prompt willingness to donate, readiness to donate and the actual act of donation. The views of several authors were examined, based on which the internal characteristics of institutions were found out as the most predominant determinant of donation. This article therefore recommends the solicitation of alumni donation through improvement of institutional characteristics that have a lasting and strong inducement on alumni\u2019s propensity to donate to their alma mater.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 83-86 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emma Darkoaa Aikins<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Technology Education, Kumasi, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Technology Education, Kumasi, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goddana Mensima Darko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Technology Education, Kumasi, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Baldwin, K. M. (2008). How Reciprocity influences Alumni Giving: A qualitative study.Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation.. University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL<br \/>\r\n[2]. Boney, R. (2008). Corporate Donors adjust to Economic Slump. Philanthropy Journal. Retrieved September 11th, 2018 from http:\/\/www.philanthropyjournal.org\/<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cunningham, B. M., &amp; Cochi-Ficano, C. K. (2002). The determinants of Donative Revenue flows from Alumni of Higher Education: An Empirical Inquiry. The Journal of Human Resources 37(3): 540-569.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gaier, S. (2005). Alumni Satisfaction with their Undergraduate Experience and the Impact on Alumni Giving and Participation. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 5(4), pp. 278-288.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Gallo, P. J., &amp; Hubschman, B. (2003). The Relationships between Alumni Participation and Motivation on Financial Giving. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hawk, L.C. (2012). An Analysis of the Variables Associated with Alumni Giving and Employee Giving to a Mid-Sized Southeastern University. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1216. Retrieved September 10th, 2018 from http:\/\/dc.etsu.edu\/etd\/1216<br \/>\r\n[7]. Holmes, J., Meditz, J., &amp; Sommers, P. (2008). Athletics and Alumni Giving. Journal of Sports Economics 9(5), 538\u201352.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Hoyt, J.E., (2004). Understanding Alumni Giving: Theory and Predictors of Donor Status. Institutional Research and Management Studies. West University Parkway, Utah<br \/>\r\n[9]. McAdoo, A.D. (2010). Factors Affecting the Institutional Perception of Alumni of the University of Arkansas. A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Education in Higher Education, University of Arkansas, U.S.<br \/>\r\n[10]. McAlexander, J. H., &amp; Koenig, H. F. (2001). University Experiences, the Student-College Relationship, and Alumni Support. Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, 10(3), pp. 21-43.<br \/>\r\n[11]. McDeamon, J. T., &amp; Shirley, K. (2009). Characteristics and Institutional Factors related to Young Alumni Donors and Non-Donors. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 9(2), pp. 83-95.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Monks, J. (2003). Patterns of Giving to One&#8217;s Alma Mater among Young Graduates from selective institutions. Economics of Education Review, 22<br \/>\r\n[13]. Radcliffe, S., (2011). A Study of Alumni Engagement and Its Relationship to Giving Behaviors. Master\u2019s Thesis presented to Faculty of Bucknell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Education<br \/>\r\n[14]. Schmidt, J. C. (2001). Mining Philanthropic Data: Models for Predicting Alumni Giving at a Medium-sized Public Master\u2019s University. Dissertation, University of Minnesota<br \/>\r\n[15]. Shelby, R. (2011). A Study of Alumni Engagement and Its Relationship to Giving Behaviors. Retrieved September 10th, 2018from https:\/\/digitalcommons.bucknell.edu\/masters_theses<br \/>\r\n[16]. Shim, J. (2001). Relationship of selected Alumni Characteristics to Alumnae Financial Support at a Women\u2019s College. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Florida<br \/>\r\n[17]. Singer, T. S., &amp; Hughey, A. W. (2002). The role of the Alumni Association in Student Life.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Student Affairs and External Relations: New directions for student services, number 100 (pp. 51-68). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Taylor, Alton L. &amp; Martin, Joseph C. Jr. (1995). Characteristics of Alumni Donors and Nondonors at a Research Public University. Research in Higher Education, 36(3), pp. 283-302.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Twum-Ampomah, M.K. &amp; Danso, H. (2013). Alumni Perception of their Alma Mater of a Public University in Ghana. Journal of Education and Practice Vol. 4, No 6<br \/>\r\n[21]. Tyson L. P., (2016). Factors that Influence Alumni Giving at Three Private Universities A Thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Toledo as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Education.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Wastyn, M. L. (2009). Why Alumni Don&#8217;t Give: A Qualitative Study of What Motivates NonDonors to Higher Education. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 9(2), pp. 96-108.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Weerts, D. J. (2007). Toward an Engagement Model of Institutional Advancement at Public Colleges and Universities. International Journal of Educational Advancement, 7(2), pp. 79 -103.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Weerts, D. J., &amp; and Ronca, J. M. (2009). Using Classification Trees to predict Alumni Giving for Higher Education. Education Economics, 17(1), pp. 95-122<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emma Darkoaa Aikins, Akua Ahyia Adu-Oppong and Goddana Mensima Darko &#8220;Institutional Characteristics as the Key Predictor of Alumni Donations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.83-86 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/83-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-concept-of-best-practice-in-vocational-and-technical-education-case-study-of-federal-college-of-education-tech-gombe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institutional Characteristics as the Key Predictor of Alumni Donations<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3081cf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3081cf\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3094be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3097f7\" data-id=\"e3097f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e309b10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e309b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e309c7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e309c7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e309f1e\" data-id=\"e309f1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30a168 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30a168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30a2bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30a2bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30a565\" data-id=\"e30a565\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30a8e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30a8e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30aa6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30aa6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30ad19\" data-id=\"e30ad19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30af48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30af48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30b0b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30b0b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30b368\" data-id=\"e30b368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30b5b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30b5b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30b710 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30b710\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30e802\" data-id=\"e30e802\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30ea81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e30ea81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Multi Hazards Risk in the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division (Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal Method &#8211; PRA)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dananjaya P.K.V.S, Edirisooriya K.V.D &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 87-95<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e30ebde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e30ebde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e30eebe\" data-id=\"e30eebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e30f122 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e30f122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Sri Lanka is a continental island which covers the 65,000 Km2 of land. Last few decades denoted an incensement of multi hazards in the country. As a developing country, should be paid an attention on the disaster risk mitigation. This study was focused on identification of multi hazard risk in the selected area of the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD). Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method was used to analyze disaster risk. The area has risk of landslide, forest fire, animal attack, drought, flood, elephant attack and high wind. Area could be named as a multi hazard risk area and animal attack could be named as the severe hazard condition in the area.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-95\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dananjaya P.K.V.S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography &amp; Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edirisooriya K.V.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography &amp; Environmental Management, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmed I,;Fuenfgeld,H;McEvoy,D and Salkeld,A. (2012). Intergrated Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change: Participatory Capacity and Vulnerability Analysis (PCVA) Toolkit. Carlton: Jocelyn Tan.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chamber, R. (1994). The Origins and Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal. World Development, 953-969.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cronin,S., Gaylord,D.,Charley,D., Alloway,B., Wallez,S. and Esau,J. (2004). Participatory methods of incorporating scientific with traditional knowledge for volcanic hazard management on Ambae Island, Vanuatu. Bulletin of Volcanology, 652-668.<br \/>\r\n[4]. EthletChiwaka and Roger Yates. (n.d.). Participatory Vulnerability Analysis : A Step by Step Guid for Field Staff. ActionAid International.<br \/>\r\n[5]. KKU. (1987). Rural Systems Research and Farming Systems Research Projects. Proceedings of ihe 1985 Inrernarional Conference on Rapid Rural Appraisal (p. 17). KhonKaen, Thailand: University of KhonKaen.<br \/>\r\n[6]. McCracken, J. A. (1988). Participarory Rapid Rural Appraisal in Gujarar: A Trial Model for rhe Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India). London: IIED.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Paul Venton and Courtenay Cabot Venton. (2005). Community-Based disaster risk reduction in the Indian State of Bihar. Middlesex: Tearfund.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Pelto, Pertti J., and Gretel H. Pelto,. (1978). The Structure of Inquiry. Anthropological Research.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Rhoades, R. (1992). The coming revolution in methods for rural development research. (N. S. Gleason, Ed.) Rapid Assessment Procedures, 61-78.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Sagala.S and Okada.N. (2007). Managing Early Warning System for Tsunami Prone Communities: Prelimenary Analysis of the Need for Participatory Approach. Annual of Disaster, 195-203.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Whyte, A. V. (1977). Guidelines for Field Studies in Environmental Perception. Paris: UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Burton, L. Kates,R.W.,andWhite,G.F. (1978). The Environment as Hazard. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Carpignano, A., Golia, E., Di Mauro, C., Bouchon, S., Nordvik, J.-P.,. (2009). A methodological approach for the definition of multi-risk maps at regional leve.<br \/>\r\n[14]. DMC. (2005). Towards A safer Sri Lanka A Road Map For Disaster Risk Management. Colombo: NEO Graphics 2803030.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Garcia-Aristizabal, A., Marzocchi, W. (2012). 2012b. Bayesian Multi-risk Model: Demonstration for Test City Researchers. Deliverable 2.13. CLUVA project (Contract n. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cluva.eu\/deliverables\/CLUVA_D2.13.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Imbulpe, DSDO. (2017). Sampath Pethikada 2016\/2017. Imbulpe DSD Rathnapura: Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Paul, V.,Cabot,V. (2005). Community-Based disaster risk reduction in the Indian State of Bihar. Tearfund, Middlesex.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Kappes, M. (2011). Multi-hazard Risk Analyses: a Concept and its Implementation. PhD Thesis, University of Vienna.<br \/>\r\n[19]. UNISDR. (2017, December 13). Desinventar Sendai. Retrieved from Sri Lanka Profile: http:\/\/www.desinventar.net\/DesInventar\/profiletab.jsp#more_info.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dananjaya P.K.V.S, Edirisooriya K.V.D &#8220;Multi Hazards Risk in the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division (Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal Method &#8211; PRA)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.87-95 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/87-95.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/87-95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/multi-hazards-risk-in-the-imbulpe-divisional-secretariat-division-application-of-participatory-rural-appraisal-method-pra\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Multi Hazards Risk in the Imbulpe Divisional Secretariat Division (Application of Participatory Rural Appraisal Method &#8211; PRA)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31107c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e31107c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31662b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e31662b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e316775 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e316775\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e316a30\" data-id=\"e316a30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e316c56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e316c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e316dad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e316dad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e31707a\" data-id=\"e31707a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e319cdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e319cdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Orang Asli Hulu Terengganu in Adaptation of Nature Changes in the Economic Perspective<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nik Nizam Hamdan, Ramle Abdullah, Atirah Rambli&amp; Iqbal Jumaat &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 96-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e319e84 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e319e84\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e31a17e\" data-id=\"e31a17e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e31a411 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e31a411\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia is known for the community that has a close relationship with nature. However, in the era of development which leads to the destruction of habitat for varieties of flora and fauna, it makes Orang Asli harder and harder to live by. Development that is meant for Orang Asli or not, had changed their natural ecology and jeopardize their traditional way of living. Thus, the aim for this research is to analyse Semaq Beri in Hulu Terengganu in adaptation on changes of nature in their daily activities of economy and gathering food resources. Research Method: qualitative through ethnography approach. Research data are acquired via participant observation, interview and research documents. Researchers used QSR Nvivo to analyze data that are collected. Findings: From the research, we can conclude that Semaq Beri in Hulu Terengganu still has high dependency towards nature especially in terms of economic returns. Nevertheless, their manifestation changes to other methods of searching for side revenues such as searching for woods in new territory, subsistence agriculture, re-planting of Agarwood (gaharu) and manufacturing of economic equipment. For access to foods, on the other hand, compared to previously, they are 90 percent rely upon outside food resources. Hence, the degree of the dependency of Semaq Beri adaptation process with nature is decreasing. This shows that Semaq Beri is going through modern lifestyle transformation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 96-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nik Nizam Hamdan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ramle Abdullah1<\/strong><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atirah Rambli<\/strong><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iqbal Jumaat<\/strong><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Applied Social Science, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\nREFERENCES<br \/>\r\n[1]. Asmawi, I. (2013). Pengetahuan tradisional berkaitan makanan masyarakat Orang Asli suku kaum Batek, Kuala Koh, Gua Musang, Kelantan. Tesis Sarjana. Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin. Kuala Terengganu<br \/>\r\n[2]. Cynthia A. Lietz Luis E. Zayas. (2010). Evaluating Qualitative Research for Social Work Practitioners. Advance in Social Work, 11 (2), 188-202.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dallos, C. (2011). From Equality to Inequality Social Change Among Newly Sedentary Lanoh Hunter-GathererTradersof Peninsular Malaysia. UniversityofTorontoPressIncorporated, London.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Endicott, K. 1979. BateqNegritoReligion: The World ViewandRitualsof a HuntingandGhateringPeopleofPeninsular Malaysia. Oxford: ClarendonPress.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hairul Nizam, Ramle Abdullah, Mohamad Hafis&amp;Asmawi Ibrahim. (2016). Kelestarian alam sekitar Taman Negara Tasik Kenyir dan impak kesejahteraan kepada masyarakat Orang Asli sekitar. International Conference on Educaion and Regional Development, Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hasan Mat Nor, Abd. RahimMohd Nor, KatimanRostam, Aisyah@Eshah Mohamed, Zaini Sakawi. (2009). Mengapa kami jadi begini? Konflik masyarakat Orang Seletar dan Pembangunan Iskandar, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Geografia- MalaysianJournalofSocietyandSpace5 (2), 16-26.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hood Salleh. (1993). Man, forestandspirits: Images and survival among forest-Dwellersof Malaysia. Journal of Southest Asian Studies, 30 (4).<br \/>\r\n[8]. LyeTuck Po. (2005). ChangingPathways: Forest degradation and the Batek of Pahang. Strategy Information Research Development. Petaling Jaya, Selangor.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Lye, Tuck-Po. (2002). The significance off oresttotheemergenceofBatekknowledge in Pahang, Malaysia. Southest Asian Studies, 40 (1), 3-22<br \/>\r\n[10]. [Ramle Abdullah. (2001). Peralihan ekonomi masyarakat Orang Asli Terengganu: Satu sudut ekonomi persekitaran. Tesis Dr. Falsafah. Universiti Sains Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ramle Abdullah. (2014). Orang Asli: Pembangunan dan Transformasi. Kuala Terengganu: Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Sham Sani. (1986). Masyarakat Temuan di Bukit Tampoi: Suatu kajian ekologi manusia. Kertas kerja dibentangkan dalam Simposium ke Dua Kehidupan dan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli di Semenanjung Malaysia. Anjuran bersama Fakulti Sains Kemasyarakatan dan Kemanusiaan dan Fauliti Sains Pembangunan, UKM. 22-23 september 1986.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Subhi, F., Simin, H., Abdullah, R., &amp;Sa\u2019di, S. (2019). WeaknessesofEconomicDevelopmentonSemaq Beri in Terengganu. InternationalJournalofAcademicResearch in BusinessandSocialSciences, 9(1), 1134\u20131141.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Susan, L. Morrow. (2007). Qualitativeresearch in counsellingphsycology; conceptualfoundations. SageJournal. 35 (2), 209-235.<br \/>\r\n[15]. ZuriatunFadzliahSahdan, RosnizaAznieCheRose&amp;Habibah Ahmad. (2009). Perubahan budaya Orang Bateq dalam situasi pelancongan di Taman Negara. E-BANGI JournalofSocialScienceandHumanities, 4 (1), 159-169.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nik Nizam Hamdan, Ramle Abdullah, Atirah Rambli&amp; Iqbal Jumaat &#8220;Orang Asli Hulu Terengganu in Adaptation of Nature Changes in the Economic Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.96-99 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/96-99.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/96-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/orang-asli-hulu-terengganu-in-adaptation-of-nature-changes-in-the-economic-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Orang Asli Hulu Terengganu in Adaptation of Nature Changes in the Economic Perspective<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e322ebd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e323720\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3239c6\" data-id=\"e3239c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e323c30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e323c30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e323d81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e323d81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e324053\" data-id=\"e324053\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32429f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32429f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3243ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3243ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3246a6\" data-id=\"e3246a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e324b86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e324b86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e324d13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e324d13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e324ff6\" data-id=\"e324ff6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e325236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e325236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e325391 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e325391\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e325640\" data-id=\"e325640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e325863 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e325863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3259e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3259e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e325c82\" data-id=\"e325c82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e325e9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e325e9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e325fdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e325fdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e326293\" data-id=\"e326293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32649b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32649b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Study on the Impact of Transportation Cost to Communities Living in the Island of Semporna in the Eastern Cost State of Sabah, Malaysia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kasim Mansur, SidahIdris, Raman Nordin, Rini Sulung &amp; M. Shyafiq Ezzat &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 100-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3265ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3265ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3268b7\" data-id=\"e3268b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e326b0b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e326b0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The economic impact of transport facilities and the potential for transport facilities affected poor communities living in the island in Samporna, Sabah has received little attention. Thus, in the contact of Malaysia in general it is desirable and timely to assess prevailing views of the role of sea transport facilities in poverty alleviation. In this study a comprehensive analysis of transport operations from island to the nearest town is undertaken to comprehend existing practices and to identify innovative approaches. In this preliminary study, 20 head of the household were interviewed representing 20 villages located in the island around Semporna district. Half of these respondents are also head of the village and approximately 110 number of population inhabiting in the island under study and majority of them are fishermen. The primary objective in this study is to establish a sound conceptual framework for identifying, examining, and shaping the full potential role of transport operations in reducing poverty among residents residing in the islands of Samporna districts in the eastern cost of Sabah state. On average each household spend roughly RM70 per day on cost of transportation include cost of drinking water which is about 45 percent of their total income. Based on these finding of the study there is a need to strengthen the role of sea transport facilities provided by the authority to the island communities as majority of the communities living in the island are in dire need of water resources. The main contribution of this paper is the generation of a blend of policies to overcome high transportation cost confronted island communities and growing threats to water security and to attain sustainable development in Samporna, the eastern cost state of Sabah, Malaysia.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kasim Mansur <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Economics &amp; Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>SidahIdris <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Economics &amp; Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raman Nordin <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Economics &amp; Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rini Sulung <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Economics &amp; Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Shyafiq Ezzat <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Economics &amp; Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Cavelle D. Creightney (1993), Transport and Economic Performance: A Survey of Developing Countries, World Bank Technical Paper No. 232, Africa Technical Department Series.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Christine Kessides (1993), The Contributions of Infrastructure to Economic Development: A Review of Experience and Policy Implications, World Bank Discussion Papers No. 213.<br \/>\r\n[3]. David Aschauer. 1989. \u201cIs Public Expenditure Productive?\u201d Journal of MonetaryEconomics, Vol. 23, pp. 177-200<br \/>\r\n[4]. David Canning and Marianne Fay. 1993. \u201cThe Effect of TransportationNetworks on Economic Growth,\u201d Discussion Paper, Department of Economics, Columbia University<br \/>\r\n[5]. David Harvey. 2003. The right to the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research.V.27 Issue 4.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Douglas Holtz-Eakin. 1992. \u201cPublic Sector Capital and the Productivity Puzzle,\u201d NBER Working Paper No. 4122<br \/>\r\n[7]. Louis Berger International, Inc. (1979), Study of Transport Investment and Impact on Distribution of Income in Remote Area: Phase I, A report prepared for the United States Agency for International Development, p.1-17<br \/>\r\n[8]. M. IshaqNadiri and Theofanis P. Mamuneas (1996), Contribution of Highway Capital Infrastructure to Industry and Aggregate Productivity Growth, A report prepared for the Federal Highway Administration Office of Public Development, Work Order No. BAT-94-008<br \/>\r\n[9]. RamliDollah, Wan Shawaluddin Wan Hassan, Diana Peters, Zaini Othman. 2016. Old threats, new approach and national security in Malaysia: issues and challenges in dealing with cross-border crime in east coast of Sabah. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. V1:3.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Rosabeth Moss Kanter. 2015. Public transportation can be a ride out of poverty. Wendy Wahman for the Boston Globe .May 26, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[11]. World Bank (1980), Poverty and Human Development, Oxford University Press, pp. 3-4; World Bank(1990), World Development Report 1990: Poverty, Oxford University Press, pp. 46-48.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kasim Mansur, SidahIdris, Raman Nordin, Rini Sulung &amp; M. Shyafiq Ezzat &#8220;Study on the Impact of Transportation Cost to Communities Living in the Island of Semporna in the Eastern Cost State of Sabah, Malaysia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.100-104 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/100-104.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/100-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/study-on-the-impact-of-transportation-cost-to-communities-living-in-the-island-of-semporna-in-the-eastern-cost-state-of-sabah-malaysia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Study on the Impact of Transportation Cost to Communities Living in the Island of Semporna in the Eastern Cost State of Sabah, Malaysia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32af60 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e32af60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e32b121 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e32b121\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e32b3e7\" data-id=\"e32b3e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e32b601 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e32b601\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e32b745 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e32b745\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e330dec\" data-id=\"e330dec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e331059 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e331059\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3311cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3311cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e331490\" data-id=\"e331490\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3316d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3316d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e331818 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e331818\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e331afd\" data-id=\"e331afd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e331d13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e331d13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e331e24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e331e24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3320e8\" data-id=\"e3320e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e332318 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e332318\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inflation Expectations in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Asemota Georgina (Ph.D), Dibie, Kashiari Esther (Ph.D) &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 105-112<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e332475 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e332475\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e332760\" data-id=\"e332760\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3329f4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3329f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Recent theoretical position is that monetary policy alone is not sufficient to stabilize prices and that the traditional macroeconomic roles of policies can be reversed such that monetary policies are used for debt stabilization while fiscal policies are used to stabilize prices. This study therefore investigates the impact of fiscal policy on inflation expectations in Nigeria. The study began by investigating the causal relationship between inflation and inflation expectations in Nigeria and confirmed the existence of a bi-causal relationship. Basing its theoretical position on the rational inflation expectations theory, the study sourced data spanning from 1981(Q1) to 2018(Q2) for sixteen variables. These variables were separated into four groups and the principal component of each group of data was used as explanatory variables while the Hodrick-Prescott filtered inflation rate data was used as proxy for inflation expectations. The study applied the Vector Error Correction Mechanism (VECM) and established a negative relationship existing between inflation expectations and fiscal policy in Nigeria. However,the result was not significant. The study then recommends more in-depth studies on inflation expectations related issues generally and specifically, a disaggregated study of the impact of fiscal policy variables on inflation expectations for Nigeria for effective control of inflationary trends in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-112\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asemota Georgina (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dibie, Kashiari Esther (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, College of Education, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Evans, G.W. and Ramey, G. (1998). \u2018Calculation, adaptation and rational expectations\u2019, Macroeconomic Dynamics, vol. 2, pp. 156\u201382<br \/>\r\n[20]. Evans, M., (2004). &#8220;Real Risk, Inflation Risk, and the Term Structure,&#8221; Economic Journal 113, pp. 345-389.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Greenspan, A. (1996). Opening remarks in: Achieving price stability, a symposium sponsored by Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Wyoming<br \/>\r\n[22]. Heinemann, F. and Ullrich, K. (2004).\u201dThe Impact of EMU on Inflation Expectations\u201d.Discussion Paper No. 04-0. Centre for European Economic Research. ftp:\/\/ftp.zew.de\/pub\/zew-docs\/dp\/dp0401.pdf<br \/>\r\n[23]. Hendry, D. F. (2000).Epilogue: The Success of General-to-specific Model Selection, Chapter 20 in D. F. Hendry (ed.) Econometrics: Alchemy or Science? Essays in Econometric Methodology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, New Edition, 467\u2014 490.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Leiser, D and Drori, S. (2004). Na\u00efve Understanding of Inflation. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Beer Sheva, Israel<br \/>\r\n[25]. Lucas, R. E. (1972). \u201cExpectations and the neutrality of money\u201d. Journal of Economic Theory: Vol.4 pp103-124<br \/>\r\n[26]. Mankiw, N. G. &amp; Reiss, R. (2003). \u201cSticky information vs. sticky prices- a proposal to replace the new Keynesian Phillips curve\u201d. Quarterly journal of Economics Vol. 117 pp. 1295-1328<br \/>\r\n[27]. Mills, A. (2009). \u201cIntroduction to Forecasting Methods for Actuaries \u201c. Article from Forecasting and Futurism. Society of Actuaries. September 2009. Issue 1<br \/>\r\n[28]. Mlambo, L. (2011). \u201cAdaptive and Rational Expectations Hypotheses- Reviewing the Critiques\u201d. Journal of economic Behaviour. Vol. 2<br \/>\r\n[29]. Muth, J. F.. (1961). \u201cRational expectations and the Theory of price movements\u201d. Econometrica Vol. 29, No. 3; pp 315 \u2013 335. Retrieved from URL: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1909635<br \/>\r\n[30]. Olivares, M. (2009). Expectations and Uncertainty in the Keynesian Theory.School of Economics and Management, Technical University of Lisbon.Working paper 15\/2009\/DE ISSN N\u00ba 0874-4548<br \/>\r\n[31]. Patra, M. D. and Ray, P. (2010).Inflation Expectations and Monetary Policy in India: An Empirical Exploration.IMF Working Papers, No. 10\/84: 1-26<br \/>\r\n[32]. Pop-Cohut, I. (2005). \u201cThe theory of rational expectation and the inertia inflation\u201d. Annals of computational economics University of Craiova; www.google.com.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Ramey, V. A. (2015). Macroeconomic shocks and their propagation.Handbook of Macroeconomics.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Robb, L. (2000). Teaching reading in the middle school. New York: Scholastic<br \/>\r\n[35]. Rosser, B. J. (2011).Complex Evolutionary Dynamics in Urban-Regional and Ecologic-Economic Systems: From Catastrophe to Chaos and Beyond, Springer: New York.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Sergent, T. J. &amp; Wallace, N. (1975). \u201cRational expectations; the optimal monetary instrument and the optimal money supply rule\u201d. Journal of Political Economy Vol. 83, pp. 214-254<br \/>\r\n[37]. Shahrams, F.G.(2008). \u201cModeling Inflation Expectations: The Case of Iran\u201d. Unpublished Dissertation, Halle<br \/>\r\n[38]. Sims, C. (2009). Inflation Expectations, uncertainty and Monetary Policy. Princeton University Publication. sims@printon.edu<br \/>\r\n[39]. Souleles, N. (2001). Consumer Sentiment: Its Rationality and Usefulness in Forecasting Expenditure \u2013 Evidence from the Michigan Micro Data, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Spahn, H. P. (2009). \u201cCentral bank money and interest rates- independent monetary tools? \u201cKredit &amp; kapital<br \/>\r\n[41]. Umoru, D and Oseme A. (2013). Inflation Expectations And Interest Rate Variation In Nigeria: An Econometric Assessment Of The Evidence European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.ea-journals.org) Vol. 1 No. 2, pp 1-12<br \/>\r\n[42]. Wiederholt, M. (2015). Empirical Properties of Inflation Expectations and the Zero Lower Bound.Goethe University Frankfurt and CEPR<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asemota Georgina (Ph.D), Dibie, Kashiari Esther (Ph.D) &#8220;Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inflation Expectations in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.105-112 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/105-112.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-fiscal-policy-on-inflation-expectations-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Fiscal Policy on Inflation Expectations in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3347f5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3347f5\" 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data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3352d3\" data-id=\"e3352d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e335508 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e335508\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e335647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e335647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3358e9\" data-id=\"e3358e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e335b1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e335b1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e335c68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e335c68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e335f11\" data-id=\"e335f11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e336144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e336144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e336288 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e336288\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e336537\" data-id=\"e336537\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33676f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33676f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3368ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3368ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e336ba4\" data-id=\"e336ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e336dd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e336dd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>ASEAN Fiscal and Taxation Policy: Comparative Studies between Malaysian Taxation System and Selected ASEAN Countries towards a Sustainable Economic Development<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kasim Mansur- May 2019 Page No.: 113-120<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e336f3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e336f3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e337209\" data-id=\"e337209\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33745b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e33745b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In general taxes play a repressing role in an economy. Any new forms of taxation, changes in tax regime or rates results in greater economic activities, change consumption pattern, influence jobs market and therefore effect on economic growth. In most ASEAN countries the element of competition among member countries are visible by lowering corporate tax rates and each try to attract FDI in boosting economic growth. On the other hand ASEAN member countries are also trying to make personal tax rates lower in order to fulfill their political agenda at home. It is evident that in most ASEAN countries having lower tax rates have better prospects for economic growth. However, small tax revenue is limiting governmental spending and might cause imbalances in the economy. In the contact of Malaysian taxation system taxes play a very important factors for a sustainable growth of the economy. Thus, there is a positive relationship between taxation and economic development. This conceptual paper aimed to review the efficiency of taxation in terms of sustainable economic development and to discuss the factors that contribute to economic growth. This paper is also attempt to do comparative analysis among Malaysia and selected ASEAN countries how tax system have impacted the growth particularly on GDP. In general the results suggest that the tax rates implemented as well as tax revenue collected in the past years could have impacted the growth and synergized the phase of development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 113-120\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kasim Mansur<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversiti Malaysia Sabah<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Alex Cull &amp; Kamen Parushev . 2017. ASEAN Foreign Direct Investment 2017. CEIC Global Database, 10th August 2017<br \/>\r\n[2]. ASEAN Investment Report. 2017. Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Zones in ASEAN. United Nations.Conference on Trade and Development. Jakarta: ASEAN Secretariat.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dezan Shira. 