{"id":2413,"date":"2019-09-15T08:57:45","date_gmt":"2019-09-15T08:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2413"},"modified":"2019-12-31T03:27:28","modified_gmt":"2019-12-31T03:27:28","slug":"volume-iii-issue-ix","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iii-issue-ix\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue IX"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2413\" class=\"elementor elementor-2413 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a487b62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a487b62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a487f35\" data-id=\"a487f35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a488102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a488102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Disability and Education in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr Stephen Nzoka &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 01-03<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4883e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4883e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4885fb\" data-id=\"a4885fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4887b5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4887b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nThe purpose of this paper contents that disabilities do not necessarily become handicaps when appropriate services are timely secured to reduce the severity of a disability be it behavioral, cognitive, visual or physical Barraga; Shool (1986). To this end, education plays an indispensable role towards this accomplishment.<br \/>\r\nAt the achievement political independence, fifty six years down the line, Kenya recognized education as a basic human right and a powerful tool for human resource of national development. Since then, all policy documents and educational reports in the country have constantly retaliated the importance of education to be the key to eliminate the three social upheavals namely: poverty, disease and illiteracy(African socialist 1965; Abbot, S. &amp; McConkey, R. 2006)<br \/>\r\nCertainly, it may readily be agreed that this political recognition of education as a basic human right covered all Kenyans, including those with disabilities. Hitherto, however, one wonders how far successful has this fight been for able bodied citizens let alone those with disabilities. How active has the government and the entire community been in championing the educational, social and political participation of persons with disabilities and what role have persons with disabilities themselves played and continue to play with regard to their pertinent and basic human development? Gachathi (1976) observed that nearly all children with disabilities, through education, could be helped to overcome limitations imposed upon them by their disabilities to live happily and constructively with the rest of their counterparts in society (Sessional paper No 1 2005)<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-03\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Stephen Nzoka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abbot, S. &amp;McConkey, R. (2006).The barriers to social inclusion as perceived by people with intellectual disabilities. The Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 10(3), 275-287.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anderson, D. M., Wozencroft, A., &amp;Bedini, L. A. (2008). Adolescent girls\u2019 involvement<br \/>\r\nin disability sports: A comparison of social support mechanisms. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(2), 183-207.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Gachathi, P. (1976). Report of the National Committee on Educational Objectives.Republic of Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printers.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Mwaura, M. Isac (2010). Human Rights Disability and Development in Kenya: a publication of Konrad AdenaeurStiftong; Nairobi Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Muuya, J. (2002). The aims of special education schools and units in Kenya: A survey of head teachers. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17 (3), 229-239.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Mwangi, L. (2013). Special needs education in Kenyan public primary schools: exploring government policy and teachers\u2019 understandings. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. London. Brunel University.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ndurumo MM. &#8220;Exceptional Children: Developmental Consequences and Intervention.&#8221;. Nairobi: Longman; 1993.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Republic of Kenya. (1964). The Committee on Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled, the NgalaMwendwa Report. Nairobi, Kenya. Government printer.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Republic of Kenya.(1964). Kenya Education Commission Report, the Ominde Report. Nairobi, Kenya: Government press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Stubbs, M.2002. \u2018Two quantitative methods ofstudying phraseology in English,\u2019InternationalJournal of Corpus Linguistics7\/2: 215\u201344.<br \/>\r\n[11]. http:\/\/www.icla.up.ac.za\/images\/constitutions\/kenya_constitution.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12]. https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000204486<br \/>\r\n[13]. http:\/\/kenyalaw.org\/kl\/fileadmin\/CommissionReports\/Report-of-the-Presidential-Working-Party-on-Education-and-Manpower-Training-for-the-Next-Decade-and-Beyond-March-1988.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Stephen Nzoka &#8220;Disability and Education in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.01-03 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/01-03.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/01-03.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/disability-and-education-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Disability and Education in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a489688 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a489688\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a489788 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a489788\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a489910\" data-id=\"a489910\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a489a37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a489a37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48b2a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48b2a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48b4ba\" data-id=\"a48b4ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48b5f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48b5f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48b6bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48b6bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48b847\" data-id=\"a48b847\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48b95f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48b95f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> The Reformulation on Land and Building Tax in Rural and Urban Areas (PBB-P2) as an Effort to Increase Local Revenue in Ngawi Regency<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Canggih Swantaka Yoga Nendi, Dr Sunny Ummul Firdaus,S.H,M,H, Dr. AGUS RIWANTO, SH, S.Ag., M.Ag &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 04-10<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48ba0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48ba0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48bb98\" data-id=\"a48bb98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48bce0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a48bce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was intended to determine strategies for increasing acceptance of the Rural and Urban Building Land Tax (PBB-P2) in Ngwiwi District, factors that have prevented the achievement of strategies for increasing PBB-P2 acceptance and factors that can support the achievement of strategies for increasing PBB-P2 revenue in the Regional Revenue Service (Dipenda) Ngawi Regency. This type of research was a qualitative descriptive study. The type of data used in this study was primary data obtained from interviews with the research informants and secondary data in the form of reports and official documents. The instrument of this research was the researcher himself who in his implementation uses instrument such as interview guidelines and observation guidelines. Data collection techniques used in the form of interviews, observation and documentation, meanwhile, the data analysis techniques used was in the form of descriptive analysis by interpreting the data, facts, and information obtained. The results showed that the strategy undertaken by Dipenda of Ngawi District in increasing PBB-P2 revenue included forming the PBB-P2 intensification team, forming a task force in the District, socializing SPPT to the community through banners, especially when approaching maturity, issuing a Tax Collection Letter (STP) ) and do door to door and hold a Land and Building Tax payment week and raise the building land tax according to real conditions in the community. Factors that hindered the achievement of strategies for increasing PBB-P2 revenues in Sleman Regency were due to technological factors, limited facilities and infrastructure as well as budget limitations, while factors that could support included commitment to human resources, political, economic and social conditions which supports increasing PBB-P2 revenue.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 04-10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Canggih Swantaka Yoga Nendi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudent of Postgraduate Study of Legal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Sunny Ummul Firdaus,S.H,M,H <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer of Postgraduate Study of Legal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. AGUS RIWANTO, SH, S.Ag., M.Ag<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer of Postgraduate Study of Legal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Books<br \/>\r\n[1]. 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Jakarta: National Legal Development Agency.<br \/>\r\n[58]. Erman Rajagukguk, delivered at the VIII National Law Development Seminar and Workshop, organized by the National Legal Development Board, Ministry of Justice and Human Rights, Denpasar July 14-18, 2003.<br \/>\r\n[59]. Jazim Hamidi. 2009. \u201cRelationship Patterns of Central and Regional Governments\u201d, Paper at the 2009 National Seminar and End of Year Reflections, Association of Teachers of State Administration (HTN) and State Administrative Law (HAN) of East Java, Jember 27-29 December 2009.<br \/>\r\n[60]. Lies Ariany. 2010. \u201cRegional Original Revenue from the Tax Sector in the Context of the Implementation of Regional Autonomy\u201d, Legal Issues, Vol. 39, No. 3. Semarang: Faculty of Law, University of Diponegoro.<br \/>\r\n[61]. Mudiyati Rahmatunnisa. 2015. \u201cChallenges to a Decentralized Policy in Indonesia in the Reformation Era &#8220;, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2015. Bandung: Faculty of Law, University of Padjajaran.<br \/>\r\n[62]. Nabitatus Sa&#8217;adah. 2014. \u201cWeaknesses in the Implementation of the Closet List System and Its Implications in Collecting Fees for Acquisition of Land and Building Rights &#8220;, Legal Issues, Vol. 43, No, 1. Semarang: Faculty of Law, University of Diponegoro.<br \/>\r\n[63]. Otang Rosadi. 2015. \u201cConstitutionality of Regional Government Arrangements in Indonesia: An Experiment that is Not Finished &#8220;, Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 2, No. 3, 2015. Bandung: Faculty of Law, University of Padjajaran.<br \/>\r\n[64]. Telly Sumbu. 2010. \u201cThe Relationship between the Central Government and Regional Governments in the Framework of State and Regional Financial Management, &#8220;Journal of Law Ius Quia Iustum, Vol. 17, No. 4. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Law, Indonesian Islamic University.<br \/>\r\n[65]. Tjip Ismail. 2011. \u201cThe Implementation of Regional Taxes and Regional Retribution in the era of Regional Autonomy\u201d, Legal Issues, Vol. 40, No. 2. Semarang: Faculty of Law, University of Diponegoro.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Canggih Swantaka Yoga Nendi, Dr Sunny Ummul Firdaus,S.H,M,H, Dr. AGUS RIWANTO, SH, S.Ag., M.Ag &#8221; From Globalization to Glocalization: Reaping the Positive Sides of Human Resource Flight for Economic Development in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.04-10 September 2019\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/04-10.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/04-10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-reformulation-on-land-and-building-tax-in-rural-and-urban-areas-pbb-p2-as-an-effort-to-increase-local-revenue-in-ngawi-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Reformulation on Land and Building Tax in Rural and Urban Areas (PBB-P2) as an Effort to Increase Local Revenue in Ngawi Regency<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48cb4d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a48cb4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48cc39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48cc39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48cdba\" data-id=\"a48cdba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48cedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48cedb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48cf87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48cf87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48d0d6\" data-id=\"a48d0d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48d1f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48d1f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48d298 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48d298\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48d3e8\" data-id=\"a48d3e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48d4ef elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48d7de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48d7de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48d877 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48d877\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48d9c7\" data-id=\"a48d9c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a48daca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a48daca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a48db6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a48db6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a48dcac\" data-id=\"a48dcac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a490a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a490a3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a490b49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a490b49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a490d1b\" data-id=\"a490d1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a490e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a490e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study on Interface Design Categories of Permanent Exhibition at Selected Museums in Malaysia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Norfadilah Kamaruddin &#8211; September 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 11-13<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a490f06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a490f06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a491090\" data-id=\"a491090\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4911c4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4911c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">At a museum, the exhibition works can be demonstrated as a medium of presentation with an element of interface design for the collections and research works, In this sense, the interface design between the visitor and the museum collections was called as an exhibition where museum exhibition must communicate to the visitors deep to their mind and feeling. Within this understanding, there are 3 categories of interface design for museum exhibition namely Standard, Virtual and Augmented. In the case of it, this paper presenting the outcomes of practical analysis on the interface design performance of permanent exhibition at the selected museum in Malaysia. The analysis is based on specific interface design elements used toward an exhibition presentation.This review will helping the team of museum exhbitions in preparing en effective appearance of future exhbibition.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 11-13\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norfadilah Kamaruddin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCreative Visual Exchange Group (CREaTE), Faculty of Art &amp; Design, University Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Hyowon Hyun, Jungkun Park, Tianbao Ren, Hyunjin Kim, (2018). &#8220;The role of ambiances and aesthetics on millennials\u2019 museum visiting behavior&#8221;, Arts and the Market, Vol. 8 Issue: 2, pp.152-167. Retrieved at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AAM-04-2017-0006<br \/>\r\n[2]. Lord, B &amp; Lord, G. Dexter, Mayrand, Y., (2001). The Manual of Museum Exhibitions: The Roles of Exhibition Designer, Altamira Press, Pg: 405-406.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Lorenc, J., Skolnick L. and Berger C. (2007). What is Exhibition Design? Switzerland: A RotoVision Book SA.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Kamaruddin, N.(2019). Interface Design Assessment of Museum Permanent Exhibition at the National Museum of Malaysia. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 3(5), pp.295-300 (ISSN 2454-6186)<br \/>\r\n[5]. Nadine Ober-Heilig, Sigrid Bekmeier-Feuerhahn, Joerg Sikkenga, (2014) &#8220;Enhancing museum brands with experiential design to attract low-involvement visitors&#8221;, Arts Marketing: An International Journal, Vol. 4 Issue: 1\/2, pp.67-86. Retrieved at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/AM-01-2014-0006<br \/>\r\n[6]. Paola Castellani and Chiara Rossato, (2014). &#8220;On the communication value of the company museum and archives&#8221;, Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 18 Issue: 3, pp.240-253. Retrieved at: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JCOM-02-2012-0018<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Norfadilah Kamaruddin &#8220;A Study on Interface Design Categories of Permanent Exhibition at Selected Museums in Malaysia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.11-13 September 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/11-13.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/11-13.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-on-interface-design-categories-of-permanent-exhibition-at-selected-museums-in-malaysia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>A Study on Interface Design Categories of Permanent Exhibition at Selected Museums in Malaysia<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a491fc2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a491fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a492091 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a492091\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a492205\" data-id=\"a492205\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a492325 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a492325\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4923d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4923d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a492528\" data-id=\"a492528\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49263c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49263c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4926d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4926d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a492823\" data-id=\"a492823\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a492930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a492930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4929cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4929cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a492b11\" data-id=\"a492b11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a492c1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a492c1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a492cbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a492cbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a492e06\" data-id=\"a492e06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a492f09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a492f09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a492fae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a492fae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4930ee\" data-id=\"a4930ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4931f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4931f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49328e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49328e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49616f\" data-id=\"a49616f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4962fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4962fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women Empowerment in the Sokoto Caliphate<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tambari Abbas Bashar, Ph.D &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 14-17<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4963c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4963c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a496550\" data-id=\"a496550\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a496687 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a496687\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nIt is the western world that brought out the concept of empowerment of women. Therefore, those aspects of women empowerment must reflect the ideology of the west. In most cases, women empowerment in the western world is restricted to promotion of material gain through economic (physical) empowerment only. According to the western world, women are to be empowered economically through upgrading and uplifting the standard of living of women, by giving them more economic power to satisfy or attain higher level of satisfaction (utility) in their consumption pattern better than before. This will lead them to consume more and more of what they have been consuming before and even engage in the consumption of they were not consuming in the past. Thus, there is upliftment in the standard of living, getting out of poverty, no matter how little it may be.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 14-17\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tambari Abbas Bashar, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmad, H,(2016),Women empowerment in Islamic System of life, Islam in perspective, http:\/\/www.arabnews. Com\/islam-perspective\/news\/896806<br \/>\r\n[2]. Badawi, J. A, (1971), The status of women of islam, Al-ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies, 8 (2). AAvailable:http:\/\/inislam.tripod.com\/TSOWII.htm<br \/>\r\n[3]. Kaura J.M, (1990), Emancipation of Women in the Sokoto Caliphate, edited by A. M.Kani et-al, published by theUsmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<br \/>\r\n[4]. Malami, H. U, (1996) The Role of Women in the Economic Development of the Sokoto Caliphate,Centre for Islamic Studies, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<br \/>\r\n[5]. Malami, H. U, (1996), Economic principles and practices of the Sokoto Caliphate, Published by Institute by Islamic Science, Sokoto- Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[6]. Sultana,R, et-al, (2015) \u201cWomen Empowerment in Bangaladesh from Islamic perspective, IOSR Journal of Humanitiesand social Science, vol. 20,12<br \/>\r\n[7]. Smaldone, J. P. (1977), Warfare in the Sokoto Caliphate Historical and Sociological Perspective, London: University of Maryland, Cambridge University Press<br \/>\r\n[8]. Strauch, S. (1998), Kitab al-Tawheed Explained,(Compiled and Translated),Riyadh and Saudi Arabia: International Islamic Publishing House<br \/>\r\n[9]. Tibenderana, P, K. (1988), Sokoto Province under British Rule 1903-1939, Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press<br \/>\r\n[10]. Tukur, M. (2004), Leadership and Governance in Nigeria, the relevance of Values, London: Huda Huda Publshing Company, ltd<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ubah, C, N. (presented), The Sokoto Caliphate, the Ideals of 1804 and the Realities of 2004, International Conference on the Sokoto Caliphate and its legacies 1804 \u2013 2004 at Shehu Musa Yar\u2019aduwa Centre, Abuja, 16th June, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Umar, S, U. (2006), Islam and Colonialism, intellectual responses of Muslims of Northern Nigeria to British Colonial Rule, Neitherland: Koninkilijke Brill Publishers<br \/>\r\n[13]. Usman, Y, B. (ed), (1979), Studies in the History of the Sokoto Caliphate: The Sokoto Seminar paper, (Lagos): Third Press International<br \/>\r\n[14]. Wagwu, V. et-al, Sokoto Emirate Council, a Biographical perspective, Al-umma Printing Limited, Sokoto<br \/>\r\n[15]. Yamusa, S. (ed and trans.), Usul al-Siyasat, Sokoto: The Islamic Academy<br \/>\r\n[16]. Yate, A. (1966), The Law of Islamic Governance, (trans), London: \u1e6c\u1ea3ha Publishers Limited<br \/>\r\n[17]. Yeld, E. R. (1960) Islam and Social Stratification in Northern Nigeria, The British Journal of Sociology<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tambari Abbas Bashar, Ph.D &#8220;Women Empowerment in the Sokoto Caliphate&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.14-17 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/14-17.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/14-17.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/women-empowerment-in-the-sokoto-caliphate\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women Empowerment in the Sokoto Caliphate<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4974b4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4974b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4975a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4975a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a497729\" data-id=\"a497729\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a497859 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a497859\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4978ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4978ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a497a5e\" data-id=\"a497a5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a497b70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a497b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a497c0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a497c0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a497d59\" data-id=\"a497d59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a497e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a497e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a497fd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a497fd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a498146\" data-id=\"a498146\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a498255 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a498255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4982f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4982f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49843b\" data-id=\"a49843b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49857b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49857b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49861b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49861b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a498788\" data-id=\"a498788\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49888e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49888e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Ethical Behaviour: A Panacea for Curbing Corruption in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Balafama Ipalibo-Wokoma, Prof. C. U. Madumere Obike, Dr. S. C. Anyamele &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 18-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a498931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a498931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a498a8e\" data-id=\"a498a8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a498bb6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a498bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined teachers\u2019 ethical behaviour as a panacea for corruption in public secondary schools in Rivers State. The teacher is a major tool for the achievement of educational goals and objectives. It is glaring that corruption which is the systematic use of public office for personal\/private benefit has gone far in educational system. This calls for a professional code of conduct to guide the behavior of the teacher. Therefore teachers\u2019 professional code of ethics are generally intended to guide and regulate the conduct of the teachers, so as to abide by the rules and regulations that were formulated by members in the teaching industry for the improvement of their professional interest and welfare. A teacher as an input operator in the education system who is charged with the responsibility of converting raw materials into finished goods, that is dynamic students must possess the ethical values of the teaching profession in order to reduce the damages of corruption. Therefore the study identified accountability, fairness, efficiency and integrity as ways of managing corruption in secondary education. It further identified some challenges such as: lack of teachers\u2019 professional development. lack of interest in the teaching profession, conflict of interest and teachers addiction to drugs and alcohol was also discussed as challenges. Nevertheless the followings were suggested as the way forward; Government and educational stakeholders should encourage and sponsor teachers\u2019 professional training, teachers\u2019 code of conduct should be made available to all teachers, among others.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 18-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Balafama Ipalibo-Wokoma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. C. U. Madumere Obike<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. S. C. Anyamele<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Afe, J. O. (1992). Trends in Teacher Education: The case of Colleges of Education in Nigeria. NEAP Publication.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Aluko, S.A.(2008) Corruption and national development: A lecture delivered at the centre for democratic development research and training, Zaria as part of the activities of Prof. BalaUsman Annual Memorial Lecture, on Sunday 31st May.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ige, A. M. (2013) Provision of Secondary Education in Nigeria: Challenges and way forward. Journal of African Studies and Development. 5(1) 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[4]. National Policy on Education (2014) Nigeria Educational Research and Development Council .Federal Republic of Nigeria. Gazette. 4th Edition. Abuja, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Nwakougha,D.O.(2014). Key issues in teaching. In Okorie, N. Onyeike , V. Igwe, L. Anyaogo, R. Asodike, D. (eds). Teachers, School and Society. Port Harcourt: Pearl Publishers<br \/>\r\n[6]. Obunadike,J.C. (2016). Ethics in educational administration and management. In Modebelu, M.Eya, L&amp;Obunadike, C.(Eds). Educational Management the Nigeria Perspective.Anambra: Scoa Heritage Nigeria Limited.<br \/>\r\n[7]. UNDP (2008). Prime on Corruption and development: Anti-corruption interventions for poverty reduction, realization of the MDGs and promoting sustainable development democratic governance group, bureau for development policy: New York.<br \/>\r\n[8]. UNDP.(2010) UNDP Framework on corruption and development: Anti-corruption Guidance note. Retrieved, September 05,2018, from: http:\/\/wwwundp.ro\/publications\/anti-corruption.<br \/>\r\n[9]. World Bank(2000). Anticorruption in transition: A contribution to the policy debate. Washington DC: World Bank.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Balafama Ipalibo-Wokoma, Prof. C. U. Madumere Obike, Dr. S. C. Anyamele &#8220;Teachers\u2019 Ethical Behaviour: A Panacea for Curbing Corruption in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.18-22 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/18-22.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/18-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-ethical-behaviour-a-panacea-for-curbing-corruption-in-public-secondary-schools-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers\u2019 Ethical Behaviour: A Panacea for Curbing Corruption in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49a085 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a49a085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49a168 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49a168\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49ab9d\" data-id=\"a49ab9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49ace9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49ace9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49ad94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49ad94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49aef0\" data-id=\"a49aef0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49affe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49affe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49b0ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49b0ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49b223\" data-id=\"a49b223\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49b331 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49b331\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49b3cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49b3cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49ca4f\" data-id=\"a49ca4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49cba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49cba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49cc64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49cc64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49cdca\" data-id=\"a49cdca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49ceda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49ceda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49cf87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49cf87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49d0e1\" data-id=\"a49d0e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49d1f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49d1f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49d297 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49d297\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49d3e8\" data-id=\"a49d3e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49d4f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49d4f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49d599 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49d599\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49d6de\" data-id=\"a49d6de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49d7f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49d7f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49d895 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49d895\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49d9e8\" data-id=\"a49d9e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49daf4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49daf4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49db9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49db9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49dd03\" data-id=\"a49dd03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49de18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a49de18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students\u2019 Psychological Predictors of Academic Achievement in Physics<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Celina S. Gana Ph.D, Christian S. Ugwuanyi Ph.D, Terpase Abraham Ageda M.Ed &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 23-28<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49deb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49deb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49e03c\" data-id=\"a49e03c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49e16f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a49e16f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Research indicate that psychosocial factors such as students\u2019 attitude, interest, motivation, self-efficacy, locus of control, anxiety and peer group pressure may be potent predictors of academic achievement in any school subject. Thus, the study determined the extent to which motivation, self-efficacy and locus of control predict students\u2019 academic achievement in Physics.<br \/>\r\nAims: The study sought to determine the predictive powers of motivation, self-efficacy and locus of control on students\u2019 academic achievement in physics.<br \/>\r\nSample: A sample of three hundred and seventy five (375) SSII students drawn using multistage sampling procedure was used for the study.<br \/>\r\nMethods: Correlational survey research design was adopted for the study. The study employed two researcher-developed instruments: Students\u2019 Psychosocial Factors Questionnaire (SPFQ) and Students\u2019 Physics Academic Achievement Proforma (SPAAP) for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using regression analysis.<br \/>\r\nResults: The result showed that 31%, 37% and 52% of the students\u2019 academic achievement in physics is predicted by their motivation, self-efficacy and locus of control respectively.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: Psychological factors such as motivation, self-efficacy and locus of control are prime determinants of students\u2019 achievement in the Physics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-28\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Celina S. Gana Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education School of Science and Technology Education, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christian S. Ugwuanyi Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Terpase Abraham Ageda M.Ed<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Adedeji, T., Adeyinka, T. &amp; Adeniyi, A. (2009). Locus of control, interest in schooling, self efficacy and academic achievement. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 4 (1), 168-182<br \/>\r\n[2]. Akomolafe, M.J., Ogunmakin, A.O., &amp; Fasooto, G.M. (2013). The role of academic self-efficacy, academic motivation and academic self-concept in predicting secondary school students\u2019 academic performance. Journal of educational and social research, 3(2), 102-109. 10.5901\/jesr.2013.v3n2p335<br \/>\r\n[3]. Anderson, A; Hattie, J. &amp;. Hamilton, R. (2005). Locus of control, self-efficacy and motivation in different schools: Is moderation the key to success? Educational Psychology 25 (5), 517-535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410500046754<br \/>\r\n[4]. Awodun, A., Oni, S. A. &amp; Aladejana, A. L. (2014). Students\u2019 variables as predictor of secondary School students\u2019 performance in Physics. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4 (8), 33-42<br \/>\r\n[5]. Awofala, A.O. A., Awofala, A. A., Fatade, A. O. &amp; Nneji, L. M. (2012). Determinants of students\u2019 achievements in senior secondary school mathematics and sciences: What is the role of test response mode and locus of control? International Journal of Mathematics Trends and Technology, 3 (3), 34-42. http:\/\/www.ijmttjournal.org\/Volume-3\/issue-3\/IJMTT-V3I3P506.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6]. Coleman, M &amp; DeLeire, T. (2000). An economic model of locus of control and the human capital investment decision. The Journal of Human Resources, 38 (3), 701-721.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Deci, E. L. (2002). The \u201cwhat\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201dof goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11 (1), 227\u2013268<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ellliot, A. J. &amp; Covington, M. (2001). Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review 13(2), 67-79<br \/>\r\n[9]. Guzel, H. (2004). The relationship between students\u2019 success in physics lessons and their attitudes towards mathematics. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 1 (1), 24-32.<br \/>\r\n[10]. John, O.A. (2009). Trends in teacher education: the case of colleges of education in Nigeria. Towards education in Nigeria for 21st century. Benin: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ojediran, I. A., Oludipe, D. I. &amp; Ehindero, O. J. (2014). Impact of laboratory-based instruction intervention on the learning outcomes of low performing secondary school students in physics. Creative Education, 5 (2), 197-206. 10.4236\/ce.2014.54029<br \/>\r\n[12]. Olorundare, A. S. (2011). Correlates of poor academic performance of secondary school students in the sciences in Nigeria. A Paper presented at the Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, USA<br \/>\r\n[13]. Oludipe, D. I. (2014). Gender and science anxiety as predictors of Nigerian junior secondary students\u2019 academic achievement in basic science. Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(2),197-203.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Oriahi, C. I. (2009). Influence of motivation on students\u2019 academic performance. Journal of the Social Sciences. 4 (1), 30-3<br \/>\r\n[15]. Owolabi O.T (2009). Assessing the relative effectiveness of three teaching methods in the measurement of students\u2019 performance in physics. International Journal of Materials, Methods and Technologies, 1( 8),116-125<br \/>\r\n[16]. Ryan, R.M., &amp; Deci, E.L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55 (1), 68\u20137<br \/>\r\n[17]. Sakiyo, J., &amp; Sofeme, R. J. (2008). Effectiveness of science technology society and traditional science teaching methods on students\u2019 performance in Yola metropolis, Adamawa state. Research in Curriculum, 5(1), 11-17.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Zimmerman, B. (2000). Self-efficacy: an essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology 25(1) 82-91. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/ceps.1999.1016<br \/>\r\n[19]. Wigfield, A.; Guthrie, J.T.; Tonks, S. &amp; Perencevich, K.C. (2004). Children&#8217;s motivation for reading: Domain specificity and instructional influences. Journal of Educational Research, 97(2), 299\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3200\/JOER.97.6.299-310<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Celina S. Gana Ph.D, Christian S. Ugwuanyi Ph.D, Terpase Abraham Ageda M.Ed &#8220;Students\u2019 Psychological Predictors of Academic Achievement in Physics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.23-28 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/23-28.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/23-28.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/students-psychological-predictors-of-academic-achievement-in-physics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Students\u2019 Psychological Predictors of Academic Achievement in Physics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a49ef82 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a49ef82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a49f06b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a49f06b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a49f1e7\" data-id=\"a49f1e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a3f73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a3f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4080 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a4080\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4236\" data-id=\"a4a4236\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a436f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a436f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a441f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a441f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4587\" data-id=\"a4a4587\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a469d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a469d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a474a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a474a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a48ad\" data-id=\"a4a48ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a49bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a49bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4a64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a4a64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4bab\" data-id=\"a4a4bab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a4cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4d58 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a4d58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4ea2\" data-id=\"a4a4ea2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a4fa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a4fa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a5046 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a5046\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a51b2\" data-id=\"a4a51b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a52c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4a52c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies for Marketing Library Services and Information Products in College of Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Eda Rita, Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro- September 2019 Page No.: 29-33<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4a535e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4a535e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4a54c9\" data-id=\"a4a54c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4a55fd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4a55fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The nonprofit organization like a library is basically engaged in the production of services rather than goods. Services are unique in nature primarily due to the attributes of being intangible, unbreakable, variable and perishable. Library and information context involves many problems. One of the most valuable things that a good library can give out is a long-term partnership with the people who use library services. Corporate employees nowadays begin to brand themselves as their own personal. Academic librarians can provide the most favorable stereotype by customizing library and data facilities with a long-lasting relationship&#8217;s own private touch flavor (brand).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 29-33\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eda Rita<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251 Warri, Delta State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLibrary Department, College of Education, P.M.B 1251 Warri, Delta State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeloye, A.(2003), &#8220;How to Market Yourself and Your Library Organization: A Solo Librarian&#8217;s Guide&#8221;, The Bottom Line: Managing Library Finances, 16(1), pp. 15-18.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Agaba, D.M., Kigongo-Bukenya, I.M.N. and Nyumba, J.B. (2004). Utilization of Electronic Information Resources by Academic Staff at Makerere University. University of Dar es Salaam Library Journal. 6 (1) 18-29.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Andreasen, A. and Kotler, P., (2007). Strategic Marketing for Non-Profit Organizations. 7th ed. London: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Baro, E.E. and Ebhomeya, L. (2013). Marketing the Library Resources and Services to Users: A Survey of Twenty Two University Libraries in Nigeria. Information Impact: Journal of Information and Knowledge Management.. 4 (1) 44-63.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bass-Bridges, P. and Morgan, S. (2000) Creatively Marketing the Corporate Library. Marketing Library Services. 14 (4) 21-24.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Besant, L.X. and Sharp, D. (2000).Upsize This: Libraries Need Relationship Marketing. Information Outlook.. 4 (12) 17-21.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Dworkin, K., (2003). Internal Marketing: Breaking the Barriers. In: D.K. Gupta and A. Jambhekar (eds.). An Integrated Approach to Services Marketing: A Book of Readings for Library and Information Services. Mumbai: Allied. 272-278.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Gupta, D.K. (2003). Marketing of Library and Information Services: Building a New Discipline for Library and Information Science Education in Asia. Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science. 8 (2) 95-108.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Gupta, D.K., Koontz, C. and Massisimo, A., (2013). Marketing Library and Information Service 11: A Global Outlook. Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Gupta, D.K., Koontz, C., &amp; Massisimo, A. (2006). Marketing Library and Information Service: International Perspectives: Munich: K.G. Saur Verlag Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Gupta, D.K. (2006).&#8221;Broadening LIS marketing. In Marketing Library and Information Services: International Perspectives&#8221;; Munich, 5\u201320.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Gupta, D K &amp; Re\u00b4jean Savard, (2006). &#8220;Marketing Library and Information Services Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences&#8221;, Third Edition DOI: 10.1081\/E-ELIS3-120044552 Taylor &amp; Francis. 3553-3560<br \/>\r\n[13]. Khan, S.A. and Bhatti, R. (2012). Application of Social Media in Marketing of Library and Information Services: A Case Study from Pakistan. Webology. 9 (1). Available at: www.webology. org\/2012\/v9n1\/a93.html (accessed 14 January 2013).<br \/>\r\n[14]. Koontz, C., Gupta, D.K. and Webber, S. (2006), Key Publications in Library Marketing. IFLA Journal. 2006. 32 (3) 224-231.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Kotler, P. (1997), Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation, and Control, Prentice Hall, Upper SaddleRiver, NJ.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Kotler, P., 1999: Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning and Implementation and Control. 8th ed. London: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Kotler, P &amp; Armstrong, G. J. Saunders and V.Wong, (1999). Principles of Marketing, Prentice-Hall, Hemel Hempstead, p. 571.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Madhusudhan, M., (2008). Marketing of Library and Information Services and Products in University Libraries: A Case Study of Goa University Library. Library Philosophy and Practice. Available at: www.webpages.uidaho.edu\/-mbolin\/madhusudhan.pdf (accessed 12 January 2013).<br \/>\r\n[19]. Melville, G, (1995). &#8220;From DP department to EDS \u2013 it is time for IT departments to consider branding&#8221;, Managing Service Quality 5(6) 6\u20138.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Nelson Edewor, Faith Okite-Amughoro, Ngozi P. Osuchukwu, and Dennis E. Egreajena. (2016) Marketing Library and Information Services in Selected University Libraries In Africa Cloud Publications International Journal of Advanced Library and Information Science, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp. 291-300, Article ID Sci-386 ISSN 2348\u20135167, Crossref: 10.23953\/cloud.ijalis.215<br \/>\r\n[21]. Oldman, C. (1977), &#8220;The Strengths and Weaknesses of Marketing Approach to Library and Information Services&#8221;, in EURIM II: A European Conference on the Application of Research in Information Services and Libraries, ASLIB, London, pp. 179-181.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ranganathan, S.R. (1931). Five Laws of Library Science; Madras Library Association: Madras (Now Chennai), India,<br \/>\r\n[23]. Savard, R. (Ed.). (1999). Adapting Marketing to Libraries in a changing and Worldwide Environment\/Le marketing des biblioth\u00e8ques \u00e0 l&#8217;heure du Changement et de la mondialisation: Papers presented at the 63rd IFLA Conference, Copenhagen. September 1997. 89.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Walter de Gruyter, Scanlon, M.G. and Crumpton, M.A. (2011). Re-Conceiving Entrepreneurship for Libraries: Collaboration and the Anatomy of a Conference. Collaborative Librarianship.. 3 (1) 16-27.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Spalding, H.H., and Wang, J. (2006). The Challenges and Opportunities of Marketing Academic Libraries in the USA: Experiences of US Academic Libraries with Global Application. Library Management. 27 (6\/7) 494-504.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Schmidt, J., (2011) Effective Marketing of Libraries in a Never-Better World Even if it Ever-Was That Way. World Library and Information Congress: 77th IFLA General Conference and Assembly. Available at http:\/\/conference.ifla.org\/ifla77.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Sharma A &amp; Bharadwaj S, (2009). &#8220;Marketing and Promotion of Library Services ICAL \u2013 ADVOCACY AND MARKETING&#8221;, 461-66<br \/>\r\n[28]. Shripad V. Chandratre &amp; Meghana S. Chandratre (2015). Marketing of library and information Services. Journal of Commerce &amp; Management Thought Vol. 6-1, 2015, pp 162-175 DOI: 10.5958\/0976-478x.2015.00011.7<br \/>\r\n[29]. Singh R, (2004) &#8220;Branding in library and information context: the role of marketing culture&#8221;, Information Services &amp; Use, 24 93\u201398.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eda Rita, Ukubeyinje, Sandra Ejiro, &#8220;Strategies for Marketing Library Services and Information Products in College of Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.29-33 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/29-33.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/29-33.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-for-marketing-library-services-and-information-products-in-college-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategies for Marketing Library Services and Information Products in College of Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4abcf0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4abcf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac466 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ac466\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac5bb\" data-id=\"a4ac5bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac6c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ac6c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac76d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ac76d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac8b9\" data-id=\"a4ac8b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ac9fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ac9fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4acaa3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4acaa3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4acbf5\" data-id=\"a4acbf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4accfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4accfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4acdbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4acdbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4acf16\" data-id=\"a4acf16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad01c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ad01c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad0b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ad0b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad21e\" data-id=\"a4ad21e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad32c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ad32c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Bilateral Economic Relations between Nigeria and United States: An Appraisal of Petroleum Resources<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdulkarim Abdullahi &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 34-42<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad3c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ad3c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad53a\" data-id=\"a4ad53a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ad666 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4ad666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In conducting diplomatic relations between countries, always national interests come first before the table of agreement. Relations where national interest cannot be projected that relation is said to be of no use, since the countries involved in the agreement cannot benefit. In Nigeria-United States relations, both the two countries benefit from one another that is why their relations is still in existence in the apex level. United States in interested in Nigeria\u2019s oil that is the reason that oil companies owned by United States existed in Nigeria. While on the Nigerian side, her citizens are employed, and it raises the demand of Nigerian oil by the United States. Data were gathered using primarily. This paper adopted theory of liberalism (from the intergovernmentalism aspect) which viewed the relations of states in the world from the side of cooperation, so that there will be no escalation of conflicts between or among states in the world. This paper made use of simple percentage in analysing the gathered data. The paper addresses the problem whether petroleum is the major commodity of economic relations between Nigeria and United States; also, it looked at whether Nigerian economy developed because of her relations with United States. From the gathered result, result has shown that there are other variables in the development of Nigeria\u2019s economy and not only because of her relations with United States. Lastly, the paper recommends that; there is need for Nigeria to place focal acquisition of skills, technologies and capital investment, and not to depend on exportation of primary commodities only.