2017. Personal Income Tax in ASEAN: a Guide to 2017 Rates. ASEAN Briefinged Maxfield Brown. February 28, 2017<br \/>\r\n[5]. Erwida Maulia. 2017. IMF: ASEAN incentives risk &#8216;race to the bottom&#8217; on tax revenue. Nikkei Asian Review, July 14, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[6]. F.R.Glahe. 1985. Macroeconomics, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Gemmel, N.,R.Kneller, And I. Sanz, 2011. The Timing and Persistence of Fiscal Policy Impacts on Growth: Evidence from OECD Countries. Economic Journal, 121(550),F33-F58.ISSN 1468-0297.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Haris Fajar Afrianto. 2018. Tax Competition for Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN: Is Corporate Income Tax Harmonization the Solution?. The 2nd International Conference on Vocational Higher Education (ICVHE) 2017 \u201cThe Importance on Advancing Vocational Education to Meet Contemporary Labor Demands\u201d Volume 2018 (17 Available from:<br \/>\r\n[9]. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326917656_Tax_Competition_for_Foreign_Direct_Investment_in_ASEAN_Is_Corporate_Income_Tax_Harmonization_the_Solution [accessed Oct 19 2018].<br \/>\r\n[10]. Hsiao Chink Tang, Philip Liu, And Eddie C. Cheung. 2010. Changing Impact Of Fiscal Policy On Selected ASEAN Countries No.70 December 2010 JEL Classification: C11,E62,H20,H30. ADB Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration. Asian Development Bank.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Iqbal, Z. 1995. Constraints to the Economic Growth of Pakistan: A Three- Gap Approach. The Pakistan Development Review 34:4 1119\u00ac 1133.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Jon\u0117 Kalendien\u0117 &amp; Violeta Pukelien\u0117.2011. Taxationand economicsustainability. Ekonomika Vol. 90(4). ISSN 1392-1258.Vytautas Magnus University, S. Daukanto 28, LT-44246, Kaunas, Lithuania.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Jeyapalan Kasipillai and Hijattulah Abdul Jabbar. 2006. Gender And Ethnicity Differences In Tax Compliance.Asian Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 11, No. 2, 73\u201388, July 2006.<br \/>\r\n[14]. K.E. Hayes. 2008. Integration, Tax Competition and Harmonization: Should ASEAN be Concerned?. Master Thesis from Economic Growth, Innovation and Spatial Dynamics, Lund University, Department of Economic History, 2008<br \/>\r\n[15]. Khilji, N. M., and Mahmood, A. 1997. Military Expenditures and Economic Growth in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 36:4 791\u00ac808.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Kotl\u00e1n, I. And Z. Machov\u00e1, 2012. Vliv zdan\u011bn\u00ed korporac\u00ed na ekonomick\u00fd r\u016fst: selh\u00e1n\u00ed da\u0148ov\u00e9 kv\u00f3ty? Politick\u00e1 ekonomie, 60(6), 743-763. ISSN 0032-3233<br \/>\r\n[17]. KPMG. CIT Rates ASEAN-6 (Indonesia, Singapura, Malaysia, Thailand, Filipina, Vietnam), Retrieved June 2016 from http:\/\/www.kpmg.com\/global\/en\/services\/tax\/tax-tools-and-resources\/pages\/corporate-tax-rates-table.aspx<br \/>\r\n[18]. Macek, R., 2014. The Impact of Taxation on Economic Growth: Case Study of OECD Countries. Review of Economic Perspectives, 14(4),309-328. ISSN 1804-1663.<br \/>\r\n[19]. S. Matthews. 2011. What is a &#8220;Competitive&#8221; Tax System?. OECD Taxation Working Papers, No. 2, 2011. OECD Publishing. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1787\/5kg3h0vmd4kj-en<br \/>\r\n[20]. Nur Arifah Binti Saidin, Abdul Basit &amp; Sahibzada Muhammad Hamza. 2016. The Role of Tax on Economic Growth. International Journal of Accounting &amp; Business Management.Vol. 4 (No.2), November, 2016 ISSN: 2289-4519DOI: 10.24924\/ijabm\/2016.11\/v4.iss2\/242.250 www.ftms.edu.my\/journals\/index.php\/journals\/ijabm.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Reuven S. Avi-Yonah 2000. Globalization, Tax Competition, and the Fiscal Crisis of the Welfare State. Harvard Law Review. 113, no. 7, 2000, pp. 1573\u20131676.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Rudolf Macek, Jan Ank\u016f. 2015. The Impact Of Fiscal Policy On Economic Growth Depending On Institutional Conditions. Schv\u00e1leno k publikov\u00e1n\u00ed:23.9.2015<br \/>\r\n[23]. Shabbir, T., and Mahmood, A. 1992. The Effects of Foreign Private Investment on Economic Growth in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 31:4 831\u00ac841.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Sim Kwang Gek. 2018. Transition to SST \u2013 lessons learnt for future tax reforms. BUSINESS NEWS, Malaysia, Thursday, 23 Aug 2018<br \/>\r\n[25]. Shotaro Tani. 2017. Southeast Asia tax revenue falls well short of global average.Nikkei Asian Review, July 21, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Tobing and Mukarromah. 2015. Pajak dalam Kompetisi Merebut Investasi. InsideTax Magazine Edition 32 June 2015 pp. 6\u201315. Jakarta: DDTC<br \/>\r\n[27]. World Investment Report. 2018. Investment and New Industrial Policies United Nations publication, Sales No. E.18.II.D.4.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kasim Mansur, &#8220;ASEAN Fiscal and Taxation Policy: Comparative Studies between Malaysian Taxation System and Selected ASEAN Countries towards a Sustainable Economic Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.113-120 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/113-120.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/113-120.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33a08b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33a08b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33a33e\" data-id=\"e33a33e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33a581 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33a581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33a6c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33a6c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33a975\" data-id=\"e33a975\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33abb3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33abb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33ad0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33ad0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33afd4\" data-id=\"e33afd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33b21a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33b21a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33b37a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33b37a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33b630\" data-id=\"e33b630\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33b851 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33b851\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Correlation between Parental Involvement and Students\u2019 Commitment toward Learning: A Case of Secondary Schools in Arusha District, Tanzania<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Baraka Manjale Ngussa, PhD and Goodluck Nzowa &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 121-128<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33b9a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33b9a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33bc72\" data-id=\"e33bc72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33bef9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e33bef9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The present study investigated on the role of parental involvement on students\u2019 commitment toward learning among secondary schools in Arusha District, Tanzania. A sample of 150 form three students was randomly selected from five schools to fill the questionnaire whose validity was established by expert judgment and reliability of above 0.7 Cronbach\u2019s Alpha was established through statistical analysis before data was collected from the field. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics in terms of mean scores and correlation of variables was established through Pearson product Moment Correlational Coefficient. The study established that the rate of students\u2019 commitment toward learning was high. This was reflected by the fact that their attitude toward schooling is positive, their school attendance is good enough and they actively collaborate with fellow learners at school in academic matters. The rate of parental involvement was high as parents follow up their educational progress, they encourage them to set academic goals and objectives, they guide and counsel them on academic matters and they make follow up on academic reports. The more the parental involvement, the higher the rates of students\u2019 commitment toward learning. The researchers recommend thatteachers in the schools under investigation should devote their time and energy to teach effectively so that when students\u2019 commitment, parental involvement and teachers\u2019 efforts are combined, big results will be achieved and desirable academic performance will be realized. Since parental involvement significantly influences students\u2019 commitment, school administrators need to inform parents on the importance of their full involvement to support their children\u2019s academic affairs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 121-128\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Baraka Manjale Ngussa, PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer of Curriculum and Teaching, University of Arusha, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goodluck Nzowa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMA Student, University of Arusha, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArora, A. 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Sample Size and Sampling Methods. Retrieved from https:\/\/www. gfmer.ch\/Activites_internationales_Fr\/Laos\/PDF\/Sample_size_methods_Phrasisombath_\tLaos_2009.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tRobinson, K. &#038; Harris, A.L. (2014).The Broken Compass: Parental Involvement with Children&#8217;s Education. Retrieved from https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/sf\/article-abstract\/94\/4\/e106\/2461395?redirectedFrom=fulltext.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tSingh, (1995).The Effects of four components of Parental Involvement eighth-grade Students Achievement:  Structural Analysis of NELS-88 data. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pta.org.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tTella, A.  &#038; Tella,  A.  (2003). Parental Involvement, Home Background, and School Environment as Determinant of Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students   in   Osun   State, Nigeria. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.Parental involvement.org.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tUmeana, F.P. (2017). Parental Engagement with Schools and Students in Nigeria. PhD Thesis, \tUSA: Michigan State University.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tUWEZO, (2013). Are our children learning?Annual Learning Assessment Report 2012.Retrieved \tfrom http:\/\/www.twaweza.org\/go\/uwezo-tanzania-2012ala.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tVijaya, S. and Rajeshkumar, M. (2016). Parental Involvement and Academic Achievement among \tHigh School. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net \/publication\/317545158.Parental_Involvement_and_Academic_Achievement_among_High_School_Students.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tWoolfolk, A. (2004). Educational Psychology. (9th  Ed). USA: Pearson Education, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[38].\tWright, T. (2009). Parent and Teacher Perceptions of Effective Parental Involvement. Retrieved \t\tfrom http:\/\/digitalcommons.liberty.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1217 &#038;context =doctoral.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tYaseen, M., Zaman, S. &#038; Rasheed, N. (2017).An Empirical Study on the Role of Parents in Academic Achievement of Children in Private Schools of Karachi. International Journal of Criminology and Sociology, 2017(6), 84-86.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Baraka Manjale Ngussa, PhD and Goodluck Nzowa &#8220;Correlation between Parental Involvement and Students\u2019 Commitment toward Learning: A Case of Secondary Schools in Arusha District, Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.121-128 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/121-128.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33dc87 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e33dc87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33e4fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33e4fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33e7db\" data-id=\"e33e7db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33ea4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33ea4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33ebb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33ebb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33ef56\" data-id=\"e33ef56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33f240 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33f240\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33f3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33f3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33f656\" data-id=\"e33f656\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33f890 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33f890\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e33f9f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e33f9f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e33fcca\" data-id=\"e33fcca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e33ff22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e33ff22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Methods in Conserving Flora and Fauna through Traditional Knowledge of the Semaq Beri in Hulu Terengganu<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Iqbal Jumaat, Ramle Abdullah &#038; Nik Nizam Hamdan &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 129-133<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e340072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e340072\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e340353\" data-id=\"e340353\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3405a2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3405a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The forest area around Lake Kenyir contains a variety of biodiversity as well as a habitat for various types of flora and fauna. However, the recent forest area around Lake Kenyir has been explored for various purposes such as opening of commercial farms, logging and for tourism purposes. Incidences of poachers exploiting forest products like exotic gaharu(gharuwood) and exotic fauna is increasingly worrying. These have not only affect the forest ecosystem around Lake Kenyir but also affect the indigenous people who are highly dependent on the forest and other natural resources in the area. The Semaq Beri tribe have been trying to help in conserving flora and fauna in the forest area around Lake Kenyir through the methods of practicing their traditional knowledge in everyday activities. Their traditional knowledge is seen to be very effective in the conservation process as well as to reduce damage in the forest area in their daily activities. Thus, this study was conducted to identify the traditional knowledge methods used by the Semaq Beri tribe in the process of conservation of flora and fauna. This study was conducted on the Semaq Beri tribe who are settled at Sungai Berua Village, Hulu Terengganu. This study applies the techniques of participating observation, interviews and document analysis to obtain data in meeting the objectives of this study. The findings found five traditional knowledge methods used by the Semaq Beri tribes in continuing their efforts to conserve the flora and fauna in the forest area around Lake Kenyir. To highlight this method, there should be initiatives from related agencies to expose their traditional knowledge to the public.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 129-133\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Iqbal Jumaat<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFakulti Sains Sosial Gunaan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300 Kula Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ramle Abdullah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFakulti Sains Sosial Gunaan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300 Kula Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nik Nizam Hamdan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFakulti Sains Sosial Gunaan, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 20300 Kula Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAsmawi Ibrahim danRamle Abdullah.  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The Value of The Ecological Station of Jata\u00ed\u2019s Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital. Rev. Brasil. Biol. 61(2), 171-190.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSham S. (1986). MasyarakatTemuan di Bukit Tampoi: SuatuKajianEkologiManusia. Simposium Ke-2 Kehidupandan Pembangunan Masyarakat Orang Asli Di Semenanjung Malaysia. AnjuranBersamaFakultiSainsKemasyarakatandanKemanusiaandanFakultiSains Pembangunan, UKM. 22-23 September.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSiti Nor Fatimah Zuraidi, Zainal AbidinAkasahdan Mohammad Ashraf Abdul Rahman. (2011). MasalahdalamPemuliharaanBangunanWarisan di Malaysia. PersidanganKebangsaanSainsSosialUnimas 2011.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUwe Flick. (2014). An Introduction to Qualitative Research Edition 5. London: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tV.L.N Rao and G.V. Ramana. (2007). Indigenous Knowledge, Conservation and Management of Natural Resources among Primitive Tribal Groups of Andhra Pradesh. Anthropologist Special Volume 3, 129-134.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tVicky Dan, KingoMchombu and AlfonsMosimane. (2010). Indigenous Medical Knowledge of the San People: the Case of Farm Six, Nothren Namibia. Information Development 26(2) 129-140.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tW.A. Amir Zal, Hood Salleh, Mustaffa Omar danSharina Halim. (2014).Kebolehcapaiandanketerancaman modal semulajadi Orang AsliLanoh di Malaysia. Geografia Online TM Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 10 Issue 2 (178-188).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Iqbal Jumaat, Ramle Abdullah &#038; Nik Nizam Hamdan &#8220;Methods in Conserving Flora and Fauna through Traditional Knowledge of the Semaq Beri in Hulu Terengganu&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.129-133 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/129-133.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-element-e342bc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e342bc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e342f88\" data-id=\"e342f88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3431ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3431ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e343308 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e343308\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e343589\" data-id=\"e343589\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3437a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3437a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3438f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3438f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e343b8d\" data-id=\"e343b8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e343da3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e343da3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e343ec0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e343ec0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34415c\" data-id=\"e34415c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e344396 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e344396\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Climate Change on Farmers Livelihood in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>O.O.Adetola, D.S Muritala, M.A Adebisi, O.M Onofurume- May 2019 Page No.: 134-137<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3445a9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3445a9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e344866\" data-id=\"e344866\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e344abe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e344abe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study aimed to examine the effects of climate change on the livelihood of farmers in Oluyole Local Government area of Oyo state. The objectives of this work was to determine the socio-economic characteristics,  source of income of the farmers, determine the level of awareness of climate change and the effects of climate change on health of the farmers. The study used primary data through a well-structured questionnaire and scheduled interview, fifty respondents were randomly sampled. The use of frequency count and simple percentage were used to analyze the data.<br \/>\r\n\tThe study revealed that male farmer\u2019s population was 76% o while female population was 24%. 70% of the farmers are married, 10% are divorced and 20% widowed. The study also indicated that 54% had non-formal education, 20% of the farmers had quranic education while 12% and 8% of the farmers had secondary and tertiary education respectively. 90% of the forest zone has been degraded as a result of deforestation.  The respondent\u2019s major source of information on climate change includes (Research institute-60%, radio\/Television station-30% and newspaper-0%). The ailments experienced by respondents are malaria (66%) and headache 12%. Major source of water supply during dry season is stream  76%, which is scarce during dry season (68%).The farmers main livelihood activities is trading of forest products (firewood &#038; bush meat-58%), sales of farm products and medicinal herbs represent 30% of their source of income. This study recommends that more awareness strategies on climate change should be opened-up to the farmers to curb the effect of deforestation. Good water supply should be provided in the area to eradicate the effects of prolong drought.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 134-137\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.O.Adetola<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B 5054, Jericho Hills Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D.S Muritala<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B 5054, Jericho Hills Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.A Adebisi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B 5054, Jericho Hills Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>O.M Onofurume<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nForestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B 5054, Jericho Hills Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdesiji, G.B. (2013). Effects of climate change on the Health of rural farmers in Offa, Kwara state Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAisha, M. and T. Sasilatha. (2016). Abnormality Analysis of Lungs using External parameters of Gross segmentation, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 10(1).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAkinwale, A.A. (2010). Livelihood and environmental challenges in coastal communities of Nigeria. Journal of sustainable Development in Africa, 12(8):79-88<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAllen. (2004). Ozone and climate change .NASA Earth observatory.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDictionary of Forestry. (2008). Definition of deforestation, http, Retrieved 19th June ,2014 .Available  from http:\/\/.en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deforestation_in_Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[6].\tInter-governmental panel on climate (IPCC). (2007). Climate change: synthesis report summary for policy makers\u2019 Available at: http:\/\/www.ipcc-wgl-ucar.edu\/wgl\/wgi-report.htm.  Accessed 12 Apr, 2011.1-22.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tInyang, M.P and Esohe, K.P.  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Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Science 6(13)<br \/>\r\n[16].\tTsoho, B.A. (2005).Economics of tomato based cropping system under small scale irrigation system in Sokoto state Nigeria. Unpublished M.sc Thesis Department of Agricultural Economics &#038;farm management; university of Ilorin, 105pp<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUNDP. (2005). Human Development Report 2001.New York; United Nations Development Program, human Development Report office.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tWeart S.R. (2003). The Discovery of Global Warming. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA: 240 [Google Scholar].<br \/>\r\n[19].\tAnderegg WR, Prall JW, Harold J, Schneider SH. (2010). Expert credibility in climate change.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107(27):12107\u201312109. [PMC free article] [PubMed][Google Scholar]<br \/>\r\n[20].\t3. Cook J, Nuccitelli D, Green SA, et al. (2013). Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature. Environ Res Lett. 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[Google Scholar]<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">O.O.Adetola, D.S Muritala, M.A Adebisi, O.M Onofurume, &#8220;Impact of Climate Change on Farmers Livelihood in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.134-137 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/134-137.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/134-137.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-climate-change-on-farmers-livelihood-in-oluyole-local-government-area-of-oyo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Climate Change on Farmers Livelihood in Oluyole Local Government Area of Oyo State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34644d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e34644d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3465df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3465df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3468d5\" data-id=\"e3468d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e346aee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e346aee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e346c38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e346c38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e346f0b\" data-id=\"e346f0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e347138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e347138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e347297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e347297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e347554\" data-id=\"e347554\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34777d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34777d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Environmental Factors Influencing Churches to Sponsor Public Schools in Turbo Division, Uasingishu County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Philip Kipkorir Matutu &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 138-144<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3478cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3478cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e347b88\" data-id=\"e347b88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e347def elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e347def\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to investigate environmental factors influencing churches to sponsor public schools in Turbo Division, Uasin Gishu County. The specific objective focused on establishing environmental roles that influence churches to sponsor public schools. The study adopted descriptive survey research design and a target population drawn from 97 public schools. The respondents involved were from 41 church sponsored schools of which 23 were public primary schools and 18 were public secondary schools. The respondents were school management committee, Head Teachers and Board of Management. Data was collected using questionnaires, oral interviews and observations. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative techniques and presented using tables and figures .The results indicated that the environmental roles that influence churches competition to sponsor public schools include- the competition for more religious influence, recognition and fame as well as autonomy over decision making and use of resources. On the other hand the sponsor is perceived in the public eye to be contributing less to schools in terms of provision of infrastructure and supporting the human resource. It is recommended that the sponsors\u2019 role should be re-defined to take an active part in environmental infrastructural development of schools in order to maintain the sponsors\u2019 status and schools\u2019 expectations in Kenyan\u2019s public schools irrespective of their key mandate or locality.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 138-144\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Philip Kipkorir Matutu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education Kisii University, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1].\tBorg, M; Gal, w and Borg, J. (1993).Educational Research, WhitePlains, NewYork. Longman Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCheboi, B. (2013).The Higher Education Loan Board Report at Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCheruiyot,P.(2013).Sponsor Meddling Affects Schools, SpecialReport, Daily Nation Newspaper, March 13th<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEshiwani, G. (1993). Education in Kenya since Independence, Nairobi: East African Education Publishers<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGikandi, W.(2005).Influence of School Boards and Sponsor Churches, The Standard Newspaper, May 18th<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKamunge report. (1988).Presidential Working Party on Education and Man Power Development and Training for the Next Decade and beyond.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKanuku, P, (2007).The Catholic sponsored schools as Agents of Evangelization.Nairobi: Government Press, Kenya .March, 2001.Nation Media Group, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKimengi, I.N and Lumallas, J.E.S. (2009).History of Education, Eldoret: Moi University press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKothari, C.R.(2004).Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New Delhi: New Age International Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMabeya T.NdikuJ, and Njinu J.(2009).Role of church sponsor in Management of Secondary Schools ;impact on Academic Performance and Conflict Concern in Kenya ,Retrieved December 13,2013,from ndikuyuda@yahoo.com.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMwanje, J.I. (2008).Quantitative Research Process (module2), www.researchmrc.com<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMwathi, K.(2010).Changing of Education Profession in Education in East Africa.A journal published for regional council of education, 12, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOkullu, H.(1996).Church and Politics in East Africa.Nairobi:Uzima Press Limited.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOrodho, J.A (2004). Techniques of writing research reports: Nairobi, Masola Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRepublic of Kenya. (1999).Policy framework for Educational Training and Resources. Nairobi: Government Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tShidende, M.(2010).The Contribution to Education Developments by the Pentecostal Assemblies of God in Kenya.Nairobi: ACTS Press.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSifuna, D.Chege, F. and Oanda, I. (2006). Theories in the Study of the Foundation of Education, Nairobi: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSheffield, R.(2004).Education in Kenya:An Historical Study.New York: Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tThungu, J.(2008). Mastering P.T.E, Nairobi: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tVictoria Safaris (nd).Retrieved January 10, 2014 from https\\\\www. Ezineart.com.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tWachinje, J. (2012).You differs with Churches at your own risk.Daily Nation Newspaper, p.19-20.Official Training Document of Virginia PTA.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Philip Kipkorir Matutu &#8220;Environmental Factors Influencing Churches to Sponsor Public Schools in Turbo Division, Uasingishu County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.138-144 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/138-144.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/138-144.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/environmental-factors-influencing-churches-to-sponsor-public-schools-in-turbo-division-uasingishu-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environmental Factors Influencing Churches to Sponsor Public Schools in Turbo Division, Uasingishu County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3492ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3492ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3493c8 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-e34972d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34972d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e349896\" data-id=\"e349896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3499b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3499b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e349a5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e349a5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e349bb5\" data-id=\"e349bb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e349cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e349cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e349d6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e349d6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e349eb5\" data-id=\"e349eb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e349fca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e349fca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Infrastrural Access Challenges and Their Effects on Enrolment of Physically Challenged Learners Integrated Into Public Primary Schools In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Joseph Kiprono Lelan, PhD, Yagan Kibet Rono, James Kimeli Sang, PhD- May 2019 Page No.: 145-155<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34a066 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34a066\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34a1d0\" data-id=\"e34a1d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34a2f4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e34a2f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Kenyan government has put in place deliberate awareness policies and strategies to integrate learners with special needs in regular learning settings. This is to open doors for All and hence enrolment rates. Despite this learners with physical impairment continue to face specific challenges that hinder their enrolment in one way or another. People with physical disabilities have poorer health outcomes, lower education achievements, less economic participation and higher rates of poverty than people without disabilities\u201d(WHO, 2011).The objective of the study was to establish the infrastructural access challenges and their effects on enrolment of physically challenged learners integrated in public primary schools in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The study employed descriptive survey design in collecting data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics that involved frequency and percentages, with the help of computer Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).  Documentary review was used to examine infrastructure situation in public primary schools Uasin-Gishu County. Major findings revealed that (75.8%) of learning institution had inadequate or total lack of infrastructure that directly support learners with physical impairments. Eighty five percent (85.3%) of infrastructure was accessible but with difficulty to learners with physical disabilities whereby (35.4) and (25.2) respectively were reported as being average and poor conditions. These findings have a great implication on enrolment rates of these learners. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education should enforce the relevant policies and impose stiff penalties for stakeholders who do not provide for accessibility leeway for all as they do constructions. Exististing School infrastructural facilities should be re inspected and evaluated with the aim of promoting access for learners with physical challenges.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 145-155\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joseph Kiprono Lelan, PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, Moi University- Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yagan Kibet Rono<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, Moi University- Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Kimeli Sang, PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, Moi University- Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBerry, R. A. (2008). Novice teachers Conceptions fairness in inclusion classrooms. \tTeaching and Teacher Education, 24(5), 1149-1159.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBleck, E. E. (1979). \u201cIntegrating the Physically Handicapped Child\u201d. The Journal of School Health. 49, 141-146.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBeresford, B. Rabiee, P. &#038; Sloper, P (2007). Priorities and perceptions of disabled children andyoungpeopleregardingsupportandoutcome.Retrievedfrom;http:\/\/www.fatherhoodinstitute.org\/uploads\/publications\/344.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChataika, T. (2010), Inclusion of Disabled Leaners in Higher Education in Zimbabwe \tin Commission Dar es Salaam and Regional Commissioners\u2019 Office Morogoro, New York: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCommission of Human Rights. (2005). Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York and Geneva: UN Printers.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDFID (2012). Education for Children with Disabilities-Improving Access and Quality. Disabilities. USA: Institute of Community Integration.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGallagher, J. J., Anastasiow. N. J. &#038; Coleman, M. R.  (2006). Educating Exceptional leaners. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGovernment of Kenya, (2003). A report of the task force on Special needs education  appraisal exercise. Nairobi: Government Press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGovernment of Kenya. (2008). Kenya National Survey for Personsm with Disabilities Main\tReport National Coordinating Agency for Population and Development (NCAPD) and\tKenya National Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.african.org.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKarangwa, E. (2008) Inclusive Higher Education in Rwanda: The Story Continues.EENET \tNewsletter 12. Manchester, Enabling Education Network. Retrieved from http\/\/www.eenet.org.uk\/resources\/eenet_newsletter\/news12\/page5.php.Accessed 19 Feb \t2014<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKipruto, K. J., Misigo, B. L. &#038; Simiyu, C. W. (2006). \u201cMainstreaming Primary School Learners\u2019 Attitudes towards Integration with the Challenged in Western Province of Kenya\u201d. The Educator 1 (1), 27-33.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKonza Deslea (2008). Inclusion of Students With Disabilities in New Times: Responding to the Challenges. Edith: Cowan University<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMuigai, N. (2012). Challenges Facing Education of a Girls with Physical Disabilities. M. Ed\t Thesis (unpublished work) Nairobi: Kenyatta University Press. Musikhe (2006)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMutisya, C. (2004). Factors Influencing Inclusion of Learners with Special Needs. M. Ed\t\tThesis,(unpublished work) Nairobi: Kenyatta University<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMadriaga, M.  (2007)  Enduring  Disabilism:  Leaners   with  Dyslexia  and  their  Pathway \tinto  UK  Higher  Education  and  Beyond  Disability  and  Society,  22.  (4):  399-<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMaster\u2019s Dissertation). Tanzania: The Open University of   Tanzania<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNdinda, M. H. (2005). Integrating the Physically Disabled Children into Regular Schools in\tKenya. An Analysis of Causes of Marginalization, the Life Situation of the Disabled\tChildren and Proposals for enhancing their Inclusion and Welfare. PhD Dissertation\tUniversity of Osnabruck, Califonia.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tNkinge, S. (2009). Social cultural perception of teachers and parents on inclusive Education In four selected Special and integrated schools in Kenya. Unpublished M.Ed thesis. Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tWorld    Health    Organization    (2011a)    10    Facts    on    Disability.    Retrieved    http\/\/www.who.int\/features\/factfiles\/disability\/en\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2366260 Accessed on 21th March 2014. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joseph Kiprono Lelan, PhD, Yagan Kibet Rono, James Kimeli Sang, PhD &#8220;Infrastrural Access Challenges and Their Effects on Enrolment of Physically Challenged Learners Integrated Into Public Primary Schools In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.145-155 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/145-155.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/145-155.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" 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Their Effects on Enrolment of Physically Challenged Learners Integrated Into Public Primary Schools In Uasin Gishu County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34b10b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e34b10b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34b1f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34b1f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34b384\" data-id=\"e34b384\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34b4b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34b4b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34b559 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34b559\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34b6b8\" data-id=\"e34b6b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34b7c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34b7c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34b862 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34b862\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34b9b2\" data-id=\"e34b9b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34bac2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34bac2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34bb5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34bb5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34bca9\" data-id=\"e34bca9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34bdae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34bdae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34be4a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34be4a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34bfc0\" data-id=\"e34bfc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34c0da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34c0da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women\u2019s Access to Income and Its Effect on Spousal Violence &#8211; Experience of Microcredit Borrowers in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>ATM Jahiruddina, Tania Afroze, Mir Sohrab Hossain, Nusrat Zahan Lopa &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 156-166<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34c176 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34c176\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34c302\" data-id=\"e34c302\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34c451 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e34c451\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigates microcredit borrower women\u2019s experiences about violence on them by their husbands, with a particular focus on the differences among the women of different poverty groups in this regard. Furthermore, this study investigates the underlying socio-economic circumstances that might have resulted in differential experiences pertinent to spousal violence of the women of different. The study was conducted in the western part of rural Bangladesh with 640 microcredit borrower women with the help of a structured questionnaire survey and a series of unstructured in-depth interviews. The findings suggest that women close to the poverty line (just above or below) experienced significant improvement with regards to spousal violence. Direct involvement of women in managing microcredit funded venture, and at the same time, significant improvement in the household\u2019s living standard resulting from the income of microcredit investment have been found as the main reasons for this improvement. The findings also suggest that violence on women is likely to reduce with longer duration of borrowing period. This study also suggests that participation in microcredit programs, in some instances, has aggravated spousal violence. In most cases, a section of absolute poor borrowers were victim of such situations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 156-166\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ATM Jahiruddina <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muddassir AHMAD GADO <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mir Sohrab Hossain <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nusrat Zahan Lopa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAfrin, S., Islam, N., &#038; Uddin, A. 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Poverty and finance in Bangladesh: A new policy agenda. In Wood, G. D. &#038;Sharif I. (Eds.), who needs credit? Poverty and finance in Bangladesh(pp. 62-81). London: Zed books.<br \/>\r\n[51].\tSilverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Kapur, N.A., Gupta, J, &#038; Raj, A. (2007).Violence against wives, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection among Bangladeshi men. Sexual Transmission and Infection, 83(3), 211\u20135.<br \/>\r\n[52].\tTolman, R. M. &#038; Wang, H. C. (2005). Domestic violence and women\u2019s employment: Fixed effects models of three waves of women\u2019s employment study data. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36(1-2), 147-158.<br \/>\r\n[53].\tVyas, S., &#038; Watts, C. (2009). How does economic empowerment affect women&#8217;s risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence. Journal of international Development, 21(5), 577-602.<br \/>\r\n[54].\tWeber, H. (2002). The implication of global development architecture: The example of microcredit. Review of International Studies, 28(3), 537-555.<br \/>\r\n[55].\tYllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In GellesR. J. &#038;Loseke, D. R. (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[56].\tYunus M. (2006). Nobel Lecture at the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony, Oslo.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ATM Jahiruddina, Tania Afroze, Mir Sohrab Hossain, Nusrat Zahan Lopa &#8220;Women\u2019s Access to Income and Its Effect on Spousal Violence &#8211; Experience of Microcredit Borrowers in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.156-166 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/156-166.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/womens-access-to-income-and-its-effect-on-spousal-violence-experience-of-microcredit-borrowers-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women\u2019s Access to Income and Its Effect on Spousal Violence &#8211; Experience of Microcredit Borrowers in Bangladesh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34d286 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elementor-element-e34d6a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34d6a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34d7f5\" data-id=\"e34d7f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34d8ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34d8ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34d99a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34d99a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34daec\" data-id=\"e34daec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34dbff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34dbff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34dc9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34dc9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34ddf3\" data-id=\"e34ddf3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34defb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34defb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34dfa0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34dfa0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34e101\" data-id=\"e34e101\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34e21d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34e21d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationships between Organizational Climate and Organizational Commitment: A Literature Review in the Asian Context<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gesca Sonarita, Sudjarwo Sudjarwo, Hasan Hariri &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 167-171<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34e2bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34e2bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34e435\" data-id=\"e34e435\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34e566 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e34e566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The importance of organizational climate in an organization attracts researchers to investigate it, and this paper is to examine the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment. There are a few articles about review of the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment, especially in Asia context, that can be found. The purpose of this review is to examine the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment in Asia. Based on the results of literature review from various countries and organizations in Asia, we found that organizational climate and organizational commitment has a positive and significant relationship.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 167-171\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gesca Sonarita<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sudjarwo Sudjarwo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hasan Hariri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdeniji, Anthonia Adenike. (2011). Organizational climate as a predictor of employee job satisfaction: Evidence from Covenant University. Business intelligence journal, 4(1), 151-166.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAhluwalia, Darshnita B, &#038; Singh, Promila. (2015). Organisational climate, work motivation and hierarchical level as predictors of job satisfaction and organisational commitment among railway employees. Indian Journal of Health and Wellbeing, 6(9), 831.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAhmad Hashemi, Seyed. (2014). Investigating the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment and organizational effectiveness among school managers: A case study in Fars province in Iran. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 2(3 (s)), pp. 1665-1671.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tArabaci, \u0130 Bak\u0131r. (2011). Organizational Climate of F\u0131rat University. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tArdakani, Samad Ranjbar, Ansari, Ahmad, &#038; Ardakani, Mostafa Ranjbar. (2012). Organizational Climate And Commitment.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAriyani, Emma Dwi. (2013). Organizational climate towards job satisfaction and organizational commitment at workplace. Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Sciences: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Innovation, Communication, and Engineering (ICICE 2013), 26 Oktober &#8211; 1 November 2013, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAriyani, Emma Dwi. (2015). The mediating roles of job satisfaction in the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment. Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Sciences: Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress on Interdisciplinary Behavior and Social Science 2014 (ICIBSoS 2014), 1\u20132 November 2014, Bali, Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tArora, Nitin, Nuseir, Mohammed T, Nusair, Talal T, &#038; Arora, Rumy. (2012). Study-based moderators influencing the relationship between organizational climate and employee&#8217;s organization commitment: A meta-analysis. EuroMed Journal of Business, 7(2), 201-220.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tAtmojo, Marnis. (2015). The influence of transformational leadership on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and employee performance. International research journal of business studies, 5(2).<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBahrami, Mohammad Amin, Barati, Omid, Ghoroghchian, Malake-sadat, Montazer-alfaraj, Razieh, &#038; Ezzatabadi, Mohammad Ranjbar. (2016). Role of Organizational Climate in Organizational Commitment: The Case of Teaching Hospitals. Osong public health and research perspectives, 7(2), 96-100.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBakhshi, Arti, Kumar, Kuldeep, &#038; Rani, Ekta. (2009). Organizational justice perceptions as predictor of job satisfaction and organization commitment. International journal of Business and Management, 4(9), 145.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tDanish, Rizwan Qaiser, Draz, Umar, &#038; Ali, Hafiz Yasir. (2015). Impact of organizational climate on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in education sector of Pakistan. American Journal of mobile Systems, Aplications and Service, 1(2), 102-109.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tDorgham, Shereen Ragab. (2012). Relationship between organization work climate &#038; staff nurses organizational commitment. Nature and Science, 10(2), 80.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tFeizi, Somayeh. (2014). A study on the relationship between organizational climate with organizational commitment at the Ministry of labor and Social Affairs from the operating experts\u2019 perspective of that ministry. 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A study on the effect of organizational climate on organizational commitment: A case study of educational system. Management Science Letters, 3(1), 181-194.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tSchneider, Benjamin, Ehrhart, Mark G, &#038; Macey, William H. (2013). Organizational climate and culture. Annual review of psychology, 64, 361-388.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tShanker, Meera. (2015). Organizational climate an antecedent to organizational commitment: An Empirical Study. Aweshkar Research Journal, 19(1).<br \/>\r\n[33].\tShirzadi, Reza, Shad, Jafar Ravan, Nasiri, Mohammad, Abdi, Hasan, &#038; Khani, Shahrookh. (2013). The relation of organizational climate and job motivation with organizational commitment of new employed teachers of physical education of educations and training administration in Kermanshah Province. Advances in Environmental Biology, 4084-4089.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tSnodgrass Rangel, Virginia. (2018). A review of the literature on principal turnover. 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Paper presented at the International Conference on Modern Research&#8217;s in Management, Economics, &#038; Accounting, 9 July 2016, Berlin, Germany.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gesca Sonarita, Sudjarwo Sudjarwo, Hasan Hariri &#8220;Relationships between Organizational Climate and Organizational Commitment: A Literature Review in the Asian Context&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.167-171 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/167-171.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/167-171.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationships-between-organizational-climate-and-organizational-commitment-a-literature-review-in-the-asian-context\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Relationships between Organizational Climate and Organizational Commitment: A Literature Review in the Asian Context<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34f38b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e34f38b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34f7a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34f7a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34f8eb\" data-id=\"e34f8eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34fa01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34fa01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34fa9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34fa9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34fbe6\" data-id=\"e34fbe6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34fcfa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34fcfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e34fd9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e34fd9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e34fee5\" data-id=\"e34fee5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e34ffea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e34ffea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e350084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e350084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3501ee\" data-id=\"e3501ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3502ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3502ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers Beliefs and Practices on the Implementation of Performance Assessment in Higher Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lukluk Argita Munif, Endang Fauziati, Sri Marmanto &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 172-178<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35039b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35039b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e350506\" data-id=\"e350506\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e350631 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e350631\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The ultimate goal of education is that students can participate in real-world activities and assessment systems help them to understand the real situations and to know their abilities and skills development. Thus, in this paper, the main aim is to describe teachers beliefs and practices about the implementation of performance assessment in public college under The Ministry of Industry in Indonesia. Interviews, observation, and document analysis were used to find the beliefs of the two teachers. The researcher used the components from Ruiz-Primo and Shavelson (1996) as the framework in analyzing the findings. Each of these components has its own big points to explain participants beliefs. Results indicate that their beliefs created based on their knowledge and experiences. It also influences what they say and what they do in creating and directing the performance assessment. However, the differences also found between the findings, the theories, and previous studies results.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 172-178\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lukluk Argita Munif<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMagister English Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Endang Fauziati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMagister English Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sri Marmanto<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMagister English Department, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdair-Hauck B. &#038; Troyan F.J. 2017. A descriptive and co-constructive approach to integrated performance assessment feedback. Foreign Language Annals, Vol. 46 (1), pp. 23-44.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAguirre, J. &#038; Speer, N.M. 2000. Examining the relationship between beliefs and goals in teacher practice. Journal of mathematical behaviour, Vol. 18 (3), pp. 327-356.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAliningsih F. &#038; Sofwan A. 2015. English teachers perception and prcatices of authentic assessment. Language Circle: Journal of Language and Literature, X\/1.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBrown, H.D. 2004. Language assessment: Principles and classroom practices. New York: Pearson Education Inc.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBruner, J. 1996. The culture of education. Cambridge: MA, Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tChang, C. 2006. Teachers\u2019 beliefs towards oral language assessment in Taiwan collegiate EFL classrooms. International conference on English instructions and assessment, Vol. 2 (8), pp. 34-76.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCreswell, J.W. 2012. Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. 4th edition. London: Pearson.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDepartement Pendidikan Nasional. 2008. Memilih Bahan Ajar. Jakarta : Depdiknas.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFauziati, E. 2015. Teaching English as a foreign language: Principle and practice. Jakarta: Era Pustaka Utama.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHammond, L.D. &#038; Snyder, J. 2000. Authentic assessment of teaching in context. Teaching and Teacher Education, Vol. 16 pp. 523-545.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHerman, J.L., Aschbacher, P.R., &#038; Winters, L. 1992. A practical guide to alternative assessment. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tIoannou-Georgiou, S. &#038; Pavlou, P. 2003. Assessing young learners. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKoh, K.H. 2016. Authentic Assessment. Research and Assessment Methods. pp.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLinh, N.N. 2016. Authentic assessment: A case study of its implementation in a lecturers classes in vietnam. ICESI.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMiles, M.B. &#038; Huberman, A.M. 1994. Qualitative data analysis. 2nd Edition. London: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMislevy, R.J. &#038; Knowles, K.T. 2002. Performance assessments for adult education: Exploring the measurement issues. Washington: National Academy Press.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMubarak, M. 2013. Science teachers\u2019 beliefs on performance tasks as a tool for authentic assessments. Theory and practice in language studies, Vol. 4 (12).<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOberg, C. 2013. Guiding classroom instruction through performance assessment. Journal of case studies in accreditation and assessment, Vol. 2 (3).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPajares, M. Frank. 1992. Teachers\u2019 beliefs and educational research: Cleaning up a messy construct. Review of educational research. Vol. 62, No. 3, pp. 307-332.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tPalm, T. 2008. Performance assessment and authentic assessment: A conceptual analysis of the literature. Practical assessment, research and evaluation, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1-11.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tPing Wang. 2004. Chinese science teachers beliefs about and practices of assessment. Unpublished dissertation. Georgia: University of Georgia.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRuiz-Primo, M.A. &#038; Shavelson, R.J. 1996. Rhetoric and reality in science performance assessments: An update. Journal of research in science teaching, Vol. 33 (10), pp. 1045-1063.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSalmani-Nodoushan, M. A. 2008. Performance assessment in language testing. I-manager\u2019s journal on school educating technology, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSalteh, M.A &#038; Sadeghi, K. 2015. What writing teachers say and what they actually do: The mismatch between theory and practice. Journal of language teaching and research, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 803-810.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tScouller, K. 1999. How assessment-driven are students really? In Rust, C. (ed.), Improving students learning: Improving student learning outcomes. Oxford Centre for Staff and Learning Development.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tStiggins, R. 2002. Assessment crisis: The absence of assessment for learning. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(10), pp. 758 \u2013 765.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tWiggins, G.P. 1993. Assessing students performance. San Fransisco: Jossey Bass Publisher.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tWren, D.G. 2015. Assessing 21st-century skills with performance tasks: The five-year journey of a large school division. Virginia educational leadership, Vol. 12, pp. 37-55.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lukluk Argita Munif, Endang Fauziati, Sri Marmanto &#8220;Teachers Beliefs and Practices on the Implementation of Performance Assessment in Higher Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.172-178 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/172-178.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/172-178.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-beliefs-and-practices-on-the-implementation-of-performance-assessment-in-higher-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers Beliefs and Practices on the Implementation of Performance Assessment in Higher Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3513ff elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e351685\" data-id=\"e351685\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3517a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3517a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35185b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35185b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3519b5\" data-id=\"e3519b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e351acf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e351acf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e351b6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e351b6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e351cbe\" data-id=\"e351cbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e351dc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e351dc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e351e64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e351e64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e351fa5\" data-id=\"e351fa5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3520b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3520b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e352155 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e352155\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3522c1\" data-id=\"e3522c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3523c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3523c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Undergraduate Student Research Experiences: A Call for ICT-Aided Supervision<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Efiritha Chauraya, Annah Moyo &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 179-185<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35246c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35246c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3525dc\" data-id=\"e3525dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35270d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e35270d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper makes an analysis of undergraduate students\u2019 experiences of their research supervision at a state university in Zimbabwe. Undergraduate students\u2019 research supervision experiences during their studies varied, mostly dichotomously. While some students experienced rewarding and gratifying experiences, others, however, underwent frustration, constringent and stressful experiences. Faculties did not show any significant variations, but mode of entry did. Most visiting\/block students recorded more negative than positive experiences about their supervisory process. The study concludes with suggestions to reduce student vulnerability and enhancement of the quality of the supervision process. Key suggestions included that: faculties set up research project monitoring focal persons, supervisors be trained in research supervision, and also that both supervisors and students be trained in ICT.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 179-185\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 May 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Efiritha Chauraya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Gender Studies, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Annah Moyo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Gender Studies, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbiddin, Z.N., Hassan, A.and Ahmad, R.A., (2009) Research Student Supervision: An approach to good supervisory practice. The Open Education Journal, 2, pp.11-16. [online]www.bentamscience.com\/&#8230;\/toeduj\/articles\/002\/11 [Accessed 9 July 2012].<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArmstrong, C., 2007. The Relationship between PhD Supervisor and Student. www.2.warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/arts\/history\/staff\/c Armstrong [Accessed 17 February 2012]<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCherry, K. (ud). What is Social Exchange Theory?www.psychology.about.com\/od\/sindex\/g\/social exchange.htm [Accessed 13 May 2012].<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChiome, C; Chabaya R.A; Chabaya,O. and  Mupa, P., 2012. Quality Research Supervisory Practices at a Distance: exploring the experience of Zimbabwe Open University Postgraduate in education students. European Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 1(4), pp.1-19<br \/>\r\n[5].\tConnor, M &#038; Pokora, J., 2007. Coaching and Mentoring at Work: developing effective practice. Maidenhead: Open University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCrossman, A (ud). Social Exchange Theory. www.sociology.about.com\/od\/sociological-theory\/a\/social-exchange.htm  [Accessed 13 May 2012].<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDietz,A.J.,  Jansen,J.D. and  Wadee, A.A., 2006. Effective PhD Supervision and Mentorship. A Workbook based on experiences from South Africa and the Netherlands. Pretoria: Unisa Press.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEqelkraut, M., 2010. Healthy Supervisor \u2013 supervisee relationships. www.voices.yahoo.com\/healthy-supervisor-supervise relationships -[]91 33081 htm? Cat=31 [Accessed on i6 May 2012].<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHofstee, E., 2006. Constructing a Good Dissertation. www.exactia.co.za [Accessed on 26 may 2012].<br \/>\r\n[10].\tJames, R.,and  Baldwin, G.,1999.Eleven Practices of Effective Post Graduate Supervisors.(online) Melbourne: Centre for the study of higher education.  www.cshe.unimlb.edu.au\/&#8230;\/docs\/11 practics.pdf. [Accessed 10 April 2011].<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKrauss, E.S.,and Ismail, I.A., 2010. PhD Students\u2019 Experiences of Thesis Supervision in Malaysia: Managing relationships in the midst of institutional change. The Qualitative Report, 15 pp. 802-822. www.nova.edu\/sss\/QR 15-4\/ krauss.pdf [Accessed on 10 April 2012].<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLee, A., 2008. How are doctoral students supervised? Concepts of doctoral research supervision. Studies in Higher Education, 33(3), pp. 267-281.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tLessing, A.C., and Schulze, S., 2003. Postgraduate Supervision and Academic Support: students\u2019 perceptions. South African Journal of Higher Education, 16 (2), pp. 139-149.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMasembe, C.S., and Nakabugo, M.G.,2004. Supervisor-Supervisee Relationship: A Rose without thorns? Graduate studies supervision at Makerere University. www.ahero.uwc.ac.za\/index.php?module==cshe action=download. [Accessed 5 August 2012].<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMor Barak, M., Travis, J, D; Pyun, H &#038; Xie B, (2009) The Impact of Supervision on Worker Outcomes: a Meta- analysis. Social Service Review, 83(1), pp. 3-32. www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.1086\/599028[Accessed 1 June 2012].<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPatton, M. Q., 1990. Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. Washington DC:  Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tPhillips, E. &#038; Pugh, D.S.; 2005. How to get a PhD. A Handbook for Students and their Supervisors. Berkshire: Open University Press.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPyhalto, K., Toom, A., Stubb,J. and Lonka, K., 2012. Challenges of Becoming a Scholar: A study of Doctoral Students\u2019 Problems and Well-Being. www.hindawi.com\/isrn\/education\/2012\/934941[Accessed 17 February 2012].<br \/>\r\n[19].\tScott, J., 2000. Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the present. UK: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tStacey, E. and Fountain, W., 2001.  \u2018Student and supervisor Perspectives in a Computer-Mediated Research Relationship\u2019, Paper presented at the meeting at Crossroads. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Australian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.www.ascilite.org.au\/conferences\/melbourne\/01\/pdf\/&#8230;\/staceye[Accessed 13 May 2012].<br \/>\r\n[21].\tWadesango, N. and Machingambi, S., 2011. Post Graduate Students\u2019 Experiences with Research Supervisors Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology (JSSA), 2(1), pp.31-37.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tWhiteside, U., Pantelone, D.W., Hunter-Reel, D.; Eland, J., Kleiber, B and Larimer, M., 2007. Initial Suggestions for supervising and mentoring undergraduate Research Assistants at Large Research Universities International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education.www.iset\/org\/ijthe [Accessed on 13 May 2011].<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Efiritha Chauraya, Annah Moyo &#8220;Undergraduate Student Research Experiences: A Call for ICT-Aided Supervision&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.179-185 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/179-185.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/179-185.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/undergraduate-student-research-experiences-a-call-for-ict-aided-supervision\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Undergraduate Student Research Experiences: A Call for ICT-Aided Supervision<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3536d8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3536d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e353934 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e353934\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e353ad5\" data-id=\"e353ad5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e353c00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e353c00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e353ca4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e353ca4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e353df7\" data-id=\"e353df7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e353fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e353fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e354083 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e354083\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3541e1\" data-id=\"e3541e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3542f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3542f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3543af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3543af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3544f9\" data-id=\"e3544f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e354607 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e354607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3546a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3546a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3547ed\" data-id=\"e3547ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3548fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3548fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e354996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e354996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e354af1\" data-id=\"e354af1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e354c04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e354c04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Compensation and Employee Performance of Bank in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fubara, Ibim Favour &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 186-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e354ca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e354ca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e354e15\" data-id=\"e354e15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3550bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3550bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was designed to examine the relationship between compensation and Employee Performance of banks operating in Port Harcourt. Among the statement of the problem is the need to explore how banks could leverage on compensation as a strategy to remain competitive in business by retaining high performing staff. This is at a time when there exist other lucrative industries both locally and globally capable of absorbing such staff, especially with the ongoing advocacy and support programmes aimed at encouraging creative young minds to become their own boss. It was based on this backdrop that the reinforcement and expectation theory was adopted as the theoretical foundation for this study. Then utilized a cross sectional survey design as the research methodology as structured questionnaire was distributed to one hundred and forty nine staff of five selected banks and one hundred and twenty were retrieved from the field. With the aid of mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product Correlation Coefficient were utilized as the analysis technique, aided by statistical package for social sciences. Findings from the research revealed that compensation relates positively and significantly with employee performance, as it has significant impact on job satisfaction, employee productivity and employee efficiency. Therefore, it was recommended that compensation is a strategic tool management can leverage on to enhance employee performance and it should be positively utilized as a veritable tool to improve motivation to work better.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 186-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fubara, Ibim Favour<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnyanwu, S.A., (2014). Introduction to research method, 2nd Edition, Port Harcourt: SherbrookePublisher Limited,<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAnyebe, A. (2003). The Nigerian Civil Service; Issues in structure and operation journal of  professional administration,5;11-17.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tArmstrong, M (2005). A handbook of human resources management practices. UK: Kogan page.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBob, N. (2011). Making employees suggestions Count: Journal of personnel management, 17; 20 -41.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tByars.L&#038;Rue. L. (2008) Human resource management, 10th Edition.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDewhurst, M., Guthridge, M.&#038; Mohr, E., (2010). Motivating people: getting beyond money, Business Source Complete.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDeeprose, D. (1994). How to recognize and reward employees. New York: AMACOM.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEagly, A.H &#038;Chaiken, S., (2013).The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth,TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich; 1993.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tEisenberg, N. (1992). The caring child, Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tFishbein, M.J., (2011). The Praxy of Organizational Work Behaviour. London: Oxford WilsonHarman Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHasibuan&#038;Malayu, S.P. (2003). Manajemensumberdayamanusia. Jakarta:PenerbitBumiAksara.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tHeneman, R.L., &#038; Werner, J.M. (2005). Merit pay &#8211; linking pay to performance ina changing world (2nd Eds.). Greenwich :CT IAP.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHulin, C. L., &#038; Judge, T. A. (2003). Job attitUdes: Industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 255-276).<br \/>\r\n[14].\tIvancevich, G.A. (2008). Managementtheory and practice. 5th edition, NewYork: Macmillan Norris Publishers Limited..<br \/>\r\n[15].\tJaja, S.A. (2009),Praxy of work behaviour. Port Harcourt: Soboma Publisher Limited.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tLocke, R.O., (2008). Production taxonomy. 2nd edition. Ibadan: Challenge Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMathis, M. J.&#038; Jackson, T.O., (2006). The praxy of organizational work behaviour. Oxford: Wilson Harman Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMilkovich, G.T., &#038; Newman, J. (2005). Compensation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tNunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New York, United State of America: McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tNwachukwu, C.C (2005). Personnel administration, in Nigeria, 3rdEdition.Onitsha, Africana FE1 Publishing company Limited.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tNwachukwu, C.C. (2000), Personnel administration in Nigeria, 3rdEdition.Onitsha:African FEI Publishing Company Limited.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tNwachukwu, C.C., (2011) Research method administrative sciences, Port Harcourt:Beiks Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tNwachukwu. C.C., (2006).  Human resources management. Onitsha: Africana FEI Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tOkhee L. (1997). Diversity and equity for Asian American students in science education. Science Education 81,107\u2013122. assested 4th may 2019.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tOfurum, C.O., (2013). financial accounting principles, 1st Edition:,Owerri:Teslon Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tOnuoha, J. D. (2007). Theory and practice management development, 1stEdition. Port Harcourt:Beiks Publishing Company Limited.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tOpatha, O.P., (2010). Training and employees\u2019 performance. 1st Edition Tuskegee: Nordcian Publishers Limited,.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tPearce, L.(2010). Managerial compensation based on organization performance, Journal of industrial Relation, 52:3-28.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tPuteril, A.J. &#038;Rohre, T.A., (2015). Theory and practice of management development, 1st Edition USA: Macmillan Book Publishing Company Limited.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tRizwan Q.D and Ali U.(2010). Impact of reward and recognition on job satisfaction and motivation. An empirical study. Pakistan: International journal of business and management.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tVroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tWicker, B.U., (2009) Composition, process, and performance in self-managed groups:The role of personality. Journal of Applied Psychology,1(82),62-78.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fubara, Ibim Favour &#8220;Compensation and Employee Performance of Bank in Port Harcourt, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.186-192 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/186-192.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/186-192.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/compensation-and-employee-performance-of-bank-in-port-harcourt-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Compensation and Employee Performance of Bank in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e356286 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e356286\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e356398 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e356398\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35654e\" data-id=\"e35654e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e356689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e356689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e356747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e356747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3568cf\" data-id=\"e3568cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e356a05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e356a05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e356acf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e356acf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e356c4a\" data-id=\"e356c4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e356d79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e356d79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e356e1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e356e1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e356fbe\" data-id=\"e356fbe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e357103 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e357103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3571c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3571c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e357367\" data-id=\"e357367\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35749a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35749a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rethinking the Role of Human Resource: Assessing Student Retention in Kenyan Public University<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. James K. Sang (Ph.D.) &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 193-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e357550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e357550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3576e1\" data-id=\"e3576e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e357833 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e357833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The major dynamic of university education is to develop the people, society and the economy which are central to most National mission and visions. This study sought to investigate the determinants of Retention to public university education in Kenya. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects human resource on retention to public university education in Kenya. This study was modeled on the education production theory. The study used a case study research design. The research targeted 16 heads of departments and 1201 final students. Simple random sampling technique was used in choosing the sample size. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaire students of University of Eldoret. Data collected was analyzed quantitatively. Inferential and descriptive statistics specifically play an important role in the presentation and interpretation of analyzed data. The study findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between human resources on Retention to education (p=0.000). The study concluded that rapid expansion of university education has strained the existing facilities and adversely affected the quality of learning. The number of human resources in the university determines Retention of the education. The study recommends that there is need plan well for university education e.g. admitting students based on carefully done projections since lack of this may certainly result into challenges related to quality education. The findings of the study were found to be significant and benefit in the streamlining of Retention of public university in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. James K. Sang (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, P.O Box 3900, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAltbach, P.G., Reisberg, L. and Rumbley, L.E. (2015) Trends in Global Higher Education Tracking an Academic Revolution. UNESCO 2015 World Conference on Higher Education, Paris, 5-8 July 2015.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAyot and Briggs (2012). Does Students\u2019 Loan Amount affect Choice of Program of Study? Evidence from Privately Sponsored Undergraduate HELB Loan Recipients in Kenyan Public Universities.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBecker, S. A., Cummins, M., Davis, A., Freeman, A., Hall, C. G., &#038; Ananthanarayanan, V. (2017). NMC horizon report: 2017 higher education edition (pp. 1-60). The New Media Consortium.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tJowi, J. (2013). Governing Higher Education in the stakeholder society: Rethinking the role of the state in Kenya\u2019s higher education. Paper presented at the CHEPS Summer School, June 29 \u2013 July 4 2013, University of Maribor, Slovenia<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKombo, D. K., &#038; Tromp, D. L. (2009). Introduction to thesis writing. Nairobi: Pauline publications.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKothari, C.R (2098). Research methodology: methods and technique: New Delhi: New age international publishers 2nd revised edition<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOdhiambo, M., Mitullah, W. V., &#038; Akivaga, S. K. (2015). Management of Resources by Local Authorities: The Case of Local Authority Transfer Fund in Kenya. Claripress.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tOketch, K. (2012). The transformation of higher education in Kenya: challenges and opportunities. In Mijadala on Social Policy, Governance and Development in Kenya Forum, Nairobi Safari Club (Vol. 9).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tOnyango, G. A. (2011). Competences needed by secondary school head teachers and implications for pre-service and in-service education: a case of Nairobi and Kakamega district (Kenya) (Doctoral dissertation).<br \/>\r\n[10].\tScutters, V. (2011). The Right to Higher Education for National Development And Equal Opportunity In Nigeria: The Major Challenges Of Our Time. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10 (10).<br \/>\r\n[11].\tWolf, A. (2016). Women, lifelong learning, and transitions into employment. Work, Employment, and Society, 20, 309\u2013328.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tXinhua, X. (2011). Turning around low-performing private universities in China: A perspective of organizational ecology. International Review of Education, 58(6), 735-758.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. James K. Sang (Ph.D.) &#8220;Rethinking the Role of Human Resource: Assessing Student Retention in Kenyan Public University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.193-196 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/193-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/193-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rethinking-the-role-of-human-resource-assessing-student-retention-in-kenyan-public-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rethinking the Role of Human Resource: Assessing Student Retention in Kenyan Public University<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35878a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e35878a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e358882 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e358882\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e358a1f\" data-id=\"e358a1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e358b55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e358b55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e358c05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e358c05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e358d61\" data-id=\"e358d61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e358e95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e358e95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e358f4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e358f4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e359106\" data-id=\"e359106\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e359274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e359274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding Bursary Allocation and the Internal Efficiency of Secondary Schools Students in Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Prof. S.O. Odebero and Namachanja Edwin Wafula &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 197-202<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e359337 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e359337\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3594b7\" data-id=\"e3594b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e359618 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e359618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Secondary school education is very critical in any education system because of the crucial role it plays in catalyzing national development. Consequently, maintaining a high student enrolment at this level should be a priority for all countries.  The study was guided by classical liberal theory of equality of opportunities. The study was designed to determine equity implications in bursary awards on the internal efficiency of secondary schools. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the types of bursary allocated and the internal efficiency of secondary schools students. This study employed a mixed methods design. The participants comprised of secondary schools, banks offering bursaries, Constituency bursary committees and County Government Bursary Committees. Both probability and non-probability sampling designs were employed to determine sample size. Data was collected through questionnaire. Quantitative data were analyzed for descriptive statistics and inferential statistics.  The study established that there is positive and significant relationship between the types of bursary allocated and participation rates. The output of the study will provide information  to all stake holders  in the management of  secondary  schools  and help  in formulation  of relevant policies  that will be useful  in improving the management of secondary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-202\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. S.O. Odebero <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Education Planning and Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Namachanja Edwin Wafula<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Education Planning and Management, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAyade K., M. (1989). Long-term educational consequences of secondary school vouchers: Evidence from administrative records in Colombia. American Economic Review. 96: 847-862.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCreswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design, Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods   Approaches; London, SAGE<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMark, A.I. (1987). Interprofessional education: A summary of reports and barriers to recommendations. Journal of Education and Management. 48:106-112<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMacharia, K.N. (2011). Influence of principal leadership styles on teachers\u2019 career commitment in secondary schools in Imenti South District in Kenya. Unpublished Thesis, Chuka University College.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMuthoki, G. (2015). Financing education in sub-Saharan Africa. Finance and Development. 22: 35-43.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tOnuko, M.O. (2012). Affording the unaffordable: Cost sharing in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa. Peabody Journal of Education. 78: 88-106.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOdebero, O.S, Bosire, N.J, Sang, A.K, Ngala, B..J. &#038;Ngware, M.W (2007). Equity in Access to School Education in Kenya through HELB Loans in Relation to Demand, Supply and Effectiveness in Loan Recovery. Unpublished PhD Thesis, submitted to Egerton School, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGoK. (1988). Educational Management in Kenyan Situation. Government Printers: Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIPAR (2008). Education and Manpower Training for the next decade and beyond (Kamunge Report). Nairobi: Government Printer.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNjau, C.T. (2009). Buying the best: Cost escalation in elite higher education. Vol. 76. Princeton University Press<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNjeru, E. and Orodho, J.A. (2003). Access and Participation in Secondary School Education in Kenya: Emerging Issues and Policy Implications, IPAR DP 037\/2003, Regal Press Kenya Ltd., Nairobi.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. S.O. Odebero and Namachanja Edwin Wafula &#8220;Understanding Bursary Allocation and the Internal Efficiency of Secondary Schools Students in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.197-202 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/197-202.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/197-202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-bursary-allocation-and-the-internal-efficiency-of-secondary-schools-students-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding Bursary Allocation and the Internal Efficiency of Secondary Schools Students in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35a557 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e35a557\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35a64b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35a64b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35a883\" data-id=\"e35a883\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35a9e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35a9e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35aa99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35aa99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35ac0b\" data-id=\"e35ac0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35ad39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35ad39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35ade6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35ade6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35af70\" data-id=\"e35af70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35b08f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35b08f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Intervention Measures On: Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Joseph F.K. Tuitoek &#038; David Kibet Biwot &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 203-205<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35b13f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35b13f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35b2bc\" data-id=\"e35b2bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35b401 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e35b401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to evaluate determinants of access and equity to subsidized public secondary education in Eldoret West. The study was done in Eldoret West. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of intervention measures by the government and other stakeholder on access and equity to subside public secondary in Eldoret West. The study was modeled on the Education Production Functions Really Theory, proposed by (Lant Pritchett &#038; Seon Filmer, 1997). The mathematical relationship between inputs was referred to as the educational production function by economists; descriptive survey design was employed.  The target population for the study was the Sub-County Educational Officer and 16 Head teachers, simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique ware employed in choosing the sample size. The research instruments used to collect data was questionnaire for head teacher and teachers while the interview Schedule was used in SEO Eldoret west. A Pilot study was done to determine the reliability of the research instruments in 3 public secondary schools in Bungoma North Sub-County. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The descriptive statistics used was the frequencies, mean. The study established that lack of support was the biggest challenge affecting effective implementation of subsidized secondary education in public secondary schools the researcher recommends that the government should build more schools and employ more teachers to accommodate all those qualifying for secondary education from the primary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 203-205\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joseph F.K. Tuitoek  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kibet Biwot<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdan,J.(2008). \u201cGood and bad of Subsidized School\u201d East African Standard 6.02.2008 Nairobi: The Standard group<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArchilles, C.M. (1990). Small classes, biog Possibilities. The school Administrator, New York: Longman Inc.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBette J.K&#038;Shkolnik, JK. (1999).The Behavioral Effects of Variations in class size; the case Maths Teachers. Educational Evaluation and policy Analysis, 21, (2), 193-213<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBorg, R.W&#038;M.D.Gall. (1989).Educational research: An Introduction. New York: Longman Inc.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tG. O. K. (2008) President Kibaki Launches Subsidized Secondary Education, Nairobi: Office of  the public communications.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKerlinger, F.N. (1983).Foundation of Behavioral Research .Delhi: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKilel, C.F. (2007). Primary School Teachers perception of the Effects of class size on teaching effectiveness: A case of Kapsabet Division, Nandi North Sub-County of Kenya, unpublished M. Phil thesis, Moi University Eldoret.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKirui, K. (2008). The implementation of the physical education curriculum in secondary schools:<br \/>\r\na case of Bomet Sub-County in the Rift Valley Province- Kenya, Unpublished M. Phil thesis, Moi University, Eldoret.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMOE. (2008) \u201cInterim Guidelines for the Implementation of Subsidized Secondary School Education, Nairobi: Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMugenda, O. M &#038; Mugenda, A. G. (1999) Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOkwach, A.&#038;Abagi. (1998). Public and private investment in Education in Kenya. An Agenda for Action. IPAR CDP No. 005\/1997.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOyaro, K. (2009). Education-Kenya: Students pour in, Teachers drain Away. Interpress News Agency.http:\/\/ipsnews.net\/africa\/nota.asp?idnews=422667<br \/>\r\n[13].\tRepublic of Kenya.(2005). Sessional Paper No.1 on Education and Training. Nairobi: Government Printers.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tRepublic of Kenya. (2007) Report of the task force on affordable secondary education. Nairobi: Government printer.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tShikanda, F.C. (2008). Managing Subsidized Secondary Education: A paper presented to Kericho Sub-County Head teachers in Uasin-Gishu on 4th April 2008.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tUNESCO. (2007). Education for All issue 12, http:\/\/www.efa.Nairobi-Unesco.org\/efaxii\/<br \/>\r\n[17].\tWorld Declaration on Education for All. (1990). Development of Education in Africa: The Kenya Experience Nairobi: Initiative Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tAbagi, O.andOdipo, G., (1997) Efficiency of Primary Education in Kenya: Situational analysis and implication for Educational reform. Discussion paper No. DP0004\/97. Nairobi: IPAR.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tKothari, C.R (2008) Research Methodology: Methods and techniques: New Delhi: New age International publishers 2nd revised edition.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMugenda and Mugenda (2003).Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Nairobi: Act press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOkwach, A., and Odipo, (1997).Public and private investment in primary education in Kenya: An agenda for action.IPRA (DP N0.005\/1997).<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRepublic of Kenya, ( 1964). The Kenya commission report( The Ominde report). Nairobi: government printers. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Joseph F.K. Tuitoek &#038; David Kibet Biwot &#8220;Intervention Measures On: Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.203-205 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/203-205.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/203-205.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/intervention-measures-on-access-and-equity-to-subside-public-secondary-in-eldoret-west\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intervention Measures On: Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35c2ee elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e35c2ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35c3dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35c3dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35c5a3\" data-id=\"e35c5a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35c6e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35c6e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35c794 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35c794\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35c906\" data-id=\"e35c906\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35ca2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35ca2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35cad4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35cad4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35cc59\" data-id=\"e35cc59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35cd80 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35cd80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of School Administration on Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. John k. Njoroge &#038; David Kibet Biwot &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 206-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35ce3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35ce3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35cfb8\" data-id=\"e35cfb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35d0fa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e35d0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to evaluate determinants of access and equity to subsidized public secondary education in Eldoret West. The study was done in Eldoret West. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of intervention measures by the government and other stakeholder on access and equity to subside public secondary in Eldoret West. The study was modeled on the Education Production Functions Really Theory, proposed by (Lant Pritchett &#038; Seon Filmer, 1997). The mathematical relationship between inputs was referred to as the educational production function by economists; descriptive survey design was employed.  The target population for the study was the Sub-County Educational Officer and 16 Head teachers, simple random sampling and purposive sampling technique ware employed in choosing the sample size. The research instruments used to collect data was questionnaire for head teacher and teachers while the interview Schedule was used in SEO Eldoret west. A Pilot study was done to determine the reliability of the research instruments in 3 public secondary schools in Bungoma North Sub-County. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The descriptive statistics used was the frequencies, mean. The study established that lack of support was the biggest challenge affecting effective implementation of subsidized secondary education in public secondary schools the researcher recommends that the government should build more schools and employ more teachers to accommodate all those qualifying for secondary education from the primary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 206-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. John k. Njoroge <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kibet Biwot <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management and Policy Studies, School of Education, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdan,J.(2008). \u201cGood and bad of Subsidized School\u201d East African Standard 6.02.2008 Nairobi: The Standard group<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArchilles, C.M. (1990). Small classes, biog Possibilities. The school Administrator, New York: Longman Inc.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBette J.K&#038; Shkolnik, JK. (1999).The Behavioral Effects of Variations in class size; the case  Maths Teachers. Educational Evaluation and policy Analysis, 21, (2), 193-213<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBorg, R.W&#038;M.D.Gall. (1989).Educational research: An Introduction. New York: Longman Inc.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tG. O. K. (2008) President Kibaki Launches Subsidized Secondary Education, Nairobi: Office of the public communications.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKerlinger, F.N. (1983).Foundation of Behavioral Research .Delhi: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKilel, C.F. (2007). Primary School Teachers perception of the Effects of class size on teaching effectiveness: A case of Kapsabet Division, Nandi North Sub-County of Kenya, unpublished M. Phil thesis, Moi University Eldoret.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKirui, K. (2008). The implementation of the physical education curriculum in secondary schools:<br \/>\r\na case of Bomet Sub-County in the Rift Valley Province- Kenya, Unpublished M. Phil thesis, Moi University, Eldoret.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMOE. (2008) \u201cInterim Guidelines for the Implementation of Subsidized Secondary School Education, Nairobi: Ministry of Education.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMugenda, O. M &#038; Mugenda, A. G. (1999) Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOkwach, A.&#038; Abagi. (1998). Public and private investment in Education in Kenya. An Agenda for Action. IPAR CDP No. 005\/1997.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOyaro, K. (2009). Education-Kenya: Students pour in, Teachers drain Away. Interpress News Agency. http:\/\/ipsnews.net\/africa\/nota.asp?idnews=422667<br \/>\r\n[13].\tRepublic of Kenya. (2005). Sessional Paper No.1 on Education and Training. Nairobi: Government Printers.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tRepublic of Kenya. (2007) Report of the task force on affordable secondary education. Nairobi: Government printer.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tShikanda, F.C. (2008). Managing Subsidized Secondary Education: A paper presented to Kericho Sub-County Head teachers in Uasin-Gishu on 4th April 2008.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tUNESCO. (2007). Education for All issue 12, http:\/\/www.efa.Nairobi-Unesco.org\/efaxii\/<br \/>\r\n[17].\tWorld Declaration on Education for All. (1990). Development of Education in Africa: The Kenya Experience Nairobi: Initiative Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tAbagi, O.and Odipo, G., (1997) Efficiency of Primary Education in Kenya: Situational analysis and implication for Educational reform. Discussion paper No. DP0004\/97. Nairobi: IPAR.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tKothari, C.R (2008) Research Methodology: Methods and techniques: New Delhi: New age International publishers 2nd revised edition.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMugenda and Mugenda (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches: Nairobi: Act press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOkwach, A., and Odipo, (1997). Public and private investment in primary education in Kenya: \tAn agenda for action. IPRA (DP N0.005\/1997).<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRepublic of Kenya, ( 1964). The Kenya commission report ( The Ominde report). Nairobi: government printers<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. John k. Njoroge &#038; David Kibet Biwot &#8220;Role of School Administration on Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.206-210 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/206-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/206-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-school-administration-on-access-and-equity-to-subside-public-secondary-in-eldoret-west\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Role of School Administration on Access and Equity to Subside Public Secondary in Eldoret West <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35df7b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e35df7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35e064 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35e064\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35e1e3\" data-id=\"e35e1e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35e307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35e307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35e3b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35e3b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35e500\" data-id=\"e35e500\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35e616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35e616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35e6b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35e6b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35e81b\" data-id=\"e35e81b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35e932 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35e932\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Household Level on Retention: Focus on Opportunities in Kenya Public University Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Erastus Muchimuti &#038; Alice Limo (PhD) &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 211-213<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35e9d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35e9d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35eb3c\" data-id=\"e35eb3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35ec5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e35ec5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The major dynamic of university education is to develop the people, society and the economy which are central to most National mission and visions. This study sought to investigate the effects of household levels on retention to public university education in Kenya. This study was modeled on the education production theory. The study used a case study research design. The research targeted a total of 1219 respondents including. The sample size of the study was calculated using the formula below as recommended by Fisher et al. The desired sample size was therefore comprised of 292 respondents. Purposive sampling and simple random sampling technique was used in choosing the sample size. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaire for University students. Interview schedules were administered to deputy vice chancellor, heads of departments, dean of students and. The questioner was made up of open ended and closed ended items. Data collected was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings of the study were found to be significant and benefit in the streamlining of Retention of public university in Kenya. The study findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between household levels on Retention to education. The study concluded that farming activities determine access to public university education.  The rapid expansion of university education has strained the existing facilities and adversely affected the quality of learning. There are funds provided by government for expansion to cater for high enrolment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-213\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erastus Muchimuti <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alice Limo (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 2500, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlbert, A. (2010). Women, lifelong learning, and transitions into employment. Work, Employment, and Society, 20, 309\u2013328.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBecker, S. A. NMC horizon report: 1985 higher education edition (pp. 1-60). The New Media Consortium.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBudr\u00eda, S., &#038; Moro-Egido, A. I. (2016).Overeducation and wages in Europe: Evidence from quantile regression. EstudiosSobre La Econom\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola, 229, 509-531.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCarpenter, B.&#038; Hayden M. (2013). Funding patterns and their effects on quality of higher education in Kenya.In Kenyatta University.Conference paper. Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKombo, D. K., &#038; Tromp, D. L. (2009). Introduction to proposal writing. Nairobi: Pauline publications.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKothari, C.R (2008). Research methodology: methods and technique: New Delhi: New age international publishers 2nd revised edition<br \/>\r\n[7].\tSalas, K. C., &#038;Velasco, W. (2010). The human core of the shared socioeconomic pathways: Population scenarios by age, sex and level of education for all countries to 2100. Global Environmental Change, 42, 181-192.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tSean, T. (2013). Family assets, postsecondary education, and students with disabilities: Building on progress and overcoming challenges. Studentren and Youth Services Review, 35(7), 1078-1086.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Erastus Muchimuti &#038; Alice Limo (PhD) &#8220;Household Level on Retention: Focus on Opportunities in Kenya Public University Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.211-213 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/211-213.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/211-213.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/household-level-on-retention-focus-on-opportunities-in-kenya-public-university-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Household Level on Retention: Focus on Opportunities in Kenya Public University Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35fa0c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e35fa0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35faf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35faf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35fc66\" data-id=\"e35fc66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e35fd85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e35fd85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e35fe21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e35fe21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e35ff85\" data-id=\"e35ff85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36009a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36009a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Examination of Classroom Practices of Social Studies Teachers at the Senior High School Level in the Asante Akim North Municipality to Find Whether their Knowledge of the Goals and General Objectives Have Any Influence on their Selection of Contents and Activities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Aning Boadu Nicholas &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 214-219<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e360139 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e360139\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3602a2\" data-id=\"e3602a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3603bf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3603bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I.  INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nEducation in any part of the world is seen as the bedrock for national development and the key factor in human resource development. It is increasingly obvious that the world is becoming more complex. In response to this situation, governments all over the world are committed to providing education to meet the changing challenges of the complex economic and political system confronting them. In all developing countries such as Ghana, there is a widespread desire to change the structure and system of education to meet the new needs. In these countries, the tendency for high rate of school drop-outs, indiscipline and unemployment of school leavers have also posed new treats to education (Blege, 1986:7).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 214-219\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aning Boadu Nicholas<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nVice Principal-Agogo Presbyterian College of Education<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reference are not available<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aning Boadu Nicholas &#8220;An Examination of Classroom Practices of Social Studies Teachers at the Senior High School Level in the Asante Akim North Municipality to Find Whether their Knowledge of the Goals and General Objectives Have Any Influence on their Selection of Contents and Activities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.214-219 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/214-219.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/214-219.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-examination-of-classroom-practices-of-social-studies-teachers-at-the-senior-high-school-level-in-the-asante-akim-north-municipality-to-find-whether-their-knowledge-of-the-goals-and-general-objectiv\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Examination of Classroom Practices of Social Studies Teachers at the Senior High School Level in the Asante Akim North Municipality to Find Whether their Knowledge of the Goals and General Objectives Have Any Influence on their Selection of Contents and Activities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e361112 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e361112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3611eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3611eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361365\" data-id=\"e361365\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e361485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e361485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e361525 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e361525\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361695\" data-id=\"e361695\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3617a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3617a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e361844 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e361844\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361989\" data-id=\"e361989\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e361ab1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e361ab1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e361b4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e361b4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361cb4\" data-id=\"e361cb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e361dc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e361dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Techniques for Enhancing Students Participation in Automobile Mechanical Works in Technical Colleges in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor and Ordu Charles Ndu &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 220-224<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e361e70 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e361e70\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e361fde\" data-id=\"e361fde\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3620fd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3620fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the Techniques for enhancing student\u2019s participation in automobile mechanical works in technical colleges in Rivers State. A descriptive survey design guided this study. The population of the study comprised 40 automobile mechanical works teachers in four technical colleges in Rivers State. The study population was manageable therefore the entire population was adopted as the sample size for this study. Two research questions were answered and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The instrument of the study was a survey questionnaire that was partitioned into two sections, structured in the pattern of 5 point Likert rating scale of agreement. The instrument for this study was validated by two experts and was tested for reliability using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient. The reliability coefficient achieved was 0.74. Mean and Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions, while t-test statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses. The study found that the use of real life materials, regular practical assignment to students, regular evaluation of students, using concept map to aid learning, grouping students during instruction, relating lessons to real life situations and students personal experience, taking students on field trip, adoption of multimedia for teaching, individualized teaching, motivation of teachers, motivation of students, regular supervision of school activities, effective planning of school activities and regular probing of students to ascertain the achievement of school goals are the techniques that can enhance student\u2019s participation in automobile mechanical works in technical colleges in Rivers State. Therefore, this study recommends that school administrators should cultivate good relationship with parents so that students welfare and performance can be ascertain and possible solutions proffered for better participation in automobile mechanical works.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 220-224\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technology Education, Rivers State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ordu Charles Ndu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technology Education, Rivers State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tDodi, W. I. (2014). University of Brawijaya, Faculty of Economics and Business, Management Department, Jl. M.T. Haryono No. 165, Malang, 65145 East Java, Indonesia  presentation n report.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFadairo, O.O. (2009). Strategies for improving the interest of automobile technology students in technical colleges in Ogun State. A thesis presented to the department to vocational teacher education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tOchogba, C.O. &#038; Amaechi, O.J. (2018).  The influence of technical skills acquisition in curbing insecurity challenges in Rivers State. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 4(2), 19-26.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tOgwo, B.A. &#038; Oranu, R.N. (2006). Methodology in formal and non-formal technical and vocational education. Enugu: University of Nigeria Press.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tOkafor, I. P. (2002). Affective influences that affect the study of electrical installation in technical colleges in Imo State. An unpublished B. Sc project, University of Nigeria Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tOkoro, O. M. (2006). Measurement and evaluation in education. Obosi: Pacific Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tSwanso, R.A. &#038; Torraco, R.J. (1994). Technical Trainings: Challenges and goals. Technical and Skills Training 5(8), 18-22.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tTumba, I. &#038; Shuaibu, H.  (2016). Strategies for improving students\u2019 acquisition of practical skills in electrical installation and maintenance work trade in technical colleges in Kano State. The International Journal of Engineering And Science, 5(10), 30-40.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tUdofia, A.E., Ekpo, A.B., Nsa, S.O. &#038; Akpan, E.O. (2012). Instructional variables and students\u2019 acquisition of employable skills in vocational education in Nigerian technical colleges, International Journal of Engineering and Social Science, 2 (7), 13-15.