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 34-42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulkarim Abdullahi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nile University of Nigeria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Adedeji, A. N., Sidique, S. F., Rahman, A. A., &amp; Law, S. H. (2016). The Role of Local Content Policy in Local Value Creation in Nigeria&#8217;s Oil Industry: A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach. Resources Policy, 49, 61-73.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adedipe, B. (2004). The Impact of Oil on Nigeria\u2019s Economic Policy Formulation. In Proceedings of Overseas Development China Relations. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 10(14).<br \/>\r\n[3]. Agubamah, E. (2014). Bilateral Relations: Periscoping Nigeria and United States.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ajaebili, C. N., &amp; Oyewole, A. N. (2011). The Option of Economic Diplomacy in Nigeria\u2019s Foreign Policy, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(17), 277-280.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Al Sarhan, A. S. (2017). United States foreign policy and the Middle-East, Open Journal of Political Science, 7(04), 454.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Aliu, O. (2017). The war on terror and Nigeria-US relations, 2009-2015, international journal of humanities and social science, elizade university, Ondo state, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ampiah, K. (2013). The Dynamics of Japan&#8217;s Relations with Africa: South Africa, Tanzania and Nigeria. Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bamanga, M. A., Musa, U., Salihu, A., Udoette, U. S., Adejo, V. T., Edem, O. N., &#8230; &amp; Udechukwu-Peterclaver, C. T. (2016). Inflation and inflation uncertainty in Nigeria: A test of the Friedman&#8217;s hypothesis. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 7(1), 147-169.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Blackwell W., (2010). Economic diplomacy, economic diplomacy\u2019 in Robert A. Denmark, the international studies encyclopedia, vol. II, pp 1216-1227.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Chau, D. C. (2007). Political warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa: US capabilities and Chinese Operations in Ethiopia, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. ARMY WAR COLL strategic studies inst carlisle barracks PA.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Dibua, J. I. (2017). Modernization and the crisis of development in Africa: the Nigerian experience. Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Dickovick, J. T., &amp; Eastwood, J. (2016). Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories, Methods, and Cases. Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ezeibe, C. (2017). The contributions of the oil industry to Nigerian economic growth and development (doctoral dissertation).<br \/>\r\n[14]. Goldthau, A. (Ed.). (2016). The handbook of global energy policy. John Wiley &amp; Sons.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Idemudia, U., &amp; Ite, U. E. (2006). Corporate\u2013community relations in Nigeria&#8217;s oil industry: challenges and imperatives. Corporate Social Responsibility and environmental management, 13(4), 194-206.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Imam, M., Bamalli, M. J., &amp; Tijjani, C. B. (2017). Nigeria Saudi Arabia economic diplomacy a focus on the hajj operations 2005\u20132015.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Jones, T. C. (2012). America, oil, and war in the middle-east, journal of American History, 99(1), 208-218.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Klieman, K. A. (2012). US oil companies, the Nigerian civil war, and the origins of opacity in the Nigerian oil industry. The Journal of American History, 99(1), 155-165.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Manby, B. (2016). Shell in Nigeria: corporate social responsibility and the Ogoni crisis. SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Mayall, J. (1976). Oil and Nigerian foreign policy. African Affairs, 75(300), 317-330.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Monday T. U., &amp; Salihu M. (2017). Crude oil and the politics of Nigerian foreign policy: issues and explanations, department of political science, usmandan-fodiyo university, sokoto, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Nwokeji, G. U. (2007). The Nigerian national petroleum corporation and the development of the Nigerian oil and gas industry: History, strategies and current directions. James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Odularu, G. O. (2008). Crude oil and the Nigerian economic performance, oil and gas business, 1-29.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Oloruntegbe, K. O., Akinsete, M. A., &amp; Odutuyi, M. O. (2009). Fifty years of oil exploration in Nigeria: physico-chemical impacts and implication for environmental accounting and development. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 5(12), 2131-2137.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Omeje, K. (2017). High stakes and stakeholders: oil conflict and security in Nigeria, routledge.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Onoh, J. K. (2017). The Nigerian oil economy: From prosperity to glut. Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Osigwe, A. C., &amp; Arawomo, D. F. (2015). Energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: causal relationships based on error correction model. International journal of energy economics and policy, 5(2), 408-412.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Osisioma, B. C. (2012). Nigeria\u2019s transformation agenda: the management and leadership challenges, a paper delivered on the Occasion of.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Oyebade, A., &amp; Alao, A. (Eds.). (1998). Africa after the Cold War: the changing perspectives on security. Africa World Press.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Pirnuta, O. A., &amp; Secarea, D. N. (2012). Defining the liberal concept of security: liberalism and its impact on security systems, review of the air force academy, (1), 103.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Stephen, O. (2012). An analysis of Nigeria-US relations, 1999-2009 (doctoral dissertation, university of Nigeria nsukka).<br \/>\r\n[32]. Taylor, W. A. (2014). The United States&#8217; foreign policy in Africa in the 21st Century, African studies quarterly, 15(1), 182.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Thurston, A. (2016). \u2018The disease is unbelief\u2019: Boko Haram\u2019s religious and political worldview.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Ubi, E. N., &amp;Akinkuotu, O. O. (2014). Nigerian foreign policy and economic development, 1999\u20132013. International Area Studies Review, 17(4), 414-433.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Watts, M. (2004). Resource curse. Governmentality, oil and power in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Geopolitics, 9(1), 50-80<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdulkarim Abdullahi, &#8220;Bilateral Economic Relations between Nigeria and United States: An Appraisal of Petroleum Resources&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.34-42 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/34-42.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b29d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2b2d\" data-id=\"a4b2b2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2c3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b2c3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2ce0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b2ce0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2e30\" data-id=\"a4b2e30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2f49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b2f49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b2fe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b2fe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b314f\" data-id=\"a4b314f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b325d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b325d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Ghana: The Role of Social Studies Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Isaac Atta Kwenin- September 2019 Page No.: 43-50<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b3303 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b3303\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b3473\" data-id=\"a4b3473\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b35a6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4b35a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the role of social studies education in sustainable natural resource management (SNRM) in Ghana. Quantitative data collection and analyses were used. All the 346 Social Studies teachers in the Kumasi Metropolis during the 2017\/2018 academic year were included (census) in the study. However, 341 teachers provided usable data for the study. A self-developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics with means and standard deviation was used to analyse and present the data. In effect, Social Studies teachers do not possess the requisite competence that would enable them teach concepts of SNRM in Social Studies. Even though most of the topics in the SHS social studies curriculum introduces students to sustainable use of natural resources, the content or body of knowledge and the activities involved are not explicitly linked to the understanding of sustainable natural resource management. It was concluded that in order to ensure the attainment of sustainable natural resource management in Ghana, the integrated approach to teaching social studies should be adopted by teachers when teaching social studies. This will ensure effective combination of knowledge, values, skills and experiences from other subject areas to enhance the realization of sustainable natural resource management objectives of social studies. Also, courses in the Social Studies in the teacher training institutions in Ghana and elsewhere should acquaint teachers with knowledge and experiences in SNRM and provide them with experiences in teaching SNRM. This will equip all Social Studies teachers to be better positioned to promote the management of natural resources in a sustainable manner.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 43-50\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isaac Atta Kwenin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Business &amp; Social Sciences Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, West Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aggarwal, J.C. (1998). Teaching of social studies, A practical approach. New Delhi: Yikas Publishing House PVT Ltd<br \/>\r\n[2]. Banks, J.A. (1994). An introduction to multicultural education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Barr, R.D., Barth, J.L., &amp; Shermis, S.S. (1977). Defining social studies, bulletin 51. National Council for Social Studies, Washington D.C.:(NCSS).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Best, J., and J. Kahn (1998). Research in education (8th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bryman, A. (2004) Triangulation and measurement, department of social sciences. Loughborough: University Loughborough, Leicestershire.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ghana Education Service, [GES]. (2010). Syllabus for teaching social studies\u2013 Junior Secondary School (JSS). Accra: GES.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Greenleaf, E. A. (1992). Measuring extreme response style. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56(3), 328-351.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Jasim, B. (2008). Mastering social studies for Junior High Schools. Accra: Excellent Publishing &amp; Printing.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Jerolimek, J. &amp; Walsh, H. M. (Eds.). (1965). Reading for social studies in elementary education. New York: The Macmillan Company.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Jerolimek, J. (1971). Social studies in elementary education. (4thed.). New York: The Macmillan Company.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kenworthy, L.S. (1969). Social studies for the seventies. Waltham: Blaisdell Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kimmon, S. (1990). Theoretical statistics. Acron: Mimeograph<br \/>\r\n[13]. Linquist, T. (1995). Seeing the whole through social studies. NH: Heinemann.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Michealis, J. U. (1953). Social studies for children in a democracy. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ministry of Education, [MOE]. (1999). Teacher education division, (TED). Proposal on teacher education. Accra: TED.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Ministry of Education, Science and Sports, [MESS]. (2007). Teaching syllabus for social studies \u2013 Senior High School (SHS). Accra: MESS.<br \/>\r\n[17]. National Council for the Social Studies, [NCSS]. (1994). Expectations of excellence: Curriculum standards for social studies. Washington D.C.: NCSS.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A. &amp; Berry, L. L. (1988). A multiple item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64, 1, 14-40.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Tabachnick, B. R. (1991). Reflections on reflective teaching. Issues and practices in inquiry-oriented teacher education. New York: Falmer Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Tamakloe, E. K. (Ed.). (1994). Issues in social studies education. Accra: Black Mask Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Thakadu, O. T. (2005). Success factors in community based natural resources management in northern Botswana: Lessons from practice. Natural Resources Forum, 29 (3), 199\u2013212.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Toman, M. (2003). The roles of the environment and natural resources in economic growth analysis. Washington, D.C. 20036<br \/>\r\n[23]. Venkataraman, B. (2017). The paradox of water and the Flint crisis. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 60 (1), 4-17<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Isaac Atta Kwenin &#8220;Sustainable Natural Resource Management in Ghana: The Role of Social Studies Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.43-50 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/43-50.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b4b21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b4c72\" data-id=\"a4b4c72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b4d7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b4d7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b61d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b61d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b640f\" data-id=\"a4b640f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b6554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b6554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b661c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b661c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b67a3\" data-id=\"a4b67a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b68c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b68c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Insurance Policy Integration for Curbing Educational Waste in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Richard ANIETIE, Tessy Lucky UBA, Rita Seimogha Matthew ODOU &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 51-55<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b6974 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b6974\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b6ae6\" data-id=\"a4b6ae6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b6c1a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4b6c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated insurance policy integration for curbing educational waste in Rivers State. To carry out this study, two research questions and one hypothesis were raised to guide the study. A mean, standard, rank order and percentage was used to answer research questions and a null hypothesis wastes at 0.5 of Alpha significant level. Descriptive survey design was adopted and a population of 494 was randomly selected from the secondary schools present in the 23 Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria, using stratified random sampling technique. A research questionnaire tagged &#8220;Educational Insurance Policy Integration Questionnaire (EIPIQ)&#8221;, with reliability coefficient of 0.72 obtained through a test-retest was formulated and tested for validity and reliability. The study identified family income insurance, child deferred assurance, school fees policy, long term disability insurance, health insurance policy as the insurance policies that can be integrated to curb educational waste. The study concluded that since education is an investment, it therefore entails that there will be need to find insurance policy that would curb investment waste. Based on the conclusion, the study recommended that all the educational stakeholders and the principals in particular must collaborate with insurance institutions to design insurance policy that would curb educational waste.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 51-55 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richard ANIETIE<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tessy Lucky UBA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rita Seimogha Matthew ODOU<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> [1]. Agabi,O.G.(1999).Introducingeducationalplanning:PortHarcourt:Internationalcentrefor educational services.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anietie, R.,&amp; Zipamoh, M.(2017). Cost reduction strategies and efficient resource utilisation in secondary school in Rivers State. African Journal of Educational Research and Development. Vol 9(1), 230-237.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Akinsolu,A.O.(2014).Analyses of educational wastage in public senior secondary schools in Olorunda local government area, Osun State,Nigeria. African Journal of Educational Management. Vol. 24 (1), 39-55.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Asodike,J.D., &amp; Adieme,F.G. (2014). Theories and models of human resources management. In F.N.Obasi &amp; J.D.Asodike(Eds.), Educational resource management.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Boon, T. K. (2005).Do commercial banks, stock market and insurance market promote economic growth? an analysis of the Singapore economy. Working Paper of the School of Humanities and Social Studies, Nanyang Technological University<br \/>\r\n[6]. Bosworth, B. P., &amp; Durosaro, D. O. In Johnson, R.S (2012).Resource allocations and internal efficiency of secondary education in Bendel State. Nigeria. Unpublished PhD thesis. Department of Educational Management, University of Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Durosaro, D. O. (2012).Cost of education: Where the shoe pinches. (103rd Inaugural) University of Ilorin, UniIlorin Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ebong, J.M.(2006).Understanding economics of education. Port Harcourt: Eagle Lithograph Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hanushek, E. (2013). Endangering prosperity: A global view of the American school. USA: Brookings Institution.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Lester, R. (2009). Introduction to insurance industry.The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Meenyinikor, J.N.D., Kemjika,N., &amp; Chijioke,J.(2014). Classroom teaching costs management and secondary educational goals achievement in Rivers State, Nigeria. Global advance research journal of educational research and review3(6), 131-137. Retrieved July, 2019 from http:\/\/www.garj.org\/garjerr\/index.htm<br \/>\r\n[12]. Obasi,F.N.&amp; Asodike,J. (2007). Resource management in Nigerian schools Owerri: Alphabet Nigeria publishers.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Oluoma, R. O. (2014). Impact of insurance market activities on economic growth in Nigeria. A thesis submitted for the award of PhD, University of Nigeria. Nsukka.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Richard ANIETIE, Tessy Lucky UBA, Rita Seimogha Matthew ODOU &#8220;Insurance Policy Integration for Curbing Educational Waste in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.51-55 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/51-55.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/51-55.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/insurance-policy-integration-for-curbing-educational-waste-in-public-secondary-schools-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Insurance Policy Integration for Curbing Educational Waste in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b7a2f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b8165\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b82ac\" data-id=\"a4b82ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b83c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b83c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b845e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b845e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b85ab\" data-id=\"a4b85ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b86b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b86b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b8752 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b8752\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b88b9\" data-id=\"a4b88b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b89c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4b89c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Smooth Functioning of Politics and Governance in Ensuring Sustainable Development: Academic and Procedural Review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Md. Nasir Uddin, Muhammad Kawsar Mahmud, Mehedi Hasan &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 56-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4b8a5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4b8a5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4b8bcc\" data-id=\"a4b8bcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bc920 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4bc920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Sustainable development not only meets the needs of the present generation but also sees that of future generations. The United Nations adopted sustainable development goals for the world in 2015 that contains 17 goals with list of targets to achieve. It not only deals with environmental issues, but economic, social and cultural issues as well. Thus, it can be said that sustainable development therefore, have multiple contexts; involve multiple and often diametrically opposed values; demand an unprecedented interface between academic research and public policy; and there is none as sustainable development expertise, but rather a multiplicity of expertise. But the more pragmatic and policy-focused argument about how to put sustainable development into effect has been just in the center stage in contemporary debates in the social sciences. Among other, one of the most important preconditions for sustainable development is the state capacity to form and implement policy across the whole of their territory. A plenty of studies have demonstrated the importance of state capacity. For example, there is a causal link between the quality of public administration and economic growth. However, this paper based on secondary data attempts to define Sustainable development as well as discuss politics and governance in the sustainable development in its theoretical features.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 56-61 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Nasir Uddin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Public Administration, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Kawsar Mahmud<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSection Officer, Counseling and Placement Centre (CPC), Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mehedi Hasan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSection Officer, Office of the Evaluation Faculty &amp; Curriculum Development (OEFCD), Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Ann Dale.(n.d.)The politics of sustainable development, Royal Roads University. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eolss.net\/sample-chapters\/c13\/E1-45-04-06.pdf<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bossell, Hartmut, ed. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications: A Report to the Balaton Group. Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).<br \/>\r\n[3]. Choucri, Nazli. (1999). The political logic of sustainability. Retrieved from http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/polisci\/nchoucri\/publications\/articles\/A-7_Choucri_Political_Logic_Sustainability.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carter, N. (2007). The Politics of the Environment 2nd edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Dryzek, J. (2005). The Politics of the Earth2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Discussion Paper, (2015).Governancefor Sustainable Development, Integrating Governance in the Post-2015 Development Framework. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/undp\/library\/Democratic%20Governance\/Discussion-Paper&#8211;Governance-for-Sustainable-Development.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7]. Farrell et.al., (2005). From *for* to governance for sustainable development in Europe. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 8, 127 \u2013 150.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Governance for Sustainable Development. (2015). New World Frontiers. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.article19.org\/data\/files\/medialibrary\/38064\/Full-Governance-Book.pdf<br \/>\r\n[9]. Jessica F. Green and W. BradneeChambers.(1996).The Politics of Participation in Sustainable Development Governance.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Jonathan M. Harris, (2000). GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE, WORKING PAPER 00-04,Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ase.tufts.edu\/gdae\/publications\/working_papers\/Sustainable%20Development.PF<br \/>\r\n[11]. Jordan, Andrew. (2008). The governance of sustainable development: taking stock and looking forwards. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 26 (17-33), England. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iheal.univ-paris3.fr\/sites\/www.iheal.univ-paris3.fr\/files\/governance%20sustainable%20devpt%3F%3F.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kooiman J, (2003). Governing as Governance. London: Sage Publication.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Lemos, M. Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental governance.Annual Review of Environmental Resources, 297- 32.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Norgaard, Richard B. (1994). Basic Principles of Sustainable development, Development Betrayed: The End of Progress and a CoevolutionaryRevisioning of the Future. New York and London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Pierre, J. &amp; Peters B. (2000). Governance, Politics and the State. Macmillan, Hants.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Sen, Amartya. and Jean, Dreze. (1989). Hunger and Public Action.Transparenting Transparency: Initial Empirics and Policy Applications. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Transparency International, (2013). \u201c2015 and beyond: the governance solution for development\u201d.<br \/>\r\n[18]. UNDP (2014).DiscussionPaper: Governance for Sustainable Development&#8211;Integrating Governance in the Post- 2015 Development Framework. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.worldwewant2015.org\/node\/429902.<br \/>\r\n[19]. UNDP (2013).Issue Brief: Integrating the Rule of Law in the Post 2015 Development Agenda. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/undp\/en\/home\/librarypage\/democratic-governance\/dg-publications\/governance-and-the-post-2015-development-framework\/<br \/>\r\n[20]. UNEP (2013)A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development, the Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.Retrieved from http:\/\/www.un.org\/sg\/management\/pdf\/HLP_P2015_Report.pdf (Accessed 5\/1\/2014).<br \/>\r\n[21]. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)Our Common Future.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Nasir Uddin, Muhammad Kawsar Mahmud, Mehedi Hasan &#8220;Smooth Functioning of Politics and Governance in Ensuring Sustainable Development: Academic and Procedural Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.56-61 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/56-61.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/56-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/smooth-functioning-of-politics-and-governance-in-ensuring-sustainable-development-academic-and-procedural-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Smooth Functioning of Politics and Governance in Ensuring Sustainable Development: Academic and Procedural Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bd81c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4bd81c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bdedc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4bdedc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4bdf7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4bdf7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4be0cd\" data-id=\"a4be0cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4be1d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4be1d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4be26b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4be26b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4be3b5\" data-id=\"a4be3b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4be4c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4be4c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4be55f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4be55f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4be6b1\" data-id=\"a4be6b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4be7b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4be7b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4be85b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4be85b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4be99f\" data-id=\"a4be99f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4beaab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4beaab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4beb44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4beb44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4bec8d\" data-id=\"a4bec8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bed92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4bed92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4bee2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4bee2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4bef92\" data-id=\"a4bef92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4bf0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4bf0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Drug Abuse and Trafficking as Impediments to Socio-Economic Development and National Security in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Garba Ahmed Gusau, Muhammad Tasi\u2019u Dansabo &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 62-66<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4bf145 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4bf145\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c1b64\" data-id=\"a4c1b64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c1d15 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4c1d15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Drug abuse and trafficking constitute two problems face by nation across the globe. The two problems have negative effects on socio-economic development, national and international security. While government at various level are applying control measures, the problem continue to exist especially in developing countries with weak rule of law. Drug baron and cartels continue to threaten countries with weak governance and corrupt officials which easily become victims of the machinations and trick of traffickers. The paper addresses the problem of drug abuse and trafficking as impediment to socio-economic development and national security. Based on the findings of the paper, the paper recommends among others; enhance intelligence and information sharing; protect financial system and strategic markets against trafficking and other trans-national organized crime; strength interdiction, investigations and prosecutions; disrupt drug Trafficking and its facilitation of other transnational threats; and build international capacity, cooperation, and partnerships.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-66\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Garba Ahmed Gusau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(Bsc, Msc., Ph.D- Senior Lecturer), Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Tasi\u2019u Dansabo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(B.A (ED), Msc., Mphil., PhD- Senior Lecturer), Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Brownfield W.R (2012). Drug Trafficking from Nigeria, others Harms Americans Leadership.ng\/ \u2026\/drug_trafficking_ni 20\/6\/12<br \/>\r\n[2]. Dansabo, M.T (2006). Nigerian social structure and development: A Sociological anatomy of social problems. The Social costs of privatization and deregulation in Nigeria, Lagos NISS Publication.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dansabo, M.T (2014). Assessing the developmental impact of poverty reduction programmes in Sokoto State-Nigeria, An unpublished PhD thesis, Nasarwa State University, Keffi.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Hanna Stone (2012). Colombia Admits that its Drug Gangs are in Bolivia, in Insightcrime.org\/..\/2728 Colombia<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hastert J.D Drug \u2013 Threat to National Security, in Symposium Against Drugs<br \/>\r\n[6]. Jary, J. and Jary, D. (2000). Collins Internet Dictionary of Sociology. Glasgow-Great Britain: Happer Collins publishers.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kane M. (2012). Bolivia Seizes Largest Ever shipment of Contraband Cigarettes, In Insightcrime.org\/.\/2797 21\/6\/12<br \/>\r\n[8]. Muhammad-Bande, T. (2015). Security, National integration and challenges of development in Nigeria, A key note address delivered at the 5th National conference of Social Sciences on Security, National integration and the challenges of Development in Nigeria held at the Auditorium, Main campus, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto on Tuesday 11th August.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Pitt, D.C (1976). The social dynamics of development. Oxford: Pergamon press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. President\u2019s Commission Drug Abuse, Drug Trafficking &amp; Organized Crime, In Drug Library.net..\/..\/amhabc 1.htm 20\/6\/12<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ramsey, G. (2012a). \u201cEl Salvador Cracks Down 012 Drug Chemical Smuggling into Guatemala\u201din Insightcrime.org\/..\/2799el salvad<br \/>\r\n[12]. Ramsey G. (2012b) Zetas Use Horse-Breeding Company to Launder Money in US, in insightcrime.org\/..\/2765-zetas-use 21\/6\/12.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Rodney, Walter (1972).How Europe Underdeveloped Africa..London: L\u2019 Duverture Publication.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Seers, D. (1973). The meaning of development. In Uphoff and Hehman, W.R (Eds.) Political economy of development. California: University of California press.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Smith, A. (1776). The wealth of the nations. Random house, Inc. Online version Adam Smith Archive (Marxist.org). 2000.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Owusu P. (2012). Drug Trafficking is the Biggest Threat to National Security-OwusuAnkomah,Modernghana.com\/new2\/\u2026\/.html.20\/6\/12<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Garba Ahmed Gusau, Muhammad Tasi\u2019u Dansabo &#8220;Drug Abuse and Trafficking as Impediments to Socio-Economic Development and National Security in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.62-66 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/62-66.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/62-66.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/drug-abuse-and-trafficking-as-impediments-to-socio-economic-development-and-national-security-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Drug Abuse and Trafficking as Impediments to Socio-Economic Development and National Security in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c2b85 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4c2b85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c2fbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c2fbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3113\" data-id=\"a4c3113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c3222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c32c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c32c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c340d\" data-id=\"a4c340d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c3523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c35c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c35c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3714\" data-id=\"a4c3714\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c381c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c381c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c38bd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c38bd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3a02\" data-id=\"a4c3a02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3b12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c3b12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3baa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c3baa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3cf1\" data-id=\"a4c3cf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3df6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c3df6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3e96 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c3e96\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c3ff1\" data-id=\"a4c3ff1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c4102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c4102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Children\u2019s Usage of Social Networking Sites and Family Relationship<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ying-Leh Ling, Byington Kua Tze Li &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 67-73<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4c419d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4c419d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c430c\" data-id=\"a4c430c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c583b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4c583b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The proliferation of social networking sites has changed the instrument people use to communicate with one another. Nowadays, individuals are using social networking sites more than ever to network with friends and family members. At the same time, many studies have been conducted on the use of social networking sites with family relationships. Therefore, researchers want to identify whether there is a need to study both the variables in future studies. Specifically, this research aimed to identify whether there is a significant and positive relationship between children\u2019s usage of social networking sites and family relationship. The research also looked into the relationship between children\u2019s daily usage (hours) of social networking sites with the quantity of time spent and the quality of face-to-face communication with family members. The researcher conducted a study with 40 teachers. The researcher uses structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data pertaining to the research. The analysed data shows that there is no significant relationship between children\u2019s usage of social networking sites and family relationship. Therefore, children\u2019s usage of social networking sites does not affect family relationship. Therefore, as a suggestion to future research, researchers may relate other variables in the in-depth look at the relationship between children\u2019s usage of social networking sites and family relationship.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 67-73\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ying-Leh Ling<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPoliteknik Kuching Sarawak, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Byington Kua Tze Li <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nWawasan Open University, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Adler, E. (2014). Social media engagement: The surprising facts about how much time people spend on the major social networks. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/social-media-engagement-statistics-2013-12<br \/>\r\n[2]. Aliaga, M., &amp; Gunderson, B. (2002). Interactive Statistics. Thousand Oaks: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Beth. (2011). Social Networking: How is it affecting your mental health? Retrieved from http:\/\/theemployeeassistanceprogram.com\/wp\/2011\/01\/11\/social-networking-how-is-it-affecting-your-mental-ealth\/<br \/>\r\n[4]. Boyd,D. M. &amp; Ellison, N. M. (2008). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13, 210-230.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Carvalho, J., Francisco, R., &amp;Relvas, A. P. (2015). Family functioning and information and communication technologies how do they relate? A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 99-108.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Caughlin, J. P., Schrodt, P., Koerner, A. F., &amp; Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2011). Interpersonal communication in family relationships. In M. Knapp, &amp; J. Daly, Handbook of Interpersonal Communication, 679-714. CA: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Cheal, D. J. (2002). Sociology of Family Life. Basingstoke: Palgrave.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Chesley, N., &amp; Fox, B. (2012). E-mail\u2019s use and perceived effect on family relationship quality: Variations by gender and race\/ethnicity. Sociological Focus, 45, 63-84.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Drago, E. (2015). The effect of technology on face-to-face communication. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communications, 6(1), 13-19.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Etikan, I., Musa, S., &amp;Alkassim, R. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. 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(2016). How does the use of social networking affect family communication of teenagers? Euromentor Journal, 7(1), 21-32.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Sharaievskaa, I., &amp;Stodolskab, M. (2017). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 231-243.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3(7), 749-752.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Shklovski, I., Kiesler, S., &amp; Kraut, R. (2006). The internet and social interaction: A meta-analysis and critique of studies, 1995-2003. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Subramanian, K. (2017). Influence of Social Media in Interpersonal Communication. International Journal of Scientific Progress and Research (IJSPR) Issue 109, 38(2), 70-75.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Sultana, S. (2017). Social networking sites (SNS) and family relationship: A study on youths of Dhaka City. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 22(4), 46-52.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Thomas, T. (2018). 30 Statistics about teens and social networking. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.toptenreviews.com\/software\/articles\/30-statistics-about-teens-and-social-networking\/<br \/>\r\n[30]. Yoon, K. (2006). Local sociality in young people\u2019s mobile communications: A Korean case study. Childhood, 13(2), 155-174.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ying-Leh Ling, Byington Kua Tze Li &#8220;Children\u2019s Usage of Social Networking Sites and Family Relationship &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.67-73 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/67-73.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-id=\"a4c9e36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4c9f7f\" data-id=\"a4c9f7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ca093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca12f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ca12f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca299\" data-id=\"a4ca299\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca3a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ca3a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca449 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ca449\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca594\" data-id=\"a4ca594\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca6a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ca6a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca73e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ca73e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca892\" data-id=\"a4ca892\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ca995 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ca995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4caa3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4caa3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cab88\" data-id=\"a4cab88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cac9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cac9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cad36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cad36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4caea1\" data-id=\"a4caea1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cafb5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cafb5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of Hope Family Program (<i>Program Keluarga Harapan<\/i>) In Improving Management Access to Basic Education Service among Poor Family Children in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>M. Cholis Hasan, Kusmawan, Ahmad Suryadi, Adi Fahrudin &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 74-84<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cb054 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cb054\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cb1c1\" data-id=\"a4cb1c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cb2ec elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4cb2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The poor people and neglected children are cared for by the state, according to the article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution. According to Law Number 13 Year 2011 article 1 point 1 d, The word &#8220;poor people&#8221; is interpreted as a person who is does not have a source of livelihood and \/ or has a livelihood but does not have the ability to meet the needs that are appropriate for the life of himself or his family.<br \/>\r\nPKH is a part of efforts in poverty eradication which was launched firstly through a trial program in 2007, in the era of Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu which was led by President of RI Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, whose targets are Very Poor Households (RTSM) or Very Poor Families (KSM), namely those whose conditions are very concerning, especially related to health and education, and therefore the participation of PKH is only related to the health and education component. The writing focuses on the education component, because education is an integral part of the success of national development. The fact shows that the implementation of education has not been experienced by all of the Indonesian people, especially poor families based on data from the Central Statistics Agency in 2013 showing that the number of dropped-out children at the age of 7-12 years reached 0.67 percent, age 13-15 years reached 2.21 percent, and aged 16-18 years reached 3.14 percent.Whereas, UNICEF data in 2015 revealed that 2.5 million children in Indonesia could not get education, which consists of 600 thousand elementary school-aged children (SD) and 1.9 million junior high school-aged children (SMP). The main cause of this situation is the lack of awareness and \/ or understanding of poor families about the importance of education for a better future, and the lack of sufficient funds so that the children are unable to go to school (dropping out of school).To answer this challenge, the Government intervened through PKH, namely conditional cash assistance in order to make the poor families feel motivated to send their children to school or re-send their dropped-out children to school..<br \/>\r\nThis research evaluation is aimed to see about how far the implemented policy such as regulation\/rule of legislation that related to education program of PKH and its implementation in the field both for the local government and the accuracy of the program targets.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 74-84\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Cholis Hasan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nScholar of Doctoral Program, University of Muhammadiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kusmawan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor, Institute of Technology and Business Ahmad Dahlan, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmad Suryadi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor of Education Management, University of Muhammadiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adi Fahrudin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor of Social Work, University of Muhammadiyah, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Al-Hariri, Salamah Muhammad. (2016). BukuPintar, Sejarah dan Peradaban Islam. Terjemahdari H. MastulIrham, LC dan H. Malik Supar. Pustaka Al-Kautsar: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anggara, Sahya. (2018). HukumAdministrasi Negara. Pusaka Setia: Bandung.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Habibullah &amp;Ivoniana. (2013). KebijakanPendamping PKH. P3KS Press: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Jayaputra, Achmadi. (2016). Kemiskinan: TelaahKonsep dan Penerapannya. UMJ Press: Jakarta<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kementerian Sosial RI. (2015). Pedoman UmumProgram Keluarga Harapan. Kementerian Sosial: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Peraturan Menteri Sosial RI Nomor 1 Tahun 2018 Tentang PKH.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Peraturan Menteri SosialNomor 10 Tahun 2017.<br \/>\r\n[8]. RedaksiKawan Kita. (2008). UUD 45 dan Perubahannya. Kawan Kita: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Sahib, Munawwarah. (2016). PengaruhKebijakan PKH terhadappenanggulangankemisnkinan di KecamatanBajengKabubatenGowa. Tesis. Program Pascasarjana, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin: Makassar.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Situmorang, Chazali H. (2019). PKH, Dulu, dan Sekarang. Tersedia: http:\/\/www.jurnalsosialsecurity.com\/kebijakanpublik\/pkh\/pkh-dulu-dan-sekarang.html.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Situmorang, Chazali H. (2019). Kartu \u201cJanji\u201d dan Doa Para Paslon. Tersedia: http:\/\/www.jurnalsocialsecurity.com.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Situmorang, Chazali H. (2017). Solusiuntuk Negeri, Gagasan dan PemikiranTentangJaminanSosial dan Kebangsaan. PSM UNJ: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Situmorang, Chazali H. (2013). MutuPekerjaanSosial di Era Otonomi Daerah. Cinta Indonesia: Depok.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Tim PenyusunPedomanUmum PKH Lintas Kementerian dan Lembaga. (2007) PedomanUmumProgram KeluargaHarapan 2007. DirektoratJenderalSaranaKomunikasi dan DiseminasiInformasiDepartemenKomunikasi dan Informasi RI: Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Undang-undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 Tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Undang-undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Undang-undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2016 Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perubahan Kedua Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak Menjadi Undang-Undang.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Yayasan Penyelenggara Penterjemah Al-Qur\u2019an. (2016). An Nabawi Al-Qur\u2019an Tematik Transliterasi&amp; Tajwid Berwarna. PT Iqro Indonesia Global: Yogyakarta.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. Cholis Hasan, Kusmawan, Ahmad Suryadi, Adi Fahrudin &#8220;Role of Hope Family Program (<i>Program Keluarga Harapan<\/i>) In Improving Management Access to Basic Education Service among Poor Family Children in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.74-84 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/74-84.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/74-84.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-hope-family-program-program-keluarga-harapan-in-improving-management-access-to-basic-education-service-among-poor-family-children-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Role of Hope Family Program (<i>Program Keluarga Harapan<\/i>) In Improving Management Access to Basic Education Service among Poor Family Children in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cc3f5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4cc3f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cc538 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cc538\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cc6c8\" data-id=\"a4cc6c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cc7ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cc7ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cc8a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cc8a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cca0c\" data-id=\"a4cca0c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ccb25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ccb25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ccbc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ccbc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ccd11\" data-id=\"a4ccd11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cce20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cce20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ccebf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ccebf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd008\" data-id=\"a4cd008\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cd11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd1bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cd1bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd324\" data-id=\"a4cd324\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd431 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4cd431\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Risk Management and Poverty Reduction through CBOs. Evidence from Hai District, Tanzania<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Deogratias Basil Aikaruwa &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 85-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4cd4d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4cd4d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4cf693\" data-id=\"a4cf693\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4cf864 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4cf864\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study is on the investigation of the roles of CBOs in risk management and poverty reduction in Hai District. It is a case study research employing a total of 353 respondents as sample size. Data were collected through the use of different tools including observation, interview and documentary review. Most data collected were statistical thus analysed through SPSS software.<br \/>\r\nThe findings indicate that most of CBO members\u2019 annual income increased after joining CBO. This was due to members\u2019 involvement in more income generating projects as a result of accessing credit opportunities. Despite the increased annual income a significant percentage of the respondents (12.6%) remained multidimensionally poor based on MPI.<br \/>\r\nThe findings also demonstrated that CBOs coordinated and promoted private investments among their members as a way of fighting extreme poverty and improving the people\u2019s livelihood. CBOs enabled members to identify market prospects for their products. Some CBOs had marketing managers who were employed solely to help members to search for markets for their products. Some CBOs were least equipped with the management competence needed to identify market chances as each member traded his\/her products individually.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 85-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deogratias Basil Aikaruwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting; Moshi Co-operative University (MoCU), Shinyanga, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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In: The Third Sector in Tanzania \u2013 Learning More About Civil Society Organisations, their Capabilities and Challenges. Aga Khan Development Network, Dar es Salaam. p. 40-95.