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tUdoutin, M.P. (2001). Individualizing pre-vocational education programme in secondary school. International Journal of Educational Development, 4 (11), 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tUkoha, U.A. &#038; Eneogwe, U.N. (1996). The instructional process in B.A. Ogwo (ed). Curriculum development and educational technology. Markudi: Onaivi Printing &#038; Publishing Co. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor and Ordu Charles Ndu &#8220;Techniques for Enhancing Students Participation in Automobile Mechanical Works in Technical Colleges in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.220-224 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/220-224.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/220-224.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/techniques-for-enhancing-students-participation-in-automobile-mechanical-works-in-technical-colleges-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Techniques for Enhancing Students Participation in Automobile Mechanical Works in Technical Colleges in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e362e9a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e362e9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e362f78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e362f78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3630ef\" data-id=\"e3630ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e363212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e363212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3632b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3632b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e363407\" data-id=\"e363407\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e363511 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e363511\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3635b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3635b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e363710\" data-id=\"e363710\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e363820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e363820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Epistemological Challenges of Security\u2013Driven Diplomacy in Executing Counterintelligence Operations along Nadapal Belt, Kenya\u2013South Sudan Border<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ochieng Mark Oduor, Professor Pontian Godfrey Okoth &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 225-234<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3638bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3638bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e363a2a\" data-id=\"e363a2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e363b59 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e363b59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The nomenclature surrounding the study of security-driven diplomacy in executing counterintelligence operations \u2018clandestine\u2019 operations, is loaded with varied understanding, thus, the very nature of covert counterintelligence exhibit an inherent epistemological challenge. Epistemology of security-driven diplomacy is an area that has not been explored sufficiently and reliably and consequently, how it influences the execution of counterintelligence operations along Nadapal belt. The objective of this study was to analyze the epistemological challenges of counterintelligence operations emanating from security-driven diplomacy along the belt. The study established that there were epistemological challenges of security driven diplomacy in executing counterintelligence operations. These challenges include: understanding epistemic communities, integration of epistemic communities, inadequate personnel, and lack of political good will and coordination of epistemic communities. In an attempt to address these challenges, this study delved into the measures to address these challenges, such as, re-conceptualizing epistemic communities, conducting selection and training, transnational policy coordination and community dialogue. The reality is that, these challenges can only be addressed if the measures mooted are put into account. The study recommends stringent measures tailored in understanding better, the epistemiccommunities. Additionally, the study recommends the establishment of sub-epistemic communities along the belt.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 225-234\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ochieng Mark Oduor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX, 190-50100 Kakamega, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Pontian Godfrey Okoth <\/strong><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX, 190-50100 Kakamega, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAtta-Asamoah, A. (2015a). East Africa Report; the Nature and Drivers of Insecurity in \tKenya.Institute for Security Studies.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBloodgood,E.(2008). Epistemic Communities, Norms, and Knowledge, International \tStudies \tAssociation Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCombs,N.(2017). Deconstructing the epistemic Challenges to Mass Atrocity Prosecution; posted in \u201cDoing Justice &#038;Truth in International criminal Courts and Tribunals, Washington and Lee Law Review\u2019Vol.75, Issue.no.6, page 16.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChumba, C. (2016). \u2018Security-Based Diplomacy influencing Transnational Terrorism Management between Kenya and Somalia, Unpublished Ph.D Thesis in Diplomacy and International Relations, MasindeMuliro University of Science and Technology.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDe Waal, A (2015). The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power, Cambridge Polity Press, p. 17.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDunlop, C.A. (2007). \u2018Up and Down the Pecking Order, What Matters and When in Issue<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDefinition: The Case of RBST in the EU\u2019, Journal of European Public Policy 14, 1:39\u201358.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHaas, P.M. (1992a). \u2018Introduction: Epistemic Communities and International Policy Coordination\u2019 in International Organization Vol.46, 1: 1-36.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHaas, P.M. (1992b). \u2018Banning Chloroflurorcarbons: Epistemic Community Efforts to Protect Stratospheric Ozone\u2019 in International Organization Vol. 46, 1: 187-224.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHaas, P. M., (ed.) 1992}1997 Knowledge, Power, and International Policy Coordination. University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC (originally published in International Organization 46(1) (Winter 1992).<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHaas, P.M(2007).Epistemic Communities. In: Daniel Bodansky\/JuttaBrunn\u00e9e\/Ellen Hey \t(eds.), \tThe Oxford Handbook of International Environmental Law. Oxford: Oxford \tUniversity Press, 791\u2013806.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLuhmann, N. (1975) Macht, Stuttgart: Ferdinand EnkeVerlag.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMatkin, David and Frederickson, George. (2009). \u201cMetropolitan Governance: \tInstitutional \tRoles and Interjurisdictional Cooperation\u201d. Journal of Urban Affairs 31(1): 45-66.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMcCandless ,E. (2018) \u201cReconceptualizing the Social Contract In Contexts of Conflict, \tFragility and Fraught Transition\u201d. Wits School of Governance Working Paper Series \tISBN: 978-0-620-75998-4, University of the Witwatersrand School of Governance\t,Johannesburg.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMoseti,J.(23,January ,2019) \u201cWar on terror: Launch National Campaign to help Counter Violent Extremism\u201d. Daily Nation.pg.15<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOkoth P.G.(2016).\u201d Transnational Insurgencies and Challenges of Diplomatic Relations \tin Africa\u2019s Great Lakes Region \u201c .International Journal of Humanities and \tSocial \tSciences (IJHSSS),Vol.3,Issue No.3,pages 2349-6711,India:Scholar Publications.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tRansley, P. (2009). Report of the National Task Force on Police Reforms Kenya.Dares\tSaalam,MkukinaNyota publishers.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSalehyan,I.(2010).Rebels Without Borders:Transnational Insurgencies in World Politics.Ithaca:Cornel University Press.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSalvador, Miquel and Ramio, Carles. (2011). Institutionalizing Participatory Democracy and The Emergence of an Epistemic Community in Spanish Local Government. Journal of Urban Affairs 33(5): 491-510.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSikkink, Keck, Margaret E.Kathryn (1998): Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTilly,C.( 2004)  Social Movements, 1768\u20132004. Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tWasike S. &#038; Okoth, P.G.&#038; Were, E. (2016). \u201cProcesses of Track Three Diplomacy In\tThe Management Of Cross-Border Security Relations Between Kenya And  Somalia\u201d. The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention.10.18535\/ijsshi\/v3i7.03.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tYu, H. S.(2008) . The Role of Epistemic Community in Regional Security Institution Building: ASEAN-ISIS and the Establishment of ARF. Paper prepared for the WISC Conference, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. July 23-26. http:\/\/www.wiscnetwork.org\/ljubljana2008\/papers\/WISC_2008-403.doc Accessed 14 August, 2018.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ochieng Mark Oduor, Professor Pontian Godfrey Okoth &#8220;Epistemological Challenges of Security\u2013Driven Diplomacy in Executing Counterintelligence Operations along Nadapal Belt, Kenya\u2013South Sudan Border&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.225-234 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/225-234.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/225-234.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/epistemological-challenges-of-security-driven-diplomacy-in-executing-counterintelligence-operations-along-nadapal-belt-kenya-south-sudan-border\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Epistemological Challenges of Security\u2013Driven Diplomacy in Executing Counterintelligence Operations along Nadapal Belt, Kenya\u2013South Sudan Border<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3649e0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3649e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e364ac1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e364ac1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e364c3f\" data-id=\"e364c3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e364d62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e364d62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e364e07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e364e07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e364f5f\" data-id=\"e364f5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e365065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e365065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36510d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36510d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36527c\" data-id=\"e36527c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e365395 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e365395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Technical Efficiency and Its Determinants on Irish Potato Farming among Small Holder Farmers in Trans-Nzoia County-Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Augustine Wafula Barasa, Paul Okelo Odwori, Josephine Barasa, Steven Ochieng &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 235-238<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e365434 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e365434\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3655a2\" data-id=\"e3655a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3656fd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3656fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Increased pressure on land brought about by increased population in the highlands of Western Kenya such as Trans Nzoia County has led to increased land fragmentation and forced farmers to diversify their crops to alternative value chains that are more profitable and take less time to mature. An example of an innovation being promoted is the adoption of Irish potato as an alternative to maize farming. However, in determining farm productivity, onlyfew studies have looked at the efficiency of the Irish potato production. This has prompted this study to determine the technical efficiencies of smallholder farmers\u2019 Irish potato production in the study area by providing empirical evidence on smallholder resource use efficiency. The objective of the study was todetermine the technical efficiency and factors affecting it among smallholder Irish potato farmers in Trans Nzoia County.Exactly, 384 farmers were selected through a multi stage random sampling in Trans Nzoia County. The respondents were interviewed with the help of open and closed ended questionnaires. Data was analyzed using stochastic frontier models.The mean technical efficiency index was estimated at 0.65 indicating an opportunity of 35% for farmers to attain full efficiency. Technical efficiency was positively influenced by age of farmers (0.01); Education years (0.06); Years of farming experience (0.05); Frequency of extension services (0.05); Land Size (0.02) and negatively influenced byHousehold size. To achieve full efficiency of production, this study recommended the policy makers to factor in the socio economic characteristics of farmers while promoting alternative crop value chains and strengthen the extension services to potato growers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 235-238\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Wafula Barasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Okelo Odwori<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josephine Barasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Soil Science, University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Steven Ochieng<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, University of Eldoret, P. O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tChepkwony, C. E. K. E. (2014). Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Irish Potato Production in Eldoret East Sub County, Kenya(Doctoral dissertation, MOI UNIVERSITY).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tChirwa E. W. 2007. Sources of Technical Efficiency among Small holder Maize Farmers in Southern Malawi, AERC Research Paper 172, African Economic Research Consortium, Nairobi November 2007.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCoelli, T. J., D. S. P. Rao and G. E. Battese, 2005. An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tJayne, T. S., Chamberlin, J., &#038; Headey, D. D. (2014). Land pressures, the evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis. Food Policy, 48, 1-17.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKassie, M., Teklewold, H., Jaleta, M., Marenya, P., &#038; Erenstein, O. (2015). Understanding the adoption of a portfolio of sustainable intensification practices in eastern and southern Africa. Land Use Policy, 42, 400-411.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKibaara B. 2005. Technical Efficiency in Kenyan\u2019s Maize Production: An Application of the Stochastic Frontier Approach. Thesis, Colorado State University.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKimhi A.2003. Plot size and Maize Productivity in Zambia: The Inverse Relationship Re-examined. Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Department of Agricultural Economics, Discussion Paper no 10.03.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKothari, C.R. (2004). Research Methodology. Methods and techniques, 2nd Ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMinistry of Agriculture (MoA) (2004). National Policy on Potato Industry. Nairobi: Government printer.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMinistry of Agriculture (MoA) (2007). Economic Review of Agriculture 2007. Prepared by the Central Planning and Monitoring Unit. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMuzungu Paul, G. (2011). Technical Efficiency of Smallholder Irish Potato Production in Nyabihu District, Rwanda (No. 243460). Collaborative Masters Program in Agricultural and Applied Economics.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOtieno, S. B., Jayne, T. S., &#038; Muyanga, M. (2015, October). Effect of soil pH on accumulation of native selenium by Maize (Zea mays var. L) grains grown in Uasin Gishu, Trans-Nzoia Kakamega and Kisii counties in Kenya. In Global Advances in Selenium Research from Theory to Application: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Selenium in the Environment and Human Health 2015 (Vol. 4, No. 2, p. 117). CRC Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSimtowe, F. &#038; Zeller, M. (2006). The Impact of Access to Credit on the Adoption of hybrid maize in Malawi: An Empirical test of an Agricultural Household Model under credit market failure. MPRA Paper No. 45<br \/>\r\n[14].\tValbuena, D., Groot, J. C., Mukalama, J., G\u00e9rard, B., &#038; Tittonell, P. (2015). Improving rural livelihoods as a \u201cmoving target\u201d: trajectories of change in smallholder farming systems of Western Kenya. Regional Environmental Change, 15(7), 1395-1407.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tVanlauwe, B., Descheemaeker, K., Giller, K. E., Huising, J., Merckx, R., Nziguheba, G., &#038; Zingore, S. (2015). Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation. Soil, 1(1), 491-508.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tZulu B., T.S. Jayne and M. Beaver, 2007. Smallholder Maize Production and Marketing Behaviour in Zambia and its Implications for Policy. Working Paper No. 22 Food Security Research Project, Lusaka, Zambia.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Augustine Wafula Barasa, Paul Okelo Odwori, Josephine Barasa, Steven Ochieng &#8220;Technical Efficiency and Its Determinants on Irish Potato Farming among Small Holder Farmers in Trans-Nzoia County-Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.235-238 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/235-238.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/235-238.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/technical-efficiency-and-its-determinants-on-irish-potato-farming-among-small-holder-farmers-in-trans-nzoia-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Technical Efficiency and Its Determinants on Irish Potato Farming among Small Holder Farmers in Trans-Nzoia County-Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3664ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3664ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36658d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36658d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e366706\" data-id=\"e366706\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e366820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e366820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3668d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3668d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e366a24\" data-id=\"e366a24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e366b2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e366b2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e366bc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e366bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e366d62\" data-id=\"e366d62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e366ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e366ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e366f9b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e366f9b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e367116\" data-id=\"e367116\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36722c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36722c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Enhancing Curriculum Quality Assurance as a Prerequisite to Higher Education Graduate\u2019s Employability<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fossimock B. Tendongmoh &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 239-244<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3672ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3672ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e367445\" data-id=\"e367445\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e367581 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e367581\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how curriculum quality assurance can improve Higher Education (HE) graduate\u2019s employability. The state and individuals spend colossal sums yearly to educate citizens, upon graduation; they hardly procure or create jobs. This demise has plunged the youths into theft, cyber criminality, migration, hopelessness, disillusionment and misery. This work therefore stands to ascertain the relationship between curriculum quality assurance and HE graduates employability. Our population was made up of graduates from the University of Yaound\u00e9 I and through a homogenous sampling technique; we had a sample population of 203 students and 23 employers. Questionnaires were used for data collection. Data was analysed using cross-tabulation analysis through SPSS statistical tool. Our main findings were: curriculum quality assurance improves graduates\u2019 employability 92.6%,  91.1%  employers are never invited during curriculum conception, 74.3%  people are dissatisfied with the present curriculum, 76.5%  people confirmed that the absence of employers from curriculum conception kills graduates employability, among others. Based on these, we recommend that; experts should prioritise the socio-political and economic state of our society during curriculum conception, modify the present curriculum and involve economic operators. Encourage internship, ensure syllable is drown from the curriculum, Evaluate teacher\u2019s quality program coverage. Curriculum quality enhancement is the brain-child behind knowledge, skills, competences and abilities possess by the graduates which facilitate employability and boost Economic growth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 239-244\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fossimock B. Tendongmoh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Science of Education (FSE),University of Yaounde 1, Yaounder-Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmin, M. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology and analysis. Kampala-Uganda:MakerereUniversity press.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAmin A.A. and Awund A.W., (2005). Economic analysis of Private Returns in Private Investment  in Education in Cameroon.African Institute for Economic Development and Planning (IDEP) B.P.3186 CP 18524 Dakar Senegal.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa, (2008).<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCameroon Government, (2009).Growth and employment strategy paper: A Reference Framework for government action over the period 2010-2020.-MINESUP<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCameroon educational law no 98\/004, (1998) \u2013 MINESUP<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEllison, N. (2010). Research Methods: A practical guide for the social sciences.Rotaliolombarda, Italy.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEuropean Commision (2014)<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFonkeng, E.G &#038;Ntembe, N.A (2009). Higher education and economic developmentin Africa: The case of   Cameroon. Educational research and review vol. 4. http:\/\/www.academic journal.org\/ERR ISSN 1990-3839(C)2009 Academic journal.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFossimock, B. T. (2017). Educational planning and Youths employability. Masters thesis- University of Yaounde I==, Cameroon<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGoergian, (2015). Curriculum Quality assurance guidebook<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGESP. Growth and Employment Strategy Paper (GESP) for 2010-2020. (2009). Cameroon: Government of Cameroon.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tHarvey, L., (2010). Defining and Measuring Employability. Quality in Higher Education, 7(2), \t97-109.http\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tInternational Labour Organisation (2017)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKahsay, N.M., (2012). Quality and quality assurance in Ethiopian Higher Education: Critical and practical issues.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKnight, P.T. &#038;Yorke, M. (2002). Employability through the Curriculum Tertiary Education and Management. 8(4) 261-276. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10 1080<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKnight,P.T. &#038; Yorke, M. (2004). Learning Curriculum and Employability in Higher Education,\tLondon: RoudledgeFalmer<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKouwenhoven, W. (2009). Competence-Based Curriculum Development in Higher Education: \tAglobal Conception? In Lazina, A. &#038;Calafate, C. (2009) Technology Education and development. ISBN:978-953-307-007-0 Intech. Pp1-29.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tLaw No. 005 of 16 April 2001 on the Orientation of Higher Education Retrieved from  http:\/\/www.spm.gov.cm\/fr\/documentation\/textes-legislatifs-et-reglementaires\/article\/loi-n-005-du-16-avril-2001-portant-orientation-de-lenseignement-superieur.html<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMachado, A. (2008). The effect of sample duration and cue on a double temporal discrimination. Learning and Motivation, Vol. 39, 71-94.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMbah, M.F, (2014). The Dilemma of Graduate Unemployment within the Context of Poverty, \tScarcity and Fragile Economy: Are there Lessons for the University? International \tJournal of Economics and Finance, Vol.6 no 12.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMinistry of Higher Education (2005). Draft Document on Sector Wide Approach\/Education.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tMinistry of National Education.(1995). National Forum Reporting Education.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMbua, N.F. (2002). Educational Planning: Issues and Perspectives. Limbe, Pressprint Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tNgwana, T.A. (2003). University Strategic Planning in Cameroon: What lessons for sub-Saharan African?Educational Policy Archives, 11 (47) retrieved From (http:\/\/epaa.asu.edu\/epaa\/viin47\/<br \/>\r\n[25].\tPfeffer, N. &#038; Coote, A.,(1991) Is Quality Good for You?: A Critical Review of Quality Assurance in Welfare Services.1872452361, 9781872452364,Institute for Public Policy Research, 1991<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSamfoga, D. &#038; Pascal, D., (2016) Professionalization for graduate\u2019s employability in Cameroon Higher Education: old wind in new wineskins? ISSN 25518-7635 (Pint),<br \/>\r\n[27].\tSamfoga, P.D. (2012). The Response of Higher Education Sector in the Poverty Reduction strategy Paper: The case of Cameroon. Tempere University Press, Finland.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tSchultz, T.W.,(1960), Capital Formation by Education,&#8221; The Journal of Political Economy, vol. 48, no. 6, pp. 571-583.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tSrikanthan, G. &#038; Dalrymple, J.(2005). &#8216;Implementation of a Holistic Model for Quality in Higher Education&#8217;, Quality in Higher Education, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 69-81.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tTafah E., Patrick D., Ndeffo L., Nembot, Naya (2012).Human Capital and Economic Growth in\tCameroon.Online Journal of Social Science Research.1, 3, 78-84.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tTanyi, M.E, (2016). Psychological Evaluation of Attitude of both PrimaryTeachers and \tSpecial\t\t Needs Children towards Each other in a Regular School in Yaounde-Cameroon. Journal\t of Education and Practice,7, (6).<br \/>\r\n[32].\tUNESCO, (2018). Internal Quality Assurance: enhancing Higher education quality and Graduates employability. IIEP. 7-9 rue Eugene Dalacroix, 75116 Paris, France<br \/>\r\n[33].\tTchombe, T.M, &#038; Fonkwa, P. (2006). Professionnalisation des Enseignant au Cameroun. Yaound\u00e9: Terroirs.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tYorke, M. (2006).Employability in Higher Education. What Is It \u2013 What Is Not. S.L Higher Education Academy. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fossimock B. Tendongmoh &#8220;Enhancing Curriculum Quality Assurance as a Prerequisite to Higher Education Graduate\u2019s Employability&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.239-244 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/239-244.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/239-244.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/enhancing-curriculum-quality-assurance-as-a-prerequisite-to-higher-education-graduates-employability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Enhancing Curriculum Quality Assurance as a Prerequisite to Higher Education Graduate\u2019s Employability<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e368375 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e368375\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36845a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36845a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3685d5\" data-id=\"e3685d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3686ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3686ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e368795 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e368795\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3688de\" data-id=\"e3688de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3689ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3689ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e368a88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e368a88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e368bed\" data-id=\"e368bed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e368cff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e368cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Culture on the Operations of Entrepreneurial Family Business in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Olaore Rafiu Akinpelu, Olakunle Modupe, Ajayi Olayemi O.  &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 245-252<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e368da6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e368da6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e368f18\" data-id=\"e368f18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e369058 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e369058\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of culture on the operation of an entrepreneurial family business in Nigeria. Using a multiple case approach, we explore the contributions of family values, manners and customs, funding, education, traditions and ethics in relation to a family-owned business. This study enables us to deepen our understanding of cultural influence on the entrepreneurial family business. The results reveal that the operation and sustainability of family-owned businesses are ascribable to family culture.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 245-252\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olaore Rafiu Akinpelu  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDirectorate of Entrepreneurship Education, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olakunle Modupe  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Vocational and Technical Education, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajayi Olayemi O.  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Vocational and Technical Education, Osun State Polytechnic, Iree, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBond, M. 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Entrepreneurship, Theoryand Practice 28,  pp.363\u201381.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olaore Rafiu Akinpelu, Olakunle Modupe, Ajayi Olayemi O.  &#8220;Influence of Culture on the Operations of Entrepreneurial Family Business in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.245-252 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/245-252.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/245-252.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-culture-on-the-operations-of-entrepreneurial-family-business-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Culture on the Operations of Entrepreneurial Family Business in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e369eb3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e369eb3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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May 2019 Page No.: 253-262<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36a8d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36a8d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36aa41\" data-id=\"e36aa41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36ab75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e36ab75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The rampant collapse of several microfinance companies in Ghana is a worrying phenomenon that needed thorough investigations. Due to the fact that project management enables businesses to plan and execute tasks and responsibilities effectively, within time and budgetary constraints, it has become an important management tool for successful enterprises. However, literature gap with regards to project management tools application on MFIs sustainability exist, motivating the author to investigate the role of project management in ensuring the sustainability of microfinance institutions in Ghana. Using a quantitative research method, data were collected from 10 MFIs in Western and Ashanti regions of Ghana. 30 respondents were purposively sampled to enable inclusion of microfinance companies deemed to be thriving and those perceived to be on the brink of failure. A simple linear regression model, coefficient and chi-square test were used. The paper documents that using project management principles and techniques has significant positive impact on business management, business expansion and business sustainability and therefore recommended that managers of MFIs must adopt project management principles in the management of firms and task themselves to ensure prudent economic management in all facets of their endeavors.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 253-262\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dankwa, Ernest Akwasi Adom <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business Studies, Garden City University College, P.O. Box 12775 Kumasi-Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhmed, M.N, &#038; Chowdhury, M.I. (2007). Non-bank financial institutions in Bangladesh. An analytical review. Working paper Series: WP0709, Bangladesh Bank, Bangladesh.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAPM (2006), APM Body of Knowledge, 5th Edition (High Wycombe: Association for Project Management).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBallard, Charles (1999). The Total Welfare Cost of the United States Tax System: A General Equilibrium Approach. National Tax Journal 38 (2), 125\u2013140.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBarker, J., Tjosvold, D., &#038; \u0410ndrews, I.R. (2005). Conflict approaches of effective \u0430nd ineffective proj\u0435ct managers: a field study in a matrix organization. Journal of Man\u0430gement Studies, 25(2), 167-178.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBawumiah, M. (2010) Monetary Policy and financial sector reforms in Africa (Ghana\u2019s Experience). Combert Impression Ghana Limited Publications, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBelbin, R.M (2003), Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail, 2nd Edition (Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann)<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBiekpe, N. (2004), \u2018Financing Small Business in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Some Key\t Credit Lending Models and Impact of Venture Capital\u2019, Journal of African Business, 5(1), pp. 29-44.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBiosca O., Lenten P., Mosley P (2014). Microfinance non-financial services as a competitive advantage: The Mexican case. Vol.23 issue 7-8. PP507-516. 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Int. 5 Corp Gov. 4(1): 74-96<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHartman, E, &#038; Ashrafi, R. (2006). Failed success \u0430nd failures. PMI Annual Seminar &#038; Symposium, Boston, PD 39, 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tHarvard Business Essentials ((2004)). Managing Projects Large and Small: The Fundamental Skills for Delivering on Budget and on Time.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKarlan D., &#038; Valdivia M. (2011) Teaching entrepreneurship: Impact of business training on microfinance clients and institutions, review of economics and statistics-MIT press<br \/>\r\n[18].\tLock, D. (2007), The Essentials of Project Management, 3rd Edition (Aldershot: Gower).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMarfo, Kwame Asiedu (2015) Sustaining the microfinance sector. An article in the Monday 10th August, 2015, issue of the daily graphic page 20. Regional news column.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMcCoy, E.A. (2006). Measuring success: Establishing \u0430nd maintaining a baseline. PMI Annual Seminar &#038; Symposium, Montreal.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMensah S. (2004) A Review of SME Financing Schemes in Ghana, Presented at the UNIDO Regional Workshop of Financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises, Accra, Ghana, 15-16 March 2004.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tMight, R.J., &#038; Fisher, W.A. (2005). Th\u0435 role of structural factors in determining proj\u0435ct man\u0430gement success. IEEE Transactions in Engineering Man\u0430gement, EM 32<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMorris, P.W.G., &#038; Hough, G.H. (2004). Th\u0435 anatomy of major projects. Chichester: John Wiley.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tMunns, A.K., &#038; Bjeirmi, B.E (2006). Th\u0435 role of proj\u0435ct man\u0430gement in achieving proj\u0435ct success. International Journal of Proj\u0435ct Man\u0430gement, 14 (2), 81-87.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tPrieto B (2015). Project management theory and management of large complex projects; pm world journal Vol. IV Issue VI-June, 2015<br \/>\r\n[26].\tPinto, J.K., &#038; Slevin, D.P. (2005). Critical success factors in effective proj\u0435ct implementation. In D.I. Cleland &#038; W.R. King (Eds.), Proj\u0435ct man\u0430gement handbook (pp. 479-512). New York: Van Nostr\u0430nd Reinhold.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tRandoy, T. Storm, R.O. Mersland R (2014). The impact of entrepreneur \u2013 CEOs in microfinance institutions: a global survey. Entrepreneurship Theory and Pracrice 39(4).<br \/>\r\n[28].\tSievers M, andenbergp (2007). Synergies through linkages who benefits from linking microfinance and business development services? World development 2007. Elsevier.                                                                                                                                           Souder, W.E. (2005). Managing relations between R&#038;D \u0430nd marketing in new product development projects. Journal of Product Innovation Man\u0430gement, 5, 6-<br \/>\r\n[29].\tTuman, J. (2006). Success modelling: A technique for building a winning proj\u0435ct team. PMI Annual Seminar &#038; Symposium, Montreal, 94-108.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tVinokur-Kaplan, D. (2005). Treatment teams that work (\u0430nd those that don&#8217;t): An application of Hackman&#8217;s group effectiveness model to interdisciplinary teams in psychiatric hospitals. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science, 31(3), 303-327.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dankwa, Ernest Akwasi Adom &#8220;Project Management and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Ghana: An Empirical Assessment&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.253-262 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/253-262.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/253-262.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/project-management-and-sustainability-of-microfinance-institutions-in-ghana-an-empirical-assessment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Project Management and Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Ghana: An Empirical Assessment<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36b91d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e36b91d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36b9f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36b9f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36bb75\" data-id=\"e36bb75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36bc98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36bc98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36bd3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36bd3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36bebe\" data-id=\"e36bebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36bfd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36bfd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36c075 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36c075\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36c1c1\" data-id=\"e36c1c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36c2e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36c2e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36c387 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36c387\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36c4e6\" data-id=\"e36c4e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36c5fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36c5fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Acquiring English Language Proficiency through Written Corrective Feedback: Is it Possible?