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Narayan, D. (2000). Voices of the Poor: Can Anyone Hear Us? World Bank and Oxford University Press. Washington, D.C. p. 17-25.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Ndumbaro, L. and Kiondo, K. (2007). Defining the Non-Profit Sector: The Tanzanian Experience. In: Third Sector in Tanzania \u2013 Learning More About Civil Society Organisations, Their Capabilities and Challenges. (Edited by Holloway, R.) Aga Khan Development Network, Dar es Salaam. p. 32-38.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Ndumbaro, L. and Mvungi, A. (2006). Non-Governmental Organizations Act 2002: A Suffocation of NGOs\u2019 Struggle. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Civil Society and Democratic Development in Tanzania (Edited by A. Kiondo and J. Nyang\u2019oro) . 12-16 May 2005, Dar es Salaam. p. 42-49.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Philippe, D. et al (2003). Community-Driven Development. Cornell University, New York. 128pp.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Racher, F. (2007). Running Head: The Community Health Action Model: Health Promotion by the Community, Brandon University Press, Lancaster. 35pp.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Sakiko, F. (2006). Humani Poverty Index. A Multidimensional Measure. International Poverty Centre, Brasilia. [http.www.org\/ipc] site visited on 13\/06\/2012.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Sara, J. and Katz, T. (1997). Making Rural Water Sustainable: Report on the Impact of Project Rules. (UNDP) Washington, D.C. 123pp.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Sen, A. (1999). Development as Freedom. Alfred A. Knopf, New York [htt.www.aak.org] site visited on 23\/02\/2012.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Simon, A. (2008). Analysis of the Activities of the CBOs Involved in the Solid Waste Management, Investigating Modernized Mixtures Approach. The case of Kinondoni Municpality, Dar es Salaam, Dissertation for Award of MA Degree at Wageningen University. 83pp.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Taylor, P. (1993). The Texts of Paulo Freire. Open University Press, Buckingham. Available at http:www.infed.org\/thinkers\/etfreir.htm. site visited on 18\/01\/2012.<br \/>\r\n[46]. UNDP, (2001). Attacking Poverty: Opportunity, Empowerment and Security. World Development Report, New York. 138pp.<br \/>\r\n[47]. UNDP, (2010). Poverty in Focus: What is Poverty? Concepts and Measures. International Poverty Centre (IPC), Brasilia. 72pp.<br \/>\r\n[48]. UNDP, (2010). What Will It Take To Achieve Millenium Development Goals. An International Assessment. New York. 164pp.<br \/>\r\n[49]. URT, (1996). Community Development Policy. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 55pp.<br \/>\r\n[50]. URT, (2005). National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (NSGRP). Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 30pp.<br \/>\r\n[51]. URT, (2009). Household Budget Survey 2007. National Bureau of Statistics. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 145pp.<br \/>\r\n[52]. URT, (2009). The Economic Survey 2008. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 67pp.<br \/>\r\n[53]. URT, (2010). Tanzania National Panel Survey Report 2008\/09. National Bureau of Statistics. Government Printer, Dar es Salaam. 89pp.<br \/>\r\n[54]. World Bank, (2001). Macroeconomic Policy and Poverty Reduction. New York. 142pp.<br \/>\r\n[55]. World Bank, (2004). Community Driven Development and Urban Services for Poor. [http.www.worldbank\/socialdevelopment] site vsited on 08\/01\/2012.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Deogratias Basil Aikaruwa &#8220;Risk Management and Poverty Reduction through CBOs. Evidence from Hai District, Tanzania&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.85-99 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/85-99.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/85-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/risk-management-and-poverty-reduction-through-cbos-evidence-from-hai-district-tanzania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Risk Management and Poverty Reduction through CBOs. Evidence from Hai District, Tanzania<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0721 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4d0721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0b5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d0b5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0cbc\" data-id=\"a4d0cbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0dd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d0dd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0e79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d0e79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d0fcf\" data-id=\"a4d0fcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d10de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d10de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d13e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d13e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d15b6\" data-id=\"a4d15b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d16d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d16d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1834 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d1834\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d19a5\" data-id=\"a4d19a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d1ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1b61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d1b61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1cce\" data-id=\"a4d1cce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d1df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Music in Unification and Resistance: Song and Artistic Performance since Land Reform in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Isaac Machafa, Praise Zinhuku- September 2019 Page No.: 100-104<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1e97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d1e97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d1ffb\" data-id=\"a4d1ffb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d212a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4d212a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Song and artistic performance have long been dominant discourses in liberation struggles across the globe. Southern Africa, the United States of America, Ireland, and Latin America are just a few examples of where lyrics of freedom and artistic performances, used as a means of unification and resistance, have entered popular culture and the political imaginary during and well after times of struggle. In Zimbabwe similar trends are evident as several indigenous performing groups have used song and artistic performances to express their life aspirations in view of the new obtaining economic environment after the land reform of year 2000. This paper discusses how song and performance constitute a space of assertion and how performances of liberation have been translated into an expressive tool well after the attainment of political independence. The paper also discusses how song and artistic performance has adjusted to the opening and\/or closing of space (temporal, geographical, psychological, and symbolic) within our indigenous traditional societies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-104\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Isaac Machafa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Music Business, Musicology and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Praise Zinhuku<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Music Business, Musicology and Technology, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Chifunyise, S. 1997. Government&#8217;s Dilemma on Cultural Policies.Nomdlalo, 2(1) Pp.3.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Pongweni, A. 1982.The Songs that Won the Liberation War. Harare: College Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Moyana, N. 1986.The African Heritage, Book 1. Harare: Longman.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Seda, K. 2004. Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events 1970 to 2000. Harare: Mordon Printers.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Turino, T. 2000. Nationalist, Cosmopolitans, and Popular Music in Zimbabwe. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Vambe, M. T., 2004, \u2018Versions and Sub-versions: Trends in Chimurenga Musical Discourses of Post-Independence Zimbabwe\u2019, African Study Monographs, 25(4): 167-193.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Isaac Machafa, Praise Zinhuku, &#8220;Music in Unification and Resistance: Song and Artistic Performance since Land Reform in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.100-104 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/100-104.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/100-104.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/music-in-unification-and-resistance-song-and-artistic-performance-since-land-reform-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Music in Unification and Resistance: Song and Artistic Performance since Land Reform in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d2ef4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4d2ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3e8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d3e8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d3f2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d3f2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d409d\" data-id=\"a4d409d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d41a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d41a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Galvanising Voices of Older Persons for Action in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Atumah, Oscar N, Odesanya, Saheed O. &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 105-109<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d4322 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d4322\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d44ca\" data-id=\"a4d44ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d45f8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4d45f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In developing societies, older adults face many challenges to which the government paid little attention. Government priorities are misplaced when they are unable to care for older adults who contributed to nation-building. Older adults are known to suffer in silence because no one is interested in listening to their plights. This exploratory paper reviewed some of the challenges experienced by older adults in Nigeria and examined a few strategies to galvanize the voices of older persons. Some issues affecting the well-being of older adults include the lack of adequate healthcare facilities, lack of funding to cover medical cost, poverty, loneliness, neglect, abuse, and insecurity, among others. Older adults are an essential segment of the population whose wisdom and knowledge are indispensable to the socio-economic development of the society. The writer suggested a few ways to ensure that older adults have a voice in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 105-109\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atumah, Oscar N<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Odesanya, Saheed O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Akinyemi, Akanni (2012): Assessment of the influence of socioeconomic status on aging males\u2019 Symptoms in Ijesaland, South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Men\u2019s Health, Elsevier Publication, Netherland 9(1):51-57. 9. 51-57. 10.1016\/j.jomh.2011.10.004.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Akpan, I. D., and Umobong, M. (2013). An Assessment of the Prevalence of Elder Abuse and Neglect in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Developing Countries Studies Online 3(5):10-15. www.llste.org (Accessed 3\/8\/2013)<br \/>\r\n[3]. Asiyanbola, A.R. (2018) Assessment of Family Care, Housing, Gender, Daily Activities, and Physical Well-being of the Elderly in Ibadan, Nigeria: International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Sciences Environment and Technology Vol 3, No 1<br \/>\r\n[4]. Barka, A. (2015). Family Ties and Ageing. LA: Pine Forge\/Sage.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Etobe, E. &amp; Etobe, E. (2013) The National Health Insurance Scheme and Its Implication for Elderly Care in Nigeria, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kahana, E., Kelley-Moore, J., &amp; Kahana, B. (2012). Proactive aging: A longitudinal study of stress, resources, agency, and well-being in late life. Aging and Mental Health, 16(4),<br \/>\r\n[7]. Larkin, M. (2013). Resilience: a requirement for successful aging in all settings. Journal on Active Aging, 12(5), 22\u201329.<br \/>\r\n[8]. San Diego University to study successful aging in adults with HIV. (2013). Journal on Active Aging, 12(5), 15.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Smith, E. K., Rozek, E. K., &amp; Moore, K. D. (2014). Creating SPOTs for Successful Aging: Strengthening the Case for Developing University-Based Retirement Communities Using Social-Physical Place Over Time Theory. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 28(1), 21\u201340.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Smith, N. J. (2011). Caregivers\u2019 sensitivity to conflict: The use of the vignette methodology. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect; 8(1), 35\u201347 http:\/\/www.nursinghomeabuselaws.org\/elders\/<br \/>\r\n[11]. Troutman, M., Nies, M., &amp; Bentley, M. (2011). Measuring Successful Aging in Southern Black Older Adults. Educational Gerontology, 37(1), 38\u201350. 438\u2013451.<br \/>\r\n[12]. World Health Organization (2015) World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[13]. World Bank (2010) African Development Indicators 2010 Washington D. C. World Bank<br \/>\r\n[14]. Yunusa, U. (2014) Trends and Challenges of Public Health Care Financing System in Nigeria: The Way Forward IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR JEF) e-ISSN: 23215933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 4, Issue 3. (May-Jun. 2014), PP 28-34.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Zulueta, C. (2017) \u201cThe Role of Caregivers to the Elderly&#8221; (NS).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atumah, Oscar N, Odesanya, Saheed O. &#8220;Galvanising Voices of Older Persons for Action in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.105-109 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/105-109.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/105-109.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/galvanising-voices-of-older-persons-for-action-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Galvanising Voices of Older Persons for Action in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d53ea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4d53ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d54c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d54c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container 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data-id=\"a4d5b2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d5c88\" data-id=\"a4d5c88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d5d96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d5d96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d5e33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d5e33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d5f84\" data-id=\"a4d5f84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d6086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d6086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d611e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d611e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d6282\" data-id=\"a4d6282\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d639b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d639b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Sheikh Adam Abdullahi Al-Ilory toward Educating Nigerian People<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Gambo Hassan, Sulaiman Muhammad Bello &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 110-113<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d6435 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d6435\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d65b8\" data-id=\"a4d65b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d66db elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4d66db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this study is to evaluate the contribution of sheik Adam Abdullahi Al-ilory as a scholar in western Nigeria to the growth and development of Arabic and Islamic education while by simplifying the teaching of Arabic language to Yoruba community. This paper cast a retrospect at the various roles and contribution given by sheik in promoting and building schools across the ensile Yoruba. Among the scholar that sheik learn from are sheik Salih Asmiyobo, sheik Adam Namo\u2019aji , Nasir Kabara Sheik Muhammad Alim. therefore this paper aims at presenting the educational philosophy of this seasoned scholar as a way of reclaiming the teaching of Arabic language identity that has been diluted among the contemporary Yoruba community and Nigeria in general.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 110-113\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Gambo Hassan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Arabic, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sulaiman Muhammad Bello<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Arabic, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. AnNur: 37-38<br \/>\r\n[2]. Muhammad bin Isah Attirmizy, Sunanuattirmizy, darsadar, BerutLebaon, no date, bab ma ja&#8217;a fi dualilumri.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Nuru Atiku and Adam Masama, FannuMaqalalada Al- Ilori, Malam Vol. V111, Novermber: 2011 ADpp: 207.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Op-cit, p.207..<br \/>\r\n[5]. Agaka, AbdulbaqiShuaibu, al-adabu al-islamiy fi Diwani al-iloriy,pg:9.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Dr. Isa Alabiy, A&#8217;imalu al-allamatu al-ilory, qira&#8217;atunwa talkhesun,pg:26.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kabir Adam, Tudunnufawa, Almadkhalila al-adabilarabiy an-naijairiyfilqani al-ishreen al-meladey, book 2, pg: 26<br \/>\r\n[8]. Dr. Isa alabiy, pg:27<br \/>\r\n[9]. Al-Ilori: Libab Al-Adab, pg: 11<br \/>\r\n[10]. Agaka, pg:15<br \/>\r\n[11]. AnNahal: 125<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kanzu al-Ummal fi Sunani Al-aqwalwa al-af\u2019al 204\/10.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Agaka pg:15<br \/>\r\n[14]. Al-Baqarah : 214<br \/>\r\n[15]. Agaka, pg: 16<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Gambo Hassan, Sulaiman Muhammad Bello &#8220;The Role of Sheikh Adam Abdullahi Al-Ilory toward Educating Nigerian People&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.110-113 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/110-113.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/110-113.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-sheikh-adam-abdullahi-al-ilory-toward-educating-nigerian-people\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Sheikh Adam Abdullahi Al-Ilory toward Educating Nigerian People<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d77a2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4d77a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7a15\" data-id=\"a4d7a15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7b3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d7b3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7bdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d7bdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7d44\" data-id=\"a4d7d44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7e52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d7e52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d7ef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d7ef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d804b\" data-id=\"a4d804b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d815e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d815e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d81fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d81fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d8354\" data-id=\"a4d8354\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d845a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d845a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d84fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d84fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d8668\" data-id=\"a4d8668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d877e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d877e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Mobile Money Usage and Growth of Customers\u2019 Deposits in Commercial Banks in Kakoba Division, Mbarara Municipality<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nuwamanya Allen, Nsambu Kijjambu Frederick, Nomugisha Mary- September 2019 Page No.: 114-125<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d881f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d881f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d8997\" data-id=\"a4d8997\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d8ad1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4d8ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study established the effect of Mobile money usage on growth of customers\u2019 deposits in commercial banks. The study was guided by four objectives; establishing the mobile money operating cycle, whether mobile money operators have bank accounts for their mobile money businesses, trend of growth of customers\u2019 deposits in commercial banks and relationship between mobile money usage and the growth of customers\u2019 deposits in commercial banks. The study used a cross sectional research design while collecting data, quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. The study used simple random and stratified sampling methods, while the questionnaire and interview guide were used to collect the data from different respondents, correlation matrix was run in order to establish the relationship between the variables.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 114-125\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nuwamanya Allen<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business Studies, Bishop Sturt University, P. O box 09, Mbarara, Uganda.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nsambu Kijjambu Frederick<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaulty of Business and Management Science, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nomugisha Mary<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business Studies, Bishop Sturt University, P. O box 09, Mbarara, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ali Ndiwalana, Olga Morawczynski&amp; Oliver Popov (2011) Mobile Money Use in Uganda APreliminary Study on Mobile Money in Uganda<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bank of Uganda (2014). Annual report on the performance of commercial banks, December 2014.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bank of Uganda (2017). Annual report on the performance of commercial banks, December 2015.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bello, Y.A (2005). Banking sector Reforms and Consolidation in Nigeria, Bullion CBN publication, Vol 29, p.48.CBN Publication, Vol 29, No 2, p.48.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bill Maurer, Taylor C. Nelms&amp; Stephen C. Rea,(2013) Bridges to cash\u2019: Channelling<br \/>\r\n[6]. Bisignano, J. (1992). Banking competition, regulation and the philosophy of financial development: a search for first principles,\u2019 in the internationalization of capital markets and the regulatory response, John Fingleton (ed.). London: Graham and Trotman<br \/>\r\n[7]. Central Bank of Kenya (2016). Bank Supervision Annual Report 2016.Central Bank of Kenya, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Cerleti, E, (2004). The structure of bank relationships, Endogenous monitoring and loan rates. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 58-86 for the unbanked. GSMA London Office.<br \/>\r\n[9]. CGAP (2015) Financial inclusion insights survey in Rwanda and Ghana. &lt;https:\/\/www.cgap.org\/blog\/series\/2015-financial-inclusion-insights-survey-rwanda-and-ghana&gt;, retrieved 2.8.2016.<br \/>\r\n[10]. George Wilson Ssoko (2014), Mobile Money and Financial inclusion.Availablefrom: http:\/\/audiencescapes.org\/sites\/default\/files\/FITS_Uganda_FullReport_LowRes.pdf<br \/>\r\n[11]. Greg Filbeck,DiannaPreece.(2010) Community banks and deposit growth. International journal of bank marketing. vol 28, Emerald group publishing limited.<br \/>\r\n[12]. GSMA (2013) Emerging Nations Embrace Internet, Mobile Technology. Cell Phones Nearly<br \/>\r\n[13]. GSMA (2013) Mobile financial services for the unbanked<br \/>\r\n[14]. GSMA (2014), Mobile money in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: A turnaround from:http:\/\/www.gsma.com\/mobilefordevelopment\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2014\/05\/MMU_Cote_dIvoire_Turnaround_Story.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[15]. GSMA (2014),State of Mobile Money Usage \u2013 How many people use mobile money globally?\u201d<br \/>\r\n[16]. Haas, Sherri, Pamela Riley (2013). Mobile Money for Health.Bethesda, MD: Health Finance and Governance Project, Abt Associates Inc<br \/>\r\n[17]. Juniper (2015). Mobile Banking Strategies: Applications, Opportunities and Markets.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Kothari (2004). Research Methodology Methods and Techniques. India: New age International Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Nasikye (2009) A frame work for mobile banking in Uganda<br \/>\r\n[20]. Lee, K.S., Lee, H.S., &amp;Kim, S.Y. (2007). Factors influencing the adoption behavior of mobile banking: a South Korean perspective.Journal of Internet Banking andCommerce, 12(2).<br \/>\r\n[21]. Mallat N (2007.) Exploring Consumer Adoption of Mobile Payments &#8211; Qualitative Study. Journal of Strategic Information Systems. Vol 16, 413-432.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Mar\u00eda Paula Subia, Nicole Martinez, Junior Researchers (2014), Mobile money services \u201c a bank in your Pocket\u201d, ACP Observatory on Migration.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Mohan S. (2012). Perspectives of deposits mobilization, online publication<br \/>\r\n[24]. Morawczynski&amp; Pickens, M (2009). Exploring trust in mobile banking transactions. University of Edinburgh, Washington: Focus Note. D.CCGAP. Retrieved at:http:\/\/www.cgap.org\/ gm\/ document-1.9 .3 6723\/MPESA Brief. Pdf<br \/>\r\n[25]. Mugenda, O. &amp;Mugenda,A. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Africa Centre for Technology Studies.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Muhumuza K (2015). \u2018Mobile Money: The regulators headache\u2019 Daily Monitor17th March<br \/>\r\n[27]. Ndiwalana, A. and Popov, O. (2010) \u201cMobile Money Use in Uganda: A PreliminaryStudy.\u201d Working paper.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Obamuyi, T.M (2013). An analysis of the deposits and lending behaviors of banks in Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Oketch, M.L. (2015) \u2018Mobile money account holders grow to 18 million\u2019 DAILY MONITOR16th February Page 24<br \/>\r\n[30]. Omwansa T (2009) M-PESA: Progress and Prospects. Innovations Case Discussion: M-PESA \/Mobile World Congress, pp. 107-123. Available from: www.strathmore.edu\/pdf\/innov-gsma-omwansa.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[31]. P\u00e9nicaud&amp;Katakam (2013), State of the Industry 2013 Mobile Financial Servicesfor the unbanked.GSMA London Office. The GSMA Mobile money for the unbanked.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Rogers E.M (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, 5th Edition Simon and Schuster, New York, Free press.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Salzaman, M.,Palen,L.,Harper,R. (2001). Mobile Communication: Understanding Users, Adoption andDesign. (Lecture) Paper presented in CHI workshop.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Sanya S. (2015) Government asked to scrap mobile money taxes.New Vision16th of 2015.February Page 25<br \/>\r\n[35]. Sebudde, R. K. (2016). Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit: In Uganda, greater financial inclusion is the key to unlocking rapid growth report.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Shaw E (1973) Financial deepening in economic development. New York, Ny: Oxford University P<br \/>\r\n[37]. Wishart N (2006). Micropayment systems and their application to mobile networks: Examples of Mobile enabled services in the Philippines. Infodev publications, IDRC<br \/>\r\n[38]. World Bank (2011), Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Available from: http:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/data-catalog\/migration-and-remittances.<br \/>\r\n[39]. World Bank (2015), Global Financial Inclusion Database, account at a financial institution [2014].Source: http:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/data\/reports.aspx?source=global-findex<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nuwamanya Allen, Nsambu Kijjambu Frederick, Nomugisha Mary, &#8220;Mobile Money Usage and Growth of Customers\u2019 Deposits in Commercial Banks in Kakoba Division, Mbarara Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.114-125 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/114-125.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/114-125.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/mobile-money-usage-and-growth-of-customers-deposits-in-commercial-banks-in-kakoba-division-mbarara-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Mobile Money Usage and Growth of Customers\u2019 Deposits in Commercial Banks in Kakoba Division, Mbarara Municipality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d9ac3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4d9ac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d9bb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d9bb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4d9d43\" data-id=\"a4d9d43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4d9e73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4d9e73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4d9f18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4d9f18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4da06f\" data-id=\"a4da06f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4da17c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4da17c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4da222 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4da222\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4da37f\" data-id=\"a4da37f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4da495 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4da495\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of the Effectiveness of Strategies That Were Implemented by the Government to Revive the Manufacturing Sector in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province during the Period 2009 to 2017<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fainos Chinjova &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 126-130<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4da535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4da535\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4da6b0\" data-id=\"a4da6b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4da7f3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4da7f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the strategies that were implemented by the government to revive the manufacturing sector in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province during the period 2009 to 2017. The study was prompted by the fact that Bulawayo Metropolitan Province has always been the industrial hub of Zimbabwe, but has been reduced to a ghost town, regardless of a number of strategies implemented by both the government to revive the manufacturing sector since the introduction of the use of multicurrency in 2009. The researcher used an interpretivism research philosophy because it enabled access to reality of the effectiveness of strategies implemented to revive the manufacturing sector in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province through social constructions. A qualitative research methodology was applied in order to generate a lot of data in the field where participants experienced the problem under study as well as to understand the participants\u2019 thoughts, feelings and viewpoints on the phenomenon. A multiple case study research design was used because it facilitated a holistic and in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of the strategies implemented to revive the manufacturing sectors in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province. Data was gathered using open-ended questionnaire that was administered by the researcher to 18 middle managers. In-depth interviews were conducted with 14 middle managers and 12 senior managers of manufacturing companies. A focus group discussion was conducted with 11 supervisors and general workers. The major findings of the study were that the strategies implemented to revive the manufacturing sector were not effective to revive the sector as manufacturing companies in Bulawayo continued to suffer a decrease in revenue, productivity, profitability and an increase in retrenchments during the period 2009 to 2017.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 126-130\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fainos Chinjova<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGraduate School of Business, National University of Science and Technology, P O Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1]. Confederation of Zimbabwe Industries (CZI) (2012). The Annual CZI Manufacturing Sector Survey Report. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/www.czi.co.zw\/images \/presentations\/2012.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Freeman, R.E (1984). \u201cStrategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach.\u201d Boston, M.A:Pitman<br \/>\r\n[3]. Friedman, A. L. and Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders Theory and Practice. Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Karim, A (2009). Manufacturing Practices and Performances: A Malaysian Study<br \/>\r\n[5]. Karombo, T. (2017). Firms in Zimbabwe Innovate to Survive in Business Report. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.iol.co.za\/business-report\/companies\/firms-in-zimbabwe-innovate-to-survive-8753554.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Bonga, W. G (2014). World De-Dollarization Economic Implication of De-Dollarization in Zimbabwe: Introduction of special coins.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mtetwa, E. (2012). De-industrialisation in Bulawayo started before 1980 in The Independent, 27 July. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.theindependent.co.zw\/2012\/07\/27\/de-industrialisation-of-byo-started-before-1980\/.<br \/>\r\n[8]. National Budget Statement (2009): Government of Zimbabwe Publications<br \/>\r\n[9]. Noko, J (2009). Dollarization: The Case of Zimbabwe. Cato Journal, Vol. 31, pp 339-365<br \/>\r\n[10]. Sai, J. P and Zinyemba, A (2014). Impact of the Multi- Currency System on the manufacturing sector in Zimbabwe.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Sibanda, V. and Makwata, R. (2017). Zimbabwe Post Independence Economic Policies: A CriticalReview.[Online].Availablehttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314154884_Zimbabwe_Post_Independence_Economic_Policies_A_Critical Review.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Nota, F and Sakupwanya, B (2012). The Sustainability of Multicurrency System: AnExamination of Zimbabwe\u2019s Currency Management Options. Harare Centre for Economic and Social Policy Analysis.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Chitemba, P (2011). Mail and Guardian. 22 June 2011.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Jefferis, E; Kumah, F; Jefferis, B (2013). Reviving the Western Indian Ocean Economy. Actions for a sustainable future.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Damiyano, D; Mubaiwa, L; Mushanyuri, B. E; Chikomba, C. P (2012). An investigation of Zimbabwe\u2019s manufacturing sector competitiveness. International Journal of development and Sustainability; Vol.1. pp. 581-598<br \/>\r\n[16]. Dube, C. and Chipumho, E. (2016). Response of Manufacturing Sector to the Zimbabwe Economic Crisis: The Political Economy of Zimbabwe (1980-2008), Part II: Productive Sector Performance [Online].Available at https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/314374247 _Response_of_the_Manufacturing_Sector_to_the_Zimbabwe_Economic_Crisis_The_Political_Economy_of_Zimbabwe_1980-2008.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Freeman, R. E. (2004). A Stakeholder Theory of Modern Corporations in Beauchamp, T. I. And Bowie, N. E. (eds) Ethical Theory and Business, 7th Edition, pp 55-64. Upper Saddle River: Pearson\/ Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Makoshori, S. (2017).Wage theft fuels economic crisis in The Financial Gazette, 27 April. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/www.financialgazette.co.zw\/wage-theft-fuels-economic-crisis.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Masanga, G. G. and Zinyuku, L. (2017). Strategic Choices in Turbulent Times: A Case of the Bread Manufacturers in Zimbabwe. Africa Development and Resources Research Institute Journal, Ghana: Vol. 26,No. 5(4), Pp. 47-61.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Mbira, L. (2015).The De-industrialization of Bulawayo Manufacturing Sector in Zimbabwe: Is the Capital Vacuum to Blame?International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. III, No. 3, pp 1-15.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Noko, J. (2012). Dollarization: the case of Zimbabwe. Cato Journal, vol. 31, no. 2, pp 339-365.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Block, E (2013). Causes of the Decline in Manufacturing. Zimbabwe Independent; 19 April. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.theindependent.co.zw\/2013\/04\/19\/causes-of-the-decline-in-manufacturing\/.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Gumbo, S. and Kaseke, N. (2012). Manufacturing Firms and Hyper Inflation-Survival Options: The Case of Zimbabwe Manufacturers (2005 \u2013 2008). Journal of Management and Marketing Research, vol. 7, pp 1-22.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Creswell, J. W (2007): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th Edition: Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Creswell, J. W (2009): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.2nd Edition; Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Creswell, J. W (2013): Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five. 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Creswell, J. W (2014): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.4th Edition; Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Johnson, B and Christenson, L. B (2014): Educational Research. Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approaches. 5th Edition. Thousand Oaks. SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Cohen D. and Crabtree B. (2006). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.qualres.org\/HomeSemi-3629.html<br \/>\r\n[30]. Black, I. (2006). The presentation of interpretivist research. Qualitative Market Research: An European Economic Review, vol. 45, pp 680-691.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Marshall, C., &amp;Rossman, G. B. (2011). Designing Qualitative Research. 5th Edition. Thousand Oarks: SAGE Welman, C.; Kruger, F. and Mitchell, B. (2005). Research Methodology, 3rd Ed. Cape Town: Oxford University Press Southern Africa.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Prabash, E. (2012) Interpretivism and Positivism (Ontological and Epistemological Perspectives) https:\/\/prabash78.wordpress.com<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fainos Chinjova &#8220;Assessment of the Effectiveness of Strategies That Were Implemented by the Government to Revive the Manufacturing Sector in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province during the Period 2009 to 2017&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.126-130 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/126-130.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/126-130.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-the-effectiveness-of-strategies-that-were-implemented-by-the-government-to-revive-the-manufacturing-sector-in-bulawayo-metropolitan-province-during-the-period-2009-to-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of the Effectiveness of Strategies That Were Implemented by the Government to Revive the Manufacturing Sector in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province during the Period 2009 to 2017<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4db61b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4db61b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; 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data-id=\"a4db99d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4dba3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4dba3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4dbbb0\" data-id=\"a4dbbb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dbcc9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4dbcc9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4dbd73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4dbd73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4dbebe\" data-id=\"a4dbebe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dbfde elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4dbfde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc07e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4dc07e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc1d1\" data-id=\"a4dc1d1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc2d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4dc2d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tools and System Technologies as Strategies for Enhancing Effective Classroom Communication in Nigerian Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Umar Azare Iliyasu, Sagir Ahmad, Yalwaji Shehu- September 2019 Page No.: 131-136<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc387 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4dc387\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc4e9\" data-id=\"a4dc4e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dc60f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4dc60f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Communication is the heart beat of teaching and learning, without which no meaningful progress will be achieved in whatever level of education in Nigeria. This paper therefore, examines the place of tools and system approaches for effective classroom communication. Tools technology describes the straight forward presentation of concepts in educational technology while system approach to instruction emphasis the step by step application of ideas, resources, people, materials and equipment to the solution of educational problem. Attempts are made to highlight the conceptual definition of the key terms, examine significance of communication as well as factors affecting communication in the classroom situation. It also deals with how to make communication effective and strategies for becoming an effective communicator in the classroom. The paper recommends among other thing that for effective teaching and learning in secondary schools, teachers should focus their attention in the application and utilization of tools and system approaches in the classroom communication.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 131-136\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umar Azare Iliyasu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum and Instructions, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sagir Ahmad <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yalwaji Shehu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdullahi M. (2013), Basic Concepts in Education Kano: Great Matador Press Nigeria Limited<br \/>\r\n[2]. Abimbade, A.(1999). Principle and Practice of Educational Technology. International Ibadan: Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Abolade, A. O.&amp; Yusuf M. (2006), Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and the Nigerian Teacher Education Programme. A Handbook unpublished.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Adegbija M. V. (2004), The communication process and implication for instruction\u201d in Abimbola I. O. &amp;Abolade A.O. (ed) Fundamentals principles and practice of instruction. 459<br \/>\r\n[5]. Adewoyin, J. A. (2007). Fundamentals of Educational Technology. Oju-ore Ota: Attitude Communications Inc<br \/>\r\n[6]. Certer, C. (2002).Best Internet Activities Key to Effective Learning (3rd Edition) New Delhi Prentice The Hall<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ema, E &amp;Ajayi, D. T. (2006), Educational Technology: Methods, Materials and Machines, Jos: Pulished by Jos University Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ema, E &amp;Ajayi, D. T. (2008), Educational Resources Management: Curriculum Design, implementation and Evaluation, Jos: Pulished by Jos University Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Federal Ministry of Education, (2008). The Development of Education National Report of Nigeria Abuja: Federal Ministry of Education<br \/>\r\n[10]. Lawal, M. M. (2009), Integrated Educational Technology for Trainees and Practicing Teachers, Kano: pmats Commercial Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. National Educational Technology Centre (2001) Production and Effective Utilization of Teaching\/ learning Materials. Lagos: UNICEF<br \/>\r\n[12]. NERDC (2007) 9-Years Basic Education Curriculum: Basic Science and Technology for Primary 4-6<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sokan, B. O., (2002) \u201cCommunication in the classroom\u201d a paper delivered at the mobilization workshop on Teachers Professional Support.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Venkataiah, S. (2004) Media Education. New Delhi India Anmol Publications PVT. LTD<br \/>\r\n[15]. Yusuf, M. (2006), The History of Educational Technology in Nigeria and the Place of Educational Technology in Communication Process, Kano: pmats commercial press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Umar Azare Iliyasu, Sagir Ahmad, Yalwaji Shehu &#8220;Tools and System Technologies as Strategies for Enhancing Effective Classroom Communication in Nigerian Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.131-136 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/131-136.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/131-136.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/tools-and-system-technologies-as-strategies-for-enhancing-effective-classroom-communication-in-nigerian-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tools and System Technologies as Strategies for Enhancing Effective Classroom Communication in Nigerian Secondary Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dd3ec elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4dd3ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ddb3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ddb3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ddc90\" data-id=\"a4ddc90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ddd97 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4de096 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4de096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4de135 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4de135\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4de299\" data-id=\"a4de299\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4de3a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4de3a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Adequacy Facilities and Required Personnel for Implementation of NCE Mathematics Curriculum among Colleges of Education North-Central, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>ABDULRAHIM, Musbahu, Dr. R. W Gimba, Dr. A.A Hassan, Dr. M. Jiya &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 137-143<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4de44a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4de44a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4de5ae\" data-id=\"a4de5ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4de6f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4de6f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to Assess the Nigeria Certificate in Education among Colleges of Education in North-Central, Nigeria. Two research questions with corresponding research hypotheses guided the study. The research adopted a descriptive survey design. The study was conducted in all the thirteen Colleges of Education in North- Central States of Nigeria. The population of this study consisted of 131 Mathematics lecturers and 116 Mathematics lecturers was sampled Data were collected through the use of questionnaire. The instrument has a reliability coefficient of 0.83. The findings showed that Workshops in Colleges of Education in North-Central States of Nigeria were inadequate and the required personnel need to be improved on as they were little challenges on the required personnel. Most of the equipment, tools, and machines available in the colleges were not enough to cater for increasing population of students\u2019 enrolment. The study recommended that the Federal and States owned Colleges of Education should be provided with adequate workshops and required facilities to cater for the increasing students\u2019 population. This will in turn promote teaching and learning in Nigeria Education sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 137-143\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ABDULRAHIM, Musbahu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of Physics, Niger State College of Education, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. R. W Gimba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of Science Education, Fedreal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. A.A Hassan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of Science Education, Fedreal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. M. Jiya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept of Mathematics, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdulkarim A. A. (2012). Evaluation of the implementation Business education curriculum.Minna Journal of Educational Studies (MIJES). 5(1), 105-110.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adegbesan, S.O (2010). Establishing quality assurance in Nigerian education system: Implication for educational manager.Educational research and Reviews, vol. 6(2), 147-151<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ali, A. A.&amp;Ajibola A. L. (2015).Issues and prospects of effetive implementation of new secondary school curriculum in Nigeria.Journal of Education and Practice. 6(34),<br \/>\r\n[4]. Asebiomo, A. M. (2015). Moving with global trends in curriculum innovation: mitigating the challenges of curriculum implementation for effective teaching and learning in Nigeria. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 3(1), 26-33<br \/>\r\n[5]. Burden, R. &amp;Bayliss, P. (2008).A survey into mainstream teachers\u2019 attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school in one local education authority.Journal of Educational Psychology, 20 (2): 191 \u2013 215.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Glien, J. A. &amp;Glien, R. R. (2003). Calculating, interpreting and reporting Cronbach\u2019s alpha reliability coefficient for Likert-type scales. In proceedings of the Midwest research to practice conference in Adult, Community Education, (pp. 82-88), Ohio State Unversity, Columbus, Ohio, USA, Retrieved from http:\/\/s3.spanglefish.com\/s\/8287\/documents\/psychological%20measurement\/cronbach%20alpha.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mbaga, E. V; Sambo, M. M &amp;Tijjani, A. (2018). Adequacy of workshop facilities in colleges of education (technical) for training of trade teachers of technical colleges in north eastern states of nigeria. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Research.4(1), 42-49<br \/>\r\n[8]. Mohammed, J. (2012). Level of the equipment for English Language libraries and the implementation of the English Language programme at colleges of education in NorthCentral States of Nigeria.Academic Journal of Management Sciences. 1 (1), 38-40.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Owoeye, J. S. &amp;Yara, P. O. (2011). School facilities and students\u2019 academic achievement of secondary of secondary school agricultural science in Ekiti state, Nigeria. Asian SocialScience, 7(7), 64-74.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Richard J. &amp;Aghanenu E. O. (2016).Effect of gender and subject combination on the achievement of NCE Mathematics students in colleges of education in Delta State.International Journal of Research, 3(12), 1011-1019<br \/>\r\n[11]. Emmanuel, D. E &amp; Daniel, O. B. (2016).Challenges and prospects of mathematics education in Nigeria.Unpublished (PhD) thesis.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Eraikhuemen, L. &amp;Oteze, I. K. (2010). An evaluation of the mathematics education component of the Nigeria Certificate in Education programme of the NTI http:\/\/www.saide.org.za\/resources\/Conf%202010\/Eraikhuemen_and_Oteze_An_evaluation_of_the_Mathematics_Education_component_&#8230;pdf<br \/>\r\n[13]. National Commission for Colleges of Education, (2012).Minimum standards for NCE teachers. Abuja. National Commission for Colleges of Education.Ralph Shodeinde Street Garki Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2012). National Commission for Colleges of Education: Nigeria Certificate in Education Minimum Standard for Sciences. Abuja: NCCE.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Tom-Lawyer, O. O. (2014). An appraisal of the revised Nigeria Certificate in Education minimum standard.EropeanScientific Journal, 5(12), 165-171.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ABDULRAHIM, Musbahu, Dr. R. W Gimba, Dr. A.A Hassan, Dr. M. Jiya &#8220;Assessment of Adequacy Facilities and Required Personnel for Implementation of NCE Mathematics Curriculum among Colleges of Education North-Central, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.137-143 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/137-143.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/137-143.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-adequacy-facilities-and-required-personnel-for-implementation-of-nce-mathematics-curriculum-among-colleges-of-education-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of Adequacy Facilities and Required Personnel for Implementation of NCE Mathematics Curriculum among Colleges of Education North-Central, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4dfebf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4dfebf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4dffb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4dffb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e02d8\" data-id=\"a4e02d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e057f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e057f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e064e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e064e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e08c6\" data-id=\"a4e08c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e0aef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e0aef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e0bb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e0bb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e3e3e\" data-id=\"a4e3e3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e4020 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e4020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e40e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e40e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e427e\" data-id=\"a4e427e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e43a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e43a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e445a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e445a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e45e9\" data-id=\"a4e45e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e4706 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e4706\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementing Results Based Management in the Zimbabwe Civil Service: Can it Work?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jefias Mundondo, Vitalis Chikoko, Andrew Chindanya &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 144-153<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e47aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e47aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e494a\" data-id=\"a4e494a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e4ab2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4e4ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The overarching goal of the study was to establish what it entails to make the Results Based Management (RBM) system work in the Zimbabwe Civil Service. In pursuit of this goal, the study explored how civil servants understand and experience the implementation of the RBM system, their attitudes towards the system, factors affecting implementation and their perspectives regarding the way forward. A review literature and studies showed that there were mixed feelings about the efficiency, effectiveness, appropriateness, workability and sustainability of the RBM system in the Zimbabwe Civil Service. There seemed to be inadequate knowledge about what it entails to make RBM work. This study therefore sought to establish what really works for RBM in the Zimbabwe Civil Service.<br \/>\r\nThe study used the qualitative approach to explore the phenomena under study. The phenomenology design was employed to bring to the fore experiences and perceptions of civil servants with regards to the implementation of RBM in the Zimbabwe Civil Service. Face-to-face individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used to generate data from participants. The document analysis technique was also used to compliment face to face individual in-depth interviews and focus group discussions.<br \/>\r\nThe study established that civil servants especially those in the lower levels of Ministries and Departments had not clearly understood and totally embraced the RBM system. They lacked the necessary competencies, knowledge and technical skills to effectively implement the RBM system. Civil servants did not have the motivation, passion and commitment to implement the RBM system. The RBM training exposed to civil servants was rather inadequate and ineffective especially to personnel at lower levels of Ministries and Departments. There was no meaningful feedback on performance and in addition, training needs and performance gaps were not regularly and adequately addressed. There were glaring gaps in monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and furthermore evaluation results were not fully utilized to improve the system. Generally, there were yawning gaps between \u2018best practices \u2018on RBM implementation and what was happening in the Zimbabwe Civil Service. The Zimbabwe Civil Service was simply not adhering to the principles and guidelines of RBM implementation.<br \/>\r\nAll these yawning gaps point to the need of regular feedback, monitoring and evaluation as well as creation of a culture of learning during implementation. The regular feedback, monitoring and evaluation will result in making the necessary adjustments, modifications and corrections of the current RBM system. This continuous reviewing, updating and refinement of the system is anticipated to lead to the creation of a customized RBM system that speaks to the contextual issues of the civil service.<br \/>\r\nThe study recommends that a large scale capacity building programme on RBM be conducted in all ministries and departments and across all categories of staff to enhance civil servants\u2019 capacities to effectively implement RBM. It is also recommended that senior management should champion RBM implementation by supervising, monitoring, evaluating and enforcing its implementation. Monetary and non-monetary incentives be introduced to encourage implementation and improve civil servants\u2019 attitudes towards the system. Further research on strategies of customizing the RBM system is recommended so that the system remains fit-for-purpose and continuously speak to the contextual factors of the Zimbabwe Civil Service and the country in general.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 144-153\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jefias Mundondo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(Educational Leadership and Management), Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vitalis Chikoko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(Educational Leadership and Management), Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andrew Chindanya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(Educational Leadership and Management), Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. African Development Fund: OSGE (2016). Institutional Support for State Enterprise Reform and Delivery Project (ISERDP) OSGE Department, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Amjad, S. (2008).Results Based Management Implementation for Outcomes: An Agenda for Action in Developing Countries, Paper Presented at National Health Policy Unit, Islamabad (Online) http:\/\/copmfdrafrica.nig.com\/forum\/topic\/resultbased-management-1 (June, 2015)<br \/>\r\n[3]. Asian Development Bank, (2006). An Introduction to Results Based Management: Principles, Implications and Applications, Manila: Asian Development Bank.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bester, A. (2012).Results Based Management in the United Nations Development System: Progress and Challenges \u2013 A Report Prepared for the United Nations Development for Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) for the Quadrennial Comprehensive Policy Review, July 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bester, A. (2016). 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Measuring and Managing Results in Development Co-operation. A Review of Challenges and Practices among DAC Members and Observers, Paris, OECD Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[36]. OECD, (2017a). Strengthening the Results Chain: Synthesis of Case Studies of Results- Based Management by Providers, Paris, OECD Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[37]. OECD, (2018b). \u2018Measuring the Results of Private Sector Engagement through Development Co-operation,\u2019 Discussion Paper for the OECD\/DAC, Results Community Workshop, 10-11April, 2018. Paris.<br \/>\r\n[38]. OECD, DAC (2017c). Peer Review Synthesis Note-Results-Based Management and Evaluation, OECD, Publishing, Paris.<br \/>\r\n[39]. OECD\/UNDP (2016). Making Development Cooperation More Effective: 2016 Progress Report, Paris, OECD Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Office of the Auditor General, (1996).Implementing Results Management: Lessons from the Literature, Ottawa, Canada.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Office of the President and Cabinet, (2005). Guidelines on RBM. Circular No. 1 Ref. MW\/32\/45, 6 June 2005.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Office of the President and Cabinet, (2010).Report on the Signing of Performance Contracts by Permanent Secretaries, December 2010, Zimbabwe.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development: Development Assistance Committee (2008).\u2018Managing For Development of Results, Principles of Action. Sourcebook on Emerging Good Practices, 2008. OECD.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Organisation of Economic Cooperation Development:(2000). Public Management Service. Best Practice, OECD.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Organisation of Economic Cooperation Development: (OECD) (2002). RBM in the Development Cooperation Agencies: A Review of Experience. Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Paris, France.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Otwori, M., J. (2013) Institutionalizing of Results Based Management in the Kenya Public Service: A Paper Presented at a High Level Seminar for Policy Makers and Policy Implementers on RBM, 28-30 January 2013, Results for Kenya, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Thomas, K. (2005).Integrated Results Based Management \u2013 Country Experiences from Asia to Africa, Paper Presented at the Lee Kuan Yeu School of Public Policy, University of Singapore.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Thomas, K. (2006).Integrated Results Based Management \u2013 Country Experiences from Asia and Africa. Ministry of Finance, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Thomas, K. (2007).Integrated Results Based Management- The Malaysian Experience Source Book: Emerging Good Practice in Managing for Development of Results (2nd Edition) Washington D C.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Thomas, K. (2011). Integrated Results Based Management: Country Experiences from Asia to Africa. Retrieved from www.focusintl.com\/RBM149-koshy.pdf, 27 March 2016.<br \/>\r\n[51]. 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World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. Washington DC<br \/>\r\n[62]. World Bank, (2004a). Designing and Building a Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation System. A tool for Public Sector Management, Washington, DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[63]. World Bank, (2004b). Implementing the Agenda for Managing for Results: Progress Report and Annexes, Washington, DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[64]. World Bank, (2006). Annual Review of Development Effectiveness. Washington DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[65]. World Bank, (2008). Source Book on Emerging Good Practice in Managing for Development Results, World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[66]. World Bank, (2011). \u201cManaging a Sustainable Results Based Management System,\u201d GET Note, World Bank, Washington DC<br \/>\r\n[67]. World Bank, (2011).Final Report Results Based Management in Thailand, Retrieved from https:\/\/documnts-worldbank.org\/curated\/en\/2011\/01\/15564416\/implementing-results-based-management-thailand. Retrieved on 6 June 2016<br \/>\r\n[68]. World Bank, (2012). Zimbabwe Public Administration Review-Policy Note. Washington DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[69]. World Bank, (2016). Behind the Mirror \u2013 A Report on the self-evaluation systems of the World Bank. In dependent evaluation group, IEG, World Bank Publications<br \/>\r\n[70]. World Bank, (2017). Results and the performance of the World Bank Group 2016, World Bank Group, Independent Evaluation group, IEG, World Bank Publications<br \/>\r\n[71]. World Bank. (2011). Country Development Partnership on Governance and Public Sector Reform: Implementing RBM in Thailand. Washington DC: World Bank.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jefias Mundondo, Vitalis Chikoko, Andrew Chindanya &#8220;Implementing Results Based Management in the Zimbabwe Civil Service: Can it Work?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.144-153 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/144-153.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementing-results-based-management-in-the-zimbabwe-civil-service-can-it-work\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementing Results Based Management in the Zimbabwe Civil Service: Can it Work?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e59cc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4e59cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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data-id=\"a4e6105\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e625a\" data-id=\"a4e625a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6370 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e6370\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6410 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e6410\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6565\" data-id=\"a4e6565\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e6668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6703 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e6703\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6868\" data-id=\"a4e6868\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e697b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e697b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pollution Resulting From Oil Exploration in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A Need to Re-Evaluate the Legal Sanctions Contained in Nigerian Environmental Laws<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdulwasi MUSAH, Adegoke Olusegun Steve &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 154-165<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6a19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e6a19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6b82\" data-id=\"a4e6b82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e6ca0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4e6ca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Environmental pollution is commonly associated with oil spillage in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. To address the menace posed by pollution resulting from oil exploitation activities, the government has through legislations sought to outlaw acts capable of endangering the environment. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 (as amended), Environmental Impact Assessment Act and Harmful Waste Act (both contained in Laws of Federation of Nigeria 2004) are some of the legislations through which the government seeks to make the Niger-Delta environment pollution free. Sanctions like fines, imprisonments and revocation of licences have been used to discourage oil companies from polluting the environment, yet the problem lingers on. It is therefore the aim of this paper to interrogate the potency of these environmental protection laws most especially the legal sanctions contained therein. It is a fact that the legal sanctions in the petroleum industry were out-dated and ineffective in making polluters comply in Nigeria. The loopholes in the laws have allowed polluters to escape without sanctions. It is also a fact that pollution is prevalent in the Niger-Delta communities and from findings, the regulators usually issued warnings without prosecuting the offenders. The government needs a transformation from making ineffectual laws to making laws that are effective so that any erring environmental polluter would immediately be made to face the music stemming from their misdemeanours and prosecuted accordingly while high fines and imprisonment terms should be imposed where they are found guilty. The Nigerian courts must also rise to the occasion by ensuring that environmental cases are treated with the seriousness they deserve. Justice and not technicality of laws should be the order when adjudicating on cases of environmental pollution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 154-165\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulwasi MUSAH<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Petroleum, Energy Economics and Law, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adegoke Olusegun Steve<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Amnesty international report on Nigeria 2009.<br \/>\r\n[2]. AnagoI(2013) \u201cEnvironmental Impact Assessment as a tool for Sustainable Development: The Nigerian Experience.\u201d Online at http:\/\/www.fig.net\/pub\/fig_2002\/Ts10-3\/TS10_3_anago.pdf, accessed on 14 July, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ayansina A, (2015). Assessing wetland pollution and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria.Marine &amp; Freshwater Research http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1071\/MF15066.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Chijioke, B,OnuohaE,Itoro B &amp; Henry U(2018) \u2018The Impact of Oil Exploration and Environmental Degradation in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: A Study of Oil Producing Communities in AkwaIbomState\u2019 Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: F Political Science. Volume 18 Issue 3 Version 1.0.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ikelegbe, A. (2005).\u2018The Economy of Conflict in the Oil Rich Niger Delta Region of Nigeria.\u2019 Nordic Journal of African Studies, 14 (2): 208-234.<br \/>\r\n[6]. MUSAH A (2019), Comparative Assessment of Legal Sanctions forEnvironmental Pollution in Oil Producing Areas of Nigeria and Other Selected Countries, University of Ibadan Postgraduate School, (PhD Thesis) Unpublished.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Nwagbara, E. Abia, R. Inyang, F &amp;Eleje, J. (2012). \u201cPoverty, Environmental Degradation and Sustainable Development: A discourse\u201d. Global Journal of Human social science, sociology, economics and Political science.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ogbara, N (2009) \u2015\u201d Why the Extant Legal Framework Prohibiting Gas Flare in Nigeria did not Work\u201d. A Paper. Presented at a Social Action Organised Forum on Gas Flaring Prohibiting and Sustainable Energy Future for Nigeria, 30 September 2009 at Bolton White Hotels ltd, Abuja. p.6<br \/>\r\n[9]. SPDC (2016).Shell Petroleum Development Company, People and the Environment. Annual Report, 1995. The Guardian Newspaper, 13th June, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Watts, M (2001) \u201cPetro-Violence: Community, Extraction, and Political Ecology of a Mythic Commodity\u201d in Violent Environments, edited by Nancy Lee Peluso and Michael Watts, Pp. 189-212. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Wifa E.L (2018), \u201cTHE ROLE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE NIGERIAN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY\u201d. Online at http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/5713635\/THE_ROLE_OF_ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACT_ASSESSMENT_IN_THE_NIGERIAN_OIL_AND_GAS_INDUSTRY (accessed on 15 October 2018).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdulwasi MUSAH, Adegoke Olusegun Steve &#8220;Pollution Resulting From Oil Exploration in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A Need to Re-Evaluate the Legal Sanctions Contained in Nigerian Environmental Laws&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.154-165 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/154-165.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/154-165.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pollution-resulting-from-oil-exploration-in-the-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria-a-need-to-re-evaluate-the-legal-sanctions-contained-in-nigerian-environmental-laws\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pollution Resulting From Oil Exploration in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria: A Need to Re-Evaluate the Legal Sanctions Contained in Nigerian Environmental Laws<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e7a65 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4e7a65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e8747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e88a4\" data-id=\"a4e88a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e89b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e89b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8a5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e8a5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8ba8\" data-id=\"a4e8ba8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8cbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e8cbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8d60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e8d60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8eba\" data-id=\"a4e8eba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e8fc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e8fc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e9068 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e9068\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e91c8\" data-id=\"a4e91c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e92e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4e92e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Green IR Theory and Domestic Wars: Revisiting Environmental Conflicts in Africa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Michael J. Denis &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 166-171<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4e937f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4e937f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4e94f6\" data-id=\"a4e94f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e9635 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4e9635\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Recent outbreak of environmental conflicts in African countries is a threat to peaceful human co-existence. This is opposed to the rather decline in warfare on the international arena. This work therefore explored other possible means of tackling domestic conflicts by employing the Green International Relations (IR) theory in explaining the cause(s) and possible solutions to environmental conflicts in Africa. The methodology used in this study is mainly the analysis of secondary data from journals, literatures, documentaries, while also examining a couple of case studies as an empirical basis. The findings in this study revealed that environmental change is unlikely to be a an independent cause of domestic wars that are related to environmental scarcity in Africa, hence, sought relevance of other factors like economy and politics. It recommended that in order to avoid conflicts arising from environmental change, the state and non-state actors must consider the health of the ecosystem as paramount, adopt legal approaches to protecting the environment, take environmental consciousness as a moral duty, work for improved economy and a make the society relatively prosperous, and most importantly should opt for non-violent alternatives in the face of resource scarcity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 166-171\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Michael J. Denis<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Conflict and Gender Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Barnett, J. (2006). Climate change, insecurity and justice. In W. N. Adger, J. Paavola, M. J. Mace, &amp; S. Huq (Eds.), Fairness in adaptation to climate change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Barnett J, and Adger WN (2007). Climate Change, Human Security and Violent Conflict. Political Geography Vol. 26 No. 6. Pp. 639\u2013655<br \/>\r\n[3]. Barry, J. 2007. Environment and Social Theory. The United States of America: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Brock, Lothar, (1991). \u201cPeace Through Parks: The Environment on the Peace Research Agenda\u201d, in: Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28 No. 4. Pp. 407\u2013423<br \/>\r\n[5]. Brundtland, Gro Harlem et al., 1987: Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Buhaug, H., Gleditsch, N.P. &amp; Theisen, O. (2010). Implication of Climate Change for Armed Conflict. In Mearns, R. &amp; Norton, A. Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. World Bank Publications.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Burroughs, W.J. (2001). Climate Change: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Colinvaux, Paul A.,(1980). The Fates of Nations: A Biological Theory of History New York: Simon &amp; Schuster.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Coser, Lewis (1956) The Function of Social Conflict. New York: Free press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Dobson, A (1990). Green Political Thought (1st Ed.): Londonn: Unwin Hyman.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Dobson, A. (2000). Green Political Thought (3rd ed), London, New York, Routlegde.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Dryzek, J. S. (1997). The Politics of the Earth: Environmental Discourses, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Dyer, Hugh C.,(2017) Green Theory In McGlinchey,S., Walters, R. &amp; Scheinpflug, C., (eds) International Relations Theory. Pp. 84-90. England: E-International Relations Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Eckersley, R. (2004). The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty. Cambridgfe, London: MIT Press.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Eckersley, R. (2007). Green Theory, International Relations Theories. Vol. 1, pp. 247-265. http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/11343\/32050.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Evans, Gareth (1993). \u201cCooperating for Peace.\u201d The Global Agenda for the 1990\u2019s and Beyond. London: Allen and Unwin.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Elmi, A. A. and Barise, A., (2006). 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Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas and Civil Wars. pp. 43-68. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Schmid, Alex P. (1998). \u201cThesaurus and Glossary of Early Warning and Conflict Prevention Terms.\u201d Abridged Version edited by Sanam B. Anderlini for FEWER. Rodderdam: Synthesis Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Smith, Robyn (2017). The Water Scarcity-Conflict Nexus: The Case of Darfur. Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Political Science) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Science at Stellenbosch University.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Todaro, Michael, (1997). Economic Development 6th Edition. Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Vanderheiden, Steve(ed). (2008) Political Theory and Global Climate Change. The MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Wallensteen, Peter and K. Axell (1994). \u201cConflict Resolution and the End of the Cold War 1989-1993.\u201d Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 333-349.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Westing, Arthur H. (Ed.), (1986). Global Resources and International Conflict: Environmental Factors in Strategic Policy and Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Michael J. Denis &#8220;Green IR Theory and Domestic Wars: Revisiting Environmental Conflicts in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.166-171 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/166-171.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/green-ir-theory-and-domestic-wars-revisiting-environmental-conflicts-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Green IR Theory and Domestic Wars: Revisiting Environmental Conflicts in Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ea472 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4ea472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; 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data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4eb9c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4eb9c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4eba6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4eba6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebbc1\" data-id=\"a4ebbc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebccf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ebccf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebd7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ebd7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ebeed\" data-id=\"a4ebeed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec005 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ec005\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Accommodation Location on Students Performance in General Chemistry at the Copperbelt University<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gibson Matipa, Nkhata Leonard &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 172-183<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec0a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ec0a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec214\" data-id=\"a4ec214\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ec33e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4ec33e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was \u201cto investigate the impact of accommodation location on student\u2019s performance in General Chemistry at the Copperbelt University.\u201d The study objectives were; To investigate the ratio between the accommodated students and non-accommodated for CH110 students in the school of mathematics and natural sciences for each intake, To identify where students not accommodated on campus stay, To compare the performance of the students on campus to those outside campus in General Chemistry. This study was a cross sectional survey design using both quantitative and qualitative methods to collect data from the school of mathematics and natural sciences, lists of students who were accommodated in 2015 and 2016 on campus from the accommodation department and answers from students through the questionnaire use. The two variables were; accommodation location (independent) and academic performance (dependent). The sample (781) was drawn from the Copperbelt University a place which is in Kitwe district of the copperbelt province. Data was gathered using a questionnaire and later analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics of Analysis of the t-test. The results collected for 2015 and 2016 intake were analyzed using the SPSS version 23. The findings suggested that \u201cthere is no significant relationship between students accommodation location and their academic performance\u201d because the sample independent test value of significant was greater than the p value of 0.05. The recommendations were that the university should build more hostels, given allowance to outside accommodated students and set the timetable that favors them.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 172-183\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gibson Matipa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCopperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Science, P.O Box 21692, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nkhata Leonard<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCopperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Science, P.O Box 21692, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adriaanse CCM (2007) Measuring Residential Satisfaction: a Residential Environmental Satisfaction scale (RESS) . Journal of Housing and the Built Environment<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bowman, Robert L, Partin, Kenneth E (1993) The Relationship between Living in Residence Halls and Academic Achievement. College Student Affairs Journal<br \/>\r\n[3]. Molner D, Busseri M, Perrier C, Sadava S ( 2009) A longitudinal examination of alcohol use and subjective well-being in an undergraduate sample. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs<br \/>\r\n[4]. Kuh GD, Hu S (2001) The effects of student faculty interaction in the 1990s. Review of Higher Education<br \/>\r\n[5]. Pascarell ET, Terenzini PT (1991) How college affects students: Findings and insights fromtwenty years of research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass<br \/>\r\n[6]. Adriaanse CCM (2007) Measuring Residential Satisfaction: a ResidentialEnvironmentalSatisfaction scale (RESS) . Journal of Housing and the Built Enviroment<br \/>\r\n[7]. Shoukat AZ (2013) Factors Contributing to Students Academic Performance.A case study of Islamia University Sun Campus. American Journal of Education Research<br \/>\r\n[8]. Adu-Gyamfi, S., Brenya, E., &amp; Lamptey, E. E. L. (2014). Accommodation Reforms, Its Effects on students: A focus on Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology from 1960 to 2013. Global Journal of Human-Social Science: (H) Interdisciplinary. Volume 14 Issue 2 .Version 1.0<br \/>\r\n[9]. Agron, J. (1997). Innovations in residence-life programming American School and University, 69, pp. 81\u201387<br \/>\r\n[10]. Agus, A., &amp; Makhbul, Z.K. (2002). An empirical study on academic achievement of business students in pursuing higher education: An emphasis on the influence of family backgrounds. Paper presented at International Conference on the Challenges of Learning and Teaching in a Brave New World: Issues and Opportunities in Borderless Education. Hatyai, Thailand<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ali, N., Jusoff, K., Ali, S., Mokhtar N., &amp; Salamat A. S. A. (2009). The Factors Influencing Students\u2019 Performance at University Technology, MARA Kedah, Malaysia. Management Science and Engineering. ISSN 1913-0341 Vol.3 No.4<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gibson Matipa, Nkhata Leonard &#8220;The Impact of Accommodation Location on Students Performance in General Chemistry at the Copperbelt University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.172-183 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/172-183.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/172-183.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-accommodation-location-on-students-performance-in-general-chemistry-at-the-copperbelt-university\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Accommodation Location on Students Performance in General Chemistry at the Copperbelt University<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ed14b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ee233\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee38c\" data-id=\"a4ee38c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee4c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ee4c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee573 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ee573\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee6d4\" data-id=\"a4ee6d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee7e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4ee7e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee890 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4ee890\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4ee9fc\" data-id=\"a4ee9fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4eeb0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4eeb0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Impact on Employee Turnover with Special Reference to the Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>A.G.N.K. Fernando &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 184-187<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4eeba9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4eeba9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4eed12\" data-id=\"a4eed12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4eee3d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4eee3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Employee turnover is identified as the one of the critical issues faced by the apparel industry in Sri Lanka. Thus, diminishing the turnover is more dynamic since apparel sector is the main employment and the main foreign exchange earner in the country. This study empirically evaluated the impact of four variables on the employee turnover with special reference to the non-executive carder employees in Apparel industry in Sri Lanka. The sample consisted of hundred and fifty non-executive level employees working in the apparel sector and the data were gathered by using self-administering questionnaires. The analysis exposes that working conditions, compensation, employee personal growth and career development implies negative relationship with the employee turnover. Thus there is positive relationship between work life stress and employee turnover. The study results will be beneficial for the apparel business to take suitable approaches to create the present context to formulate strategies to reduce the turnover of the employees in the organization.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 184-187\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A.G.N.K. Fernando<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Sciences,Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Batt, R. &amp; Valcour, P. M., 2003. Human resource practices as predictors of work\u2013family outcomes and employee turnover. Industrial Relations, 42(189-220).<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chaminade, B. (2007). A retention checklist: how do you rate? Retrieved November 28, 2007.Retrieved from www.humanresourcesmagazine.co.au.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Samuel, &amp; Chipunza. (2009). Employee retention and turnover: Using motivational variables asa panacea. African Journal of Business Management, 410-415.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Dheerasingha, R., 2006. Garment Industry in Sri Lanka Challenges, Prospects and Strategies.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Dulagil, A., 2012. The relationship of employee engagement and wellbeing to organisational and student outcomes. SBS HDR Student Conference.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Fernando, W. R., Selvam, M. &amp; Bennet, E., 2010. Exhaustion and stress: an empirical study among Workers in Apparel Industry of Sri Lanka.. ICBI<br \/>\r\n[7]. Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M. &amp; Jason D. Shaw, 2003. The relation between work\u2013family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior , Issue 63, p. 510\u2013531.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Juhdi, N., Pawan, F. &amp; Hansaram, R. M., 2013. HR practices and turnover intention:the mediating roles of organizational commitment and organizational engagement in a selected region in Malaysia.. The International Journal of Human Resource Management.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Kalyani, L. D., 2006. An Empirical investigation of the Impact of Organizational Factors on the Perceived Job Performance of Shop Floor Employees of Large Garment Industry in Sri Lanka. Sabaragamuwa University Journal, pp. 82-92.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Kazi, G. M., Aziz, S. A. &amp; Zadeh, Z. F., 2012. The Contribution of Organizational Variables and its Impact on Job Turnover and Job Satisfaction of Employee\u2019s.. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research In Business..<br \/>\r\n[11]. Morris, M. L. &amp; Madsen, S. R., 2007. Issue Overview: Advancing work-life interaction in individuals, organizations and communities. Advances in Developing Human Resources, Volume 9(4), pp. 439-454.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Samuel &amp; Chipunza, 2009. Employee retention and turnover: Using motivational variables as a panacea.. African Journal of Business Management, pp. 410-415.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">A.G.N.K. Fernando &#8220;Factors Impact on Employee Turnover with Special Reference to the Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.184-187 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/184-187.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/184-187.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-impact-on-employee-turnover-with-special-reference-to-the-apparel-industry-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Factors Impact on Employee Turnover with Special Reference to the Apparel Industry in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4efc45 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4efc45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4efd2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4efd2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4efeb0\" data-id=\"a4efeb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4effd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4effd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f0076 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f0076\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f01cf\" data-id=\"a4f01cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f02de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f02de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f0388 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f0388\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f04f1\" data-id=\"a4f04f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f0606 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f0606\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Admissions Policy for Higher Education: Experience of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wekesa Moses Soita &amp; Dr. Zacharia K. Kosgei (PhD) &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 188-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f06a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f06a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f1a61\" data-id=\"a4f1a61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f1c1a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4f1c1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Quality higher education in Kenya appears to be influenced by several factors which include but not restricted to policies on quality education; admissions, funding, policies on inclusion and constitutional requirements. These policies are said to affect access to higher education in Kenya. However, the extent to which the identified policies impact on access to higher education in Kenya has not been extensively studied. The study objective was to determine the effects of admissions policy on quality of higher education. The target population in this study was 236, where 116 respondents were top managers while 120 respondents were students. Simple random sampling technique was used to select students who participated in this study. The questionnaire was used on the Admissions Officers, Deans, DVCs, DQA, finance officers, HODs, and the interview schedule was used on students. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between admissions policy and access to quality higher education.The study recommended that the Universities should employ lecturers with PhD certificates to merge with student enrolment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 188-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wekesa Moses Soita <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, School of Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Zacharia K. Kosgei (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, School of Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Allensworth (2006)-American Journal of Educational Researve 2005, volume3 number 12. Science and Education Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Altbach, Khoon, Philip G, Reisberg, Rumbley, Liz (7), Laura (8) (2009) Trends in Global Higher Education.Tracking an Academic Revolution.Boston College, USA, UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Altbach, P. G., &amp; Peterson, P. M. (1999).Higher education in the 21st century: Higher Education, 56(4), pp.407-421.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carnoy, M. (2005).Globalization, educational trends and the open society.Paper presented at the Open Society Institute Education Conference, Stanford.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Cohen (1983) A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour 24(4), 385-396<br \/>\r\n[6]. Constitution of Kenya (2010) \u2013https:\/\/en.wikipendia.org\/wiki\/ Constitution of Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[7]. CUE (2011).Quality Audit of Universities in Kenya. Nairobi: Commission of University Education.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Malechwanzi, J. M &amp; and Mbeke, C., 2016, \u2018Policies of access and the quality of higher education in China and Kenya: A comparative study\u2019, Cogent Education, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 1201990. doi: 10.1080\/2331186x.2016.1201990<br \/>\r\n[9]. Nogueira, F., Jaana, F. (2013).A comparative analysis: The politics of access tohigher education in Argentina and Brazil.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Nyangau J.Z. (2014). Higher Education as an Instrument of Economic Growth in Kenya. Kent State University, USA. FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ogeto, A., (2015). High student enrolment has led to shortage of facilities and services\u2019. Daily Nation.Retrieved from Daily Nation Newspaper.Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nation.co.ke on 6\/8\/2016.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Orodho and Kombo (2002) Research Methods, Nairobi. Kenyatta University Institute of Business 112 at Harvard.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Orodho, A.(2003) Key Issues Influencing the level of Community Participation in projects; Research Methods. Kenyatta University Press-Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Republic of Kenya (2012), Laws of Kenya. Universities Act No. 42 of 2012. National Council for Law Reporting, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Segrera, F. L. (2010). Trends and innovations in higher education reform: Worldwide Latin America and in the Caribbean. Center for Studies in Higher Education Research &amp; Occasional Paper Series.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Sifuna (2010), In a Comparative Analysis on Universal Primary Education Policy, Finance and Administration System in Sub- Saharan Africa.Kobe University.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Sifuna, D. N., (1998), Department of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Tieben and Wolbers (2010), Transitions to Post-Secondary and Tertiary Education in Netherlands. A trend Analysis of Unconditional and Conditional Social- Economic Background effects.<br \/>\r\n[19]. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.(2011). EFA Global Monitoring Report.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Vukasoviu and Sarrico( 2010), University Library. A Guide to the Harvard Style of Wachira, G. (2013). Quality higher education holds key to economic growth. Business Daily Africa, Daily Nation, Nation Media Group, A media of Africa for Africa.as retrieved on Tuesday, February 19th, 2013 at 11:35am, EastAfrica Time<br \/>\r\n[21]. Wan (2010)-Effective Solid Waste Management: A Solution to the Menace of Marine Litter in Coastal Communities of Lagos State. Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Wanjohi, A. M. (2011). Development of Education System in Kenya since Independence.KENPRO Online Papers Portal.www.kenpro.org\/papers., as retrievedon Sunday, November 18th, 2012; 5:01 pm East African Time.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Damayanthi Edirisinghe &amp; S.D.K. Kulathunga &#8220;Admissions Policy for Higher Education: Experience of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.188-192 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/188-192.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/188-192.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/admissions-policy-for-higher-education-experience-of-quality-education-in-selected-universities-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Admissions Policy for Higher Education: Experience of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2aa4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a4f2aa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2b97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f2b97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2d32\" data-id=\"a4f2d32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2e66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f2e66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f2f11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f2f11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f3073\" data-id=\"a4f3073\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f3182 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f3182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f321e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f321e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f339d\" data-id=\"a4f339d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f34bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4f34bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Higher Education Funding Policy: Provision of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wekesa Moses Soita &amp; Dr. Rachel Koross (PhD) &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 193-197<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a4f3559 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a4f3559\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a4f36c8\" data-id=\"a4f36c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4f37f6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a4f37f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of access policies on quality of higher education in selected Universities. The study objective was to find out the effect of funding policy of higher education on the provision of quality education. The sample size of the study was 195 where top managers of the selected Universities were 103 while students were 92. The research instruments used included questionnaire and interview schedules. The questionnaire was used on the Admissions Officers, Deans, DVCs, DQA, finance officers, HODs. Data was analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that there was a positive and statistically significant relationship between funding policy and access to higher education. The study recommended that the Universities must be funded Funding effectively, also government allocations to public Universities should be increased. Finally, if the issue of funding is not urgently addressed, then university education in Kenya is on its deathbed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-197\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wekesa Moses Soita <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, School of Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Rachel Koross (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, School of Education, University of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bundi, A. (2017). Reports of the African Peer Review Mechanism: Challenges for the African Union. Nairobi: University of Nairobi Press<br \/>\r\n[2]. Creed, C., Perraton, H., and Waage, J., (2012).\u201cExamining Development Evaluation in Higher Education Interventions: A Preliminary Study.\u201dLondon International Devel0pment Center Working Paper.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Gudo, C. (2014).Financing higher education in Kenya: Public-private partnership approach. International Journal of Educational Policy Research and Review.<br \/>\r\n[4]. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1994). Air Quality, Determination of Performance Characteristics of Measurement Method ISO9196:1994.ISO, Geneva, Switzerland.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ludeman, R. B., Osfield, K. J., Hidalgo, E. I., Oste, D., &amp; Wang, H.S., 2009, \u2018Preface\u2019. Students affairs and service in higher education: Global foundations, issues and best practices, (pp. ii\u2013vi), Unesco and World Conference on Higher Education<br \/>\r\n[6]. MOEST, 2007, Strategic Plan 2007\u20132012. \u2018Science, Technology and Innovation for National Prosperity and Global Competitiveness\u2019.Retrieved from http:\/\/ www. Moest.gov.ke on 23\/7\/2016<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ministry of Education and Ministry of Higher Education, Science Technology Sessional Paper No. 10. (2012) :Policy Framework for Education and Training.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Mwaniki, J. (2010). Gender Disparities in Education, Nairobi: Kenyatta University press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ngolovoi, M. (2008).Means testing of student loans in Kenya. New York, NY: ProQuest.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Republic of Kenya (2012), Laws of Kenya. Universities Act No. 42 of 2012. National Council for Law Reporting, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[11]. United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.(2012). EFA Global Monitoring Report.<br \/>\r\n[12]. UnitedNations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (UNESCO, 2017).Towards Knowledge Societies, Paris: UNESCO World Report.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Wanjohi, A. M. (2011). Development of Education System in Kenya since Independence.KENPRO Online Papers Portal.www.kenpro.org\/papers., as retrieved on Sunday, November 18th, 2012; 5:01 pm East African Time.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Wenr. (2015), Education in Kenya. Retrieve from http:\/\/wenr.wes.org\/2015\/06\/education-kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wekesa Moses Soita &amp; Dr. Rachel Koross (PhD) &#8220;Higher Education Funding Policy: Provision of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.193-197 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/193-197.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/193-197.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/higher-education-funding-policy-provision-of-quality-education-in-selected-universities-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Higher Education Funding Policy: Provision of Quality Education in Selected Universities, in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a500ba0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a500ba0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a500c9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a500c9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a500e46\" data-id=\"a500e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a500f82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a500f82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50102b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50102b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a501184\" data-id=\"a501184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a501290 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a501290\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a501338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a501338\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5014a0\" data-id=\"a5014a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5015b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5015b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of Information Technology and Financial Availability on Service Delivery in Government Institutions of Kenya: A Case Study of Nairobi Huduma Centre<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Patricia Chemutai, Caroline Chebet &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 198-203<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a501653 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a501653\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5017ce\" data-id=\"a5017ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a501907 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a501907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Efficient and effective service delivery remains a major concern in many public institutions in Kenya.The role of information technology is apparent in enhancing the rate at which various services are offered. Similarly, adequate financing is necessary in running day to day activities of the institution. For instance, regular maintenance of platforms is essential in realizing the goal of smooth running of activities. This study aimed at establishing the influence of information technology and finance availability on service delivery in government institutions of Kenya. The specific objectives were; to establish the effects of information technology and finance availability on service delivery in government institutions in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Stratified random sampling was employed and a sample size of 59 respondents was arrived at from a target population of 198 employees. The quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS and descriptive output presented using tables, figures and charts. The results showed that information technology affects the service delivery in government institutions at high rate of 82%. According to this study 62% of the respondents said that adoption of modern information technology influences service delivery to very great extent 26% to a great extent, 7% to a low extent while 5% to a very low extent. On finance availability, 88% of the respondents felt that finance availability affects service delivery in government institutions. Additionally, 59% of the respondents agreed that leaders were committed in ensuring adequate funding for effective service delivery to a very great extent, 28%to a great extent, 9% to a low extent, and 6% to a very low extent. The study recommends government institutions to embrace the adoption and use of modern information technology while setting aside enough funds for effective service delivery to the citizens.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 198-203\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia Chemutai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Caroline Chebet <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Arnold F. J., &amp;Laytin, L. (2012).Government and Technology Today, 1st Edition. Belk, Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Barling Enrich, P. and Stulz, R. (2014). Finance Strategies for Service Delivery in an Organization, 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill. Press, Amsterdam<br \/>\r\n[3]. Brookes C. L. (2013). Information Communication Technology and Service Competition in Modern Business, 3rd Edition, Texas Printers, USA.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Brookes Cochran W.G (2013), Government and Technology use in Service Provision, 2nd Edition. John Willy and Sons Press. Newyork, USA.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bird B. (2012). 360 degree leadership in the public sector: developing an approach to collective leadership, 4th Edition. Ontarion, Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Burns, J.R., Capriole, G. and Levine, R. (2014). Learning Finance Sourcing for Service Delivery in Government, 7th Edition. Cambridge University Press, London.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Cohran, A. and Strahan, P. (2013). Government and Leadership, 5th Edition. Harlow Press, London.<br \/>\r\n[8]. DanielG.and Hull, H. (2015) Effective and Efficiency in Leadership, 2nd Edition. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning Press, London.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Government Publication (2017) Huduma Center Service Provision, Pg. 13-15<br \/>\r\n[10]. Gikandi, K. &amp; Bloor P. (2010).Effective Technological Systems Today, 4th Edition. Belk, Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Hiawalyer, K. and Lukeman N., (2012) Information Technology in Government 1th Edition, Los Angeles Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Hill, J.R., Caprio, G. and Levine, R. (2013). Organizational Leadership Competencies in Service Delivery 7th Edition, Cambridge University Press. London.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Joseph, K.A. Edward K. and Narayanan, A. (2007).Understanding the dynamics of Government and Service Delivery\u201d3rd Edition, Boston College Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Kurt Lewis (1957).Theory of Change, 3rd Edition. Viginia, Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Lovelock L.Fuse (2014). Service Delivery in Government Institution, 1st Edition. McGraw Hill, Amsterdam.