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Steven Chimpunga Banda, Dr. Peter Chomba Manchishi &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 263-270<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36c69b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36c69b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36c7ff\" data-id=\"e36c7ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36c923 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e36c923\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated Written Corrective Feedback (WCF) on whether or not it helped language acquisition in Second language (L2) teaching among grade elevens. The study sought to: establish the nature of WCF teachers gave and to find out challenges involved in providing WCF. Four secondary schools were sampled in Kasama district. Grade Eleven (11) learners were used to assess their perceptions towards written corrective feedback. Twenty (20) learners were picked from each school and made a sample of eighty (80). Five (5) teachers were picked from each school making a sample of twenty (20). Various research instruments were used for both teachers and learners. These included: A test, interviews guide, Focus Group Discussion guide, questionnaires and document review guides.  The findings showed it was possible to acquire proficiency through written corrective feedback. The study concluded that, teachers as well as learners had unique perceptions about the practice of written corrective feedback and appreciated it differently. The study drew two major recommendations. Firstly, a teacher needs to use corrective feedback which learners are familiar with and can interpret with ease. Secondly, a culture of encouraging learners to attend to their errors must be up held among teachers of English language. This can be utilized as a scaffolding tool to help learners appreciate written corrective feedback.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 263-270\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Steven Chimpunga Banda<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Peter Chomba Manchishi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Zambia, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlexandra, R. S and Francisco, S. (2013). The effect of teachers\u2019 error correction strategies on student\u2019s writing, 7th grade. Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de Nicaragu<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBorg, E. (2003). Discourse community. English Language Teachers Journal, 57(4), 398-400<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChishimba, P.C (2009). Perspectives for Teachers of English as a Second Language. Lusaka: UNZA Press<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCook, V.J. (1988). Chomsky\u2019s Universal Grammar: An introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCreswell, J.W. (2014). Research Design 4th Edition. London: SAGE Publications LTD<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEllis, R. (2009). Corrective feedback and teacher development. L2 Journal, 1(1), 3-18.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tExaminations Council of Zambia, (2013) Examinations Performance Report \u2013 General Performance Analysis, Lusaka<br \/>\r\n[8].\tExaminations Council of Zambia, (2016) Examinations Performance Report \u2013 General Performance Analysis, Lusaka<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKrashen, S. D. (1985). The input hypothesis. New York: Longman.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMinistry of General Education (2013). English Senior Syllabus for Grade 10-12. Curriculum   Developmental centre, Lusaka, Zambia<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMinistry of Education, (2015). Education for All National Review. Lusaka: Government Printers<br \/>\r\n[12].\tSwain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In Gass, S. M. &#038; Madden, C. G. (Eds.),Input in second language acquisition, Boston: Heinle &#038; Heinle<br \/>\r\n[13].\tTruscott, J. (1996). The case against grammar correction in L2 writing classes. Language Learning, 46, 327-369.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Steven Chimpunga Banda, Dr. Peter Chomba Manchishi &#8220;Acquiring English Language Proficiency through Written Corrective Feedback: Is it Possible?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.263-270 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/263-270.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/263-270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/acquiring-english-language-proficiency-through-written-corrective-feedback-is-it-possible\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Acquiring English Language Proficiency through Written Corrective Feedback: Is it Possible?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36d7d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e36d7d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36d8ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36d8ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36da26\" data-id=\"e36da26\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36db40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36db40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36dbe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36dbe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36dd30\" data-id=\"e36dd30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36de48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36de48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36dee2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36dee2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36e032\" data-id=\"e36e032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36e13a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36e13a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36e1e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36e1e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36e33f\" data-id=\"e36e33f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36e44a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36e44a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Metaconceptual Teaching Approach on Students\u2019 Achievement in Physics<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>NWANKWO, Madeleine Chinyere, ACHUFUSI, Ngozi N, ORAFU, Ikenna Onyeka, AGHADO, Innocent &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 271-277<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36e4e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36e4e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36e63f\" data-id=\"e36e63f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36e759 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e36e759\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Considering students\u2019 poor achievement in physics, this study investigated the effect of interactive and learner-friendly Metaconceptual teaching approach on students\u2019 achievement in Physics. Two research questions and three hypotheses provided a focus for the study which adopted a quasi-experimental, control group design. The sample for the study consisted of 68 SS2 physics students from two intact classes of two co-educational secondary schools in Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. A multi-stage sampling was used to compose the sample. The instrument used for data collection was a researcher constructed test tagged Thermal Physics Achievement Test (T-PAT). The test with their model answers was validated by experts. The reliability of the T-PAT was established using Kuder-Richardson formula 20 (KR-20) which yielded a reliability index of 0.89. The research questions were answered using mean while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The findings of the study showed significant effect of metaconceptual teaching approach (MTA) on students\u2019 achievement in physics. This implies that MTA is capable of enhancing students\u2019 achievement in physics. However, the result showed no gender influence on students\u2019 achievement in physics when MTA was used as a method of instruction. Educational implications of this study were highlighted and recommendations made which included among others, that MTA should be incorporated in teaching of sciences especially physics in secondary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 271-277\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>NWANKWO, Madeleine Chinyere<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ACHUFUSI, Ngozi N<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ORAFU, Ikenna Onyeka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AGHADO, Innocent<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">NWANKWO, Madeleine Chinyere, ACHUFUSI, Ngozi N, ORAFU, Ikenna Onyeka, AGHADO, Innocent &#8220;Effect of Metaconceptual Teaching Approach on Students\u2019 Achievement in Physics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.271-277 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/271-277.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/271-277.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-metaconceptual-teaching-approach-on-students-achievement-in-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Metaconceptual Teaching Approach on Students\u2019 Achievement in Physics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36f4d5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e36f4d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36f5ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36f5ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36f854\" data-id=\"e36f854\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36f9d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36f9d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36faaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36faaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36fc40\" data-id=\"e36fc40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e36fd8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e36fd8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e36fe50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e36fe50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e36ffc7\" data-id=\"e36ffc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e370112 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e370112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3701d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3701d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e370362\" data-id=\"e370362\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37049a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37049a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Liquidity and Investment Policies on Financial Growth of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya: A Case of Deposit Taking Saccos in Nairobi County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr John Cheluget (PhD), Gitonga Mirigo Loise  &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 278-285<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37054f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37054f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3706d9\" data-id=\"e3706d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e370819 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e370819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Financial growth of savings and credit cooperatives in Kenya has an effect on the welfare of citizens in Kenya.  This is because SACCOs encourage their members to save since they are readily accessible. The main objective of the study was to assess the determinants of financial growth in the savings and credit cooperative societies in Nairobi County. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the effect of liquidity on financial growth in the SACCO industry in Nairobi County and to find out the effect of investment policies on financial growth in the SACCO industry in Nairobi County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the study consisted of 42 licensed SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study used a formula of Kothari (2004) to determine the sample size that was 38 SACCOs in Nairobi County. The study collected both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Secondary data was collected from annual reports of the SACCOs and the SASRA Annual Reports covering the period 2010-2014. The collected data was coded into SPSS software version 24 for analysis. The findings were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The descriptive statistics entailed use of means and standard deviations while inferential statistics included use of regression analysis. The findings were presented using Graphs and Frequency Distribution Tables. Based on correlational results, liquidity and investment policies all have significant influence on financial growth of SACCOs.  The study concludes that liquidity was a significant determinant of financial growth of SACCOs with a strong positive correlation on financial growth. Investment policy was a critical determinant of financial growth of SACCOs in Kenya.    The study recommends that the management of all SACCOs in Kenya should strengthen their liquidity levels by effective management of trade payables, receivables, inventories and cash. The management of SACCOs should improve on their investment policies by incorporating Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic and Time (SMART) bound goals and objectives.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 278-285\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr John Cheluget (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDeputy Vice-Chancellor of The Management University of Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gitonga Mirigo Loise<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEMBA, The Management University of Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tACCA. (2009). Access to finance for small and medium enterprises sector: the evidence and the conclusion.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAfza, T., &#038; Nazir, M. S. (2008). Working capital approaches and firm\u2019s returns. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 1(1), 25-36.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAghion, P., Angeletos, G., Banerjee, A., and K. Manova (2007). \u201cVolatility and Growth: Credit Constraints and Productivity-Enhancing Investment, unpublished manuscript.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAnangwe, L. M. (2014). The effect of competition and technology on growth of micro-finance institutions in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBarth, T. J. (1993). Career anchor theory. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 13(4), 27-42.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBailey, T. (2001). Applying International Best Practices to South Africa\u2019s SACCOs: Published Dissertation. South Africa: De Mont Fort University<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBarr, H. (2002). Interprofessional education. John Wiley &#038; Sons, Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBarus, J. J., Muturi, W., &#038; Kibati, P. (2017). Effect of Liquidity Management On Financial Performance Of Savings And Credit Societies In Kenya. American Journal of Finance, 1(5), 27-40.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tChoudhry, M. (2011). An Introduction to Banking: Liquidity Risk and Asset-Liability Management. Chichester: JohnWiley &#038; Sons Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDavis, F. D. (1993). User acceptance of information technology: system characteristics, user perceptions and behavioural impacts. International journal of man-machine studies, 38(3), 475-487.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKabure, M. J. (2014). The effect of liquidity on the return on investments for SACCOs in Nairobi (Doctoral dissertation, University Of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFujo, K. G., &#038; Ali, A. I. (2016). Factors affecting financial performance of savings and credit societies in Kilifi County-A case study of Imarika Sacco. The International Journal of Business &#038; Management, 4(2), 448.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tJappelli, T., &#038; Padula, M. (2013). Investment in financial literacy and saving decisions. Journal of Banking &#038; Finance, 37(8), 2779-2792.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKiragu, D. N. (2014). The Effect of SACCO Societies Regulatory Authority\u2019s Regulations on Financial Performance of SACCOs in Nairobi County. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMacpherson, A. &#8211; Holt, R. (2007) Knowledge, learning and small firm growth: A systematic review of the evidence, Research Policy<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMateev M. and Anastasov Y. (2010) Determinants of small and medium sized fast growing enterprises in Central and Eastern Europe: A panel data analysis, Financial Theory and Practice, 34 (3), pp. 269-295.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMwangi, M. N. (2014). The effects of liquidity on financial performance of deposit taking microfinance institutions in Kenya. MBA Research Project, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOmesa, J. N. (2015). Effect of liquidity on the financial performance of financial institutions listed in the Nairobi securities exchange (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).<\/p>\r\n<p>[19].\tOstry, M. J. D., Berg, M. A., &#038; Tsangarides, M. C. G. (2014). Redistribution, inequality, and growth. International Monetary Fund.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tThe SACCO society Regulatory Authority (2014). Annual Report<br \/>\r\n[21].\tScherr, R. (2013). Shaking Hands with other People&#8217;s Pain: Joe Sacco&#8217;s&#8221; Palestine&#8221;. Mosaic: a journal for the interdisciplinary study of literature, 19-36.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSoini, E., &#038; Veseli, L. (2011). Factors influencing SMEs growth in Kosovo.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMacpherson, A. &#8211; Holt, R. (2007) Knowledge, learning and small firm growth: A systematic review of the evidence, Research Policy<br \/>\r\n[24].\tMueller, D. C. (1972). A life cycle theory of the firm. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 199-219.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tMunene, E. C., &#038; Makori, J. (2013). The challenges facing deposit-taking savings and credit cooperative societies\u2019 regulatory compliance in Kenya. A case of the Gusii region.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tNjeru, M. D. (2016). Effect of Liquidity Management on Financial Performance of Deposit Taking Saving and Credit Co-operative Society in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Business Administration (Finance), JKUAT).<br \/>\r\n[27].\tReinhart, C. M., &#038; Rogoff, K. S. (2010). Growth in a time of debt (diges summary). American Economic Review, 100(2), 573-578.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr John Cheluget (PhD), Gitonga Mirigo Loise  &#8220;Effects of Liquidity and Investment Policies on Financial Growth of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya: A Case of Deposit Taking Saccos in Nairobi County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.278-285 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/278-285.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/278-285.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-liquidity-and-investment-policies-on-financial-growth-of-savings-and-credit-cooperative-societies-in-kenya-a-case-of-deposit-taking-saccos-in-nairobi-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Liquidity and Investment Policies on Financial Growth of Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies in Kenya: A Case of Deposit Taking Saccos in Nairobi County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3717c0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3717c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3718ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3718ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e371a8c\" data-id=\"e371a8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e371bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e371bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e371c7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e371c7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e371dfa\" data-id=\"e371dfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e371f0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e371f0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e371fb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e371fb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37213d\" data-id=\"e37213d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37226c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37226c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Power of Internet and the Security Implication for the Transformation of Political Power in the Arab Spring Crises<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>David Oluwafemi, BODUNDE, Goodluck Tamarameiye, LAYEFA, Noah Opeyemi, BALOGUN &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 286-290<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e372321 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e372321\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3724b5\" data-id=\"e3724b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e372609 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e372609\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The spread of information through internet source in the Arab Spring issues has unsalutory effects on their governments to the advantages of the masses. It made power to be more distributed with undercut monopoly of traditional bureaucracy, robbed the government of their absolute control of agendas in the crisis, and made political leaders enjoy fewer degrees of freedom before responding to events by sharing the crisis stage with more participating actors. Using Persuasive Communication Theory and Unified Theory of Acceptance in the Use of Technology as theoretical framework, this study evaluates the power of information technology with special reference to internet in the transformation of political power in the Arab Spring. It also examines the historical antecedent of the Arab Spring crisis along the factors that led to the crisis viz a viz the implication for the Arab spring and global security in general. It concludes that the power of internet which influenced agitation for political transformation in the Arab spring, causing political instability, agitation for regime change with enthronement of democracy could as well serve as catalyst for revolution in other climes and contexts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 286-290\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Oluwafemi, BODUNDE<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace, Security and Intelligence Studies, Afe-Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Goodluck Tamarameiye, LAYEFA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace, Security and Intelligence Studies, Afe-Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Noah Opeyemi, BALOGUN<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace, Security and Intelligence Studies, Afe-Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAborisade O. (2012) The Citizen Reporters: How Technology Transforms News Gathering, Reporting and Distribution, Germany, LAMBERT, Academic Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAvgerou C. (2008) Information Systems in Developing Countries: A Critical Research Review in Journal of Information Technology, 23(3)133146 Retrieved October 29, 2009 From ABI\/INFORM Global Database<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarry N. (2012) The Potentials of Information and Communication Technologies in African Journal of Stability and Development, Vol 6 No 2 July 2012, p16-34 ABUAD Special Edition.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBaylis J., Wirtz J., Gray C.S., Cohen E., (2007) STRATEGY in the Contemporary World. U.S., Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBodunde D.O. (2008) The Impact of Technology Intelligence and its Shortcoming on Military Operations. Journal of Contemporary Politics of the Department of Political Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Vol 6, No 1, March 2018.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tChapman, R. and Slaymaker T. (2002) ICTs and Rural Development: Review of Literature, Current Inventions and Opportunities for Action, London, Overseas Development Institute.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tChigozie E. (2004) The Roles of Media in Conflict Escalation and Resolution in Developing Countries: A Gulen Conceptual Approach, Redeemer\u2019s University Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Vol. 2 Nos 1 2014, pp35-44.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDavid Bollier \u201cThe Rise of Netpolitik\u201d (PDF Document) pp21-24,<br \/>\r\n[9].\tEdward Kaufman (2003) \u201cA Broadcasting Strategy to Win Media Wars\u201d The Battle for Hearts and Minds (Washington D.C. Centre for Strategic and International Studies p.303)<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHook S.W, and Spannier J. (2016) American Foreign Policy Since World War II, U.S.A., SAGE, CO Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tJennifer Lee (2003) \u2018\u2018How Protesters Mobilised So Many and So Nimbly\u201d The New York Times Feb. 23, 2003, \u201cWeek in Review\u201d p.4.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKamath M.V. (2008) Professional Journalism, New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tLeiner B.M., Cerf V.G., Clark D.D., Kahn R.E., Kleinrock L., Lynch D.C., Wolff (2003) A Brief History of the Internet (Retrieved April 2003 http\/\/isoc.org\/internet\/history\/brief.shtml)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tNwanvene and Thomas (2005) The Internet and Free Flow of Information, International Journal of Communication, Number Six pg 163-169.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNye, J. (Jr.) and Welch D.A. (2013) Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation: An Introduction to Theory and History, U.S.A., PEARSON.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPippa Novris (2001) The Digital Divide: Civil Engagement, Information Poverty, and Internet World Wide (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2001. P.167)<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSambe S.A. (2005) The Watchdog Viles: A Cross Media Analysis, International Journal of Communication pp176-189.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSaskia Sassen (1998) On the Internet and Sovereignty; Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 5 (Spring 1998) p.55.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tThe Aspen Institute: http\/\/www.asponinstitute.org. cited in Nye and Welch D.A. 2013 Understanding Global Conflict and Co-operation: An Introduction to Theory and History, U.S.A. PEARSON.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tVenkatesh V., Morris M, Davis G., Davis F., (2003) User Acceptance of Information Technology: Toward a Unified View, MIS Quarterly 27(3)425478.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">David Oluwafemi, BODUNDE, Goodluck Tamarameiye, LAYEFA, Noah Opeyemi, BALOGUN &#8220;The Power of Internet and the Security Implication for the Transformation of Political Power in the Arab Spring Crises &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.286-290 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/286-290.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/286-290.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-power-of-internet-and-the-security-implication-for-the-transformation-of-political-power-in-the-arab-spring-crises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Power of Internet and the Security Implication for the Transformation of Political Power in the Arab Spring Crises <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e373536 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e373536\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37363a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37363a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3737f6\" data-id=\"e3737f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e373964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e373964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e373a15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e373a15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e373b9a\" data-id=\"e373b9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e373cbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e373cbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e373d74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e373d74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e373eee\" data-id=\"e373eee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e374020 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e374020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3740c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3740c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e374231\" data-id=\"e374231\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37435d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37435d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hate Speech and the Challenges of Nation Building in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yahaya Yakubu  &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 291-294<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3743ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3743ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e374561\" data-id=\"e374561\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37467d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e37467d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study set out to explore the plausible existence of a correlation between prevalence of hate speech and the current state of nation building in contemporary. Conceiving hate speech as prejudicial and derogatory comments aagisnt persons of different ethnic origin, the study hinging on the theoretical pedestal of ethnicity holds that; primordial ethnic identity and affiliations remains a major driving force behind widespread prevalence of hate speech in the Nigerian polity. Furthermore, it also holds that the incidence of hate speech is particularly more pronounced in period leading to and after national and local elections. Accordingly, it is of the view that a lot needs to be done legislative wise in terms of enacting legislations geared towards classifying and combating hate speech. Secondly, it also claims that regional and tribal elites should be cautious of their utterances so as not to incite one group against another. While on the side of the government, reasonable amount of political will is required to sensitize and educate the mass as well as inculcation of policies that will strengthen ties across rival groups in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 291-294\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya Yakubu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science &#038; International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tDaily Post Newspaper, (August 8, 2013).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tGuardian Newspaper, (November 02, 2010, Pp.4).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tNeisser, E. (2014) \u201cHate Speech in the New South Africa: Constitutional consideration for a land recovering from decades of rational repression and violence\u201d, South African Journal of Human Rights 10: 33-356.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tOsaghae, E. E. (1991). A Re-examination of the Conception of Ethnicity in Africa as an Ideology of Inter-Elite Competition, African Study Monograph, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43-60.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tThisday Newspaper (January 15, 2015).<br \/>\r\n[6].\tUnited Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (2013) General recommendation on combating racist hate speech\u201d, CERD\/C\/GC\/35.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tVanguard Newspaper (May 05, 2013)<br \/>\r\n[8].\tVon Bogdandy, A., H\u00e4u\u00dfler, S., Hanschmann, F. and Utz, R. 2005. State-building, nation-building, and constitutional politics in post-conflict situations: Conceptual clarifications and an appraisal of different approaches. Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, 9 (579-613).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tYakubu, Y. (2017). Ethnicity, Federal Character Principle and National Development in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation, Journal of Nation Building and Policy Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1 &#038; 2, pp. 7-23.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yahaya Yakubu  &#8220;Hate Speech and the Challenges of Nation Building in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.291-294 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/291-294.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/291-294.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hate-speech-and-the-challenges-of-nation-building-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hate Speech and the Challenges of Nation Building in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e375438 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e375438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e375532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e375532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3756b0\" data-id=\"e3756b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3757c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3757c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37586a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37586a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3759b4\" data-id=\"e3759b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e375ac3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e375ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e375b5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e375b5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e375ca3\" data-id=\"e375ca3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e375da7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e375da7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e375e40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e375e40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e375f9e\" data-id=\"e375f9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3760ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3760ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Interface Design Assessment of Museum Permanent Exhibition at the National Museum of Malaysia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Norfadilah Kamaruddin &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 295-300<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37614a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37614a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3762bf\" data-id=\"e3762bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3763f1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3763f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">At a museum, the interface design between the visitor and the museum is devoted to the exhibition. In this sense, the exhibition works as a medium with an effective interface design for the museum collections and researches. Moreover, a visit to an exhibition counts as a good use of leisure time, however some exhibitions are almost overrun with visitors. Thus, this paper describes what is interface design meaning from the design perspectives and the museum professionals view. Consisting of four different types of interface design, this paper presents the results of a broad validation study on the literature, as well as Malaysian National Museum specific documents. The paper concludes with a discussion of what types of interface design currently be applied on the permanent exhibition at Malaysian National Museum and how the future interface design can be improve towards the presentation of museum-collections and future aims to strengthening and refining the quality of interface design for use by museum professionals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 295-300\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norfadilah Kamaruddin <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Art &#038; Design, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Selangor, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbor, J. &#038; Quartey, P.,(2010). 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(Case of Croatia)&#8217;. 7th Triple Helix Conference: University, Industry and Government Linkages. Glassgow, 2009,Glasgow, Scotland.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tSparks, D. L. &#038; Barnett, S. T. (2010). The Informal Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: Out of the Shadows to Foster Sustainable Employment and Equity? International Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(5), 1-11.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tTumuti, D., Wanderi, P. &#038; Lang\u2019at-Thoruwa, C. (2013). Benefits of University-Industry Partnerships: The Case of Kenyatta University and Equity Bank. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(7), 26-33.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tVilanova, L. (2007). Neither Shareholder nor Stakeholder Management: What Happens When Firms are<br \/>\r\n[38].\tRun for their Short-Term Salient Stakeholder?\u2019 European Management Journal 25 (2): 146\u2013162<br \/>\r\n[39].\tWright, M., Clarysseb, B., Lockett, A., &#038; Knockaertd, M. (2008). Midrange Universities Linkages with Industry: Knowledge Types and the Role of Intermediaries. Research Policy, 37, 1205-1223.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tYusuf, S., Saint, W. &#038; Nabeshima, K. (2009). Accelerating Catch-up: Tertiary Education for Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington: The World Bank<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Norfadilah Kamaruddin &#8220;Interface Design Assessment of Museum Permanent Exhibition at the National Museum of Malaysia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.295-300 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/295-300.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/295-300.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/interface-design-assessment-of-museum-permanent-exhibition-at-the-national-museum-of-malaysia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Interface Design Assessment of Museum Permanent Exhibition at the National Museum of Malaysia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3771f5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3771f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3772d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3772d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37743f\" data-id=\"e37743f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e377558 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e377558\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e377677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e377677\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3777fd\" data-id=\"e3777fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e377916 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e377916\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3779cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3779cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e377b2a\" data-id=\"e377b2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e377c40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e377c40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e377cdf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e377cdf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e377e5d\" data-id=\"e377e5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e377f6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e377f6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Islamic Perspective towards Deradicalising Some Extremist Conducts among Muslims in Contemporary Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mukhtar Umar Dagimun, Salihi Ashiru Musa &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 301-306<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e378007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e378007\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e378158\" data-id=\"e378158\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e378279 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e378279\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Life of a Muslim is fully regulated and guided by the teachings of Islam. These teachings are clearly based on the principles of moderation. A Muslim is expected to conduct himself in line with the teachings of his religion according to his ability. He must neither exceed the limit nor draw back himself in the practice of religion. However, there are certain extremist conducts that have manifested among Muslims in the contemporary period. Some of these features include: Intolerance, bigotry, excessiveness, harshness, overburdening oneself among others. In fact, a number of some extremist conducts have manifested in the actions and attitudes of some Muslims now a days. This paper intends to examine this trend in the following key components. Apart from the introduction and conclusion, it defined the key concepts, discusses some extremist conducts among Muslims and the position of Islam on them. The paper further examines the causes and the method of deradicalising them from Islamic perspective.To achieve this aim, the researchers employ analytical method in writing this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 301-306\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mukhtar Umar Dagimun <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Islamic Studies, Faculty of Arts and Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salihi Ashiru Musa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Arts and Humanities, School of Continuing Education, Bayero University, Kano- Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reference are not available.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mukhtar Umar Dagimun, Salihi Ashiru Musa &#8220;Islamic Perspective towards Deradicalising Some Extremist Conducts among Muslims in Contemporary Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.301-306 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/301-306.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/301-306.