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Milner Green.B. (2015) Challenges of Government in Service Delivery and in Business, 1st Edition. Virginia Press, USA.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mugenda and Mugenda. (1999), Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 1st Edition. Acts Press, Nairobi, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patricia Chemutai, Caroline Chebet &#8220;The Influence of Information Technology and Financial Availability on Service Delivery in Government Institutions of Kenya: A Case Study of Nairobi Huduma Centre&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.198-203 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/198-203.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/198-203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-information-technology-and-financial-availability-on-service-delivery-in-government-institutions-of-kenya-a-case-study-of-nairobi-huduma-centre\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Influence of Information Technology and Financial Availability on Service Delivery in Government Institutions of Kenya: A Case Study of Nairobi Huduma Centre <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50277b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a50277b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a502863 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a502863\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5029f5\" data-id=\"a5029f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a502b24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a502b24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a502bcb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a502bcb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a502d22\" data-id=\"a502d22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a502e2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a502e2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a502eda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a502eda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a503049\" data-id=\"a503049\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50315c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50315c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is Justice for Sale in Ghana?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Anthony Kofi Anomah &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 204-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5031f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5031f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a503361\" data-id=\"a503361\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50348d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a50348d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The materials in this article dates back to 1990 when Ghana was only 33years as an independent nation. However, at 62 years, the prevailing situations in the country has not changed significantly from what it was about 30 years ago. A lot of the issues encountered in those days are still present with us. Some of the issues that the country is currently battling with are corruption, nepotism, cronyism favouritism, injustice and underdevelopment. The promised land envisaged by Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah and subsequent leaders are yet to be attained. In this article, the writer re-visits the dreams of the leaders in terms of the definition of justice and the practice of justice prevailing then and now and comes to the conclusion that there is still much to be desire if Ghana is to attain the vision of freedom and justice envisaged for the people of Ghana in the twenty-first century. The perception among many Ghanaians is that the country as a whole is corrupt with corrupt and unjust leaders beginning from the Executive, Judiciary, Parliament and the ordinary citizen. Thus, many resort to instant justice instead of going to the court because they believe the judicial system favours the strong and the rich at the expense of the weak and the poor.<br \/>\r\nThe writer is of the view that the majority of the citizenry should have access to legal aid and extrajudicial dispute resolution mechanisms; fast-track adjudication of justice and removal of all bottlenecks to the administration of justice.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 204-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anthony Kofi Anomah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Candidate, Department of Religious Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana and Rector of the Spiritan University College, P. O. Box 111, Ejisu Ashanti, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Achebe, ChinuaThings Fall Apart. London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., 1977.<br \/>\r\n[2]. AMECA document Service, African Catholic Bishops Issue Programme for Justice 29\/10\/81<br \/>\r\n[3]. Appiagyei-Atua, Kwadwo \u201cGhana \u2013 Justice Sector and the Rule of Law.\u201d Johannesburg: The Open Society Initiative for West Africa, 2007. accessed on 26\/8\/19.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bentsi-Enchil, Nii. \u201cThe Storm of June 4th\u201d in West Africa. London:12-18 June 1989.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Blake, Eugene Carson, An Address in Justice and Peace in Nigeria,<br \/>\r\n[6]. Buah, F. K. An Elementary History for Schools, Book 4.London: Macmillan Educational Ltd., 1967.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Byrne, Tony, Working for Justice and Peace. Ndola-Zambia: Mission Press, 1988.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Falope Canon John, Justice and Peace in Nigeria. Ibadan: Daystar Press, 1970.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Herbermann G. Charles, et. al. The Catholic Encyclopaedia vol. VIII. New York, NY: Appleton Co., 1910.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Lamb, David. The African (1985) in Sarpong, Justice and Development in Africa. London: CAFOD Oval Printshop, 1988.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Sarpong, Peter K. Towards Colonial Freedom. London: Panaf Books Ltd. 1962.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Sarpong, Peter K. Justice and Development in Africa. London: CAFOD Oval Printshop, 1988.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sarpong, Peter K. Essays on the University Student and other Topics. Kumasi: Educational Press, 1982.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Terhembe Thaddaeus Ter \u201cJustice delayed is Justice Denied\u201d in The Gadfly Philosophical Magazine vol. 3 No. 2 (Jos: St. Augustine\u2019s Major Seminary 1989\/90)<br \/>\r\n[15]. www. en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2015_Ghana_Judiciary_scandal. Accessed 28th August 2019<br \/>\r\n[16]. Correspondent, \u201cGhana Students Union set another show down\u201d in West Africa. London:20thMay, 1989.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Correspondent, Weekly Spectator.Accra: 23 September, 1989 No. 1024.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anthony Kofi Anomah &#8220;Is Justice for Sale in Ghana?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.204-210 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/204-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/204-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/is-justice-for-sale-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Is Justice for Sale in Ghana?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a504271 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a504271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a504363 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a504363\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5044ee\" data-id=\"a5044ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a504623 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a504623\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5046ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5046ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50481e\" data-id=\"a50481e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50492d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50492d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5049d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5049d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a504b3a\" data-id=\"a504b3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a504c50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a504c50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Methods Used by Teachers in Teaching Sexuality Education within the HIV and AIDS Education Programme in Selected Kenyan Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lily Jerotich Yego &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 211-216<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a504cef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a504cef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a504e72\" data-id=\"a504e72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a504fb1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a504fb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The HIV and AIDS prevalence in Kenya is still high and remains a major health concern despite the Kenyan government\u2019s initiatives to create awareness about the epidemic through inclusion of the HIV and AIDS programme in schools. This is because the provision of sexuality, HIV and AIDS education in schools is not effective. Teachers face various challenges in the effective delivery of the subject due to their discomfort related to these sensitive topics. Therefore, learners are left inadequately supported by the teachers. With an immense variety of conflicting information about sexuality availed to young people through the social media and also through their peers, young people are left at risk of exploring their sexualities with inadequate and wrong information, thus exposing them to HIV infections. Since schools have been identified as ideal sites for the effective delivery of sexuality, HIV and AIDS education, teachers are expected to teach the learners using a variety of pedagogical strategies in order to achieve efficacy in the delivery of this subject, hence the need to explore teaching styles that could provide a safe space for the effective delivery of sexuality, HIV and AIDS education.<br \/>\r\nThis study sought to explore the methods used by kenyan secondary school teachers in teaching sexuality education within the HIV and AIDS education programme in selected kenyan secondary schools, in order to understand how such methods could affect the teaching of Sexuality education. This study employed a phenomenological research design, interpretivist paradigm and a participatory methodology. Memory accounts, reflective journals and focus group discussions were used for data generation with nine secondary school teachers, from three purposively selected schools in Kenya. Vygotsky\u2019s socio-cultural theory underpinned the study.<br \/>\r\nThe findings revealed that teachers are uncomfortable teaching sexuality education because of fear of leading learners astray, fear of victimization and sexualization, and fear of misleading and hurting learners because of lack of knowledge. This resulted in teachers feeling guilty due to ineffective delivery of Sexuality education. The findings also revealed that participatory visual methods were effective for use by the teachers and the learners in the classroom to navigate issues around sexuality, HIV and AIDS. This was because they are learner-centred, thus making learners producers of knowledge while at the same time encouraging optimism in teaching and learning. This study thus recommends pre-service teacher training on participatory methods of teaching. Educational institutions should also arrange for workshops to train in-service teachers on comprehensive sexuality, HIV and AIDS education and how to tackle it in their classrooms. Moreover, curriculum developers should make sexuality, HIV and AIDS education a compulsory subject to give it equal status with other examinable subjects, for it to be taken seriously. It is only through concerted efforts from everyone that Kenya can reach its target of Zero new HIV infections<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-216\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lily Jerotich Yego<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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An exploration of the structural, cultural and agential conditions that shape life skills teachers&#8217; responses and experiences in teaching sexuality and HIV and AIDS (Doctoral dissertation). Rhodes University, South Africa.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Hardman, J. (2012). Child and adolescent development: A South African socio-cultural perspective. South Africa: Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Hawkins, D. (1974). The informed vision.Essays on learning and human nature.New York, NY, Agathon.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Hecht, R., Stover, J., Bollinger, L., Muhib, F., Case, K., &amp; de Ferranti, D. (2010).Financing of HIV\/AIDS programme scale-up in low-income and middle-income countries, 2009\u201331. The Lancet, 376(9748), 1254-1260.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Helleve, A., Flisher, A. J., Onya, H., Kaaya, S., Mukoma, W., Swai, C., &amp;Klepp, K.-I. (2009). Teachers&#8217; confidence in teaching HIV\/AIDS and sexuality in South African and Tanzanian schools. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 37(2), 55-64.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Henning, E., Van Rensburg, W., &amp;Smit, B. (2004). Finding your way in qualitative research: Pretoria: Van Schaik<br \/>\r\n[42]. Higgs, P. (2016). The African Renaissance and the decolonisation of the curriculum.In V. Msila&amp; M. T. Gumbo (Eds.).Africanising the Curriculum: Indigenous Perspectives and Theories (pp. 1-16). Stellenbosch: Sun Press.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Hillman, S. &amp; Wood, L. (2013).The impact of HIV and AIDS on education in Africa.In L. Wood (Ed.). Dealing with HIV and AIDS in the Classroom (pp. 29-46). South Africa: Juta.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Hillman, S., Wood, L. &amp; Webb, P. (2013).The nature of HIV and AIDS.In L. Wood (Ed.). Dealing<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lily Jerotich Yego &#8220;Methods Used by Teachers in Teaching Sexuality Education within the HIV and AIDS Education Programme in Selected Kenyan Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.211-216 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/211-216.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/211-216.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/methods-used-by-teachers-in-teaching-sexuality-education-within-the-hiv-and-aids-education-programme-in-selected-kenyan-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Methods Used by Teachers in Teaching Sexuality Education within the HIV and AIDS Education Programme in Selected Kenyan Secondary Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a505dcf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a505dcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a505eb2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a505eb2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a506042\" data-id=\"a506042\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5061c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5061c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50627c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50627c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5063f6\" data-id=\"a5063f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50650d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50650d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5065c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5065c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50671b\" data-id=\"a50671b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a506825 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a506825\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5068c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5068c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a506a32\" data-id=\"a506a32\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a506b46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a506b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Managing Physical Hazards for Academic Staff Productivity in Public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Vita, Barielnen, Abraham, Nath. M. &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 217-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a506be4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a506be4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a506d50\" data-id=\"a506d50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a506e73 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a506e73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated management of physical occupational hazards for academic staff productivity in public universities in Rivers State. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. It was guided by two research questions and two hypotheses. The population consisted of 2,498 academic staff of the three public universities in Rivers State. A sample of 250 academic staff was drawn through proportionate stratified random sampling technique. This represented 10% of the population. A researchers\u2019 structured instrument entitled, \u201cManagement of Physical Occupational Hazards for Academic Staff Productivity Questionnaire (MPOHASPQ)\u201d was used for data collection. The instrument was properly validated and the reliability tested through Cronbach Alpha Method yielded a reliability index of 0.83. Data collected were analysed using statistical package for social science (SPSS), mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while independent sample z-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The study revealed among others that the strategies for managing physical occupational hazards for academic staff productivity include: providing well ventilated lecture theatres\/offices, air-conditioned\/well ventilated laboratories\/workshops and providing fire extinguishers in office\/lecture areas. The study also revealed the challenges of managing physical occupational hazards to include among others; inadequate provision of safety tools for conducting practicals, inadequate funding of public universities and lack of viable monitoring team that monitors and evaluates the conditions of physical structures\/tools\/equipment in the universities. Based on these findings, conclusion was drawn and the following recommendations among others were made: caution signs should be provided around lecture theatres\/lecturers offices as a way of controlling noise and there should be well established regulation directing members of staff and students to switch off electrical appliances in their offices\/classrooms before they close for the day.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 217-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vita, Barielnen<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abraham, Nath. M.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Asuzu, M.C. (2009). Occupational health: A summary introduction and outline of principles. Ibadan: Afrka-Link Communications.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chukwuemeka, H.C. (2010). A survey of occupational hazards in the teaching profession in secondary schools in Anambra State. M.ED Thesis. University of Port-Harcourt.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cole, L. (2006). Oganizational behaviour. London: Eaglewood cliff.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Echeta, A. N. (2008). Management of occupational hazards in cement bagging companies in Rivers State. M.Ed Dissertation. Rivers State University.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Greaves, L. (2014). Controlling the risks from noise at work: safety and health services. University of Bristol. www.bristol.ac.uk&gt;noise-gn.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Jain,R.K., &amp;Rao,S.S.(2014).Industrial safety, health and environment management systems. New Delhi: Khana.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Loughborough University (2016). Health and safety: safety policy on controlling noise at work V.S, retrieved on 6th March, 2019. From www.iboro.ac.uk<br \/>\r\n[8]. Mato, C.N. (2016). Managing health issues in the workplace in Nigeria in the 21st century. African Journal of Educational Research and Development (AJERD),8(2),10-20.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Okpako, J.E.F., &amp;Amadi, P.F. (2015).Occupational hazards and diseases of roadside welders.Science and Industrial Technology Education Journal, 3(1).115-122.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Onumbu,C.I.(2008). Occupational hazards of academic staff in universities in South-South geopolitical zone.Ph.D Thesis. University of Port-Harcourt.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Safe work Australia (2015). Participation and productivity through healthy and safe work places that minimize the impact of harm. Retrieved 6th March, 2019. From https:\/\/www.comcare.gov.au.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Smith, E. (2007). Teachers hand book: listen &amp; learn. New Bond House, London. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.listenandlearn.org.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ugwulashi, S.C. (2014). School safety climate for secondary school administration in Rivers State. Ph.D Thesis, University of Port-Harcourt.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vita, Barielnen, Abraham, Nath. M. &#8220;Managing Physical Hazards for Academic Staff Productivity in Public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.217-223 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/217-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/217-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/managing-physical-hazards-for-academic-staff-productivity-in-public-universities-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Managing Physical Hazards for Academic Staff Productivity in Public Universities in Rivers State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a507c5b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a507c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a507d4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a507d4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a507ed5\" data-id=\"a507ed5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a507ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a507ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5080a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5080a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a508208\" data-id=\"a508208\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a508321 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a508321\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5083c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5083c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a508533\" data-id=\"a508533\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a508653 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a508653\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Income Levels and Gender based Violence among the Civil Servants in Kamukuzi Division, Mbarara Municipality<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nomugisha Mary, Turyamuhaki Peter, Nuwamanya Allen &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 224-230<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5086f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5086f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50885c\" data-id=\"a50885c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a508982 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a508982\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study was about income levels and gender-based violence in Kamukuzi Division, Mbarara Municipality, Mbarara District Uganda; the study focused on the following objectives; to determine income levels of civil servants in relation to gender-based violence, to document the experiences of civil servants on gender-based violence (nature, magnitude etc.) in Mbarara Municipality and to ascertain the relationship between income levels and the rate of gender-based violence.<br \/>\r\nA case study design was adopted in this study; it involved both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The study targeted civil servants in kamukuzi division where samples of 150 respondents were selected from teachers, social workers, administrators and health workers. The study employed questionnaire and interview method for investigation.<br \/>\r\nBasing on the study findings there is no significant relationship between income levels and gender-based violence. The study explored the different income levels basing on the salary scale for Uganda and the respondents studied ranged from U8-U3 as per the government of Uganda. The findings established similarly conditions, nature and perceptions towards gender-based violence. The study further established that civil servants have a negative attitude towards gender-based violence. It was also established that gender-based violence affects staff performance; it causes depression, stress and anger that undermine work performance.<br \/>\r\nLeaders especially the cultural, religious and human rights activist should clearly come to an understanding on the gender roles, positions and participation in family, government agency should always organize a come together sensitization campaign to discuss and explore domestic issues in general and NGOs and other private sectors should intervene to curb down the gender based violence among the working class, life planning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-230\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nomugisha Mary<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Studies, Faculty of Business and Development Studies., Bishop Stuart University, P.box,09 Mbarara, Uganda.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Turyamuhaki Peter<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Studies, Faculty of Business and Development Studies., Bishop Stuart University, P.box,09 Mbarara, Uganda.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nuwamanya Allen<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Studies, Faculty of Business and Development Studies., Bishop Stuart University, P.box,09 Mbarara, Uganda.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adams AE. Sullivan CM, BYbee D. GreensonMR (2008). Development of the scale Economic Abuse. Violence Against Women.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Alpert, EJ. Sege, R.D and Bradshaw. Y.s.(2008). Interpersonal violence and the education of physicians. McGraw.Hill<br \/>\r\n[3]. De Wet N: Domestic violence and child health out comes in Zimbabwe. University of the Witwatersrand; 2009. Phd Dissertation<br \/>\r\n[4]. Heise L, Pitanguy LJ, Germain A: Violence aganst women: the Hidden health Burden. World bank Discussion paper, No.255. Washington DC: World Bank 1995.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hindin MJ, Kishor S, Ansara DL: Intimate Partern Violence Among Couples in 10 DHS Countries: Predictors and Health outcomes. DHS analytical Studies No. 18. Calverton: Marco International Inc.; 2008.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Johnson. M.P. Ferraro K.J. (2000). Reseach on domestic violence in the 1990s.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kishor S, Johnson K: Profiling Domestic Violence: A Multi-country study. Calverton: MARCO International; 2004.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Maicibi, N.A. &amp;Kahaawa .Y. (2004). Garduate studies supervision at Makerere Universty; Kampala, Net Media Publishers.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nomugisha Mary, Turyamuhaki Peter, Nuwamanya Allen &#8220;Income Levels and Gender based Violence among the Civil Servants in Kamukuzi Division, Mbarara Municipality&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.224-230 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/224-230.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/224-230.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/income-levels-and-gender-based-violence-among-the-civil-servants-in-kamukuzi-division-mbarara-municipality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Income Levels and Gender based Violence among the Civil Servants in Kamukuzi Division, Mbarara Municipality<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5097d0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5097d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5098c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5098c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a509a47\" data-id=\"a509a47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a509b6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a509b6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a509c10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a509c10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a509d61\" data-id=\"a509d61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a509e7b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a509e7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a509f1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a509f1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50a0a2\" data-id=\"a50a0a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50a1c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50a1c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Analysis on the Impact of Gender Roles on Female Managerial Level Employees: An Investigation of the Garment Industry in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 231-238<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50a262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50a262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50a3d7\" data-id=\"a50a3d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50a503 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a50a503\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Sri Lanka is no exception in relation to the impact of globalization on peripheral countries. The society itself had to get adjusted to changes required by globalization, such as letting go the females as unskilled labourers to foreign countries, to newly established garment factories, call centers etc. The need for females to work was all the more prominent in the background of thirty years of civil war where predominantly male armed forces were engaged in battle fields. The education system in Sri Lanka was such that more females entered tertiary level education and became qualified to get employed at managerial levels.<br \/>\r\nWith the end of the three decade long civil war in year 2009, Sri Lanka is entering into a new development Era. Hence present economic trends in Sri Lanka will demand more female employees for emerging opportunities.<br \/>\r\nSri Lankan garment sector consists of a large proportion of females, representing different levels of the organizational hierarchy. Entry of females into industry calls for new conditions of employment and addressing issues relating to diversity.<br \/>\r\nWithin this backdrop this paper is written with the major objective of analyzing the impact of gender roles on managerial level female employees in Sri Lankan garment industry.<br \/>\r\nGender roles\u2019 as they are commonly known and which are the foundations of ascribed roles for gender, affect the lives of men and women around the globe. These impacts shape and reshape different facets of their lives such as personal, work and social.<br \/>\r\nQualitative approach was used as the main research method. The study covers two Sri Lankan large scale private sector garment organizations. Using theoretical sampling in-depth interviews will be held with female and male managers.<br \/>\r\nFindings will enable to understand the gender role attitudes held by female and male managers and the impact of such attitudes on personal and work lives of female managers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 231-238\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Acker, J, (2006), \u201cInequality Regimes; Gender, Class and Race in Organizations\u201d, Gender and Society, Vol. 20, No. 4:441-464<br \/>\r\n[2]. _______, (2009), \u201cFrom Glass Ceiling to Inequality Regimes\u2019, Sociologie du travail, 51: 199-217<br \/>\r\n[3]. Amarasuriya, N. R., \u201cWomen and Technology\u201d, Economic Review, Vol. 20, No.12, Colombo: People\u2019s Bank Publication<br \/>\r\n[4]. CENWOR, (1995) [on line} Available from: http:\/\/www.idrc.calen\/ev69000-201-1-d-topic.html<br \/>\r\n[5]. _________, (1991), \u201cWomen, Poverty and Family Survival\u201d, Colombo<br \/>\r\n[6]. Cernic, M. I., (2007), \u201cAttitude Towards Gender Roles and Gender Role Behavior Among Urban, Rural and Farm Populations in Slovenia\u2019, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, June 2007<br \/>\r\n[7]. Herath, H. M. A., (2010), \u201cThe Place of Women in Sri Lankan Society: Measures for Their Empowerment for Development and Good Governance\u201d, Unpublished<br \/>\r\n[8]. Hofstede, G. (1999), \u201cCulture\u2019s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values\u201d, New Delhi, SAGE<br \/>\r\n[9]. Goyal, Ashima, (2007), \u201cWomen making choices: Masked but aware\u201d, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 14 No 3:409-437<br \/>\r\n[10]. Jayaweera, S., (2002), Women in Education and Employment. In Swarna Jayaweera (Ed.), Women in post independence Sri Lanka, Colombo, CENWOR: 99-142<br \/>\r\n[11]. ________, (2005), Continuity and Change: Women Workers in Garment and Textile Industries in Sri Lanka, [on line] Available from: http:\/\/ www.unpan1.un.org\/intradoc\/groups\/public\/documents<br \/>\r\n[12]. ________, Gunawardene, C., Edirisinghe, I., (2008), \u201cBeyond the Glass Ceiling: Participation in Decision Making in the Public Domain\u201d, Colombo, CENWOR<br \/>\r\n[13]. Jayawardene, D., Seneviratne, P., (2005), [When] the Goddess Pattini reach t[he ] Glass Ceiling ; A Reaffirmation of Female Labour Role within and beyond \u2018HRM\u2019, 2nd International Conference on Business Management, University of Sri Jayewardenepura.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Kane, E., W., Sanchez, L., (1994), \u201cFamily Status and Criticism of Gender Inequality at Home and at Work\u201d, Social Forces, Vol. 72<br \/>\r\n[15]. Kelly, E. L., Ammons, S.K., Chermac, K., Moen, P., (2010), \u201cGendered Challenge, Gendered Response: Confronting the Ideal Worker Norm in a White \u2013Collar Organization\u201d, Gender and Society, Vol. 24, No. 3: 281-303<br \/>\r\n[16]. Kandiyoti, Deniz,( 1988), \u201cBargaining with patriarchy\u201d, Gender &amp; Society vol. 2 no. 3,274-290<br \/>\r\n[17]. Kelly, Erin L., Samatha K. Ammons, Kelly Chermack, and Phyllis Moen. 2010. \u201cGendered challenge, gendered response: Confronting the ideal worker norm in a white-collar organization\u201d. Gender &amp; Society 24:281-303.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Kurian, R. and Jayawardena, K. (2014) Persistent Patriarchy, Colombo, Social Scientists\u2019 Association [online] Available from: https:\/\/repub.eur.nl\/pub\/77889\/<br \/>\r\n[19]. Lane. N., (2000), \u201cThe Management Implications of Women\u2019s Employment: Disadvantage in a Female Dominated Profession: A study of NHS Nursing\u201d, Journal of Management Studies, 37(5): 701-731<br \/>\r\n[20]. Lober, J., (1994), \u201cParadoxes of Gender\u201d Yale University Press.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Malhotra, A., Mason, K., (1987), \u201cDifference between Women\u2019s and Men\u2019s Reproductive Goals in Developing Countries\u201d, Population and Development Review, 13(4)<br \/>\r\n[22]. Meyerson, D. E., Fletcher, J., K., (2005), \u201cA Modest Manifest to Sheltering the Glass Ceiling\u201d, Harvard Business Review on Women in Business<br \/>\r\n[23]. Millet, K., (1968) Sexual Politics, [on line] Available from:www.marxists.org<br \/>\r\n[24]. Morgan, G., (1997), Images of Organizations, New Delhi, SAGE<br \/>\r\n[25]. Ridgeway, C., Correll, S. J., (2004) , \u201cUnpacking the Gender System: A theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations\u201d, Gender and Society, Vol. 18, No. 4: 510-531<br \/>\r\n[26]. Sands, D. M. etal, (1999), Gender Lens, Center for Gender in Organizations, Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Spock, A., (1989), Gender Roles, [on line] Available from:http:\/\/ www.faqs.org<br \/>\r\n[28]. http:\/\/gray.intrasun.tcnj.edu\/Coming%20of%20Age\/a_basic_definition_of_patriarchy.htm<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8220;An Analysis on the Impact of Gender Roles on Female Managerial Level Employees: An Investigation of the Garment Industry in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.231-238 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/231-238.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/231-238.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-on-the-impact-of-gender-roles-on-female-managerial-level-employees-an-investigation-of-the-garment-industry-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Analysis on the Impact of Gender Roles on Female Managerial Level Employees: An Investigation of the Garment Industry in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50b2e3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a50b2e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50b3d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50b3d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50b54e\" data-id=\"a50b54e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50b668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50b668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50b703 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50b703\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50b862\" data-id=\"a50b862\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50b97d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50b97d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50ba1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50ba1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50bb73\" data-id=\"a50bb73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50bc7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50bc7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50bd20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50bd20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50be83\" data-id=\"a50be83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50bf95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50bf95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge Strategies on Post Harvest Food Crops Storage in Belo Sub Division<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kelvin Toh Nkwain, Norbert Tohnain Lengha, Augustine Toh Gam &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 239-250<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50c031 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50c031\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50c19b\" data-id=\"a50c19b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50c2c5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a50c2c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Much food crops are cultivated in rural areas but farmers still suffer from food shortages due to increasing post-harvest losses. This is as a result of insufficient and or absent of conventional food processing, preservation and storage facilities. This has led to increasing and alternatively use of indigenous knowledge (IK) strategies for food crop preservation and storage. However, this research meant to enumerates the different food crops varieties and the distinct IKs strategies applied on post-harvest food crops, difficulties and the way forward. The study sampled nine out of the nineteen villages that make up Belo Sub Division. A three-stage sampling techniques were employed: purposive sampling in other to select the study villages and random and snowball sampling methods to equally arrive at the sample size of 150 and also ensure that respondents with exemplified IKs characteristics were identified and included in the study. Questionnaires, focus groups, interviews, and field observations were employed for data collection and the data was further analysed using Excel to transform it into tables and photos were equally taken to portrays the field reality. The results shows that a total of twenty-four different types of IKs in food storage were identified, ten to prevent weevils, five in preventing mould and rotting, four in maintaining freshness and five to prevent rodents, with the main preservation and storage facility being ika\u0273. Despite the available IKs, farmers still suffer enormous losses of food crops ranging from 20 to 43% due to limited space, limited storage facilities and above all limited fuel wood. We therefore recommend the integration of IKs with scientific knowledge of post harvest management and training, and provision of integrated post-harvest management facilities in the study area.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 239-250\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kelvin Toh Nkwain<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of sociology, Centre for Food Technology and Research (CEFTER), Faculty of Social Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norbert Tohnain Lengha<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Toh Gam<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography &amp; Planning, Faculty of Arts, University of Bamenda, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Asogwa, I.S., Okoye, J.I., and Oni, K., (2017). Promotion of Indigenous Food Preservation and Processing Knowledge and the Challenge of Food Security in Africa<br \/>\r\n[2]. Raheem, D., (2011). The need for agro-allied industries to promote food security by value addition to indigenous African food crops: Outlook On Agriculture Vol 40, No 4, Pp 343\u2013349<br \/>\r\n[3]. UNEP [United Nations Environment Program], (2012). Agriculture and Development in Africa. Environment Outlook 2: Our Environment, Our Wealth,Vol. 22. Pp 451-459.<br \/>\r\n[4]. World Bank, (2013). Agriculture in Cameroon. Washington D.C. www.worldbank.org\/&#8230;\/2013\/&#8230;\/in-<br \/>\r\n[5]. Momba H. P., Kkoagne A., &amp; Bamenjo J., (2014). Emergence Without Hunger in Cameroon by 2035? Advocacy for the Full realization of the right to food for all in Cameroon, RELUFA. http:\/\/ir.library.illinoisstate.edu\/cppg\/20<br \/>\r\n[6]. Lalonde, A., (1991). African indigenous Knowledge and its relevance to environment and development activities; Workshop in political theory and policy analysis, Pp.4-12<br \/>\r\n[7]. Gam, T.A., Lengha, T.N., and Fokeng, M.R., (2018). Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge and the Sustenance of Local Livelihood Strategies in Buabua and Kimbi \u2500 the Lake Nyos Gas Disaster Resettlement Camps, NWR of Cameroon; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, Volume II, Issue X, October Pp, 2454-6186.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Nnadi, F.N., Chikaire, J., &amp; Ezudike, K.E., (2013). Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge Practices for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Idemili South Local Government Area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Journal of Resources Development and Management- An Open Access International Journal Vol.1. 8pp.<br \/>\r\n[9]. BUCREP. (2005). R\u00e9pertoire Actualis\u00e9 des Villages du Cameroun. Volume IV-Tome 7.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Agea, J.G., Lugangwa E., Obua J., and Kambugu. R. K., (2008). Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Enhancing Household Food Security: A Case Study of Mukungwe, Masaka District, Central Uganda. Indilinga \u2013 African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems Vol 7 (1), 8pp.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Council development plan-CDP., (2014)<br \/>\r\n[12]. Notsi, L., (2012). African Indigenous Farming Methods Used in the Cultivation of African Indigenous Vegetables: A Comparative Study of Tsitas Nek (Lesotho) and Mabeskraal Village (South Africa). Paper presented at the Conference on Strategies to Overcome Poverty and Inequality: Towards Carnegie III at University of Cape Town, South Africa. 19pp<br \/>\r\n[13]. Waithaka, M., (2011). The Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Sustainable Food Production: A Case of Post-Harvest Practices in Maize Preservation in Mua Hill Location, Eastern Kenya. Research Project submitted to Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the awards of master\u2019s degree in master of development specializing in rural development and communication, 58pp.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Karithikeyan, C., Veeraragavathatham, D., karpagam, D., &amp; Firdouse, S.A., (2009). Traditional Storage Practices. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge in the district of Tamil Nadu. Vol. 8(4) pp. 564- 568.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Adebayo, B. A., Ndunguru G., Mamiro P., Alenkhe B., Mlingi N., &amp; Bekunda M., (2014). Post-harvest food losses in a maize-based farming system of semi arid savannah area of Tanzania. Journal of Stored Products Research, Volume 57, pages 49- 57.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kelvin Toh Nkwain, Norbert Tohnain Lengha, Augustine Toh Gam &#8220;Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge Strategies on Post Harvest Food Crops Storage in Belo Sub Division&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.239-250 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/239-250.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/239-250.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-indigenous-knowledge-strategies-on-post-harvest-food-crops-storage-in-belo-sub-division\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of Indigenous Knowledge Strategies on Post Harvest Food Crops Storage in Belo Sub Division<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50d0aa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a50d0aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50d196 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50d196\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50d334\" data-id=\"a50d334\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50d468 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50d468\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50d50a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50d50a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50d661\" data-id=\"a50d661\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50d77e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50d77e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50d81d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50d81d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50d977\" data-id=\"a50d977\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50da8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50da8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50db28 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50db28\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50dc95\" data-id=\"a50dc95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50ddaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50ddaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Inequality at Work: A Literature Review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 251-256<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50de51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50de51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50dfc8\" data-id=\"a50dfc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50e103 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a50e103\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Gender inequality at work is the focus of this article. Accordingly, it attempts to highlight the conceptual frameworks on gender inequality at work and present the practical applicability of these theories with the use of garment industry in Sri Lanka as an example. Women in the garment industry in Sri Lanka account for three fourth of the workforce in the industry and patriarchy plays a vital role within the social structure of the country. Buddhist philosophy highlights that a person becomes who s\/he is with what s\/he does, but not with what s\/he has or who s\/he is in the society. In contrast, Sri Lanka being a Buddhist country people\u2019s position is still determined by who they are. Capitalist patriarchy, gender regimes, gendered organisations, creating subjectivities and resistance and agency are used as the conceptual frameworks to understand gender inequality at work. The literature on Sri Lankan women in the garment industry produce important evidence regarding women\u2019s subordination, identities, agency, resistance etc. Most significantly patriarchy plays a vital role in creating gender subordination and government intervention facilitate the subordination of women employed in garment factories in Sri Lanka.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 251-256\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Acker, J. (1990). Hierarchies, Jobs, Bodies: A Theory of Gendered Organisations, Gender and Society, 4(2), pp.139\u2013158.<br \/>\r\n[2]. ______ , (2006). The gender regime of Swedish banks. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 22(3), pp.195\u2013209.<br \/>\r\n[3]. ______ , (2006). Inequality Regimes: Gender, Class, and Race in Organisations. Gender &amp; Society, 20(4), pp.441\u2013464.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Attanapola, C., (2006). Were They Ever \u2018In Place\u2019? Sense of Place and Self Identities Among Migrant Female Export Processing Zone Workers In Sri Lanka, Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 60, pp. 217-226.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bair, J., (2010). On Difference and Capital: Gender and Globalization on Production, Signs, 36 (1), 203-226.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Britton, D.M., (2000). The Epistemology of the Gendered Organisation. Gender &amp; Society, 14(3), pp.418\u2013434.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Charles, N., (1993). Gender Divisions and Social Change, Great Briton, Harvester Wheatsheaf.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Cockburn, C., (1991), In the Way of Women, London, Mcmillan Education Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9]. ___________, (1983). Brothers: Male Dominance and Technological Change, London, Pluto Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Connell, R. W., (1987). Gender Regimes and the Gender Order in the Polity Reader on Gender Studies, Polity Press<br \/>\r\n[11]. _________, (2010). Advancing Gender Reform in Large-scale Organisations: A New Approach for Practitioners and Researchers, available at http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication Accessed on 12th June 2014<br \/>\r\n[12]. Elson, D., and Pearson, R., (1981). Nimble Fingers Make cheap workers: An analysis of women\u2019s employment in third world export manufacturing, Feminist Review, No. 7, pp 87107.<br \/>\r\n[13]. _______________________., (1981).The Subordination of Women and the Internationalization of Factory Production, in Young, K., Wolkowitz, C, and McCullagh, R., 1981. (edited) of Marriage and the MARKET: Women\u2019s subordination internationally and its lessons, London, CSE Books.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Fussell, E., (2010). Making labour flexible: the recomposition of Tijuana\u2019s Maquiladora female labour force, Feminist Economics, Vol. 6(3) pp 59-79<br \/>\r\n[15]. Gunawardene, S.J., (2014), Reframing Employee Voice: A case Study in Sri Lanka\u2019s Export Processing Zones, Work Employment and Society, Vol. 28, Issue 3, pp. 452-468.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Hancock, P., (2006). Women Work and Empowerment: A Portrait of Women Workers in Two of Sri Lanka Export Processing Zones, Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 60, Issue 3, pp.227-239<br \/>\r\n[17]. Hancock, P. Middleton, S., &amp; Moore, J. (2011). A Quantitative Study of Women in Sri Lanka\u2019s Export Processing Zones\u202f, Labour and Management Development Journal. Vol. 12, pp.2-19.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Hewamanne, S, Brow, J., (1997). \u2018If They Allow Us We Will Fight\u2019: Strains of Consciousness among Women Workers in the Katunayake Free Trade Zone, Anthropology of Work Review, XIX<br \/>\r\n[19]. Jackson, C., Pearson, R., (edited) (1998). Feminist Visions of Development: Gender Analysis and Policy ,Oxon, Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Jayaweera, S., (2003).Continuity and Change: Women Workers in Garment and Textile Industries in Sri Lanka. available at: unpan1.un.org\/intradoc\/groups\/public\/documents\/&#8230;\/UNPAN025233.pdf Accessed on 17th June 2014<br \/>\r\n[21]. Kelegama, S. (2005), Readymade Garment Industry in Sri Lanka: Preparing to Face the Global Challenges, Asia Pacific Trade and Investment Review, Vol. 1, No. 1<br \/>\r\n[22]. Koggel. C.M., (2003). Globalization and women\u2019s paid work, Feminist Economics, Vol. 9 (23), pp. 163-183.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Kurian, R., Jayawardena K., (2013). Plantation Patriarchy and Structural Violence: Women Workers in Sri Lanka, Conference on Bonded Labour, Migration, Diaspora and Identity Formation in Historical and Contemporary Context, June 6th. \u2013 10th, 2013, Paramaribo, Suriname, available at: repub.eur.nl\/pub\/50375\/Metis_193809.pdf &#8211; Accessed on 17th October 2014.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Lynch, C., (1992), Good Girls or Juki Girls? Learning and Identity in Garment Factories, Anthropology of Work Review, Vol. xix, No.3<br \/>\r\n[25]. ________, (1999). The \u201cgood girls\u201d of Sri Lankan modernity: Moral orders of nationalism and capitalism, Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power, 6:1, 55-89.<br \/>\r\n[26]. ________, (2002). The politics of white women\u2019s underwear in Sri Lanka&#8217;s open economy. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State &amp; Society, 9(1), 87\u2013125.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Ngai,P., (2005). Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace, London, Duke University Press.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Ruwanpura, K., (2003). The Survival Strategies of Sinhala Female-Heads in Conflict-Affected Eastern Sri Lanka, Working Paper No.11. Recovery and Reconstruction Department, ILO, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[29]. ________., (2012). Ethical Codes: Reality and Rhetoric Ethical Codes, University of Southampton, Economic and Social Research Council, pp 1-41.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Salzinger, L., (2003). Genders in Production: Making Workers in Mexico\u2019s Global Factories, Berkley, University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Savchenko, Y., and Acevedo, G.L., (2012). Female Wages in the Apparel Industry Post-MFA The Cases of Cambodia and Sri Lanka, Policy Research Working Paper, available at: elibrary.worldbank.org\/doi\/pdf\/10 Accessed on 22nd February 2014<br \/>\r\n[32]. Sri Lanka Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka Labour Force Survey Annual Report \u2013(2012), www.statistics.gov.lk\/<br \/>\r\n[33]. Walby, S., (1986). Patriarchy at Work, UK, Polity Press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8220;Gender Inequality at Work: A Literature Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.251-256 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/251-256.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/251-256.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-inequality-at-work-a-literature-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gender Inequality at Work: A Literature Review<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50f06b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a50f06b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50f150 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50f150\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50f2d6\" data-id=\"a50f2d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50f401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50f401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50f4a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50f4a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50f61d\" data-id=\"a50f61d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50f732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50f732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50f7d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50f7d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50f93d\" data-id=\"a50f93d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50fa59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a50fa59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students\u2019 Involvement in Physics Club Activities and Science and Engineering Fair, and Enrolment in Physics at KCSE level in Secondary Schools in Masaba South Sub-County, Kisii County-Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Otieno Jacktone Gangre, Shem Mwalw\u2019a, Billiah Gisore &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 257-264<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a50fafb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a50fafb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a50fc7c\" data-id=\"a50fc7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50fdb9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a50fdb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Low enrolment of students in Physics in Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) has attracted the attention of various stakeholders in Masaba South Sub-County. This study was anchored on John Dewey\u2019s Education Theory. The study sought to answer the question that: To what extent does involvement of students in Physics club activities and science and Engineering Fair influence enrolment of students in Physics at KCSE level in secondary schools in Masaba South Sub-County, Kisii County? This study used a mixed method approach, specifically, a convergent parallel mixed -method design with a population of 44 public secondary schools from where 13 were sampled. The 13 principals of the selected schools were purposively included in the study as well as 13 HODs and 13 Physics teachers. Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table was used to sample 354 out the 4,199 form four students in the sub county. Questionnaires for students, teachers of Physics and Heads of Department (HODs) and interview guides for Principals were used for data collection. The study obtained correlation coefficients of Alpha, \u03b1 = 0.761, for students questionnaire, \u03b1 = 0.897 for teachers of Physics questionnaire and \u03b1 = 0.899 for HODs questionnaire. Thus, the study instruments were considered reliable as their reliability coefficients \u03b1 &gt; 0.70.The study achieved an overall response rate of 97.7%. The level of participation in Science Engineering Fair was generally to a low level as majority could only go up to the regional level 91 (26.2%) although Science club activities were found to improve the interest of students to learn Physics (Mean = 3.63 \u00b1 1.437). The study established that there is a statistically significant relationship Chi-Square, \u03c72 = 6.606 (p = 0.037) between student participation in Physics Club and SEF and students enrolment in Physics at KCSE (p &lt; .05). The study concludes that participation in science\/Physics club activities as well as SEF enhances confidence and understanding of Physics concepts. The study recommends that school principals should facilitate formation of Physics clubs in addition to the existing science clubs in their schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 257-264\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Otieno Jacktone Gangre <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Shem Mwalw\u2019a <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Billiah Gisore <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKisii University, Kisii, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abernathy, T. V., &amp; Vineyard, R. N. (2001). Academic competitions in science: What are the rewards for students? The Clearing House, 74(5), 269-27.<br \/>\r\n[2] Adeyemo, S.A (2010). Teaching\/Learning Physics in Nigerian Secondary Schools: The Curriculum Transformation Issues, Problems and Prospects. International Journal of Education Research and Technology, 1(1), 99-111<br \/>\r\n[3] American Institutes for Research. (2005). Effects of Outdoor Education Programs for Children in California (2nd Ed). Palo Alto: Deborah Montgomery Parish<br \/>\r\n[4] Andrew, S. (2006). The Effects of Fieldwork on Student Achievement and Motivation in Science Education. California State University. Northridge<br \/>\r\n[5] Bandura, A. (1997). Reflections on Moral Disengagement. In G.V. Caprara (Ed.).<br \/>\r\n[6] Braund, M., &amp; Reiss, M. (2006).Towards a more Authentic Science Curricular: The Contribution of out of School Learning. International Journal of Science Education 28 1373- 138.<br \/>\r\n[7] Buxton, C. (2001). Exploring science-literacy-in-practice: Implications for scientific literacy from an anthropological perspective. Electronic Journal in Science and Literacy Education, 1(1).Retrieved from http:\/\/sweeneyhall. sjsu.edu\/ejlts\/<br \/>\r\n[8] Changeiywo, J.M. (2002). Problems Hindering the Effective Teaching of Science Subjects in Kenya Schools. Journal of Education and Human Resources. 2, 49- 61. Egerton University<br \/>\r\n[9] Cleaves, A. (2005). The formation of science choices in secondary school. International Journal of Science Education, 27(4), 471\u2013486.<br \/>\r\n[10] Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. Fourth Ed. Lincoln: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[11] Creswell, J.W., &amp; Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[12] Czerniak, C.M., &amp;Lumpe A.T. (1996). Predictors of science fair participation using the theory of planned behavior. School Science &amp; Mathematics, 96, 335-362<br \/>\r\n[13] Erinosho, Y. S. (2013). How Do Students Perceive the Difficulty of Physics in Secondary School? An Exploratory Study in Nigeria. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education. Special Issue Volume 3 Issue 3, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[14] Eshiwani, G.S. (1983).The Access of Women to Higher Education in Kenya with Special Reference to Mathematics and Science Education. Nairobi: Bureau of Education Research. Kenyatta University<br \/>\r\n[15] Kariuki, C., Balaraman, K. (2003). Secondary Physics Form 1. Nairobi: Longhorn Publishers<br \/>\r\n[16] Kenya National Examination Council. (2018). The year 2017 KCSE Examination Report. Nairobi, Kenya: KNEC.<br \/>\r\n[17] KESSHA. (2016). KCSE Results Analysis, Masaba South Sub-County.<br \/>\r\n[18] KNEC. (2005). Regulations and Syllabuses for KCSE, Government Printer, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[19] Krejcie, R.V., &amp; Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities, Journal on Education and Psychological measurement 30,608, Sage publication.<br \/>\r\n[20] Lindahl, B. (2007, April). A longitudinal study of students\u2019 attitudes towards science and choice of career. Paper presented at annual meeting of the National Association for Research in Science Teaching, New Orleans.<br \/>\r\n[21] Maltese, A. V., &amp; Tai, R. H. (2010). Eyeballs in the fridge: Sources of early interest in science. International Journal of Science Education, 32(5), 669\u2013685.<br \/>\r\n[22] McGee-Brown, M., Martin, C., Monsaas, J., &amp;Stombler, M. (2003, March). What scientists do: Science Olympiad enhancing science inquiry through studentcollaboration, problem solving, and creativity. Paper presented at the annual National Science Teachers Association meeting, Philadelphia, PA.<br \/>\r\n[23] Mondoh, H.O. (1999). A Comparison of Activities Carried out by Boys and Girls during their Free Time in Relation to Achievement in Mathematics: A Case Study of Eldoret Municipality; Kenya Unpublished Research Paper.<br \/>\r\n[24] Mugenda, M. O., &amp;Mugenda, G. A. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. ACTS Press. Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[25] Nderitu, M. K. (2011). Determinants of Enrolment and performance in physics in selected Secondary schools in Murang&#8217;a District, Kenya. Unpublished Master Thesis, Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[26] Okere, M.I. (2000). Status of Physics Teaching and Examining in Secondary Schools. Journal of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education. Vol 3, 132-145. Egerton University<br \/>\r\n[27] Taale, K.D. (2011). Parental and Society influence on Physics student\u2019s enrolment decision in the University education. Journal of Education Practice 2 (4).<br \/>\r\n[28] Tindall, T., &amp;Hamil, B. (2004). Gender disparity in science education: The causes, consequences and solutions. Education, 125(2), 282-295<br \/>\r\n[29] Zhu, Z. (2007). Learning Content, Physics Self-Efficacy, and Female Students\u2019 Physics Course- Taking. International educational Journal, 8(2), 20-28.<br \/>\r\n[30] Zoldosova, K., &amp;Prokop, P. (2006). Education in the \ufb01eld in\ufb02uences children\u2019s ideas and interest toward science. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 15(3), 304\u2013313.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Otieno Jacktone Gangre, Shem Mwalw\u2019a, Billiah Gisore &#8220;Students\u2019 Involvement in Physics Club Activities and Science and Engineering Fair, and Enrolment in Physics at KCSE level in Secondary Schools in Masaba South Sub-County, Kisii County-Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.257-264 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/257-264.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/257-264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/students-involvement-in-physics-club-activities-and-science-and-engineering-fair-and-enrolment-in-physics-at-kcse-level-in-secondary-schools-in-masaba-south-sub-county-kisii-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Students\u2019 Involvement in Physics Club Activities and Science and Engineering Fair, and Enrolment in Physics at KCSE level in Secondary Schools in Masaba South Sub-County, Kisii County-Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a510bbb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a510bbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a510ca1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a510ca1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a510f9c\" data-id=\"a510f9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5110da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5110da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51118d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51118d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5112e6\" data-id=\"a5112e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5113f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5113f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a511490 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a511490\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5115e9\" data-id=\"a5115e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5116fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5116fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51179a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51179a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51190c\" data-id=\"a51190c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a511a18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a511a18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Public Engagement and Revenue Collection Effectiveness in Kagadi Town Council, Kagadi Local Government<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Eric Sunday, Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 265-285<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a511abb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a511abb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a511c23\" data-id=\"a511c23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a511d5e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a511d5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study on \u201cPublic Engagement and Revenue collection Effectiveness in Kagadi Town Council\u201d concentrated on analyzing the impact of public engagement on revenue collection effectiveness in Kagadi Town Council, Kagadi Local Government.<br \/>\r\nThe researcher carried out a quantitative research with non-experimental, co-relational, cross-sectional, survey design considering a cross-sectional trend in order to reduce time and cost(s) involved. The target population was 1000 people from where a sample size of 278 respondents was sampled for the study using a combination of Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were employed. The researcher also carried out the validity and reliability of the research instruments that revealed R sqd (Alpha) value of 0.775 hence good fit.<br \/>\r\nThe study findings revealed that public mobilization, public sensitization and consultations positively impact on the revenue contributions made by the business community in Kagadi Town Council. This was evidenced by Pearson\u2019s rank correlation coefficients(r) of 0.534, 0.541 and 0.630 which were statistically significant at P-value (0.000&lt;0.01) respectively.<br \/>\r\nBased on the study findings, it was recommended that in a way to further improve public mobilization, the town council tax administration should consider a range of assistance modalities to support revenue matters. And amongst them are the technical assistance, policy dialogue and financial assistance to guide public mobilization programs. Further there was need to promote transparency in order to improve accountability and awareness in various ways. In a move to broaden the consultation programs, the town council should encourage broad based dialogue on tax matters which include civil society groups, business and other stakeholders.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 265-285\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eric Sunday<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ableson, J. E. (2003). Does consultation make a difference? 95-106.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bennett., U. T. (2008). Effectiveness of revenue collected on neighbourhood Development. Campbell. Newyork.: Sage publications.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bhartia., K. (2009). Public Finance ( 14th ed. ed.). New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bird. (2010). Subnational Taxation in Developing Countries. Washington D.C: World bank.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bird, R. &amp;. (1993). Policy Change without Administarative Change is Nothing. Washington.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Byaruhanga., F (2007). Normative Appeals and Tax Compliance in Uganda. Kampala, Makerere University Business School.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Chitembo.K. (2009). Growth and Performance Contract between Types of Small Firms. Strategic Management Journal, 11(7), 535-557.<br \/>\r\n[8]. District Financial Report. (2017). End of Year District financial perfomance. Kagadi, Kampala: Daily Monitor Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Fjeldstad, H (2012). Local government revenue mobilisation in Anglophone. opportunities and constraints facing local revenue mobilisation in Angolophone Africa.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Fountain, J. P. (2007). Community engagement In Domineg, D., Foutain, J., Schatz, E., &amp; Broring. G. (eds.) Overcoming barriers: Migration, marginalization, and access to services. AM. the centre for ethnicity and health model.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Gift.., Y (2011). International norms on Revenue and Public participation. Chicago.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research (Vol. 4).<br \/>\r\n[13]. Hawkins, B. (1999). Financing Local Government. Aula Conference paper presented at the international conference centre. Kampala.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Holtzman., Y 2007). Challenges in Achieving Transparency, Simplicity and Administering of United States Tax Code . Journal of Management Developement.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Kasaija. (2016). Ministry of Finance and Planning assessment report . Kampala: Ministry Planning Department.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Kayaga. (2007). Tax policy challenges facing developing countries. Kingston, Canada: Queens University.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Kendrick, M. (1939). The Ability-to-pay theory of taxation. The American Economic Review, 92-101.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Lindsay,and McGillis. (2001). City Community Revenue Mobilsation. Beverly Hills: Sage publications.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Morgan, K. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities, Educational and Pychlogical Measurement. Newyork: Sage publications.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Ndungu., K. (2013). Small Enterprises in Developing Countries. Case studies and conclusions.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Nzotta., I. A. (2007). The effect of taxation and performance of the local government councils. A master\u2019s dissertation, Makerere University , Kampala Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Schudson, M. (1999). Good citizens and Bad history. Today&#8217;s Political ideas in historical.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Scutchfield, F. D. (2006). The public and public health organization. In H. Policy, Issues for community engagement in public health (1 ed., Vol. 77, pp. 76-85).<br \/>\r\n[24]. Smith., W.D. (1978). The social and political origins of German diffusionist ethnology. Journal of the histoty of the behaviour sciences, 14(2), 103-112.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Tumuhimbise.R, (2017). Kagadi End of Financial Year District Report. Kampala: Daily monitor Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Van., H. (1999). If fairness is the problem, Is consent the Solution? Integrating ISCT and Stakeholder Theory. In Academy of Management Proceedings.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eric Sunday, Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi &#8220;Public Engagement and Revenue Collection Effectiveness in Kagadi Town Council, Kagadi Local Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.265-285 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/265-285.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/265-285.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/public-engagement-and-revenue-collection-effectiveness-in-kagadi-town-council-kagadi-local-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Engagement and Revenue Collection Effectiveness in Kagadi Town Council, Kagadi Local Government<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a512bf5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a512bf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a512e45 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a512e45\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a512fff\" data-id=\"a512fff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a513137 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a513137\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5131dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5131dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a513337\" data-id=\"a513337\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a513448 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a513448\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5134e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5134e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a513636\" data-id=\"a513636\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51373e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51373e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5137d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5137d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a513942\" data-id=\"a513942\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a513a55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a513a55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efficacy of Information Science in Bridging the Digital Divide in Kenyan Institutions of Higher Education and Learning<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nyapela Matthews Abijah &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 286-290<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a513af4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a513af4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a513c5c\" data-id=\"a513c5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a513d82 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a513d82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">&#8211; Digital age is heavily characterized by the merits of advanced technologies where digital divide evidently features out to be a spectacular concern affecting development of knowledge geographical society. Due to this development, the innovation of new technology is unfairly utilized by the rich members of society at the expense of poor ones. Quite a lot of research work done in developed and developing countries testify to the evidence of this technological divide. This paper suggests appropriate solutions to reduce this technological imbalance. The objectives of this article is to elucidate fundamental indicators of information science in bridging the digital divide in institutions of higher learning with reference to the University of Nairobi, to assess information science initiatives being undertaken in mitigating such unfavorable divide, to examine how broadband subscription can be applied to support learning and research in universities, and to find out factors that influence ownership, use and non-use of digital information devices. This paper will also enhance effective remedy and equal access to information and communications technology in institutions of higher learning. Understanding this article will enable us to discover major factors that inhibit access and utility of digital information being transition of digitization of resources, poor internet connectivity, insufficient ICT devices, and lack of skills and familiarity in the use of the same. It goes ahead to recommend on the need to train and reposition the information professionals and custodians, formulation of information science programs, sufficient acquisition of ICT resources, enhancement of bandwidth management, and impartation of information science in schools. The ultimate conclusion underscores the initiative of institutions of higher education and learning to do everything possible in bridging digital divide, with regard to the need for enhancing information science and ICT courses in pre-university learning institution.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 286-290\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyapela Matthews Abijah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Amaechi, N.M. (2010). Management of CD-ROM Resourcs in Nigeria Academic Libraries: Case Study of Federal Polytechnic Nekede, Owerri, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[2]. Eneh, O.C. (2010). Gender Digital Divide: Comparative assessment of the information communications technologies and literacy levels of students in Nigeria. Information Technology Journal 9 (8): pp. 1739-1746.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Enis, M. (2012). Bristol\u2019s Literacy Academy Bridges Digital Divide. The Digital Shift Library Journal, August 6, 2012. http:\/\/www.thedigitalshift.com\/2012\/08\/digital-divide\/bristols- literacy-academic-bridges-digital-divide\/<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ferro, E., Helbig, N.C. &amp; Gil-Garcia, J.R. (2011). The role of IT literacy in defining digital divide policy needs. Government Information Quarterly Vol. 28, Issue 1, January 2011, Pages 3\u201310<br \/>\r\n[5]. Gbaje, E.S., Ukachi, N.B. (2011). An Assessment of Technological Competences of the Academic Librarians in Nigeria. A paper presented at the 49th NLA National Conference and Annual General Meeting held in Awka. Aina I. O. (Ed) Information for All: Strategies for National Development. Ibadan: University Press, pp 65-69.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Internet Live Stats (2014). Elaboration of data by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and United Nations Population Division.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Leslie, I. (2014). Curious: the desire to know and why your future depends on it. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Min, S. (2010). From the digital divide to the democratic divide: Internet skills, political interest, and the second-level digital divide in political internet use. Journal of International Technology &amp; Politics, Vol. 7. p 2.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Nishida, T., &amp; Pick, J.B., (2013). Spatial Analysis of the Global Digital Divide. Citeseer.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Okoli, A.N. (2010). Strengthening and Refocusing public libraries to cope with the Information needs in the modern information setting. Nigerbiblios, 6(1&amp;2), pp. 109-110.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Tilvawala, K., Myers, M.D. &amp; Andrade, A.D. (2009). Information science in Kenya. EJISDC (2009) 39, 1, 1-11.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyapela Matthews Abijah &#8220;Efficacy of Information Science in Bridging the Digital Divide in Kenyan Institutions of Higher Education and Learning&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.286-290 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/286-290.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/286-290.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efficacy-of-information-science-in-bridging-the-digital-divide-in-kenyan-institutions-of-higher-education-and-learning6300\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Efficacy of Information Science in Bridging the Digital Divide in Kenyan Institutions of Higher Education and Learning<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a514b84 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a514b84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a514c72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a514c72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a514df2\" data-id=\"a514df2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a514f0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a514f0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a514fba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a514fba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51511b\" data-id=\"a51511b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a515233 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a515233\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5152d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5152d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a515442\" data-id=\"a515442\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a515559 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a515559\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5155fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5155fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a515ec4\" data-id=\"a515ec4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a516091 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a516091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Environmental Impacts of the Uncontrolled Depletion of Rosewood (Madrid Wood) in Taraba State, Nigeria <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John, Wajim &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 291-299<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a516154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a516154\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51631f\" data-id=\"a51631f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a516487 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a516487\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Timber merchants are moving from one state to another in Nigeria depleting the Rosewood in their forests, leaving empty landscapes without minding the enduring effects of uncontrolled harvesting of the tree on the environment due to its demand over the past number of decade in China where they are used for the construction of furniture to satisfy the appetite of the country\u2019s middle class whose wealth has been on the increase. Apart from the effect on the environment, the forestry experts fear that the illegal activities of local and Chinese merchants will also have telling economic implications in the near future on many communities where the forests that grow the much sought-after tropical Woods are located. This study examined the environmental impacts of the uncontrolled depletion of Rosewood (Madrid Wood) in Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross sectional survey research was conducted to generate the research data used to answer the research questions. Both secondary sources and quantitative research approaches were combined in this study. Samples of five hundred and forty-four (544) questionnaires were administered by four trained research assistants but five hundred and seventeen (517) were duly completed and returned. The data from the returned questionnaires were analyzed with the help of Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Thus, amongst other recommendations, the study recommends that Taraba State government should empower its forestry department to fully enforce the country\u2019s forestry laws and policies. The study further recommends extensive public awareness campaign on the dire consequences of deforestation to people and environment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 291-299\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John, Wajim <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, 200 Katsina-Ala Road, P.M.B 1020 Wukari, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Geomorphology41: 105-109.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John, Wajim &#8220;Environmental Impacts of the Uncontrolled Depletion of Rosewood (Madrid Wood) in Taraba State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.291-299 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/291-299.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/291-299.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/environmental-impacts-of-the-uncontrolled-depletion-of-rosewood-madrid-wood-in-taraba-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Environmental Impacts of the Uncontrolled Depletion of Rosewood (Madrid Wood) in Taraba State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a517352 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a517352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a517438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a517438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5175bc\" data-id=\"a5175bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5176eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5176eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a517791 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a517791\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5178ed\" data-id=\"a5178ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5179fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5179fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a517a9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a517a9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a517bfc\" data-id=\"a517bfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a517d1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a517d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Their Attitudes towards Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Shamsiah Md Nasir &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 300-302<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a517db7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a517db7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a517f21\" data-id=\"a517f21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51804e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a51804e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Malaysia\u2019s development plan in education through the Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025 is in tandem with the global education agenda. Following the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education, those with special needs must have access to mainstream schools with an inclusive orientation which are the most effective means of overcoming discriminatory attitudes, creating welcoming communities and building an inclusive society. This study aims to investigate the readiness of pre-service teachers towards the inclusion of special needs students in mainstream classrooms. A total of 56 pre-service teachers from one institute of teacher education participated in this study. Data were collected through The Sentiments, Attitudes, and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised (SACIE-R) scale. The statistical analysis showed that pre-service teachers had moderate readiness towards inclusive education. Implications of the findings are discussed and further suggestions are made as to how institute of teacher education may engage pre-service teachers more effectively with their program to promote better inclusive practices.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 300-302\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shamsiah Md Nasir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Teacher Education Technical Education Campus, 71760 Bandar Enstek, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdul Rahim Hamdan &amp; Muhamad Khairul Anuar Hussin. (2013). Persepsi Guru Aliran Perdana Terhadap Inklusif. Proceeding of 2nd International Seminar On Quality And Affordable Education (ISQAE 2013).<br \/>\r\n[2]. C\u00e9sar, M., &amp; Ainscow, M. (Eds.) (2006). Inclusive education ten years after Salamanca. European Journal of Psychology of Education, XXI(3).<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cook, B. G., Cameron, D. L., &amp; Tankersley, M. (2007). Inclusive teachers\u2019 attitudinal ratings of their students with disabilities. The Journal of Special Education, 40, 230-239.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Cramer, A. C. (2014). Pre-service Teachers&#8217; Attitudes and Efficacy Beliefs Toward Inclusion of Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Midwestern Region of the United States. Dissertations. Paper 302.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Forlin, C., Earle, C., Loreman, T., &amp; Sharma, U. (2011). The Sentiments, Attitudes and Concerns about Inclusive Education Revised (SACIE-R) scale for measuring pre-service teachers\u2019 perceptions about inclusion. Exceptionality Education International, 21(2 &amp; 3), 50-65.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Lang, L. A. E. (2014). Preparing Pre-service Teachers for Inclusive Classrooms: A State-Wide Survey of Teacher Education Faculty. PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. http:\/\/trace.tennessee.edu\/utk_graddiss\/2705.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Lucy Bailey, Nomanbhoy, Alefiya, &amp; Tida Tubpun, (2014) Inclusive education: teacher perspectives from Malaysia. International Journal of Inclusive Education: Volume 19, 2015 &#8211; Issue 5. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/13603116.2014.957739.<br \/>\r\n[8]. McNamee, K. K.( 2016). A Survey of Pre-service Teachers&#8217; Attitudes on Integrating Students with Disabilities in Inclusive Education Classrooms. Honors in the Major Theses. 72. http:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/honorstheses\/72.<br \/>\r\n[9]. MOE (2017). Malaysian Education Blue Print 2013 &#8211; 2025. Putrajaya: MOE.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Noriah Mat Husain &amp; Zalizan Mohd Jelas. (2011). Persepsi Dan Sikap Guru Terhadap Pendidikan Inklusif. Kolokium Pendidikan Khas 201, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: 26 Disember 2011.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Nurul Husna Mohd Zuki &amp; Nik Suryani Nik Abd Rahman. (2016). Challenges Malaysian Teachers Face In The Inclusion Of Autistic Students In The Normal Classroom. Journal Of Education And Social Sciences, Vol. 4, (June).<br \/>\r\n[12]. Richler, D. (2012). Systemic barriers to inclusion. In C. Boyle &amp; K. Topping, (Eds). What works in inclusion\u2019? (pp. 176-187). London: Open University Press\/McGraw HillEducation.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Rosniza Che Omar &amp; Mohd Mohktar Tahar. (2011). Kesediaan Guru Aliran Perdana Mengajar Pelajar Bermasalah Pembelajaran Dalam Pendidikan Inklusif. Kolokium Pendidikan Khas 201, Fakulti Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: 26 Disember 2011.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Sharma, U., Forlin, C., &amp; Loreman, T. (2008). Impact of training on pre-service teachers\u2019 attitudes and concerns about inclusive education and sentiments about persons with disabilities. Disability &amp; Society, 23(7), 773\u2013785. doi:10.1080\/09687590802469271.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Sze, S. (2009). A literature review: Pre-service teachers\u2019 attitudes toward students with disabilities. Education, 130, 53-56.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Winzer, M., &amp; Mazurek, K. (2011). Canadian teachers\u2019 associations and the inclusive movement for students with special needs. Canadian Journal of Educational Administration and Policy, 116(1\u201324).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shamsiah Md Nasir &#8220;Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Their Attitudes towards Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.300-302 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/300-302.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/300-302.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pre-service-teachers-perceptions-of-their-attitudes-towards-inclusive-education-for-students-with-disabilities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pre-Service Teachers\u2019 Perceptions of Their Attitudes towards Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51927f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a51927f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a519377 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a519377\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51950e\" data-id=\"a51950e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a519648 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a519648\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5196f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5196f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51984f\" data-id=\"a51984f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51995a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51995a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a519a04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a519a04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a519b50\" data-id=\"a519b50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a519c60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a519c60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a519cfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a519cfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a519e68\" data-id=\"a519e68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a519f7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a519f7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Overcoming Cultural Untranslatability: With Special Reference to Wikramasinghe\u2019s \u2018Gamperaliya\u2019 and its English Translation, \u2018Uprooted\u2019 by Lakshmi de Silva and Ranga Wikramasinghe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. and Ariyaratne W. M. &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 303-309<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51a01e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51a01e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51a17a\" data-id=\"a51a17a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51a2ad elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a51a2ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Translators encounter numerous issues in the process of translation. One of such issues is untranslatability, which occurs with the difficulty of finding appropriate target language equivalents for the source language terms, phrases or concepts. According to J. C. Catford, there are two categories of untranslatability namely linguistic untranslatability (LU) and cultural untranslatability (CU). To overcome these untranslatable scenarios, translators use several translation strategies. However, overcoming CU is problematic than LU. The purpose of this study was to discuss how this issue of CU has been overcome in the context of indigenous literature in Sri Lanka referring Wikramasinghe\u2019s \u2018Gamperaliya\u2019 and its English translation, \u2018Uprooted\u2019. In this regard, the aforementioned novel and its translation were comparatively analyzed by using content analysis method. Theoretical reading materials related to the concept of untranslatability and regarding different translation techniques were also referred. In conclusion of this study, it was investigated that the novel \u2018Gamperaliya\u2019 is rich in cultural aspects where both translators found some difficulties in predisposing them for the target language audience. To overcome CU, translators have used different strategies individually and in combination of them such as the methods of Paraphrase, Regular Borrowing, Sentence Embedded Annotated Borrowing, Converted Borrowing, Loan Blend, Literal Translation, Calque, Equivalence, and Compensation. Two novel translation techniques, which fabricated with the combination of Borrowing and Equivalence, and Borrowing and Literal Translation have been invented and used. In addition to that, to overcome the CU in this context, they have even engaged in neologism and in utilizing the techniques of omission and addition. However, it was determined that the translators were not able to solve all scenarios of CU. Mistranslations and inconsistency of translated terminologies has negatively affected the understandability of the translation. This research proposed that these facts should be considered to make appropriate editing to \u2018Uprooted\u2019 in the future.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 303-309\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ariyaratne W. M. <\/strong><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation Studies. (3rd Ed., p. 39-43). London: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Catford, J. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay in Applied Linguistics [Ebook] (p. 94). London: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/5249177\/J_c.catford_a_linguistic_theory_of_translation_PDF<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dictionary.com. (2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dictionary.com\/browse\/uproot<br \/>\r\n[4]. Munday, J. (2001). Introducing translation studies. (p. 25, 56-60). London: Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Newmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation [Ebook] (p. 5). Hempstead: Prentice HaH International vUIO Ltd. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.docdroid.net\/9ahf\/a-textbook-of-translation-by-peter-newmark.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6]. Nida, E. (2015). Linguistics and Ethnology in Translation Problems [Ebook]. London: H Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/35352784\/Linguistics_and_Ethnology_in_Translation_Problems_by_EA_Nida<br \/>\r\n[7]. Paul, G. (ed.) (2009). Translation in Practice [Ebook] (1st ed., pp. 41-57). London: Dalkey Archive Press. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.llvs.lt\/img\/File\/Translation_in_Practice_book.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8]. Shuttleworth, M., &amp; Cowie, M. (2014). Dictionary of Translation Studies [Ebook]. London: H Routledge Taylor &amp; Francis Group. Retrieved from https:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/269293066DictionaryOfTranslationStudies\/269293066-Dictionary-of-Translation-Studies_djvu.txt<br \/>\r\n[9]. Translation | Definition of translation by Lexico. (2019). Retrieved 5 September 2019, from https:\/\/www.lexico.com\/en\/definition\/translation<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gunathilaka D. D. I. M. B. and Ariyaratne W. M. &#8220;Overcoming Cultural Untranslatability: With Special Reference to Wikramasinghe\u2019s \u2018Gamperaliya\u2019 and its English Translation, \u2018Uprooted\u2019 by Lakshmi de Silva and Ranga Wikramasinghe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.303-309 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/303-309.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/303-309.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/overcoming-cultural-untranslatability-with-special-reference-to-wikramasinghes-gamperaliya-and-its-english-translation-uprooted-by-lakshmi-de-silva-and-r\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Overcoming Cultural Untranslatability: With Special Reference to Wikramasinghe\u2019s \u2018Gamperaliya\u2019 and its English Translation, \u2018Uprooted\u2019 by Lakshmi de Silva and Ranga Wikramasinghe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51b0a1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a51b0a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51b4d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51b4d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51b6b2\" data-id=\"a51b6b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51b7f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51b7f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51b89e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51b89e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51ba0a\" data-id=\"a51ba0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51bb27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51bb27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51bbc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51bbc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51bd23\" data-id=\"a51bd23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51be2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51be2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51becc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51becc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51c02c\" data-id=\"a51c02c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51c142 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51c142\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Political and Economic Implications of the Inconclusive Elections in Nigeria: Issues and Threads in the 2019 General Elections<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D) , ADEYEMI, Paul Adeniyi (Ph.D), ADEWUMI, Adebayo David &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 310-318<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51c1e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51c1e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51c343\" data-id=\"a51c343\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51c468 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a51c468\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The issue of the inconclusive elections in Nigeria is becoming appalling to the extent that the credibility of poll is threatened. The politics of power play among the political gladiators cannot be under estimated. It is found out to have played a vital role thus affecting the democratic consolidation and good governance in the country.<br \/>\r\nThe study however finds out that due to the desperation on the part of the politicians and the desire to win elections at all cost has precipitated the philosophy of the inconclusiveness of elections most often. It is discovered that the system is characterized with evil activities which have become so rampant in most states of the federation.<br \/>\r\nThe criminal activities such as the ballot snatching, destruction of election materials, killing of ad hoc and permanent staff of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), announcement of poll results under duress, disappearance of the returning officers with election results, over militarization of the poll and the issue of the fake military officers are also found to have been responsible for the inconclusiveness of elections. In view of this, the study examines the politics behind the inconclusiveness of the poll in Nigeria particularly in the 2019 general elections.<br \/>\r\nThe study adopts both primary and secondary sources of data collection to accomplish its objectives. The study therefore concludes that for credible and acceptable poll to thrive in Nigeria, those involved in election frauds and violent must desist and government must ensure that anyone apprehended should be made to face the music accordingly.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 310-318\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 September 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEkiti State University, Department of Political Science, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ADEYEMI, Paul Adeniyi (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEkiti State University, Department of Economics, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ADEWUMI, Adebayo David<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEkiti State University, Department of Sociology, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adigun. A. B. A, Larry.D.and Ebere.O.(2004) \u201cNigeria\u2019s Struggle For Democracy And Good Governance-A Festschrift For Oyeleye Oyediran\u201d Ibadan University Press.UI.Nigeria. ISBN978-121-400-7<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adiorho .J. (2019) \u201cThe Reign of Inconclusive Elections\u201d Thisday March 14,<br \/>\r\n[3]. Akpeninor J.O(2007) \u201cDemocracy and Issues of governance in African politics: The Nigerian Perspectve\u201d Book Wright Nigeria(Publishers).Bodija ,Ibadan. ISBN978-978-088-928-9<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akinbosade.A.(2007), \u201cThe Legislature. Law-Making Organ of Government\u201d O&amp;A Publishers.Akure. Ondo State. Nigeria. ISBN978-37982-7-8<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akintide.W,(2018)\u201dElectionFraud InNigeriaAndTheWayOut\u201dhttp:\/\/www.gamji.com\/article8000\/NEWS8950.htm<br \/>\r\n[6]. Awosanya.S.O (2012) \u201cPractical politics in an emerging Democracy\u201d Supreme Mandate Consultancy Services. Ogun State.ISBN:978-978-927-521-2<br \/>\r\n[7]. Claire.W. (2019) \u201cAfter Elections, Important Questions Remain for Nigeria\u2019s Democracy\u201d International Peace Institute Published March 19.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Makinde .F. (2019), \u201cInconclusive elections: Emerging threat to Nigeria\u2019s democracy\u201d The Analyst.NG April 1,<br \/>\r\n[9]. The Punch (2019), \u201cInconclusive elections, a consequence of politicians\u2019 misconduct\u201d<br \/>\r\nMarch 18, https:\/\/punchng.com\/inconclusive-elections-a-consequence-of-politicians-misconduct\/<br \/>\r\n[10]. Premium Times (2019) \u201cInconclusive Elections: INEC announces date for supplementary polls\u201d March 12, https:\/\/www.premiumti mesng.com\/&#8230;\/319887-inconclusive-elections-inec-announces-<br \/>\r\n[11]. Premium Times (2019) \u201cANALYSIS: INEC, PDP&#8217;s lead and the burden of inconclusive elections\u201d April 16,https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/&#8230;\/320354-analysis-inec-pdps-lead-and-the-burden&#8230;<br \/>\r\n[12]. Premium Times (2019) \u201cWhat to know about the inconclusive elections in six states\u201d<br \/>\r\n[13]. April 26,https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/&#8230;\/320383-what-to-know-about-the-inconclusive-e&#8230;<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), ADEYEMI, Paul Adeniyi (Ph.D), ADEWUMI, Adebayo David &#8220;Socio-Political and Economic Implications of the Inconclusive Elections in Nigeria: Issues and Threads in the 2019 General Elections&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.310-318 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/310-318.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/310-318.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-political-and-economic-implications-of-the-inconclusive-elections-in-nigeria-issues-and-threads-in-the-2019-general-elections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Socio-Political and Economic Implications of the Inconclusive Elections in Nigeria: Issues and Threads in the 2019 General Elections<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51d268 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a51d268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51d351 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51d351\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51d4d7\" data-id=\"a51d4d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51d5fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51d5fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51d6a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51d6a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51d7f3\" data-id=\"a51d7f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51d907 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51d907\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51d9a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51d9a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51daf1\" data-id=\"a51daf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51dbf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51dbf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51dca3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51dca3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51de0e\" data-id=\"a51de0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51df20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51df20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategic Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Disaster\/Crisis Management in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Joshua K. Kwonyike, John M. Momanyi &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 319-323<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51dfbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51dfbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51e1f7\" data-id=\"a51e1f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51e32b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a51e32b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the role of Information and communications technology in management of natural and man-made disasters in Kenya. In this age of technology, it is easier to manage natural and man-made disasters. The disasters outlined in this paper include floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, genocides, wars, workplace fires, and terrorism among others. Disasters can be managed using a number of features of Information and communications technology (ICT). ICT can be used in disaster prevention, mitigation and management. Advancements in ICT in form of radio, TV, telephone, SMS, satellite radio, sirens, cell broadcasting, drones, or the internet can help in a great deal in planning and reduction of hazards reduction measures. It is necessary for individuals and organisations have some degree of preparedness in terms of preparedness plans, early warning system, equipment and machinery that can be deployed for disaster response and mitigation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 319-323\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joshua K. Kwonyike <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBomet University College, Bomet, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John M. Momanyi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBomet University College, Bomet, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. American Red Cross \u2013 Community Services. American Red Cross. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2008.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Durban Declaration (2002). World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance. New York: United Nations Department of Public Information.<br \/>\r\n[3]. GoK (2012). Kenya Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA); 2008-2011 Drought. Government of Kenya, with technical support from the European Union, United Nations and World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[4]. GoK (2013). National Disaster Operation Centre website http:\/\/www.nationaldisaster.go.ke<br \/>\r\n[5]. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2005). World Disasters Report 2005 \u2013 Focus on Information (Eurospan, London) http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/publicat\/wdr2005\/<br \/>\r\n[6]. International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2004). Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Lund, Michael S. (1996) Preventing Violent Conflicts: A Strategy for Preventive Diplomacy. Washington DC: United States Institute ofPeace Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Merrick II, D. (2011). Lounge lecture given on ICT usage and disaster management. De La Salle: Florida State University.<br \/>\r\n[9]. UN (2005). United Nations ICT Task Force. NY: The United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force.<br \/>\r\n[10]. WHO\/EHA (2002). Emergency Humanitarian Action. Addis Ababa: Retrieved 2017-11-26 \u2013 via World Health Organization International.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joshua K. Kwonyike, John M. Momanyi &#8220;Strategic Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Disaster\/Crisis Management in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.319-323 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/319-323.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/319-323.