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/islamic-perspective-towards-deradicalising-some-extremist-conducts-among-muslims-in-contemporary-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Islamic Perspective towards Deradicalising Some Extremist Conducts among Muslims in Contemporary Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37904b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e37904b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37912f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37912f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37929d\" data-id=\"e37929d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3793bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3793bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e379458 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e379458\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3795ae\" data-id=\"e3795ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3796bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3796bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e379761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e379761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3798a7\" data-id=\"e3798a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3799fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3799fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e379a9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e379a9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e379c01\" data-id=\"e379c01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e379d21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e379d21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Prospect of Secularism and the Muslim Society of Zanzibar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mohamed, Makame Soud &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 307-313<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e379dbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e379dbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e379f2b\" data-id=\"e379f2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37a04a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e37a04a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Secularism is a political situation which is being followed in Tanzania including Zanzibar as a part of Tanzania. Due to its interpretation, secularism brings ambiguity in the overall implication in the country. It is referred to the form of life that does not rely on any religious belief. Therefore, this paper is intended to examine the prospect of secularism in Zanzibar along with its implications within the Islamic society of Zanzibar. This is a descriptive and analytical type of study; in that respect, it proposes to use a qualitative approach, in which observation techniques, written documents, and internet sources were applied to collect the data, which were analyzed and presented in the form of thematic descriptions of secularism in the context of Zanzibar. The finding of this study revealed that Zanzibar is a semi secular state and that Islamic religion is dominant in the government institutions. It is the author\u2019s hope that the study provides the readers with a good perception of the nature of secularism as experienced in the Islamic context of Zanzibar. The study recommends that the people of Zanzibar should opt for a political system that is in need of them without intervening with their Islamic culture while observing the ethics of other beliefs despite their minority.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 307-313\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed, Makame Soud<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(MA Religious Studies)<br \/>\r\nZANZIBAR \u2013 TANZANIA <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAl-Bishri, Tariq, (1996), Al-Hiwar al-islami al-\u2018ilmani, Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAl-Ghannouchi, Rachid (2002). \u201cSecularism in the Arab Maghreb.\u201d Islam and Secularism\t in the Middle East, England: C. Hurst &#038; Co. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAl-Oadah, Fahd Salman, (2009). Islam and Secularism, online Islamic Library, USA: IslamicBasics.com.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAl-Qaradawi, Yusuf (1980), The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam (Indianapolis, IN: American Trust Publications.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAn-Naim, Abdullah Ahmad (2008), Islam and the secular state: negotiating the future of Sharia, United States of America: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBakari, and Makulilo. \u201cBeyond polarity in Zanzibar? The \u2018silent\u2019 referendum and the government of national unity\u201d, Journal of Contemporary African Studies. Vol. 30, No. 2<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBalasubramanian, M. (1980), Nehru: A Study of Secularism, New Delhi: Uppal Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBob Lewis, (2007-05-19). \u201cJerry\u2019s Kids\u2019 Urged to Challenge \u2018Radical Secularism\u2019\u201d The Christian Post, Washington: The Christian Post.com.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCharles Taylor, (2010).The Meaning of Secularism, McGill University, The Hedgehog Review, Montr\u00e9al Canada: vol. 12, no. 3.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDenys Lawrence Munby, (1963). The Idea of a Secular society, London: Oxford University Press, 14-32; Holyoake, George Jacob, (1896). The Origin and Nature of Secularism, London: Watts and Co. p.51.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tFeldman, Noah (2005). Divided by God, USA: University of Chicago Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tHolyoake, George Jacob, (1896). The Origin and Nature of Secularism, London: Watts and Co.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKosmin, Barry and Keysar, Ariela (2007). &#8220;Secularism &#038; Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives&#8221;. Hartford USA: Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture (ISSSC).<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLodhi, Abdulaziz Y. 1994. \u201cMuslims in Eastern Africa &#8211; Their Past and Present.\u201d Nordic<br \/>\r\na.\tJournal of African Studies 3(1):<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMajamba, Hamudi I. 2007. \u201cPerspectives on the Kadhis Court in Zanzibar.\u201d Orient Journal of Law and Social Sciences, Vol. 1 issue No. 2.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMetthew Hettiger. 2010. \u201cThe Racialization of Politics in Revolutionary Zanzibar.\u201d A thesis submitted to the US Naval Academy for the Degree of Masters in History.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMohammed A. Bakari, (2012), Religion, Secularism, and Political Discourse in Tanzania: Competing Perspectives by Religious Organizations, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion Vol. 8.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMonshipouri, Mahmood (1998). Islamism, Secularism and Human Rights in the Middle East. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tOmar Mapuri. 1996. The 1964 Revolution: Achievements and Prospects. Dar es Salaam: Tema Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSoner Ca gaptay, (2007). Secularism and Foreign Policy in Turkey New Elections, Troubling Trends, USA: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, pp. 6 \u2013 8; Al-Oadah, op. cit. pp. 11, 12.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tWesley Gilbert. 2011. \u201cOur Man in Zanzibar: Richard Waters, American Consul, (1837-1845).\u201d A thesis submitted to the faculty of Wesleyan University for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts in History, Wesleyan University. Middletown, Connecticut, United States.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tYavuz, Hakan M. and Esposito, John L. (2003), Turkish Islam and the Secular State: The Gulen Movement, Syracuse University.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamed, Makame Soud &#8220;Prospect of Secularism and the Muslim Society of Zanzibar&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.307-313 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/307-313.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/307-313.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/prospect-of-secularism-and-the-muslim-society-of-zanzibar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prospect of Secularism and the Muslim Society of Zanzibar<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37adde elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e37adde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37aec2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37aec2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37b025\" data-id=\"e37b025\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37b144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37b144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37b1e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37b1e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37b336\" data-id=\"e37b336\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37b446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37b446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37b4e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37b4e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37b62b\" data-id=\"e37b62b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37b72e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37b72e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37b7cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37b7cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37b92b\" data-id=\"e37b92b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37ba40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37ba40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Technological Innovation and Economic Performance in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Samuel B. Adewumi, Ngozi B. Enebe &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 314-319<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37badb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37badb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37bc52\" data-id=\"e37bc52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37bd89 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e37bd89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines technological innovation and economic performance of developing countries with evidence from Nigeria. The study employed data from 1981 to 2016, and with variables such as gross domestic product, stock of physical capital, technology \u2013 proxy by total factor productivity, foreign direct investment, labour force and trade openness. The result yield support to the theoretical postulation of Solow and Swan (1986) that technological innovation is the driving force of growth; and for a state\/country to move beyond the steady state, advancement in technology is equally the motivating factor. We conclude that for LDC\u2019s to achieve a meaningful economic growth, greater attention must be given to technological development, which could be through innovation or technological transfer.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 314-319\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel B. Adewumi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngozi B. Enebe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArrow, K. (1962). \u2018The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing\u2019, Review of Economic studies 29, pp. (155\u201373).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAudrey P.N, Jaraji K. (2016). 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(1997). \u2018R&#038;D cycle: The influence of product and process R&#038;D on short\u2013term ROI\u2019, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 44, pp. 114\u201323.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tBen-David, D. (1996). \u2018Trade and convergence among countries.\u2019 Journal of International Economics, vol. 40, pp. 279\u201398.<br \/>\r\n[51].\tBarrell R., and Pain N. (1997): Foreign direct investment, technological change, and economic growth within Europe. The Economic Journal, Blackwell Publishers, USA.<br \/>\r\n[52].\tSolow, R., (1956), \u201cA Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth,\u201d Quarterly<br \/>\r\nJournal of Economics, 70(February): 65-94.<br \/>\r\n[53].\tSwan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic record, 32(2), 334-361.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel B. Adewumi, Ngozi B. Enebe &#8220;Technological Innovation and Economic Performance in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.314-319 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/314-319.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/314-319.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/technological-innovation-and-economic-performance-in-developing-countries-evidence-from-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Technological Innovation and Economic Performance in Developing Countries: Evidence from Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37cc1b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e37cc1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Nwaeke &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 320-327<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37d93e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37d93e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37daaa\" data-id=\"e37daaa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37dbe2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e37dbe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The state of business operations\u2019 method is changing rapidly and assuming a new dimension and organizations that fail to synchronize these changes with potent strategies risk speedy entropy. Technology is changing the world and its impact on virtually every aspect of human life is unfathomable. Therefore this paper looked at how globalization and industry 4.0 will affect training and retraining of employees in the developed and underdeveloped countries. After careful extant literature review, it proved that both globalization and industry 4.0 are phenomena driven by increased growth of technology in the West over the years. However, the study showed that developing and underdeveloped nations have not fared well in the midst of globalization movement as the losses incurred has exceeded the much promised benefits and a new era is about to be born which will entirely change manufacturing dynamics. In this circumstance, we deduced that for organizations operating in developing and underdeveloped countries to transit to the new era, training and retraining of their workforce must be on top gear so as to upscale their skills to meet the new challenges ahead. In line with that we recommend that organizations operating in developing and underdeveloped world should be conscious of the revolutionary and evolutionary nature of global business environments and ensure that they adapt appropriately without losing sight of the imperialistic tendencies of the West; that before the adoption of industry 4.0 system, there is need for a proper identification of the required skills set before following it up with adequate training and retraining programs to  upscale their skills in that direction and also reduce the tendency for resistance and failure.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 320-327\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>WOBODO, Chinonye Chris<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctoral Student, Department of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. L.I. Nwaeke<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAcatech; Arbeitskreis Smart Service Welt 2014: Smart Service Welt: Umsetzungsempfehlungen f\u00fcr das Zukunftsprojeakt \u2013 ternetbasierte Dienste f\u00fcr die Wirtschaft, Berlin<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdekoya, F. (2017). Industry 4.0: Fears, opportunities in automated manufacturing. The Guardian retrieved 18\/03\/2018<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAina &#038; Reuben (2014). Effects of globalization on human resource development and management in Nigeria international policy brief series, Education and Science Journal 4 (1), 41-52<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAkindele, S.T., Gidado, T.O. &#038; Olaopo, O.R. (2002).Globalization, its implications and consequences for Africa .Accessed from www.internationalpolicybrief.org on 20\/5\/2018<br \/>\r\n[5].\tArmstrong, M. (2006).A handbook of human resource management practice (8th ed.), Kogan Page Limited.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDavies R. (2015). Industry 4.0 digitalization for productivity and growth, European Parliamentary Research Service<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFafowora, O.O. (1998). Management imperatives of globalization, management in Nigeria. Journal of Nigerian Institute of Management, 34 (3), 5-9.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGabriel, J.M.O (2018).Industry 4.0 and societal evolution: The anticipated future. A seminar paper presented during the 2018 induction ceremony of the Chattered Institute of Human Capital Development held at Somitel Hotels and Resort, Port Harcourt on the 29th of March, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGandhi, N. (2015). Industry 4.0 \u2013 Fourth industrial revolution ile:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/USER\/Documents\/Industry%204.0%20\u2013%20material%20-5.htm<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGeissbauer, R., Veds\u00f8, J. &#038; Schrauf, S., (2016). Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise. Available at: https:\/\/www.pwc. com\/gx\/en\/industries\/industries-4.0\/landing-page\/industry-4.0-building-yourdigital- enterprise-april-2016.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGerbert, P.; Lorenz, M.;  R\u00fc\u00dfmann, M.; Waldner, M.; Justus, J.; Engel, P. &#038; Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries https:\/\/www.bcg.com\/publications\/2015\/engineered_products_project_business_industry_4_future_productivity_growth_manufacturing_industries.aspx<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGersbach, H. &#038; Schmutzler, A. (2006).The effects of globalization on worker training  Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit, Institute for the Study of Labor.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tGrieco, M. &#038; Holmes, L. (1999) Tele options for community business: An opportunity for economic growth in Africa&#8221; Africa notes.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHackett, L. (1992). Industrial revolution, Accessed on 22\/05\/2018 from scribd.com\/document\/349935818\/change-management-questionnaire-pdf<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHusain A. (2015). 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How to build a cyber-security strategy. ttps:\/\/www.csoonline.com\/article\/3242690\/data-protection\/what-is-cyber-security-how-to-build-a-cyber-security-strategy.html<br \/>\r\n[32].\tRanger, S. (2018). What is cloud computing? Everything you need to know about the cloud, explained: An introduction to cloud computing right from the basics up to IaaS and PaaS, hybrid, public, and private cloud. Accessed  from https:\/\/www.zdnet.com\/article\/what-is-cloud-computing-everything-you-need-to-know-from-public-and-private-cloud-to-software-as-a\/ on 22\/5\/201<br \/>\r\n[33].\tR\u00fc\u00dfmann, M., Lorenz, M., Gerbert, P., Waldner, M., Justus, J., Engel, P. &#038; Harnisch, M. (2015). Industry 4.0: The future of productivity and growth in manufacturing industries, Boston Consulting Group, http:\/\/www.zvw.de\/ media.media.72e472fb-1698-4a15-8858-344351c8902f.original.pdf [accessed 24.04.2017].<br \/>\r\n[34].\tStiglitz, J. (2002). 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The causes of continuing underdevelopment, w aw and the State, Tubingen: Edited by the Institute for Scientific Co-operation.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">WOBODO, Chinonye Chris, Dr. L.I. Nwaeke &#8220;Globalization and Industry 4.0: A Theoretical Review of Their Impact on Training and Retraining of Employees in Developing and Underdeveloped Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.320-327 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/320-327.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/320-327.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/globalization-and-industry-4-0-a-theoretical-review-of-their-impact-on-training-and-retraining-of-employees-in-developing-and-underdeveloped-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Globalization and Industry 4.0: A Theoretical Review of Their Impact on Training and Retraining of Employees in Developing and Underdeveloped Countries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37e99d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e37e99d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37ea75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37ea75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37ebeb\" data-id=\"e37ebeb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37ed05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37ed05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37eda4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37eda4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37eefd\" data-id=\"e37eefd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37f008 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37f008\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37f0ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37f0ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37f1f6\" data-id=\"e37f1f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37f314 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37f314\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37f3b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37f3b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37f50b\" data-id=\"e37f50b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37f615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e37f615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Educational Expenditure and Human Capital Development in West Africa, the Challenge to Developing Countries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Samuel B. Adewumi &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 328-331<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e37f6b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e37f6b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e37f80d\" data-id=\"e37f80d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e37f926 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e37f926\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">It has been established in literature that education contributes majorly to human capital development, societal development and prospective tool in boosting the performance of the labour force, it is also a strong base for effective and efficient performance of world economies (UN, 2003). Also, many authors had linked the role of human capital \u2013 through education \u2013 in economic development (World Bank, 2003; Anyanwu, 1996, 1998), promoting economic growth (Levine and Renelt, 1992; Mankiw et al., 1992; Anyanwu, 1998); promoting income redistribution and poverty reduction (Ravallion and Chen, 1997; Sen, 1999; and Schultz, 2002) and other aspect of the economy to mention but few.<br \/>\r\nMoreover, government educational spending, which is a tool in enhancing human capital development no doubt had been on the increase in West African countries and other African countries at large (Rajkumar and Swaroop 2008). Different educational programme and policies had also been enacted to boost the performance of the sector. Some empirical findings also yield support that government expenditure has improved education enrolment rate in the Middle East and other middle income countries. But in spite the noticeable increase in education expenditure in West African countries, its impact in building strong workforce or human capital development in the region is still questionable (Schultz, 1999; Moja, 2000 Bloom, Canning and Chan, 2006).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 328-331\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel B. Adewumi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel B. Adewumi &#8220;Educational Expenditure and Human Capital Development in West Africa, the Challenge to Developing Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.328-331 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/328-331.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/328-331.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/educational-expenditure-and-human-capital-development-in-west-africa-the-challenge-to-developing-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Educational Expenditure and Human Capital Development in West Africa, the Challenge to Developing Countries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38066e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e38066e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38074a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38074a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3808bb\" data-id=\"e3808bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3809cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3809cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e380a79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e380a79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e380bc1\" data-id=\"e380bc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e380cd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e380cd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e380d73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e380d73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e380ebd\" data-id=\"e380ebd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e380fc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e380fc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38105f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38105f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3811b3\" data-id=\"e3811b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3812c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3812c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Effects of Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Activities on the Livelihood of Rural Households in Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Unongo, E. A., Musa, M. W. and Akinola, M. O. &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 332-335<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e381364 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e381364\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3814d0\" data-id=\"e3814d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3815fe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3815fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study was carried out to assess the effects of forest resources exploitation and utilization activities on the livelihood of rural households in Benue state Nigeria. Multiple regression model was used to empirically quantify the 11 livelihood variables that were tested for their effects on the livelihood of rural households in the study area to achieve the objective of the study. The results of the study revealed that some livelihood variables such as: improved procurement of food items; increased households assets; improved expenditure on on-farm activities; improved households expenditure; improved expenditure on cultural festivals\/ceremonies and ease of sponsoring wards in schools have significant effects on the livelihood of rural households in the study area at 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance respectively. The study concluded that the forest resources exploitation and utilization activities have positive effects on the rural households in the study area. It was recommended that: rural households should pool financial and available human resources at their disposal to establish and manage processing industries in the rural areas for processing the abundant exploited forest resources for generating households income as well as to meet national consumption and exportation; forest guards should be employed from the rural communities and be paid monthly by government to safeguard forest resources against irrational exploitation by exploiters; and rural communities should be mobilized to engage in self-help efforts for the rehabilitation of rural roads, construction of new roads and bridges for easy transportation of forest resources exploited to points of sale.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 332-335\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Unongo, E. A.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agriculture Extension and Communication, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Musa, M. W.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinola, M. O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/332-335.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-effects-of-forest-resources-exploitation-and-utilization-activities-on-the-livelihood-of-rural-households-in-benue-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of Effects of Forest Resources Exploitation and Utilization Activities on the Livelihood of Rural Households in Benue State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e382228 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e382228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e382310 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e382310\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38247e\" data-id=\"e38247e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38259a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38259a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e382639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e382639\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e382788\" data-id=\"e382788\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e382892 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e382892\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e382930 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e382930\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e382a89\" data-id=\"e382a89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e382b95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e382b95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e382c31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e382c31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e382d8e\" data-id=\"e382d8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e382e97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e382e97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Social Media on Students of American University of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Achoda, Nicholas Achoda, Steve Wordu (PhD) &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 336-340<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e382f38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e382f38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e383094\" data-id=\"e383094\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3831b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e3831b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research paper looks at the effects of social media on students of American University of Nigeria. The study area is the American University of Nigeria located in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The study structured a questionnaire to extract information from respondents which consisted of selected students. A total of 100 questionnaires were distributed and 80 of these questionnaires were retrieved. This number forms the crust of findings for this study; the 80 questionnaires retrieved and the interpretation of results therein, can be considered a justifiable sample size considering the fact that the university has a total of less than one thousand students. The simple percentage was used to analyze the research questions. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study and systematic random sampling was used to select the population sample. Findings revealed that social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Snapchat and Instagram are highly used by students of American University of Nigeria.  The study also revealed that over 99% of the students owned mobile phones with internet facilities and have a good knowledge of the use of social media. The phone brands used by the students include Apple (iPhone), Samsung, Nokia and Huawei. Findings from the research revealed that social media use can have a negative effect on students, as well as hamper their academic performance. Nevertheless, social media also plays an important role in the lives of students as it provides a convenient medium for information dissemination, research and instant communication. The study recommends that students should minimize the time they spend on social media. Moderation is key. Excessive use of social media can result in mental issues, anxiety, decreased self-esteem, poor academic performance and depression.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 336-340\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Achoda, Nicholas Achoda<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Steve Wordu (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkram, W and R Kumar. \u201cA Study on Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media on Society.\u201dInternational Journal of Computer and Engineering V.10 (2017): 347-354.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tChatfield, Tom. What Does it mean to be Human in the Age of Technology? 20 January 2016. Accessed 2 May 2019.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEl Badawy, Tarek and Yasmin Hashem. \u201cThe Impact of Social Media on the Academic Development of School Students.\u201d International Journal of Business Administration 6.1 (2015): 46-52.<br \/>\r\n[4].\t Gaitho, Maryanne. What is the real Impact of Social Media? 12 September 2018. 18 April 2019 http:\/\/www.digitalvidya.com\/real-impact-social-media-article<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKakkar, Garima. What are the Impacts of Social Media? 24December 2018. 18 April 2019 http:\/\/www.digitalvidya.com\/blog\/impact-of-social-media\/<br \/>\r\n[6].\tZhukova, Anya. Numerous studies have shown that increased use of social media has a negative effect on your sleep quality. 31 October 2018. 31 April 2019. https:\/\/www.makeuseof.com\/tag\/negative-effects-of-social-media\/<br \/>\r\n[7].\tQuestionnaires distributed and responses gotten from students of American University of Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tVictoria Government. What is Bullying? 22 February 2019. 15 April 2019 https:\/\/www.education.vic.gov.au\/about\/programs\/bullystyoppers\/Pages\/what.aspx<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Achoda, Nicholas Achoda, Steve Wordu (PhD) &#8220;Effects of Social Media on Students of American University of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.336-340 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/336-340.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/336-340.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-social-media-on-students-of-american-university-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Social Media on Students of American University of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e383f10 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e383f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e383ff2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e383ff2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38416a\" data-id=\"e38416a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e384280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e384280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e384329 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e384329\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e384476\" data-id=\"e384476\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38459a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38459a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e384637 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e384637\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e384789\" data-id=\"e384789\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38488c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38488c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e384941 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e384941\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e384a9c\" data-id=\"e384a9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e384ba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e384ba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Audit Committees\u2019 Meetings and Audit Fees on the Financial Performance of Listed Banks in Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri, Gyimah Prince  &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 341-346<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e384c3c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e384c3c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e384da8\" data-id=\"e384da8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e384ede elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e384ede\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study adopted quantitative research approach and descriptive research method to assess   the impact of Audit committee on financial performance of banks listed on the Ghana   Stock Exchange. Audit committee variables used were: Audit Committee Meetings,   Audit Committee Size, and Audit fees. Financial performance was   examined using Return on Asset (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE). The researcher        found that listed banks financial performance with respect to ROA was positively influenced by audit committee size and audit fees whilst ROE was negatively skewed by audit committee meetings. Though negative relations were found between ROA, ROE and some Audit committee variables as used in this study, the regression model used indicated that over 60% of variability in financial performance of the listed banks was due to Audit committee and fees.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 341-346\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Lecturer, Kessben University College, Ghana.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gyimah Prince<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Lecturer, University of Education, Winneba-Kumasi, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbbott, L. J., Parker, S., and Peter, G.F. (2004).Audit committee characteristics and restatement.Auditing: Journal of Practice and Theory, 23(1), 69-87.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAbbott, L. J., S. Parker., and G. Peters.(2003). Audit committee characteristics and restatements. Auditing: AJournal of Practice and Theory 23 (1): 69- 87<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAl-Matari, Y.A., Al-Swidi, A.K., BtFadzil, F.H., and Al-Matari, E.M. (2012). Board of Directors, Audit Committee Characteristics and Performance of Saudi Arabia Listed Companies. International Review of Management and Marketing, 2(4), 241-251<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAmer , M., Ragab, A.A., and Shehata, E.S. (2014). Audit Committee Characteristics and Firm Performance: Evidence from Egyptian Listed Companies. Proceedings of 6th Annual American Business Research Conference, 9 &#8211; 10, Sheraton LaGuardia East Hotel, New York, USA, ISBN: 978-1-922069-52-8<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAryan, L.A. (2015). The Relationship between Audit Committee Characteristics, Audit Firm Quality and Companies\u2019 Profitability. Asian Journal of Finance &#038; Accounting, 7(2), 215-225<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBaxter, P., and J. Cotter. (2009). The audit committee and earnings quality. Accounting and Finance 49 (2): 267-290.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBhagat, S.,and Bolton, B. (2008).Corporate governance and firm performance.Journal of Corporate Finance, 14, 257-273.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBrown, L. D., and Caylor, M. L. (2009).Corporate governance and firm valuation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 25(2), 409-434.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCarcello, J.V., Hermanson, D.R., Raghunandan, K., (2005). Factors associated with US public companies\u2019 investment in internal<br \/>\r\nauditing. Accounting Horizons, 19 (2), 65\u201380.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tChannar, Z.A., Khan, M., Shakri, .I.H. (2015).Internal Control Effectiveness and its relationship with Financial Performance.IBT Journal of Business Studies, 11(2), 92-107.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tCohen, J., Moorthy, G., Wright, A., (2002). Corporate governance and the audit process.<br \/>\r\nContemporary Accounting Research 19 (4), 573\u2013594.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tCreswell, J. W. (2014). The selection of a research approach.Chapter, 1, 3-21<br \/>\r\n[13].\tFeng, M., Ge, W., Luo, W., Shevlin, T., (2011). Why do CFOs become involved in material<br \/>\r\naccounting manipulations? Journal of Accounting and Economics 51 (2011),<br \/>\r\n21\u201336<br \/>\r\n[14].\tGlover-Akpey, I., and Azembila, A.B. (2016). The Effect of Audit Committees on the Performance of Firms Listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange. Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(11),55-62.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tGoodwin-Stewart, J., Kent, P., (2006).Relationship between external audit fees, internal audit and the audit committee.Accounting and Finance 46, 387\u2013404.<\/p>\r\n<p>[16].\tHabbash, M. (2015).Audit Committee Effectiveness and Audit Quality: Evidence From Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Management and Applied Science, 1(7), 5-14.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tHindle J, (2005). HR outsourcing in operation: critical success factors. Human Resource Management International Digest, 13(3), 39-41.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tHosseini, S.J.F., Mohammadib, F., Mirdamadia, S.M., (2010).Factors Influencing the<br \/>\r\nEconomic Aspects of Sustainable Agriculture in Iran. African Journal of Agricultural<br \/>\r\nResearch 6 (2), 451\u2013457<br \/>\r\n[19].\tJames, O., Izien, O.F. (2014).Audit firm characteristics and audit quality in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 3(5): 187-195<br \/>\r\n[20].\tKikhia, H.Y. (2014). Board Characteristics, Audit Committee Characteristics and Audit Fees: Evidence from Jordan. International Business Research, 7(12), 98-110.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMerriam, S. B. (2002). Introduction to qualitative research.Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis, 1, 1-17.<\/p>\r\n<p>[22].\tMitra, S., Hossain, M., Deis, D.R., (2007). The empirical relationship between owner-ship characteristics and audit fees.Review of Quantitative Finance &#038; Accounting 28 (3), 257\u2013285.<\/p>\r\n<p>[23].\tRustam, S., Rashid, Zaman, K. (2013).The relationship between audit committees, compensation incentives and corporate audit fees in Pakistan.Economic Modeling, 31, 697-716.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSEC, (1999). NYSE Rulemaking: Order approving Proposed Rule Change Amending the Audit Committee Requirements and Notice of Filing and Order Granting Accelerated Approval of Amendments No. 1 and No. 2 Thereto. SEC Release No. 34\u201342233; File No. SR-NYSE-99-39.Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tVafeas, N., Waeglein, J.F., (2007). The association between audit committees, compensation incentives, and corporate audit fees. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 28, 241\u2013255<br \/>\r\n[26].\tCollier, P. and Gregory, A. (1996) \u2018Audit committee effectiveness and the audit fee\u2019, European Accounting Review, 5(2), pp. 177\u2013198.doi: 10.1080\/09638189600000012.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tGoodwin-Stewait, J. and Kent, P. (2006) \u2018Relation between external audit fees, audit committee characteristics and internal audit\u2019, Accounting and Finance, 46(3), pp. 387\u2013404.doi: 10.1111\/j.1467-629X.2006.00174.x.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tHarris, C. K. (2007) \u2018The Association Between Corporate Governance and Audit Fees\u2019, Corporate Governance, 8(1), pp. 28\u201345. doi: 10.1108\/14720700810853383.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tIttonen, K., Miettinen, J. and V\u00e4h\u00e4maa, S. (2010) \u2018Does Female Representation in Audit Committees Affect Audit Fees\u202f?\u2019,Quarterly Journal of Finance and Accounting, 49(3\u20134), pp. 113\u2013139. doi: 10.2307\/23074633.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tKarim, K., Robin, A. and Suh, S. (2016) \u2018Board structure and audit committee monitoring: Effects of audit committee monitoring incentives and board entrenchment on audit fees\u2019, Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance, 31(2), pp. 249\u2013276. doi: 10.1177\/0148558X15583412.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tMarini, A. M., Rohana, O. and Keshab, S. (2016) \u2018Family firms, audit committees and audit fees: Evidence from an emerging economy\u2019, Advanced Science Letters, 22(12), pp. 4465\u20134468. doi: 10.1166\/asl.2016.8186.<br \/>\r\n[32].\t(Rustam, 2013)\u2018The relationship between audit committees, compensation incentives and corporate audit fees in Pakistan\u2019, Economic Modelling, 31(1), pp. 697\u2013716.doi: 10.1016\/j.econmod.2013.01.008.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tZaman, M., Hudaib, M. and Haniffa, R. (2011) \u2018Corporate Governance Quality, Audit Fees and Non-Audit Services Fees\u2019, Journal of Business Finance &#038; Accounting, 38(1\u20132), pp. 165\u2013197. doi: 10.1111\/j.1468-5957.2010.02224.x.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri, Gyimah Prince  &#8220;The Impact of Audit Committees\u2019 Meetings and Audit Fees on the Financial Performance of Listed Banks in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.341-346 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/341-346.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/341-346.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-audit-committees-meetings-and-audit-fees-on-the-financial-performance-of-listed-banks-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Audit Committees\u2019 Meetings and Audit Fees on the Financial Performance of Listed Banks in Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e385c8b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e385c8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e385d69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e385d69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e385eda\" data-id=\"e385eda\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e385fef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e385fef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e386097 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e386097\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3862dc\" data-id=\"e3862dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38642d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38642d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3864d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3864d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e386625\" data-id=\"e386625\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38672a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38672a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3867c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3867c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38692e\" data-id=\"e38692e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e386a72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e386a72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Utilization of Whatsapp Social Media Platform on Spiritual Growth of Church Members a Case of New Life Church Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Paul Kamau, Dr. John Kamau, Nicholas Mwaura, Mary Njau &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 347-351<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e386b33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e386b33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e386cb0\" data-id=\"e386cb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e386e04 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e386e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of utilization of social media on spiritual growth of church members. The study focused on use of the most popular platform (WhatsApp) on the particular target population.<br \/>\r\nThe study was anchored on technology acceptance model and collected data from 278 church members. The study utilized a questionnaire which was pretested to ensure its validity and reliability.The findings indicate that utilization of WhatsApp social media contributes significantly to spiritual development of church members. The study recommends that church leaders and members should be sensitized on importance of using social media not only for social interactions but also to enhance spiritual growth of church members.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 347-351\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Paul Kamau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPan African Christian University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. John Kamau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAfrica Nazarene University, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicholas Mwaura<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPan African Christian University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mary Njau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAfrica Nazarene University, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBuffardi, L. and Campbell, K (2008).Narcissism and Social Networking Websites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 34(10), 1303-1314. Retrieved from http:\/\/ www.people.vcu.edu\/ ~jldavis\/ readings\/ Buffardi_&#038;_Campbell_(2008).pdf<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCampbell, A. &#038;L\u00f6vheim, M. (2011) Introduction, Information, Communication &#038; Society, 14:8, 1083-1096, DOI: 10.1080\/1369118X.2011.597416: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/1369118X.2011.597416<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCheung, C. Chiu, P. and Lee, M. (2010). Online Social Networks: Why do students use Facebook? Computers in Human Behaviour. Article in Press.pp.1-4.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChun-Ming Chang &#038;Meng-Hsiang Hsu (2016): Understanding the determinants of users\u2019 subjective well-being in social networking sites: an integration of social capital theory and social presence theory, Behaviour&#038; Information Technology, DOI: 10.1080\/0144929X.2016.1141321<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGibbs and Grey (2011). Five Foundations of Human Development: A Proposal for Our Survival in the Twenty-First Century and the New Millennium. Author House USA<br \/>\r\n[6].\thttps:\/\/buffer.com\/library\/social-media-sites<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHutchings, T. (2011) Contemporary Religious Community and the Online Church, Information, Communication &#038; Society, 14:8, 1118-1135, DOI: 10.1080\/1369118X.2011.591410:<br \/>\r\n[8].\tInternational telecommunication Union (2010). The rise of social networking. Retrieved November 20 2015 from http:\/\/www.itu.int\/net\/itunews\/issues\/2010\/06\/35.aspx<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKim. C. K., (2010). Biblical strategy and shift to spiritual driven church growth.  Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary. Retrieved 20 April 2016 from http:\/\/ digital commons .liberty.edu\/cgi\/ view content. cgi?  article=1355&#038;context=doctoral<br \/>\r\n[10].\tLundby, K. (2011) Patterns of belonging in online\/offline interfaces of religion, Information, Communication &#038; Society, 14:8, 1219-1235, DOI: 10.1080\/1369118X.2011.594077:<br \/>\r\n[11].\tUnited Nations Development Program (UNDP), 2014. Mobiles for Human Development 2014 Trends and Gaps.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tUnited Nations Development Program (UNDP), 2015. Human Development Reports. Retrieved November  fromhttp:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/en\/humandev<br \/>\r\n[13].\tWoodroffe, N. (2011, July). The Ethos of Global Leadership Interlink. The opening ceremony of the launch of the Global Leadership Interlink (GLI) Jamaica Chapter. Kingston Court leighon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Paul Kamau, Dr. John Kamau, Nicholas Mwaura, Mary Njau &#8220;Effect of Utilization of Whatsapp Social Media Platform on Spiritual Growth of Church Members a Case of New Life Church Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.347-351 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/347-351.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/347-351.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-utilization-of-whatsapp-social-media-platform-on-spiritual-growth-of-church-members-a-case-of-new-life-church-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Utilization of Whatsapp Social Media Platform on Spiritual Growth of Church Members a Case of New Life Church Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e387d02 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e387d02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e387e20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e387e20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e387fc6\" data-id=\"e387fc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3880fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3880fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3881aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3881aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38831a\" data-id=\"e38831a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e388440 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e388440\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e3884ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e3884ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e388670\" data-id=\"e388670\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3887a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e3887a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sporadic Violence Amongst Communities: The implications of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-Counties of Western Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>James Omondi Juma &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 352-358<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e388850 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e388850\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e3889d2\" data-id=\"e3889d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e388b13 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e388b13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The recurrence of inter-ethnic conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet sub-counties has had major implications for almost three decades now. The two main ethnic groups in the area namely the Luo and Kipsig is ethnic groups have been involved in sporadic incidences of violent conflicts over the years. This study puts into perspective some of the major impacts of this conflicts and how they affect intercommunity relations in the two sub-counties. The study utilized descriptive research design. Both primary and secondary data were used during the study. The findings of the study were based on the social, economic and institutional impacts of inter-ethnic conflicts between the two major communities living in the two sub-counties. The implications of these conflicts have been such that they created a vicious cycle of violence that has strained intercommunal relations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 352-358\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Omondi Juma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Peace and Conflict Studies, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX, 190-50100 Kakamega, KENYA<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkinyi-Dar N. P., Kabongah G. O., Otieno O., Leo P., Kamau M., Onyango, M.,  Wepundi, M.  &#038; Obiri, J. (2011). The Invisible Violence in Kenya: A Case  Study of Rift Valley and Western Regions,Nairobi Kenya: Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung<br \/>\r\n[2].\tGurr, T. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tIkejiaku B. V. (2012.) Poverty-Conflict nexus. The Contentious issue revisited. European Journal of Sustainable development 1,2 127-15 ISSN: 2239-5938.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tKenya Red Cross Report, (2014).Nyakach Ethnic Conflict Updates on 11th March \t2014.Retrieved on 10th March, 2016 at www.reliefweb.int\/report\/kenya.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKlopp, J. M., (2002). Can Moral Ethnicity Trump Political Tribalism? The Struggle\t for \tLand and Nation in Kenya. African Studies, 61 (2), 269-294.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKNCHR. (2014).Are we under Siege? The state of Security in Kenya. An Occasional \tReport \t(2010-2014). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ke.undp.org\/content\/dam\/kenya\/docs\/Democratic%20Governance\/State%20of%20Security%20in%20Kenya%20-Occassional%20Report.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKNHCR (2001). The right to return: the Internally\tDisplaced Persons and the Culture of I\tmpunity in Kenya. Kenya Human\tRights \tCommission: Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. Delhi:\t\t\tDahmesh Printers.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMair, S. (2009). Conflict Management in Africa. Who Cares? ISPI Policy Brief.\t Ispipolicybrief@ispionline.it accessed on 13\/3\/2016<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMasaka O.W., Ratemo D.M., Ongaga, E. (2017) Effects of Interethnic Conflicts on \tRural \tPeople\u2019s Livelihoods in Kenya &#8211; Case of Kenyenya and Rongo Sub-Counties in the Lake Victoria Basin. Arts Social Science Journal 8: 253.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMugenda, A. &#038;Mugenda, O. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative \tApproaches. Acts Press: Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMusau B. (2008). Ethnic Conflicts and Transition to democracy in Africa. Recurrence\t of \tinter-ethnic conflicting Kenya (1991-2008). UnpublishedMasters Thesis. University of\tVienna. Austria<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNyukuri, B. K., (1997). The Impact of Past and Potential Ethnic Conflicts on Kenya\u2019s \tStability and Development. Paper prepared for the USAID Conference onConflict Resolution in the Greater Horn of Africa June, 1997. Retrieved on 15 \tNovember \t2015 at  http:\/\/payson.tulane.edu\/conflict\/Cs%20St\/BARASFIN1.html<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOsinubi T. S. &#038;Osinubi O.S. (2006) Ethnic Conflcit in Contemporary Africa : The \tNigerian Experience . Journal of Social Science. Vol 12 (2): 101-114. Kamla-raj<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOucho, J.O. (2008). Undercurrents of Post-Election Violence In Kenya: Issues In The\t Long-\tTerm \tAgenda. School of Journalism Press and Population Studies and  Research \tInstitute: University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOyugi, W. O. (2000). Politicised Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Periodic Phenomenon.Addis Ababa.  http:\/\/unpan1.un.org\/intradoc\/groups\/public\/documents\/CAFRAD\/UNP\tAN010963.pdf. (accessed, November 30, 2015).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSchilling, J., Opiyo, F.E. &#038;Scheffran, J. (2012). Raiding pastoral livelihoods: \tmotives and \teffects of violent conflict in north-western Kenya. \tPastoralism 2: 25.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSilverman, D. (2009) Doing Qualitative Research. London: Sage<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">James Omondi Juma &#8220;Sporadic Violence Amongst Communities: The implications of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-Counties of Western Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.352-358 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/352-358.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/352-358.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sporadic-violence-amongst-communities-the-implications-of-inter-ethnic-conflicts-in-nyakach-and-sigowet-sub-counties-of-western-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sporadic Violence Amongst Communities: The implications of Inter-ethnic Conflicts in Nyakach and Sigowet Sub-Counties of Western Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e3899d4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e3899d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e389ad2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e389ad2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e389c73\" data-id=\"e389c73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e389db0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e389db0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e389e5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e389e5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e389fea\" data-id=\"e389fea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38a117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38a117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38a1c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38a1c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38a326\" data-id=\"e38a326\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38a43c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38a43c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38a4e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38a4e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38a66b\" data-id=\"e38a66b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38a78a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38a78a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding Cultural Causes of Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nurul Huda Sakib &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 359-368<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38a82e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38a82e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38a9bc\" data-id=\"e38a9bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38ab13 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e38ab13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Corrupt culture influenced significantly people living in society, which they practised intentionally or unintentionally. To some extent, these practices patronise corruption and make a significant impact on society in several ways. Thus, this paper has tried to analyse these cultural causes and cost of corruption in the context of Bangladesh. Based on empirical data collected through Bangladesh Citizens Survey,elite interview in the 2015-2016 period and participation observation, the paper identified five principal cultural causes of corruption in Bangladesh; patron-client (neo-patrimonial) networks, creating a corruption friendly environment in the society, use of \u2018religion\u2019 as a tool, low awareness and illiteracy and building corrupt culture through wrong messages in the curriculum. The paper also analyses how these factors contribute to the \u2018iron triangle\u2019 in shaping corruption and the impact of these factors in Bangladeshi society.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 359-368\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurul Huda Sakib<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Government and Politics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBartos, S. 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Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. USA: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tRose-Ackerman, S. (Ed.). (2007). International handbook on the economics of corruption. USA: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tSarker, A. E. (2008). Patron-client politics and its implications for good governance in Bangladesh. International Journal of Public Administration, 31(12), 1416-1440.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tSvensson, J. (2005). Eight questions about corruption. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(3), 19-42. doi:10.1257\/089533005774357860<br \/>\r\n[33].\tTransparency International (TI). (2016). FAQs on corruption. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.transparency.org\/whoweare\/organisation\/faqs_on_corruption#defineCorruption<br \/>\r\n[34].\tTransparency International Bangladesh (TIB). (2012). Corruption in service sectors: National Household Survey 2012. Dhaka: Author. Retrieved from Dhaka, Bangladesh:http:\/\/www.ti-bangladesh.org\/files\/HHSurvey-ExecSum-Eng-fin.pdf<br \/>\r\n[35].\tTransparency International Bangladesh (TIB). (2014). Local Government Sector: Governance Challenges and the way forward. Dhaka: Author.Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti-bangladesh.org\/beta3\/images\/2014\/fr_ds_lg_study_14_bn.pdf<br \/>\r\n[36].\tTransparency International Bangladesh (TIB). (2016). Corruption in Service Sectors: National Household Survey 2015. Dhaka: Author. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ti-bangladesh.org\/beta3\/index.php\/en\/activities\/4988-corruption-in-service-sectors-national-household-survey-2015<br \/>\r\n[37].\tThe Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC). (2016). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.btrc.gov.bd\/content\/internet-subscribers-bangladesh-august-2016<br \/>\r\n[38].\tTreisman, D. (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross-national study. Journal of public economics, 76(3), 399-457.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tTheobald, R. (1999). So what really is the problem about corruption? Third World Quarterly, 20(3), 491-502.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tThe United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2015). Country profiles: Bangladesh. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.uis.unesco.org\/DataCentre\/Pages\/country-profile.aspx?code=BGD<br \/>\r\n[41].\tTorsello, D. (2013). Introduction: Corruption and rationality. Human Affairs, 23(2), 119-123.<br \/>\r\n[42].\tUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2008). Tackling corruption, transforming lives: accelerating human development in Asia and the Pacific. Delhi: Author. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/undp\/library\/corporate\/HDR\/Asia%20and%20Pacific%20HDR\/RHDR_Full%20Report_Tackling_Corruption_Transforming_Lives.pdf<br \/>\r\n[43].\tWeber, M. (2009). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. UK: Routledge. Retrieved from https:\/\/ebookcentral-proquest-com.ezproxy1.library.usyd.edu.au\/lib\/usyd\/detail.action?docID=1111791.<br \/>\r\n[44].\tYin, R. K. (2008). Case study research: Design and methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nurul Huda Sakib &#8220;Understanding Cultural Causes of Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.359-368 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/359-368.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/359-368.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-cultural-causes-of-corruption-the-case-of-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding Cultural Causes of Corruption: The Case of Bangladesh<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38ba47 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e38ba47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38bb33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38bb33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38bccd\" data-id=\"e38bccd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38bdfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38bdfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38bea2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38bea2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38bffa\" data-id=\"e38bffa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38c101 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38c101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38c19f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38c19f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38c2ed\" data-id=\"e38c2ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38c3fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38c3fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38c496 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38c496\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38c5ff\" data-id=\"e38c5ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38c708 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38c708\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Poverty and Social Equality in Buton Regency \u2013 South East Sulawesi Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yohanis Boni  &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 369-371<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38c7ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38c7ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38c913\" data-id=\"e38c913\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38ca55 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e38ca55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Poverty and social equality have attracted   much attentions governmental or non- governmental organizations. One of the possible program to alleviate poverty and increase equality is deploying suitable governmental budgeting program. This manuscript will give an overview of poverty alleviation and social equality in form of government budgeting programs in Buton Regency \u2013 South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data was collected using extensive literature review on budgeting programs in South East Sulawesi and interview several keys government officers and society leaders. The collected data then analyzed descriptively and interpreted in form of lorenz curve.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 369-371\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yohanis Boni <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEconomics Department,  Haluoleo University, South-East Sulawesi \u2013 Indonesai <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkita, T. (2002) \u2018Regional Income Inequality in Indonesia and the Initial Impact of the Economic Crisis\u2019,Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 38.2, 201\u201322<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAkita, T. and Miyata, S. (2008) \u2018Urbanization, Educational Expansion, and Expenditure Inequality in Indonesia in 1996, 1999, and 2002\u2019, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 13.2<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAkita,  T.;  Kurniawan,  P.A.  and  Miyata,  S.  (2011)  \u2018Structural  Changes  and  Regional  Income Inequality in Indonesia: A Bidimensional Decomposition Analysis\u2019, Asian Economic Journal 25, 55\u201377<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAlkire, S.; Roche, J.; Santos, E. and Seth, S. (2011) Multidimensional Poverty Index 2011,   Oxford: OPHI<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAlkire, S. and Foster, J. (2011) Counting and Multidimensional Poverty Measurement,  Journal of Public Economics 95.7\u20138, 476\u201387<br \/>\r\n[6].\tArmida,  S.A. and  Manning, C.  (2006)  \u2018Labour  Market  Dimensions  of  Poverty  in  Indonesia\u2019, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 42.2, 235\u201361<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAsra, A. (2000) \u2018Poverty and Inequality in Indonesia: Estimates, Decomposition and Key  Issues\u2019, Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 51.1\u20132, 91\u2013111<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBaliscan, A.M.; Pernia, E.M. and Asra, A. (2010) \u2018Revisiting Growth and Poverty Reduction   in Indonesia: What Do Subnational Data Show?\u2019, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 39.3, 329\u201351<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBooth,  A.  (2000)  \u2018Poverty  and  Inequality  in  The  Soeharto  Era:  An  Assessment\u2019,  Bulletin  of Indonesian Economic Studies 36.1, 73\u2013104<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCervantes-Godoy, D. and J. Dewbre (2010), \u201cEconomic Importance of Agriculture for Poverty Reduction\u201d, OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers, No. 23, OECD Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tDhanani, S. and Islam, I. (2002) \u2018Poverty, Vulnerability and Social Protection in a Period of Crisis: The Case of Indonesia\u2019, World Development 30.7, 1211\u201331<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFields, G.S.; Cichello, P.L.; Freije, S.; Men\u00e9ndez, M. and Newhouse, D. (2003) \u2018For Richer  or for Poorer? Evidence from Indonesia, South Africa, Spain, and Venezuela\u2019, Journal of Economic Inequality 1, 67\u201399<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHill,   H.   (2008)   \u2018Globalization,   Inequality,   and   Local-level   Dynamics:   Indonesia   and   the Philippines\u2019, Asian Economic Policy Review 3, 42\u201361<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHill,  H.;  Resosudarmo,  B.P.  and  Vidyattama,  Y.  (2008)  \u2018Indonesia&#8217;s  Changing  Economic Geography\u2019, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 44.3, 207\u2013435<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHouweling,   T.A.J.;   Kunst,   A.E.;   Borsboom,   G.   and   Mackenbach,   J.   P.   (2006)   \u2018Mortality Inequalities in Times of Economic Growth: Time Trends in Socioeconomic and Regional Inequalities in Under 5 Mortality in Indonesia, 1982\u20131997\u2019, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60.1, 62\u201368<br \/>\r\n[16].\tLanjouw, P.; Pradhan, M.; Saadah, F.; Sayed, H. and Sparrow, R. (2001) \u2018Poverty, Education and Health in Indonesia: Who Benefits from Public Spending?\u2019, mimeo, Washington DC: World Bank<br \/>\r\n[17].\tLeigh, A. and van der  Eng, P. (2009) \u2018Inequality in Indonesia: What can we learn from top incomes?\u2019, Journal of Public Economics 93.1\u20132, 209\u201312<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMcCulloch,  N.  and  Grover,  A.  (2010)  Estimating  the  National  Impact  of  the  Financial  Crisis  in Indonesia  by  Combining  a  Rapid  Qualitative  Study  with  Nationally  Representative  Surveys,  IDS Working Paper, Brighton: IDS<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMcCulloch, N.; Weisbrod, J. and Timmer, P.C. (2007) Pathways out of Poverty During an  Economic Crisis: An Empirical Assessment of Rural Indonesia, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4173, Washington DC: World Bank<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMiranti,  R.  (2010)  \u2018Poverty  in  Indonesia  1984\u20132002:  the  Impact  of  Growth  and  Changes  in Inequality\u2019, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 46.1, 79\u201397<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMiranti,  R.  and  Resosudarmo,  B.P.  (2005)  \u2018Understanding  Regional  Poverty  in  Indonesia:  Is Poverty Worse in the East than in the West?\u2019, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies 11.2, 141\u201354<br \/>\r\n[22].\tNewhouse, D. (2005) \u2018The Persistence of Income [22]Shocks: Evidence from Rural Indonesia\u2019,  Review of Development Economics 9, 415\u201333<br \/>\r\n[23].\tPradhan, M.; Suryahadi, A.; Sumarto, S. and Pritchett, L. (2000) Measurements of Poverty in Indonesia: 1996, 1999, and Beyond, Policy Research Working Paper 2438, Washington DC: World Bank<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSkoufias, E. (2001) \u2018Changes in Regional Inequality and Social Welfare in Indonesia from  1996 to 1999\u2019, Journal of International Development 13, 73\u201391<br \/>\r\n[25].\tSkoufias, E.; Suryahadi, A. and Sumarto, S. (2000) \u2018Changes in Household Welfare,  Poverty and Inequality during the Crisis\u2019. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 36.2,  97\u2013114<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSumner, A. (2012) Poverty and Inequality in Indonesia since the Asian Financial Crisis: A Review of Empirical Literature, Brighton: IDS<br \/>\r\n[27].\tSuryahadi, A. and Sumarto, S. (2003) \u2018Poverty and Vulnerability in Indonesia before and After the Economic Crisis\u2019, Asian Economic Journal 17, 45\u201364<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yohanis Boni  &#8220;Poverty and Social Equality in Buton Regency \u2013 South East Sulawesi Indonesia<br \/>\r\n&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.369-371 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/369-371.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/369-371.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/poverty-and-social-equality-in-buton-regency-south-east-sulawesi-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Poverty and Social Equality in Buton Regency \u2013 South East Sulawesi Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38d821 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e38d821\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38d8fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38d8fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38da7b\" data-id=\"e38da7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38dba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38dba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38dc47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38dc47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38dd9a\" data-id=\"e38dd9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38dea2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38dea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38df45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38df45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38e090\" data-id=\"e38e090\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38e19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38e19a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38e233 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38e233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38e38e\" data-id=\"e38e38e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38e49b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38e49b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Re-Defining Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Nigeria: Towards Achieving Security in the North-East Region<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Chukwuzitara Juliet Uchegbu &#8211; May 2019 Page No.: 372-378<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38e53e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38e53e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38e69c\" data-id=\"e38e69c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38e7c3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"e38e7c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-2386\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2386\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2381\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2381\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The proliferation of SALW and their central role in conflict have made Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) an essential component of peace building. In Nigeria, the nature of the Boko Haram insurgency in the Northeast of Nigeria has attracted series of efforts to respond and curb Boko Haram terrorists\u2019 activities and secure communities from sporadic attacks. This line of actions further demands more than rehabilitation and de-radicalization of ex-combatant but requires an intervention to include effective DDR strategies. Also, re-defining DDR strategies will further drive the stabilization and recovery processes that will restore security in the Northeast region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 372-378\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 June 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2382\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2382\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwuzitara Juliet Uchegbu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Defence and Security Studies, Centre for Strategic Research and Studies, National Defence College, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2383\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2383\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbezie-Humphrey.M.I. (2016). The Nigerian Home Grown DDR Programme-Its impact on Empowering the Niger-Delta Ex- Militants, No 8;  book Series (APESS, Volume 5)<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAbiodun.F. (2012). Democracy and National Identities: The Travails of National Security in Nigeria British Journal Publishing Inc. 2012<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAfolabi .M.B. (2016).Readings in Intelligence and Security Studies, Department of Political Science and International Studies AfeBabalola University, Ado \u2013 Ekiti. Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAgbiboa D. A. and Maiangwa, B. (2014) Nigeria united in grief; divided in response: Religious terrorism, Boko Haram, and the dynamics of state response. African Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol, 14, Pg 10-14, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAfrican Union Mapping and Scoping of DDR Training in Africa: Summary of Objectives, Methodology, Current Status and Issues for Discussion at the AU Consultative Workshop, Addis Ababa, 1-2 November 2018<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAfrican Union and Lake Chad Basin Commission; Towards A Regional Strategy for the Screening, Prosecution, Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Boko Haram Associated Persons in the Lake Chad Basin Countries. N\u2019Djamena, Chad, April 10-13, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBaldwin, .D. (1997). The Concept of Security Studies: Review of International Studies, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press) 1997, Vol.23,<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBamidele. O. (2016) Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF)- A Community Security Option: A Comprehensive and Proactive  Approach to Counter-Terrorism in Nigeria.  Journal for De-radicalization; Summer 2016, ISSN 23639849<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBodunde, D. O., Ola, A. A.andAfolabi, M. B. (2014). \u201cInternal Insecurity in Nigeria, The Irony of Multiplicity of Security Outfits and Security Challenges\u201d in IMPACT: IJRHAL, Volume 2, Issue 5Page 213 \u2013 220.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBuzan, B. (1991). New Pattern of Global Security in Twenty-First Century in International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs) pp. 431 \u2013 451<br \/>\r\n[11].\tFafowora, O. (2012). Understanding Insurgencies in Nigeria, Nature, Types, Dynamics and the Way Out: A Paper Presented at the Eminent Persons and Expert Group Meeting on Complex Insurgencies in Nigeria, Organized by the National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies (NIPSS), Kuru, Jos, Pleateau Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFagbohun, .O. (2011). Environmental Degradation and Nigeria\u2019s National Security in Law and Security in Nigeria- http\/www.nails-nigeria.org\/pub\/olarewajufagbohun August 2011<br \/>\r\n[13].\tIbrahim, J. and Bala, S. (2018).  Civilian-Led Governance and Security in Nigeria After Boko Haram\u201d the United States Institute of Peace. \u2018Special Report\u2019 2301 Constitution Ave., NW- Washington, DC 20037.202.457.1700 -fax 202.429.6063<br \/>\r\n[14].\tInternational Peace Academy: A Framework for Lasting Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Crisis Situations,United Nations Plaza, New York, December 2002, p. 2.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKwaja, C.M.A (2017). The Benefits and Challenges of De-radicalization, Rehabilitation and Re-intergration of Repentant  Boko Haram Members in Nigeria: Yola- Centre for Peace and Security Studies ModibboAdama University of Technology, Nigeria, 2017<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKott,  A. and Skarin, B. (2016). Approaches to Modeling Insurgency; Cornell University<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMbombo.J. (2015). DDR as Post-Conflict Intervention; Week Eleven Lecture from Conflict Management Strategies, PDS 602, Centre for Peace and Strategic Studies, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOkoli, A. and Iortyer, P. (2014).Terrorism and Humanitarian crisis in Nigeria: Insights from Boko Haram Insurgency; Global Journal of Human and Social Science, Volume 18<br \/>\r\n[19].\tOnouha F. and Oyewole.S. (2018). Anatomy of Boko Haram in Nigeria; ALJAZEERA Centre for Studies, Sunday 22 April 2018, Mecca<br \/>\r\n[20].\tTangban .O. E. and Audu .B. J. (2017). Towards Achieving DDR in the North East of Nigeria:A Preliminary Study.  Journal of Defence,Security,EconomyandDevelopment in Nigeria. Vol 1,Bahiti and Dalila Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUchegbu .C. J. (2017). Controlling Illicit Small Arms and Light Weapons: Towards Addressing National Security Challenges in Nigeria.Journalof Defence,Security,EconomyandDevelopment in Nigeria. Vol 1,Bahiti and Dalila Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tUnited Nations: Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Ex-combatants in Peacekeeping Environment: Principles and Guidelines-Lessons Learnt; New York: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, 2000<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2384\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2384\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chukwuzitara Juliet Uchegbu &#8220;Re-Defining Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Nigeria: Towards Achieving Security in the North-East Region&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 5, pp.372-378 May 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/372-378.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-2385\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-2385\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-5\/372-378.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e38f98d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"e38f98d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e38fae2\" data-id=\"e38fae2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e38fbea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e38fbea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]Impact of Personal Remittances on Monetary Policy Variables in Nigeria: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach James [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1439,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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