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategic-use-of-information-and-communications-technology-ict-in-disaster-crisis-management-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategic Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Disaster\/Crisis Management in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51f10c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a51f10c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51f1f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51f1f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51f372\" data-id=\"a51f372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51f4a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51f4a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51f54e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51f54e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51f6aa\" data-id=\"a51f6aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51f7bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51f7bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51f85c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51f85c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51f9ae\" data-id=\"a51f9ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51fab8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51fab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51fb52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51fb52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51fcb9\" data-id=\"a51fcb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a51fdce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a51fdce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Establishing the Relationship between Agency Banking Costs and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Uganda: A Case Study of Centenary Bank, Mbarara Branch<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Christopher Banura Ruyooka &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 324-330<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a51fe6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a51fe6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a51ffd7\" data-id=\"a51ffd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a520104 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a520104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Evidence shows that financial performance of commercial banks in developing countries has remained relatively poor. Most of the commercial banks have failed to meet their operational costs and this has forced them out of the market. The biggest challenge however has been the result of poor bank policies and products offered to a relatively small customer base. Therefore, the introduction of agency banking is to boost the revenue collection of these commercial banks, increase their profitability levels, create more efficient and real time systems, and improve their overall financial performance. It\u2019s against this background, that this research paper aims at establishing the relationship between agency banking costs and financial performance of commercial banks in Uganda, taking Centenary bank Mbarara branch as the research case.This study adopted a quantitative descriptive non-experimental case study design where data was collected from 52 bank officials by the use of Survey questionnaire checklists. Data was then analyzed using SPSS statistical package. Background characteristics of respondents was generated by the use of tables, frequencies and percentages. In order for the study to test the hypothesis, correlations and regression analysis was used to reach at the significance levels.The study revealed that agency banking costs is a significant determinant for the financial performance of commercial banks with a standardized beta coefficient of (r=0.621, p&lt;0.05) meaning that agency banking costs are significantly positively related with financial performance of commercial banks. The coefficient of determination\/ r2 for agency costs is equal to 0.386 implying that a 38.6% variation in the financial performance of commercial banks is brought about by the agency banking costs. This further means that the financial performance of commercial banks improves with low agency banking costs. For instance, the costs involved in agency banking transactions is low compared to the banking hall transactions. Secondly, the cost of setting up a bank agency is transferred to the bank agent who benefits from the commission got from every transaction made by the customer. This creates a low cost for offering any financial service offered by the bank through the agent. Thirdly, agency banking has low infrastructural cost which have reduced the operational cost of the main branches. Last but not least, the time spent in agency banking is low compared to the time spent in the banking hall. Overall the study was important and concluded that agency banking costs play a significant role in improving the financial performance of commercial banks and hence creating financial inclusiveness where individuals have greater access to affordable and useful financial services and products that can meet their needs in a responsible and sustainable manner.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 324-330\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher Banura Ruyooka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIbanda University, Ibanda, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aduda J., Kiragu P. &amp; Ndwiga J. M. (2013), The Relationship between Agency Banking and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, 2(4), 97-117<br \/>\r\n[2]. Alfansi, L. &amp; Sargeant, A, (2010). Market segmentation in the Indonesian banking sector: the relationship between demographics and desired customer benefits&#8217;, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 18(2), 23-28<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ann Bowling (2002), Research Methods in Health: Investigating health and health services, 2nd ed. (194) Retrieved from http:\/\/books_2615_0.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]. Atandi, F.G. (2013). Challenges of agent banking experiences in Kenya. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3(8), 397-410.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Barasa, D.A &amp; Mwirigi, F.M. (2013). The Role of agency Banking in Enhancing Financial Sector Deepening in Emerging Markets: Lessons from the Kenyan Experience. European Journal of Business and Management, 5(21) 2222 \u2013 2839http:\/\/c0af264cc4fa29737a9da59eab469ca5a440.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6]. Barnet &amp; Wabwoba, T.B (2012) Challenges facing equity agency banking; a case of Pokot County, Kenya. Unpublished MBA project, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Birch, D. (2008). Inclusion and Payments: From Branchless Banking to Bankless Banking. Journal of Internet Banking &amp; Commerce, 13(3), 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bram Peters and Naomi De Groot (2017, May 3) \u201cthe potential of Agency Banking in Uganda. Retrieved from http:\/\/uncdf.org\/article\/2084\/<br \/>\r\n[9]. Bryman, A. (2013). Integrating quantitative and qualitative research: how is it done?\u2019 Qualitative research, 6(1), 97 \u2013 113.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ciprian. Panturu (2019, February). \u201cIntroducing Agency Banking in Uganda: A new channel to increase Financial Inclusion. Retrieved from http:\/\/04.03.19-Agency- Bank-Uganda-mm4p (1).pdf<br \/>\r\n[11]. Davis, (2000, February 1). A Theoretical Extension of Technology Acceptance Model: Four Longitudinal Field studies. Journal of Management Science 46 (2): 186 &#8211; 204.Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/10.1287\/mnsc.46.2.186.11926<br \/>\r\n[12]. Jagongo, A. O. &amp; Molonko, B. (2014). Bottom of the Pyramid Strategy and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks: An Assessment of Agency Banking Operations in Kenya. Retrieved from http:\/\/ir-library.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/1234567<br \/>\r\n[13]. Kamau, James. N (2012, October). The relationship between agency banking and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080\/xmlui\/handle\/123456789\/12858<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ngigi C. (2012), Financial Innovation and Its Effect on Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya. University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Oyugi, D. (2015). An investigation of the influence of alternative financial delivery channels on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Retrieved from http:\/\/ir-library.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/12436<br \/>\r\n[16]. Timothy Musoke (2017, August 31). \u201cAgency Banking is finally here: Where is the real opportunity for the banks?\u201d Retrieved from http:\/\/www.laboremus.ug\/post\/agency-banking-is-finally-here-where-is-the-real-opportunity-for-the-banks<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christopher Banura Ruyooka &#8220;Establishing the Relationship between Agency Banking Costs and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Uganda: A Case Study of Centenary Bank, Mbarara Branch&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.324-330 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/324-330.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/324-330.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/establishing-the-relationship-between-agency-banking-costs-and-financial-performance-of-commercial-banks-in-uganda-a-case-study-of-centenary-bank-mbarara-branch-christopher-banura-ruyooka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Establishing the Relationship between Agency Banking Costs and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Uganda: A Case Study of Centenary Bank, Mbarara Branch<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a520f31 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a520f31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a521012 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a521012\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a521184\" data-id=\"a521184\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52129c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52129c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a521345 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a521345\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5214a7\" data-id=\"a5214a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5215af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5215af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a521648 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a521648\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52179b\" data-id=\"a52179b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5218a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5218a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a521943 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a521943\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a521aa7\" data-id=\"a521aa7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a521bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a521bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Destructive Nature of Communal Conflict in Nigeria: A Focus on Oruku and Umuode Conflict in Enugu State of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Adenyi Theophilus Okechukwu, Nnamchi Kevin Chikwado, Onyia Michael Chukwuka &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 331-342<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a521c61 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a521c61\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a521df2\" data-id=\"a521df2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a521f40 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a521f40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines the destructive nature of communal conflict in Nigeria with a focus on Oruku\/Umuode conflict in Enugu State. The specific objectives of the paper were to investigate factors that escalates the conflict, its effect on the development of the communities and to find out why the resolution strategies adopted by Enugu State Government and other Third Party interveners failed. Macro theory of conflict was adopted as framework of analysis. The study adopts documentary and survey research design while data were collected through primary and secondary sources. The secondary source are data in books, journals, internet materials, Court documents relating to the conflict, Government Gazettes on the conflict, memoranda and petitions submitted by the communities to different Panel of Inquiry, and recommendations of different Panels of Inquiry on the conflict. The primary source is data generated directly from respondents through interview. Purposive sampling technique was used to select forty (40) respondents inter viewed. The paper found that the conflict had led to loss of several lives and properties and created internally displaced persons who took refuge in the neighboring communities and within Oruku. The paper argues that resolution of such an intractable and destructive conflict requires neutrality by interveners and a change of strategy and approach with the adoption of conflict transformation through which both the actors, the issues, structural, behavioural and attitudinal aspects of the conflict will be transformed. The paper recommends that Government and third-party interveners should be neutral in their bid to resolve the conflict and that the youths who are combatants in the area should be demobilized and empowered. Those who were displaced by the conflict should be identified and rehabilitated by government or non-governmental organizations so as to alleviate their suffering and change their perception from the culture of war to a culture of peace.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 331-342\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adenyi Theophilus Okechukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnamchi Kevin Chikwado<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of International Relations\/Peace Conflict and Strategic Studies, University of America Murrieta California, United States<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Onyia Michael Chukwuka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of International Relations\/Peace Conflict and Strategic Studies, University of America Murrieta California, United States<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adenyi T.O. (2014) Conflict and its Destructive Nature. A Case Study of Oruku\/Umuode ` Conflict 1990\/91 till date. A Project Submitted to the School of Arts and Social `Sciences National Open University of Nigeria Lagos in Partial Fulfillment of the ` Requirements for the Award of Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) Degree in Peace Studies ` and Conflict Resolution.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adenyi, T.O. (2016) Elements of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. Enugu Oktek ` Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Agbaegbu, T. (2000 January 10) \u201cSlavery in Igboland\u201d Newswatch Magazine. Pp 21- 22.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akinteye, A. (1999). Intra Ethnic Conflict Among The Yoruba. \u201cA Case of Igbo-Ora\u201dIn Otite an Olawale (eds) Community Conflict in Nigeria, Ibadan Spectrum<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akpenpuun, J. R. (2013). Implications of Communal Conflict on Human Health and Corresponding `Indigenous Conflict Resolution Styles in the Contemporary Nigerian ` Society International ` Journal `of Humanities and Social Science Invention 2 (7): 90- 94<br \/>\r\n[6]. Amodeni, A. (1999, July 31) Enugu Peace Accord: Emotions as Oruku, Umuode people pay Gov Ugwuanyi thank-you visit more: https:\/\/www.legit.ng\/1252020-peace-accord- emotions-oruku-umuode-people-ugwuanyi-visit.html<br \/>\r\n[7]. Aneke, C. J. Panel (2008) Report of the Panel on Enumeration of House and Delineation of Boundary between Oruku and Umuode Communities Nkanu East LGA Enugu State, 2008. Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government, Government House Enugu, ` Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[8]. Asogwa, F.C, Ugwu, C., Ochie, M.C., Didiugwu, I., &amp; Odoziobodo, I S (2017). Framework for the Resolving Indigene-Settler Conflict in Nigeria: The Case of Oruku-Umuode Conflict In Enugu State. South East Journal of Political science (3) (1): 52-69<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ayo, H. T. Durojaye, O. B. &amp; Unmeri, G. O. (2009) Perception and Conflict. Retrieved from ` www.nou.edu.net<br \/>\r\n[10]. Bercovitch, J. (2003). &#8220;Characteristics of \u201cIntractable Conflicts.&#8221; Beyond Intractability. Retrieved from www.beyondintractability.org<br \/>\r\n[11]. Best, S.G. (2004), \u201cThe Methods of Conflict Resolution and Transformation\u201d in Shedrack` Gaya Best (ed), Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa: A Reader, ` Ibadan: Spectrum Books<br \/>\r\n[12]. Burton,J. W. (1990), Conflict Resolution and Prevention. New York, NY: St. Martin<br \/>\r\n[13]. Clausewitz, C. (1982). On War. New York. Penguin Books<br \/>\r\n[14]. Coleman, P. T., Vallacher, R. R., Nowak, A. &amp; Bui-Wrzosinska, L. (2010). Rethinking ` intractable conflict: The perspectives of dynamical systems. American Psychologist `65(4): 262-278.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Coser, L. (1956). The Function of Social Conflict. New York. Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Coser, L. &amp; Rosenburg, B (Ed). (1976) Sociological Theory (4thed) New York. NY Collier` Mac<br \/>\r\n[17]. Creswell, J., &amp; Plano, C, V. (2007). Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. ` Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage<br \/>\r\n[18]. Cunningham, W. G (1998). Conflict Theory and Conflict in Northern Ireland, Retrieved on from www.cain.ulst.ac.uk\/conflict\/cunningham.htm#macro.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Dimoji Panel (1995) Report of the Administrative Panel of Enquiring into Recent Disturbances in Oruku Community Nkanu Local Government Area set up by the Government of Enugu State in 1995. Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government, Government House, Enugu Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Elfversson, E &amp; Brosch\u00e9, J (2012) Communal conflict, civil war, and the state . ` Complexities, connections, and the case of Sudan. 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Miall, H Conflict Transformation: A Multi-Dimensional Task, Berghof Handbook for `Conflict Transformation,<br \/>\r\n[27]. Idowu, E. (2001). Ethnicity, Land Rights and Communal Conflict in Nigeria. African Notes. `pp.1-4.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict (2013) Communal Conflict Retrieved from www. ` understandingconflict.org<br \/>\r\n[29]. Kriesberg, L. (1973). The Sociology of Social Conflict. Eaglewood Clifford. N J.: Prentice-`Hall<br \/>\r\n[30]. Kriesberg, L. (1998) Constructive Conflicts. From Escalation to Resolution. Lanhman: Rowman and Littlefield.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Kriesberg, L. (2005). Nature, dynamics and phases of intractability. Crocker, C. A., Hanson, ` F.O. &amp; Aal, P. (eds.). Grasping the Nettle: Analyzing Cases of Intractable Conflict. `United States: United States Institute of Peace Process.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Leech N, &amp; Onwuegbuzie A, (2008) A typology of mixed methods research designs, Quality ` and `Quantity, 43(2): 265-275.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Mba, P. (2014) Sub-Ethnic Identity and Conflict in Nigeria: The Policy Option for the Resolution of the Conflict between Ezza and Ezillo in Ebonyi State Retrieved from `www.mcsr.org\/journal\/index.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Meehan, C. (2008) Destructive Conflict Retrieved on from www.smallbusiness.chron.com<br \/>\r\n[35]. Nyanayo Panel (1998) Report of the Panel on Creation of Autonomous Community out of present Oruku Community Nkanu \u2013 East LGA of Enugu State set up by Government of Enugu State in 1997. Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government, Government House, Enugu. Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[36]. Obasi, C. O. (2009) \u201cThe Role of Religion on Issues of Conflict and Peace\u201d In Miriam Ikejiani-Clark (Ed) Peace Studies and Conflict, Resolution in Nigeria. A Reader. Spectrum Books Limited. Nigeria Ibadan: Spectrum House<br \/>\r\n[37]. 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Daily Sun Newspaper. P10<br \/>\r\n[57]. Umuode Memoranda to Dimoji Panel (1995) Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government. Government House Enugu<br \/>\r\n[58]. Umuode Memoranda to Aneke, C. J. Panel (2008) ` Office of the ` Secretary to ` Enugu ` State Government, Government House Enugu Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[59]. United Nations (2013) Homicide, Violence and Conflict. Retrieved from www.unodc.org.<br \/>\r\n[60]. Umuode Memoranda Dimoji Panel (1995) Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government. Government House Enugu Administrative Panel of Enquiring into Recent Disturbances in Oruku Community Nkanu Local Government Area set up by the Government of Enugu State in 1995. Office of the Secretary to Enugu State Government, Government House, Enugu Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[61]. Uzodinma, E (2019, June 15) Boundary dispute: Umuode, Oruku communities sign peace ` accord in Enugu. Available at www.Dailypost.ng<br \/>\r\n[62]. Wright, Q. (1990) The Nature of Conflict University of Utah on Behalf of the Western Political Science Association Stable URL: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/44310<br \/>\r\n[63]. Your Historical, Land Mark Intervention in the Dispute within Oruku. (2019, May 31) Daily+ Sun Newspaper, p.33<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adenyi Theophilus Okechukwu, Nnamchi Kevin Chikwado, Onyia Michael Chukwuka &#8220;Destructive Nature of Communal Conflict in Nigeria: A Focus on Oruku and Umuode Conflict in Enugu State of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.331-342 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/331-342.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/331-342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/destructive-nature-of-communal-conflict-in-nigeria-a-focus-on-oruku-and-umuode-conflict-in-enugu-state-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Destructive Nature of Communal Conflict in Nigeria: A Focus on Oruku and Umuode Conflict in Enugu State of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a522d8a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a522d8a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a522e73 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a522e73\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a522fe1\" data-id=\"a522fe1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a523107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a523107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5231a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5231a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5232fe\" data-id=\"a5232fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52341e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52341e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5234c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5234c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a523757\" data-id=\"a523757\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52388d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52388d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a523935 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a523935\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a523abe\" data-id=\"a523abe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a523bd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a523bd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Development of English in Analyzer Module in Increasing the English Language Ability for Health Analysis Students<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nova Mustika, Anggun Sophia &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 343-347<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a523c74 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a523c74\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a523dd7\" data-id=\"a523dd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a523ef7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a523ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">One important thing to highlight in improving the quality of education in health tertiary institutions is the facilities and infrastructure in the form of learning modules, especially those concerning the English language practice specifically for health analysts. The author considers that the module is a very important tool in the smoothness of a learning process because the learning process module is expected to run more directed and the learning objectives can be achieved. This study aims to develop English in Analyzer module in improving English language skills for valid health analyst students. This type of research used is research and development or Research and Development (R&amp;D), which is research that produces certain products. The development model used in this study is the 4 D model, namely Define, design, develop, disseminate. The research instrument used in the form of a questionnaire consisting of sheets of the validity of English learning outcomes tests. This English in Analyzer module is validated by 3 validators consisting of 1 Lecturer with an English Doctor&#8217;s Degree, 1 English Lecturer at the STIKes Perintis Padang and 1 Health Analyst Lecturer at the STIKes Perintis Padang. The results of the lecturer practicality and student practicality sheets showed the average kappa moment (k) scores were 0.87, 0.71, respectively. Both of these scores if interpreted in the kappa moment category then the validity and practicality category of this module is High. Modules that have been developed are practically used for learning English for Health Analyst Students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 343-347\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nova Mustika<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nD III Analis Kesehatan, STIKes Perintis Padang, Lubuk Buaya Padang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anggun Sophia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nD III Keperawatan, STIKes Perintis Padang, Lubuk Buaya Padang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Aflah, M. N., &amp; Rahmani, E. F. (2018). Analisa Kebutuhan. Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa, 6(1), 55\u201362.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chaer, A. (2009). Pengantar Semantik Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ditjen.PMPTK.(2008). Penulisan Modul. (D. P. M. P. T. Kejuruan., Ed.). Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Fallis, A. .(2013). \u6e08\u7121No Title No Title.Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53).https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kebudayaan, K. P. &amp;. (2016). Pedoman Revisi Modul. Medan: Pusat Pengembangan dan Pemberdayaan Pendidikan dan Tenaga Kependidikan.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Miarso, Y. hadi.(2004). Menyemai Benih Teknologi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Kencana.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mulyasa, E. (2005). Menjadi Guru Profesional. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosda Karya.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Richard, J. .and R. (1986). Approach and Methods in Language Teaching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Santayasa, W. (2009).Metode Penelitian Pengembangan dan Teori Pengembangan Modul. Universitas Pendidikan Ganesa.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Trianto.(2012). Mendesain Model Pembelajaran Inovatif-Progresif. Jakarta: Kencana Predana Media Group<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nova Mustika, Anggun Sophia &#8220;Development of English in Analyzer Module in Increasing the English Language Ability for Health Analysis Students&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.343-347 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/343-347.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/343-347.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/development-of-english-in-analyzer-module-in-increasing-the-english-language-ability-for-health-analysis-students\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Development of English in Analyzer Module in Increasing the English Language Ability for Health Analysis Students<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a524cde elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a524cde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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September 2019 Page No.: 348-353<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a525a36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a525a36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a525ba4\" data-id=\"a525ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a525cd0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a525cd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Economic and political integration in South Asian countries is said to be the major objective of SAARC. However, it is observed by many researchers that it is still far beyond the reality even after nearly 30 years from establishment of SAARC. Most of the studies on SAARC regional co-operation have highlighted more of the unsuccessful stories than successes. Changes in world economic order and changes in regional and domestic politics are blamed for it. This has lead variety of criticisms regarding the evolution of the SAARC to its present form. Criticisms range from the ides that it is a \u2018talking shop\u2019 to the critique that it is not a place for regional problems. Some commentators have gone to the extent that it is a \u201cpoor\u2019s club\u201d. In fact, these criticisms are not without reasons. This article examines political and economic factors behind the poor regional integration in SAARC.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 348-353\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ajith Dissanayaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Asian Development Bank and the federation of Indian Chambers of commerce and Industry, (2010), October, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bhutto, Z.A. (1969), The myth of Independence, London Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dash, K.C. (2008), Routledge Contemporary South Asia Serious: Regionalism in South Asia-Negotiating co-operation, International Structures, London Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Desai, V.V. (2010), The Political economy of Regional Integration, Asian Development Bank.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Development report of SAARC (SAARC Summit- 2016).<br \/>\r\n[6]. Francois, Joseph &amp; Ganeshan, Wignaraja, (2002), Economic Implications of Deeper Asian Integration, Center for Economic Policy Research.<br \/>\r\n[7]. World Bank, (2007), South Asia: Growth and Regional Integration, Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[8]. http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/SOUTHASIAEXT\/Resources\/223546<br \/>\r\n[9]. http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/index\/ranking<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ajith Dissanayaka &#8220;Economic and Political Challenges of Regional Integration in South-Asian Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.348-353 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/348-353.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/348-353.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-and-political-challenges-of-regional-integration-in-south-asian-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Economic and Political Challenges of Regional Integration in South-Asian Countries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a528ac6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a528ac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a528bad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a528bad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52913c\" data-id=\"a52913c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a529293 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a529293\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52934a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52934a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5294bc\" data-id=\"a5294bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5295d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5295d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a529677 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a529677\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5297ea\" data-id=\"a5297ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a529906 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a529906\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5299b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5299b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a529b2f\" data-id=\"a529b2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a529c5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a529c5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Resources Management in Higher Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Umeghalu, Evelyn Okwuchukwu, Agha, Chisara Julia, Okeowhor, Donatus Odinakachi &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 354-359<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a529d08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a529d08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a529e99\" data-id=\"a529e99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a529fe3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a529fe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Higher institutions of learning in Nigeria, especially government-owned ones are in need of strong financial resources management in order to be better the lot of the students as well as the full actualisation of their given mandate. In this respect, Financial Resources Management becomes one of the highly preferred corporate techniques by higher education institutions for serving as a reputable institution and attracts more financial gifting from the entire public as well as foreign vested interests. This study proffered exposition on the need for financial resources management in higher education, in the context of higher institutions of learning in Nigeria. Based on the exposition, it was suggested among others that, research work should be made available to the public on 80\/20 ratio. 80 per cent commercialised and 20 percent open access. Also, students as well as other scholars of Higher Education should be provided with crowd-funding platform for research project.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 354-359\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umeghalu, Evelyn Okwuchukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctorate Student, University of Port Harcourt, Department of Educational Management &#8211; Administration option<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agha, Chisara Julia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctorate Student, University of Port Harcourt, Department of Educational Management \u2013 Higher Education option<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okeowhor, Donatus Odinakachi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctorate Student, University of Port Harcourt, Department of Educational Management &#8211; Administration option<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/354-359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-resources-management-in-higher-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Resources Management in Higher Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52ac99 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a52ac99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52ad85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52ad85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52aefe\" data-id=\"a52aefe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52b036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52b036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52b0dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52b0dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52b237\" data-id=\"a52b237\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52b355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52b355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52b3f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52b3f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52b54b\" data-id=\"a52b54b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52b656 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52b656\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52c01d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52c01d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52c265\" data-id=\"a52c265\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52c3c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52c3c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Adapted Hypermedia Shapes the Achievement of Geography: A Case of Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Obondo Gaudence &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 360-367<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52c48c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52c48c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52c624\" data-id=\"a52c624\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52c786 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a52c786\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The hearing impaired (HI) students often encounter communication problems in classroom. Yet some specific media can facilitate and enhance their learning. This study reports on the development of hypermedia educational instruction that supports HI student\u2019s achievement in Geomorphology. The objectives were to find out; the achievement of students exposed to hypermedia lesson in Geomorphology and gender disparity. The study was informed by multiple intelligence and cognitive theory of multimedia learning regarding individual differences and strength of the brain to store well and recall images as opposed to text. The study assumed a pragmatic research paradigm adopting mixed methods using quasi experimental approach involving Solomon four nonequivalent control group design. Simple random sampling procedure was used to obtain four schools, two for experiment and two for control group. Data collection instruments were pre-test, post-test and questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed that use of hypermedia for teaching HI resulted in higher achievement, girls improved more than boys. These findings may create awareness and need for integrating hypermedia in pedagogy for improved performance, thus helping learners to focus attention that promotes teachers\u2019 instructional technique. The following recommendations were made; review of curriculum and digitize HI content, improve ICT infrastructure and facilities, teachers should exploit the potential of hypermedia to develop a wide range of student\u2019s skills.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 360-367\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obondo Gaudence<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHoma Bay Primary School: Box 33-40300 Homa Bay, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abigail , J.N. (2007). Teaching the male brain: how boys think, feel, and learn in school. Washington, DC: Corwin Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Abo, M. &amp; Hasan, M. (2008). Effectiveness of Multimedia on the Achievement of Grade nine Students in the Technology Module. Humans Journal, 16 (1), 445-471.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Adegbija, M. &amp; Fakomogbon, A. (2012). Instructional media in teaching and learning: A Nigerian perspective. Global Media Journal African Edition, 6(2): http:\/\/www.globalmedia.journals.ac.za\/pub\/article\/view\/114<br \/>\r\n[4]. Adesina, S. (2009). Some Aspects of School management. Ibadan. Board publications.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Adoyo, P.O. (2004). Kenyan Sign Language and Simultaneous Communication: Differential effects on memory and comprehension in deaf children in Kenya, Kisumu: Lake Publishers &amp; Enterprise Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Agbuga B, Xiang P (2008). Gender Differences Among Turkish High School Students in Physical Education: An Achievement Goal Theory Approach Texas A&amp;M University-College Station.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Akyel, A. &amp; Ercetin, G. 2009. Hypermedia reading strategies employed by advanced learners. System, 37(1) (pp. 136-152).<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ariffin, A.M. &amp; M. Faizah, M. (2010).Guidelines of Assistive Courseware (AC) for Hearing Impaired Students.\u2016 in Proc. KMICeatterns.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Alias, N. (2010). Pembangunan modul pedagogi berasaskan teknologi dan Gaya Pembelajaran Felder-Silverman kurikulum fizik sekolah menengah. Universiti Malaya<br \/>\r\n[10]. Alvine, L. (2010). A 20th century English teacher educator enters the 21st century: A response to Pope and Golub.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Andrei, S., Osborne, L. &amp; Smith, Z. (2013).Designing an American Sign Language avatar for learning computer science concepts for deaf or hard-of-hearing students and deaf interpreters. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia. 22(3), 229-242. http:\/\/www.editlib.org\/p\/41426 \/<br \/>\r\n[12]. Bashir, H. &amp; Riaz, S.R., Shujaat, K., &amp; Saqib, H. (2014). Hearing and deafness. (4th ed). New York: Holt, Rinehart &amp; Winston.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Creswell, J.W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Method.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Dangsaart, S., Naruedomkul, K., Cercone, N., &amp; Sirinaovakul, B. (2008). Intelligent Thai text- Thai sign translation for language learning. Computer &amp; Education, 51, 1125\u20131141.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Drayton, B. et al. (2010). After installation: Ubiquitous computing and high school science in three experienced, high-technology schools. Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 9 (3).<br \/>\r\n[16]. Dye P, Hauser P, Bavelier D. (2008) Visual attention in deaf children and adults: Implications for learning environments. In: Marschark M, Hauser P, editors. Deaf cognition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; pp. 250\u2013263.<br \/>\r\n[17]. EFA Global Monitoring Report (2010): Reaching the Marginalized. Paris, UNESCO\/Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[18]. El-Zraigat, I. A. (2013). Assessing Special Needs of Students with Hearing Impairment in Jordan and Its Relation to Some Variables. International Education Studies, 6(2), 23-31.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Esera, K. (2008).Comparing preservice technology standards with technology skills of special educators in southwestern Michigan. International Journal of Instructional Media, 32(4), 385-395.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Eysink, H.S. deJong, T. Berthold, K. Kolloffel, F. Opfermann, M. &amp; Wouters, P. (2009) \u201cLearner performance in multimedia learning arrangements: An analysis across instructional approaches,\u201d American Educational Research Journal, vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 1106-1149.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Fgatabu, I. (2013). Perception of the factors influence performance of pre-school children with HI: A case of Kaaga school, North Imenti. (Unpublished)<br \/>\r\n[22]. Guiso, L., Ferdinando M., P., and Luigi Zingales. (2008). \u201cCulture, Math, and Gender.\u201d Science, 320(5880): 1164\u201365.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Hashim, H., Tasir, Z., &amp; Mohamad, S. (2013). E-learning environment for hearing impaired students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 12(4), 67-70. http:\/\/www.tojet.net\/articles\/v12i4\/1247.pdf<br \/>\r\n[24]. Houston, T., &amp; Perigoe, B. (2010). Speech-Language Pathologists: Vital Listening and Spoken Language Professionals. Volta review, 110(2), 219-230.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Huebner, T. (2009). Encouraging girls to pursue math and science. Educational Leadership, 67(1), 90-91.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Husain, M. and Daniel L. (2009) \u201cThe Mythical \u2018Boy Crisis\u2019?\u201d Economics of Education<br \/>\r\n[27]. ICM, 2012. Teaching and Learning in a Competency Based Curriculum. International Confederation of Midwives Model Curriculum Outlines for Professional Midwifery Education. ICM Resource Packet.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Kazan S (2015).The Effect of Assistive Technology (at) on Science Teachers\u2019 Self-Efficacy, and Attitude in Inclusive Schools. Unpublished thesis, Faculty of education, Lebanese University.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Kiboss, J. (2012). Effects of special e-learning program on hearing-impaired learners&#8217; achievement and perceptions of basic geometry in lower primary Mathematics. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46(1), 31-59. doi: 10.2190\/EC.46.1.b<br \/>\r\n[30]. Kluwin, L. (2013). Key questions related to building collaborative and inclusive schools. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 30(4): 384-394.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Kubiatko, M., Janko, T. &amp; Mrazkova, K. (2012). Czech Student Attitudes towards Geography, Journal of Geography, 111(2), 67-75.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Lang, H. &amp; Pagliaro, C. (2007). Factors predicting recall of mathematics terms by deaf students: Implications for teaching. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education 12 (4): 449-460.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Long, G., Marchetti, C., &amp; Fasse, R. (2011).The Importance of interaction for academic success in online courses with hearing, deaf, and hard-of-hearing students. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(6), 1-19. http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ963929.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Mayer, R. E. (2001, 2002, 2005 &amp; 2008). Cognitive theory and the design of multimedia instruction: An example of the two-way street between cognition and instruction. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 55-71<br \/>\r\n[35]. Means, B. (2010). Technology and education change: Focus on student learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 42(3), 285-307.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Marschark M, Tang G, Knoors H, (2014) editors. Bilingualism and bilingual deaf education. 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African Research Review.Www.Ajol.Into\/Index.Phb\/Alrrev\/Article\/View\/592077.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Vignare, K., Long, G., Rappold, R., &amp; Mallory, J. (2007).Access to communication for deaf, hard-of-hearing and ESL students in blended learning courses. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 8(3), 1-13. http:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ801062.pdf<br \/>\r\n[48]. Warrington, M., Younger M. (2007). Closing the Gender Gap? Issues of Equity in English Secondary Schools, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education 28(2):219-242.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Zamfirov, M., &amp; Saeva, S. (2013). Computer enhanced English language tool for students with hearing loss \u2014 A Bulgarian study. Journal of Educational Technology &amp; Society,16(3), 259-273.http:\/\/www.ifets.info\/journals\/16_3\/20.pd<br \/>\r\n[50]. Zembar, L.B &amp; Blume, L.B (2011). Gender and Academic Achievement. Www.Education.Com\/Reference\/Article\/Gendertoacademytoachievement\/Retrieved on 20th\/May 5\/15.<br \/>\r\n[51]. Zhang. D., Zhou. L., Briggs, R.O., &amp; Nunamakin J.F.Jr. (2006). Instructional video in learning: Assessing the impact of interactive video on learning effectiveness. Information and management, 43 (1) 15-27.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Obondo Gaudence &#8220;Adapted Hypermedia Shapes the Achievement of Geography: A Case of Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.360-367 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/360-367.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/360-367.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adapted-hypermedia-shapes-the-achievement-of-geography-a-case-of-hearing-impaired-students-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Adapted Hypermedia Shapes the Achievement of Geography: A Case of Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52d604 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a52d604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52d6fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52d6fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52d881\" data-id=\"a52d881\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52d9a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52d9a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52da4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52da4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52db9b\" data-id=\"a52db9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52dcb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52dcb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52dd59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52dd59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52deab\" data-id=\"a52deab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52dfb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52dfb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52e052 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52e052\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52e1ab\" data-id=\"a52e1ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52e719 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52e719\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Integration of Hypermedia Instruction: a Change in Pedagogy for Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Obondo Gaudence, Professor Nabwire Violet Kafwa, Professor Too Jackson Kiprop &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 368-376<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52e7f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52e7f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52e98c\" data-id=\"a52e98c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52eb19 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a52eb19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Hypermedia is being used increasingly to provide heuristic approach. Integration of hypermedia into pedagogy is on the assumption that it helps students learn. The study determined changes on the role of both students and teachers and challenges experienced in integrating hypermedia. The study employed multiple intelligent (MI) theory. A mixed method approach involving quasi experimental was used. Four schools were selected and assigned randomly to control and experimental. Data was collected through rigorous interview and questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize data, which was presented in tables. The results revealed that there are changes in role; students from passive to active, teachers from dispenser of knowledge to facilitator. Hypermedia allows interaction and self-learning, it is difficult to integrate due to varied disabilities and prerequisites.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 368-376\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Obondo Gaudence<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Instruction and Educational Media, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Nabwire Violet Kafwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Instruction and Educational Media, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Too Jackson Kiprop<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Curriculum Instruction and Educational Media, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdo, M. &amp;Semela, T. (2010) Teachers of poor communities: The Tale of Instructional Media in Primary Schools of Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia.Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 35 (7), 78-92.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adegbija, M. &amp;Fakomogbon, A. (2012) Instructional media in teaching and learning: A Nigerian perspective. Global Media Journal African Edition, 6(2): http:\/\/www.globalmedia.journals.ac.za\/pub\/article\/view\/114<br \/>\r\n[3]. Adoyo, P.O. (2004)Kenyan Sign Language and Simultaneous Communication: Differential effects on memory and comprehension in deaf children in Kenya, Kisumu: Lake Publishers &amp; Enterprise Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Andrei, S., Osborne, L. &amp; Smith, Z. (2013) Designing an American Sign Language avatar for learning computer science concepts for deaf or hard-of-hearing students and deaf interpreters. Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia.22(3), 229-242. http:\/\/www.editlib.org\/p\/41426 \/<br \/>\r\n[5]. Berndsen, M., &amp;Luckner, J. (2010) Supporting students who are deaf or hard of hearing in general education classrooms: A Washington state case study.Communication Disorders Quarterly, 33(2), 111-118. doi:10.1177\/1525740110384398.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Campbell ML, Martin D (2010) Interactive Whiteboards and First Year Experience: Integrating IWBs into Pre-service Teacher Education. Retrieved from the Australian Journal of Teacher Education 35: 68-75.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Chickering, F., &amp;Gawson, L. (2011)Language and Deafness.University of IIIinois, College Hill Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Cooshna, J.,Naik, C., &amp;Teelock, V. (2006) Enhancing the Teaching and Learning of History and Geography through Information and Communications Technology: A Mauritian Experience. Educational Technology Research and Development, 54(4), 422-434.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Drayton, B. (2010) After installation: Ubiquitous computing and high school science in three experienced, high-technology schools. 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(2009) Constructivist, problem-based learning does work: A meta-analysis of curricular comparisons involving a single medical school. Educational Psychologist, 44(4), 227-249. doi: 10.1080\/00461520903213592 CONTINUE DIS 4Scholastic Inc.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Shatila, A. (2015) Retrieved from an interview with the Director of Finance and Information Technology at the Makassed Philanthropic Association, AL-Makassed Center.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Sivapala, N.,Cregan, C., &amp;Sahin, L. (2009) ICT Teacher training: Evidence for multilevel evaluation from a national initiative. British Journal of Educational Technology, 40 (1), 135-148.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Slobodzian, J. (2009) Film and video technology: Issues of access for hard of hearing and deaf Students. Journal of Special Education Technology, 24(4), 47-53. http:\/\/connection.ebscohost.com\/c\/articles\/53280500\/film-video-technology-issues-access-hard-hearing-deaf-students.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Teo, T. (2008) \u201cPre-service teachers\u2019 attitudes towards computer use: A Singapore survey,\u201d Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 413-424.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Zhang. D., Zhou .L., Briggs, R.O., &amp;NunamakinJ.F.Jr. (2006). Instructional video in learning: Assessing the impact of interactive video on learning effectiveness. Information and management, 43 (1) 15-27.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Zamfirov, M., &amp;Saeva, S. (2013) Computer enhanced English language tool for students with hearing loss \u2014 A Bulgarian study. Journal of Educational Technology &amp; Society, 16(3), 259-273.http:\/\/www.ifets.info\/journals\/16_3\/20.pd<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Obondo Gaudence, Professor Nabwire Violet Kafwa, Professor Too Jackson Kiprop &#8220;Integration of Hypermedia Instruction: a Change in Pedagogy for Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.368-376 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/368-376.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/368-376.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/integration-of-hypermedia-instruction-a-change-in-pedagogy-for-hearing-impaired-students-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Integration of Hypermedia Instruction: a Change in Pedagogy for Hearing Impaired Students in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52f99d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a52f99d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52fa83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52fa83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52fbfc\" data-id=\"a52fbfc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a52fd21 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a52fd21\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a52fdcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a52fdcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a52ff2c\" data-id=\"a52ff2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53003d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53003d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5300e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5300e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a530238\" data-id=\"a530238\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53034b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53034b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5303ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5303ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53055a\" data-id=\"a53055a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a530671 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a530671\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Influence of Leadership Style and Organizational Culture on Retention of Volunteers in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Redcross Society<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Patricia Chemutai, Janet Wanja &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 377-383<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a530719 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a530719\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a530886\" data-id=\"a530886\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5309ca elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5309ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Modern societies share a common value of helping each other; not only do volunteer acts assist others but they also benefit the individual on a personal level. NGO\u2019s have had an increasing role in international development, particularly in the fields of humanitarian assistance and poverty alleviation.The role of leadership style and organizational culture in managing and retaining volunteers is, therefore, essential. This study aimed at determining the influence of leadership style and organizational culture on retention of volunteers in non-governmental organizations in Kenya. The specific objectives were; to establish the effect of leadership style and organizational culture on retention of volunteers in non-governmental organizations in Kenya. A descriptive research design was used with a target population of 65 employees. Quantitative data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS and presented using tables, figures and charts. The results indicated that leadership style influencesretention of volunteers at a rate of 65%. Accordingly, 35% of the respondents agreed that creation of an enabling environment for proactiveness influences retention of volunteers to very great extent, 33% to a great extent, 10% to a moderate extent,5% to a low extent and15% to a very low extent. On the other hand, 79% of the respondents felt that organizational culture affect retention of volunteers in non-governmental organizations. Additionally, 42% of the respondents agreed that a culture that put emphasis on team-orientation ensures retention of volunteers to a very great extent, 19% to a great extent, 12% to a moderate extent, 5% to a low extent and 21% to a very low extent. The study recommends adoption of good leadership styles that encourage employees and volunteers to take self-initiatives while embracing an organizational culture that fosters teamwork in non-governmental institutions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 377-383\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patricia Chemutai <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Janet Wanja <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Balmer, J. M. (2013). Corporate heritage, corporate heritage marketing, and total corporate heritage communications: What are they? What of them? Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18, 290-326.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Barbra R. (2010). Behavioral and Cognitive Studies, Guilford Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Crimmon (2007). Transformational Leadership Psychology Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Fernet, C. (2013). The role of work motivation in psychological health. Canadian Psychology, 54, 72-74<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ivancevichet al. (2007) Organizational Behavior and Management, Mc Graw Hill Irwin, Boston, New York<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kothari C. R (2004). Research Methodology, 4th Edition, New Age Internal Publishers. Nairobi Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Lee,Z.(2013).Rebrandinginbrand-orientedorganizations:Exploringtensionsinthenonprofit sector. Journal of Marketing Management, 29, 1124-1142.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Liu, G., Chapleo, C., Ko, W. W., &amp;Ngugi, I. K. (2015). The role of internal branding in non- profitbrandmanagement: Anempiricalinvestigation. NonprofitandVoluntarySector Quarterly, 44, 319-339.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Maltz (2000). Cultivating shared value initiatives: a three Cs approach, Journal of Corporate Citizenship 47(55-74) Green lea Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mugenda and Mugenda. (1999), Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 1st Edition. Acts Press, Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Rahim et al. (1997). Gender Role &amp; Organizational Status Management Styles Group Dynamics: Theory Research, and Practice 11(1), 6.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Robbie A. (2013). Understanding Organizational Culture, Sage Publications Inc.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ryan, R. M. &amp; Deci, E.L. (2000).Self Determination Theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation,social development and well-being. American Psychologist 55(1), 68<br \/>\r\n[14]. Rich, B. L., Lepine, J. A., &amp; Crawford, E. R. (2010). Job engagement: Antecedents and effects on job performance. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 617-635.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Shantz, A., Saksida, T., &amp;Alfes, K. (2014). Dedicating time to volunteering: Values, engage- ment, and commitment to beneficiaries. Applied Psychology, 63, 671-697.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Shuck, B. (2011). Four emerging perspectives of employee engagement: An integrative litera- ture review. Human Resource Development Review, 10, 304-328.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Shuck, B., &amp;Wollard, K. (2010). Employee engagement and HRD: A seminal review of the foundations. Human Resource Development Review, 9, 89-110.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Vecina, M. L., Chac\u00f3n, F., Sueiro, M., &amp;Barr\u00f3n, A. (2012). Volunteer engagement: Does engagement predict the degree of satisfaction among new volunteers and the commitment of those who have been active longer? Applied Psychology, 61, 130-148.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Wang, D. S., &amp; Hsieh, C. C. (2013). The effect of authentic leadership on employee trust and employeeengagement.SocialBehaviorandPersonality:AnInternationalJournal,41,613-624.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Wiedmann,K.P.,Hennigs,N.,Schmidt,S.,&amp;Wuestefeld,T.(2011).Driversandoutcomesof brand heritage: Consumers\u2019 perception of heritage brands in the automotive industry. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19, 205-220.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Witesman, E. M., &amp; Fernandez, S. (2012). Government contracts with private organizations: Are there differences between nonprofits and for-profits? Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42, 689-715.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patricia Chemutai, Janet Wanja &#8220;The Influence of Leadership Style and Organizational Culture on Retention of Volunteers in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Redcross Society&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.377-383 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/377-383.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/377-383.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-influence-of-leadership-style-and-organizational-culture-on-retention-of-volunteers-in-non-governmental-organizations-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-kenya-redcross-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Influence of Leadership Style and Organizational Culture on Retention of Volunteers in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya: A Case Study of Kenya Redcross Society<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a533136 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a533136\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53322b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53322b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5333b4\" data-id=\"a5333b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5334f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5334f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a533598 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a533598\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5336f9\" data-id=\"a5336f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5339b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5339b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a533aad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a533aad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a533c70\" data-id=\"a533c70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a533da1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a533da1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Integrating Information and Communication Technology in the Teaching of Electronics on the Development of 21st Century learning and Innovation skills in university students: A Case of Mukuba University<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Charles Saviye, Jack G. Jumbe, Justin K. Pondo &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 384-392<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a533e48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a533e48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a533fc5\" data-id=\"a533fc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5340f4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5340f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of integrating ICT in the teaching of Introductory Electronics on the development of 21st century learning and innovation skills in university students. The study was undertaken with all 3rd year students of Introductory Electronics at Mukuba University, pursuing a Bachelor of Education in Physics. (B.Ed. Physics). Two groups pre-test post-test experimental design was used in this quantitative study. The sample consisted of 41 students who were randomly assigned into two groups i.e. the experimental and control groups. To assess 21st century learning and innovation skills, a self-assessment 21st century learning and innovation skills Likert scale questionnaire and an observation sheet with a rubric were used to collect data. A Mann-Whitney u-test at an alpha 0.05 was used to investigate if there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups before intervention (Pre-test) and after intervention (Post-test). The findings in the post-test indicated that there was a statistically significant difference in the 21st century learning and innovation skills between the Experimental (Mean rank = 31.00, Mean = 4.26, SD =0.70) and Control (Mean rank = 10.50, Mean =2.05, SD = 0.32) groups; u-test =0.000, Z-score= -5.673 and p=0.000. These results suggest that integrating information and communication technology in the teaching of Introductory Electronics to undergraduate students has a positive effect on students\u2019 development of 21st century learning and innovation skills.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 384-392\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Saviye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMukuba University, School of Natural Sciences, P.O BOX 20382, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jack G. Jumbe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCopperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O BOX 21692, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justin K. Pondo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCopperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O BOX 21692, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Chambeshi, T.,and Tembo, A.(2006).National information and communication technology policy document. Lusaka; Ministry of transport and communications.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Field, A. (2003). Questionnaire Design. 9(8), 1-6.<br \/>\r\nInternational Reading Association. (2009). New literacies and 21stcentury technologies: A position statement of the International Reading Association (IRA PS 1067).http:\/\/www.reading.org\/General\/AboutIRA\/PositionStatements\/21stCenturyLiteracies.asap.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Kabunda, K., (1996), Zambia National Policy on science and technology. Lusaka; (MOSTVT).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Kay, K., (2010).21st Century skills: Why they matter, what they are, and How we get there. 21st century skills: Rethinking how students learn. Edited by, James Bellanca, Ron Brandt. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press, xiii-xxxi.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Lewin, C., and McNichol, S. (2015). Supporting the development of 21st century skills through ICT. Manchester metropolitan university; UK.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Nutteerat., P. (2014). Enhancement of the 21st century skills for Thai higher education by integration of ICT in classroom.Srinakharinwirot University; Bangkok.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Pallant., J. (2005). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step by Step to Data Analysis Using SPSS for Windows (Version 12). Sydney: Allen &amp; Unwin.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Partnership for 21st century skills., (2009).Framework for 21st century learning. Tucson, AZ: Author. Accessed at www.21stcenturyskills.org\/documents\/framework_flyer_updated_april_2009.pdf on December 25, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ravitz., (2014). A Survey for Measuring 21st Century Teaching and Learning:West Virginia<br \/>\r\n[10]. ZANEC., (2008): An analysis of the performance of the Zambian education system; Lusaka<br \/>\r\n[11]. ZANEC., (2012): An analysis of the performance of the Zambian education system; Lusaka<br \/>\r\n[12]. ZANEC., (2017): A Policy brief on the status of education in Zambia; research based; Lusaka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Saviye, Jack G. Jumbe, Justin K. Pondo &#8220;Effect of Integrating Information and Communication Technology in the Teaching of Electronics on the Development of 21st Century learning and Innovation skills in university students: A Case of Mukuba University&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.384-392 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/384-392.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/384-392.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-integrating-information-and-communication-technology-in-the-teaching-of-electronics-on-the-development-of-21st-century-learning-and-innovation-skills-in-university-students-a-case-of-mukuba\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Integrating Information and Communication Technology in the Teaching of Electronics on the Development of 21st Century learning and Innovation skills in university students: A Case of Mukuba University<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a534f3f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a534f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53502a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53502a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5351b2\" data-id=\"a5351b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5352d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5352d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a535382 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a535382\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5354d7\" data-id=\"a5354d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5355ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5355ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53568d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53568d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5357e6\" data-id=\"a5357e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5358fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5358fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53599b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53599b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a535b16\" data-id=\"a535b16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a535c28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a535c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Scourge of Child Labour in Ondo State and Its Social Implications<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Saka-Olokungboye, N, Musa, T.O. &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 393-400<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a535cce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a535cce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a535e33\" data-id=\"a535e33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a535f6a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a535f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The phenomenon of child labour is a global malaise. Children all over the world have been exposed to hard and labourious tasks, some of which have been found to be dehumanizing, having serious social and health implications. This study \u201cThe scourge of child labour in Ondo State and its social implications\u201d, is aimed at investigating the existence of child labour its causes, constraints and social implications and how to eradicate it with particular interest in Ondo State. Ondo state, is one of the states in the south-west geopolitical zone in Nigeria. The state was created in 1976. The state is bounded in the north-west by Ekiti state, west central by Osun State, South-East by Ogun and Delta states and in the South by the Atlantic Ocean. The strategic location of Ondo State has made it one of the largest, the most populated states and one of the urbanized states in Nigeria. The increase in population of Ondo State has forced many families to be engaged in human activities to avoid starvation, scavenge for living that could be described as child labour. Despite measures put in place by the federal government and NGOs to deal with the issue of child labour which includes, the Child\u2019s Right Act (CRA) 2003, trafficking in persons (prohibition) Law enforcement and Administration Act 2003, yet child labour has persisted till date. This paper suggested that government should make legislature that would tackle the problem of poverty and unemployment in Nigeria, effective implementation of policy that would outlaw all forms of child labour and enforcement of Girl-child educational policy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 393-400\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saka-Olokungboye, N<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, PMB 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Musa, T.O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, PMB 1019, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Aston Chronicles (1989). See http:\/\/www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk or Spartacus@parilion.co.uk<br \/>\r\n[9]. Bass, L.E. (2004). Child labour in Sub-Saharan Africa. Lynne: Rienner Publisher.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Charles, O.C., and Charles, A.O. (2004). \u201cFamily and child labour; A study of child hawkers in Calabar:. Journal of Social Development in Africa, 19(2): 113-131.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ebigbo, P.O. (1988). Psychosocial aspects of child and neglect in Africa in Nwogugue, Enugu. Ebuka Publisher.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Erring, S.O. (2000). A monograph on poverty and social work, Calabar. Jerry Communication.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Fyfe, A. (1989). Child labour, Oxford. Polity Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]. ILO, (2002). World Report, Geneva. ILO Publications.<br \/>\r\n[15]. ILO, (1989). Convention No 182 on worst forms of child labour, Geneva. http:\/\/www.ilotex.ch:1567\/scripts\/conrde.pl?<br \/>\r\n[16]. ILO (1993). Bulletin in Labour Statistics, Geneva. ILO Publication.<br \/>\r\n[17]. ILO (2016). Child labour and domestic work.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Lewis, O. (1996). The culture of poverty, www.ofpapers.com<br \/>\r\n[19]. Lopez, C. (2001). Child Labour: Myths, Theories and Facts, Journal of International Affairs, 55: 59-73.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Naiduus (1986). Exploration of working children situation. Analysis and approaches to improve, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Okeahialam, T.C. (1984). \u201cChild abuse in Nigeria\u201d and child abuse &amp; neglect, 8: 69-73.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Okolo, G.U. (2002). Social Work: An Introductory Analysis, Calabar. University of Calabar Press.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Shepler, S. (2012). Analysis of the situation of children affected by armed conflict in the Niger Delta and Northern Nigeria. Common Ground, 2012, Washington D.C, USA.<br \/>\r\n[24]. The National News (2014). \u201cBegging in Nigeria\u201d.<br \/>\r\n[25]. UNICEF (1995). The progress of Nigerian children. Nigeria: Federal Officer of Statistics.<br \/>\r\n[26]. UNICEF-Nigeria (2016). \u201cChild Labour\u201d.<br \/>\r\n[27]. US Department of State (2013). \u201cNigeria\u201d in country report in human rights practices 2012.<br \/>\r\n[28]. US Embassy (2010). Abuja Reporting.<br \/>\r\n[29]. World Bank Development Indicators (2000). CD-Rom. Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Zalar, A. Abubakar., &amp; Lawal, U.S. (2014). The practice of almajiri in Northern part of Nigeria. Acad J6: 128-131.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Saka-Olokungboye, N, Musa, T.O. &#8220;The Scourge of Child Labour in Ondo State and Its Social Implications&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.393-400 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/393-400.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/393-400.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-scourge-of-child-labour-in-ondo-state-and-its-social-implications\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scourge of Child Labour in Ondo State and Its Social Implications<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53843f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a53843f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Prof. Yahaya Adadu, Prof. Shaibu Ibrahim &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 401-410<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53bef9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53bef9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53c06e\" data-id=\"a53c06e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53c1a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a53c1a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the Performance of National Pension Commission in Relation to the management of Retiree\u2019s Pension Funds at the Industrial Training Fund (ITF). Survey and analysis of existing data research design was used to generate primary and secondary data respectively. Primary data was collected through the instrument of questionnaire and interview while, the secondary data was collected from textbooks, journals, magazines, periodicals, internet, etc. The study adopted Pension Productivity Theory propounded by Dorsey, Cornwell and Macpherson in 1998. The theory recognizes pension coverage as endogenous and it simultaneously estimates the channels through which pension incentives raise productivity. Findings from the study reveals that, Pension Fund Administrators under supervision of National Pension Commission have over the years of their operation remitted pension funds to the ITF Staff\u2019 Retirement Saving Account. But that of the accumulated arrears are yet to be remitted to the individual RSA accounts. The Pension Fund Administrators in line with National Pension Commission (PenCom) directives have provided the ITF employees with various investment alternative opportunities to choose from. This has provided the platform for employees to decide which Pension Fund Administrators (PFAs) they wish to commit their pension funds into. The new pension scheme under supervision of PenCom has eliminated delay in disbursement of pension benefit to ITF Retirees as well eradicated corruption in the disbursement of pension benefit to ITF retirees. The study therefore recommends among other issues that government, through the instrument of PenCom, Pension Fund Administrators and other stakeholders should as a matter of necessity institute a committee to remit all the outstanding debt of pension arrears owed to ITF Staff and should be credited into their RSA.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 401-410\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amina Bala Salah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Assoc. Prof. Yahaya Adadu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Shaibu Ibrahim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nasarawa State University Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Alam E. (2011). \u201cFinancial Performance of Leasing Secto. Case of China-Interdisciplinary\u201d. Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 2 (12), Pg 339-345.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anazodo, R.O Ezenwile, U., Chidolue, N. D. &amp; Umetiti, C. (2014). effect of new pension scheme on retirees in Nigeria (2004 \u2013 2014). Review of Public Administration and Management Vol. 3, No. 6, December 2014.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Anderson, A. (2003). Industrial psychology (3rd Ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. matter? An empirical analysis of the relationships among organizational performance, environmental uncertainty, and top management team perceptions of CEO charisma. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 161-174.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Armstrong, M. (2001). Human Resource Management Practice. UK: Kogan Page Limited.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Asuquo, A., Akpan, A. U. &amp; Tapang, A.T. (2011). Nigerian Pension Reforms and Management. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Volume 12 Issue 13.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ayegba, O. (2013). An Evaluation of Pension Administration in Nigeria. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences Vol.15 No. II.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Babatunde, M A. (2012). The impact of contributory pension scheme on workers\u2019 savings in Nigeria. Medwell Journals of social sciences, 7.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Beredugo, R. (2015), Pension fund accounting and pensioners\u2019 wellbeing in Oyo, Rivers and Kano states. Journal of Management science. Vol. 4(6). 67-93.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Chen, J.-C., Silverthorne, C., &amp; Hung, J.-Y. (2006). \u201cOrganization communication, job stress, organizational commitment, and job performance of accounting professionals in Taiwan and America\u201d. Leadership &amp; organization Development journal, 27(4), 242-249.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Chilekezi, B (2005): &#8216;Outline of the Reformed Pension scheme in Nigeria.&#8217; Lagos International Training and Educational Services.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Elesanmi, L.A. (2006). Contributory pension scheme in Nigeria: Philosophy, objectives, features and implementation. A paper presented at the ihsam international workshop held at the University of Calabar, Teaching Hospital Calabar, Thursday, 2006.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Fapohunda, T, M. (2013) The pension system and retirement planning in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Rome: MCSER-CEMAS \u2013 Sapienza University of Rome, Vol.4.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ikeji, C. C.; Nwosu, U.W. and Ogaboh, A.M. (2011). Contributory pension scheme, workers commitment, retention and attitude towards retirement in the Nigerian civil service.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Inhanlahimi, J. E, and Idolor, E. J. (2011). Pension reform, public workers\u2019 productivity and welfare in Nigeria: Lessons for some African countries. Indian Journal of Economics and Business Audience.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ndaghu, J. B. (2015). Problems and prospects in the management of retirement benefits in adamawa state pension board, Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Business and Management Volume 17 number 11<br \/>\r\n[16]. PENCOM, (2006). Pension Commission. Highlights of the contributory pension scheme in Nigeria. Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Ramanujam, V. (2016). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801\u2013814. Resource Development International, 12 (3), pp 279-296.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Richard, U. (2009). Measuring Organizational Performance: Towards Methodological Best Practice. Journal of Management, Lagos: vol. 4 No. 11 p. 13 -15 January.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Spector, P. E. (2008). Industrial and Organizational Behavior (5th ed.). New Jersey. Wiley: Hoboken.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Ugwoke R. O. &amp; Ogoegbuna E. O. (2013). A study on determination of the level of acceptance and compliance to the New Pension Scheme in Nigeria Research Journal of Finance and accounting Online Vol.4, No.1, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Uzoma, P (1993): Pension scheme in Nigeria: Gentle press ltd and Kubay Associates Ltd. Ikeja, Lagos, Pp23 1-276.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amina Bala Salah, Assoc. Prof. Yahaya Adadu, Prof. Shaibu Ibrahim &#8220;The Performance of National Pension Commission in Relation to the Management of Retiree\u2019s Pension Funds at the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)<br \/>\r\n&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.401-410 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/401-410.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/401-410.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-performance-of-national-pension-commission-in-relation-to-the-management-of-retirees-pension-funds-at-the-industrial-training-fund-itf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Performance of National Pension Commission in Relation to the Management of Retiree\u2019s Pension Funds at the Industrial Training Fund (ITF)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53cff0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a53cff0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53d0f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53d0f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53d281\" data-id=\"a53d281\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53d3a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53d3a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53d452 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53d452\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53d5a7\" data-id=\"a53d5a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53d6c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53d6c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53d764 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53d764\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53d8ba\" data-id=\"a53d8ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53d9c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53d9c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53da66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53da66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53dbc2\" data-id=\"a53dbc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53dcd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53dcd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019position on Implementing Competence Based Curriculum in Tanzania: Adoption of the First Framework<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sadiki M Feruzi and Yang Li &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 411-416<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53dd77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53dd77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53dede\" data-id=\"a53dede\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53e4a9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a53e4a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Purpose: The study basically aimed at examining implementation of competence based curriculum in Tanzania using the FIRST framework. The framework has been in practice in one way or another althoughit seems to be new by name in the field of education. Essentially, the framework includes all tools in teaching-learning process where learners are placed at the centre and fully engaged throughout learning journey. By adopting FIRST framework a teacher assumes a facilitation role of all learning activities through actively reviewing every step of learning activities.<br \/>\r\nMethodology: Regarding the nature of the topic, the study adopted qualitative approach to explore value, opinions and experiences related to teaching and learning in the course of implementing competence based curriculum. A specific method adopted wasreviewing secondary works.<br \/>\r\nFindings: Some teachers particularly those who had received FIRST framework trainings showed high capacity of implementing competence based curriculum. The study found that implementation of competence based curriculum is well captured through the FIRST framework. In this case more training about the FIRST framework is highly recommended for a smooth implementation of competence based curriculum.<br \/>\r\nUnique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Since implementation of competence based curriculum is very vital to improvement of education in the country the best way to carry it would be adoption of the FIRST framework which has shown positive impact. The study recommends more training of FIRST framework to teachers who are the focussed group meanwhile preparing enough teaching and learning resources. On going training programme to some Tanzanian teachers by SeGa group, the founder of FIRST framework should be strengthened and supported by the government for a greater impact.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 411-416\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sadiki M Feruzi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education Science, Harbin Normal University, China<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yang Li <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Education, Muslim University of Morogoro, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abel, E.M., and Campbell, M. (2009) \u2018Student-Centered Learning in an Advanced Social Work Practice Course: Outcomes of a Mixed Methods Investigation\u2019. In: Social Work Education, 28:1, pp.3-17<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bahgat, M., Elsafty, A., Shaarawy, A., &amp; Said, T. (2018). FIRST Framework Design and Facilitate Active Deep Learner eXperience. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(8), 123-138.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Biggs, J., &amp; Tang, C. (2011). Teaching for Quality Learning at University. SHRE and Open University Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Brundrett, M. (2000).The question of competence: Origins, strengths and inadequacies of leadership training paradigm. School Leadership and Management, 20(3), 353-370.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Cross, M., Mungadi, R. &amp; Rouhani, S. 2002. From policy to practice: Curriculum reform in South African education. Comparative Education, Vol. 38(2): 171-187<br \/>\r\n[6]. Fan D. (2017) Competence-based Education in China\u2019s Higher TVET: TheCase of Shenzhen Polytechnic. In: Mulder M. (eds) Competence-based Vocational and Professional Education. Technical and Vocational Education and Training: Issues, Concerns and Prospects, vol 23. Springer, Cham<br \/>\r\n[7]. Goodman, B., Henderson, D. &amp; Stenzel, E (2006). An interdisciplinary approach to implementing competence based education in higher education. USA: The Edwin Mellen Press<br \/>\r\n[8]. URT, (2004). Rapid Survey for reviewing Secondary Education Curriculum in Tanzania Mainland. Dar es salaam: Tanzania Institute of Education<br \/>\r\n[9]. Kliebard, M.H. (2004). The struggle for the American Curriculum. (3 Ed). USA: Routledge Falmer<br \/>\r\n[10]. Komba, S. C., &amp; Kira, E. S. (2013). The effectiveness of teaching practice in improving student teachers\u2019 teaching skills in Tanzania. Journal of Education and Practice, 4(1), 157-163.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Martin, H. J. (2010). Improving Training Impact Though Effective Follow-Up: Techniques and Their Application. Journal of Management Development, 29(6), 520-534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02621711011046495<br \/>\r\n[12]. Mulder, M. (2004). Competence based performance. On training and development in the agri- food complex. Wagenngen: Wagenngen University.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Reder, L. M., &amp; Klatzky, R. L. (1994). Transfer: Training for performance. In D. Druckman &amp; R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Learning, remembering, believing: Enhancing human performance (pp. 25\u201356). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Savage, L. (1993). Literacy through a competency-based education approach. Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Schilling, J. F., &amp; Koetting, J. R (2010). Underpinnings of competency-based education. Athletic Training Education Journal 5(4), 165-169.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Mosha, H. J. (2012). A case study of learning materials used to deliver knowledge and skills or competency-based curricula (in Tanzania). Association for Development of Education in Africa (ADEA)<br \/>\r\n[17]. Kouwenhoven, G. W. (2003). Designing for competence in Mozambique: Towards a competence based &#8211; curriculum for the Faculty of Education of the Eduardo Mondlane University. Retrieved on February 29, 2019, from http:\/\/www.doc.utwente.n\/41442\/1\/thesis_kouwenhoven.pdf<br \/>\r\n[18]. Voorhees, R. A. (2001). Competence Based Learning Models: A Necessary Future. New Directions for Institutional Research 2001(110), 5-15<br \/>\r\n[19]. Willingham, D. T. (2009). Why students don\u2019t like school? A cognitive scientist answers questions about how the mind works and what it means for the classroom. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sadiki M Feruzi and Yang Li &#8220;Teachers\u2019position on Implementing Competence Based Curriculum in Tanzania: Adoption of the First Framework&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.411-416 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/411-416.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/411-416.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachersposition-on-implementing-competence-based-curriculum-in-tanzania-adoption-of-the-first-framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers\u2019position on Implementing Competence Based Curriculum in Tanzania: Adoption of the First Framework<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53f388 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a53f388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53f476 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53f476\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53f619\" data-id=\"a53f619\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53f74d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53f74d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53f7f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53f7f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53f954\" data-id=\"a53f954\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53fa64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53fa64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53fb01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53fb01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53fc59\" data-id=\"a53fc59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a53fda6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a53fda6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a53fe5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a53fe5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a53fffa\" data-id=\"a53fffa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a540129 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a540129\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of the 21st Century Skills on the Performance of Students in Linear Transformations: A Case of Mukuba University, Kitwe District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Evans Musonda &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 417-420<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5401cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5401cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a540338\" data-id=\"a540338\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a540467 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a540467\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of the 21st Century Skills on the performance of Students in Linear Transformations. The problem of poor performance of Second Year Students in Linear Algebra (MAT260), especially in Linear Transformations at Mukuba University has been a matter of concern. To solve this problem a study was conducted by the Researcher. The study population included all Second Year Students doing Linear Algebra (MAT 260)and pursuing a degree programme at Mukuba University. The study was based on one research question and two hypotheses. The research method used was an Experimental Design. The sample size was 60 Students comprising 43 male and 17 female Students. The Shapiro-wilk test was used because of the small sample size. The two groups were made from a homogeneous class at random. Particularly, 30 Students were assigned to the Experimental Group and 30 Students to the Control group. These two groups were subjected to a Pre-test. The Experimental group was lectured using the 21st Century Skills while the Control group was lectured using Conventional methods. The analysis of data was done with the help of SPSS, considering the mean and standard deviation. Then an Independent sample t-test was conducted at alpha (\u03b1) = 0.05 to analyse the results of the Post-test scores. The study showedthat there was a statistically significant mean difference in the Post-test scores for Experimental group (Mean = 56.67, standard deviation = 18.26) and the Control group (Mean = 42.67, standard deviation = 19.51), P = .006. Therefore, using 21st Century Skills in lecturing Linear Transformations was found to have a positive effect on Students\u2019 performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 417-420\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evans Musonda <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMukuba University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O Box 20382, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bell, S. (2010). Project-Based Learning for the 21st Century Skills for the Future. A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas, 39-43.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ennis, R. (2011). The Nature of Critical Thinking: An Outline of Critical Thinking Dispositions and Abilities. Unpublished.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Franke, L. etal (2009). Teacher Questioning to Elicit Student&#8217;s Mathematical Thinking in Elementary School Classrooms.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Onderwijsraad (2014). Een Eigentijds Curriculum: 21st Century skills in Mathematics.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Marinez-Mayona, J. (2006). Exploring the Dynamics of Collaboration in Inter-organizational Settings. In Creating a Culture of Collaboration: the International Association of Facilitators Handbook.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Rotherham, A., &amp; Willingham, D. (2010). 21st Century Skills: Not New but a Worthy Challenge. American Educator, 17-20.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Silver, E. (1997). Fostering Creativity through Instruction Rich in Mathematical Problem Solving and Problem Posing. ZDM, 75-80.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Voogt, J., &amp; Roblin, N. (2010). Challenges to Learning and Schooling in the Digital Networked World of the 21st Century.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Soland, J., Hamilton, L., &amp; Stecher, B. (2013). Measuring 21st Century Competencies; Guidance for Educators.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Sriraman, B., Manuel, D., &amp; Kajander, A. (2014). Exploring Creativity: From the Mathematics Classroom to the Mathematicians \u2018mind.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Trilling, &amp; Fadel. (2009). 21st Century skills; Learning for Life in our Times. San Francisco: John Wiley &amp; Sons<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Evans Musonda &#8220;Effect of the 21st Century Skills on the Performance of Students in Linear Transformations: A Case of Mukuba University, Kitwe District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.408-413 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/417-420.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/417-420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-the-21st-century-skills-on-the-performance-of-students-in-linear-transformations-a-case-of-mukuba-university-kitwe-district-copperbelt-province-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of the 21st Century Skills on the Performance of Students in Linear Transformations: A Case of Mukuba University, Kitwe District, Copperbelt Province, Zambia<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a541f57 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a541f57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54208a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54208a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a542268\" data-id=\"a542268\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5423c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5423c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a542482 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a542482\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5425e9\" data-id=\"a5425e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a542713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a542713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5427ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5427ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a542936\" data-id=\"a542936\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a542a5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a542a5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a542afb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a542afb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a542c87\" data-id=\"a542c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a542da5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a542da5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Monitoring and Evaluation Training on Implementation of Community Projects; Case of Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kahuthia, R. W. M, Dr. Ochieng, D. O &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 421-429<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54501e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54501e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a545244\" data-id=\"a545244\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5453b1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5453b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Monitoring and evaluation is vital for any project to be implemented effectively. In order to enhance the achievement of this effectiveness, certain factors have to be put into consideration. In Kenya, monitoring and evaluation is a new concept especially in the public sector and is slowly gaining momentum. It is for this reason that this study sought to investigate theeffects of monitoring and evaluation training on project implementation in Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority.The study was anchored on the Participatory Development Model and the Interdependence Theory. In a bid to attain the set objectives, the study adopted descriptive survey design. The target population for the study was 392 staff members of Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority. The study employed stratified and simple random sampling techniques to select a sample of 72 respondents sampled from members of staff from the sampled organisation and purposive sampling technique was employed to select 7 key informants who were heads of different departments in the organisation. Qualitative data was analysed thematically in narrations and descriptions while quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, especially frequencies and percentages, with the assistance of the Statistical Data Analysis Package for Social Sciences. Analysed data was presented in tables of frequencies and percentages, graphs and charts. Analysed data indicated that 88.6% of respondents in the sampled organisation had not received training in monitoring and evaluation.The study recommends M&amp;E training to be offered and highly prioritized and should be offered to all members of staff in the organisation regardless of the department they belong to and the position they hold in the organisation and proper structures need to be put in place. This will contribute positively to monitoring and evaluation in practice, policy and theory in the organization and elsewhere.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 421-429\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kahuthia, R. W. M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters Candidate, St. Paul\u2019s University (SPU), Limuru, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ochieng, D. O<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, St. Paul\u2019s University (SPU), Limuru, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Abugah, K. (2011). Focusing on people transformation: Community development and social change.Nairobi: Destiny Logistics Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Acevedo, G. L., Rivera, K., Lima., L, &amp; Hwang., H. (Eds.). (2010). 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(2004). \u2018Ten steps to a Result-based monitoring and evaluation system\u2019, A Handbook for Development Practitioner, World Bank, Washington D.C.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Mackay, K., (2007), How to Build M&amp;E Systems to Better Support Government, World Bank, Washington.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Mugenda, A. G., &amp;Mugenda, O. M. (2003).Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi: African Centre for Technology Studies.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Murunga K. B. (2011). Factors influencing the application of participatory monitoring and evaluation approach of managing development projects in Kenya. The case of local links projects. (Unpublished master\u2019s thesis). University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Nabris, K. (2002). Monitoring and Evaluation, Civil Society Empowerment, Jerusalem, PASSIA.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Naidoo, R. (2011). Higher Education and the New Imperialism: Implications for Development in R. King, S. Marginson, &amp; R. Naidoo. A handbook of Globalization and Higher Education. Edward Elgar.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Ngwainmbi, E. K. (1995). Communication efficiency and rural development in Africa: The case of Cameroon. USA: University Press of America.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Nuguti, E. (2009). Understanding project monitoring and evaluation.Nairobi: Ekon Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Nyabuto, N. (2010). &#8216;Influencing Implementation of Monitoring and Evaluation of Projects in SCO&#8217;S : A Case of East Africa Wild Life Society&#8217; School of Continuing and Distance Fducation. University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Ogula, P. A. (2005). Research Methods.Nairobi: CUEA Publications.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Okello, L. O., &amp; Mugambi, F. (2015). Determinants of Effective Monitoring and Evaluation System of Public health Programs: A Case Study of School-Based Hand Washing Program in Kwale County, Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Finance and Management Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Oluoch, S. O. (2012). Determinant of Effective Monitoring and Evaluation systems A Case Study of National Youth Service empowerment Projects (Nairobi Region). Kenyatta University. Unpublished thesis.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Omiti, J. M., Mude, A. G., &amp; Barrett, C, B. (2007). Decentralization and the socialeconomics of development lessons from Kenya.UK: Sage Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Porter, S., Goldman, I., (2013). \u2018A Growing Demand for Monitoring and Evaluation in Africa\u2019, African Evaluation Journal 2013;1(1), Art. http:\/\/dx.doi. org\/10.4102\/aej.v1i1.25<br \/>\r\n[37]. Ranjit K (2005). Research Methodology-Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners, (2nd.ed), Singapore, Pearson Education.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Rubin, H. J., &amp; Rubin, I. S. (1992).Community organizing and development.USA: MacMillan Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[39]. UNAIDS (2008). Organizing framework for a functional National HIV Monitoring and Evaluation System. Geneva<br \/>\r\n[40]. UNDP, (2002). \u201eHandbook on monitoring and Evaluation for Results\u201f, Evaluation office, New York. Available at:<br \/>\r\n[41]. http:\/\/www.undp.org.eo.documents\/Handbook\/ME-Handbook.pdf<br \/>\r\n[42]. White, K. (2013). Evaluating to Learn: Monitoring &amp; Evaluation best practices in Development INGOs. Available at dukespace.lib.duke.edu<br \/>\r\n[43]. World Bank (2010). Local and community driven development. Washington, DC: The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[44]. World Bank (2010). Challenges in monitoring and evaluation: An opportunity to institutionalize M&amp;E system. Retrieved November 2, 2014, from www.worldbank.org\/evaluation.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kahuthia, R. W. M, Dr. Ochieng, D. O &#8220;Monitoring and Evaluation Training on Implementation of Community Projects; Case of Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.421-429 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/421-429.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/421-429.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/monitoring-and-evaluation-training-on-implementation-of-community-projects-case-of-tana-and-athi-rivers-development-authority-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Monitoring and Evaluation Training on Implementation of Community Projects; Case of Tana and Athi Rivers Development Authority, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a546239 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a546239\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54660a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54660a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5466d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5466d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a546860\" data-id=\"a546860\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5469d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5469d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a546a8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a546a8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a546be2\" data-id=\"a546be2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a546d17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a546d17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a546dbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a546dbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a546f2f\" data-id=\"a546f2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a547065 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a547065\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Principals\u2019 Supervisory Technique as Predictor of Teachers\u2019 Motivation in Senior Secondary Schools in Yobe State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mohammed Gishiwa, Luka Yelwa Barde, Emmanuel Bulus, Ali Mai Abba, Abubakar Aliyu, Waziri Garba El-Jajah &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 430-434<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a547108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a547108\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a547274\" data-id=\"a547274\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54739b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a54739b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper assessed the principals\u2019 supervisory technique as predictor of teachers\u2019 motivation in senior secondary schools in Yobe State, Nigeria. There was one purpose that guided the study. One research question and one null hypothesis was formulated and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The population of the study was 5,322 subjects comprising school administrators and classroom teachers of senior secondary schools in Yobe State. The Sample size of 359 respondents comprising school administrators and Teachers were selected using Taro Yamane\u2019s method and 18 senior secondary schools were selected through purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to gather data. Using five likert format rating scale. Mean and standard deviation was used to analyze the research question and linear regression was also used to to analyses the null hypothesis. Findings from this study showed that Principals\u2019 supervisory technique predicted 9.0% of teachers\u2019 motivation. The result also established that Principals\u2019 supervisory technique and teachers\u2019 motivation were found to have weak relationship. (r value = 0.229). Principals\u2019 supervisory technique is moderate and teachers\u2019 motivationis high in senior secondary schools in Yobe state This study also recommended that principals and teachers should maintain cordial relationship with each other, ensure that all instructional materials are kept safe hence Teachers should plan their lesson update school records, use instructional materials in their daily classroom interactions, in senior secondary schools in Yobe State<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 430-434\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed Gishiwa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Luka Yelwa Barde <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Bulus <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali Mai Abba <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTeaching Service Board Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Aliyu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUmar Suleiman College of Education Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Waziri Garba El-Jajah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTeaching Service Board Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Akinfolarin. A. V, &amp; Rufai, R. B. (2017). Extent of information and communication technology (ict) utilization for students\u2019 learning in tertiary institutions in Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advance Research and Innovative Ideas in Education, 3(3), 2369-2376.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ani. C.I. (2007). Dynamics of school supervision. Enugu: Cheston Agency Ltd<br \/>\r\n[3]. Directorate for planning research and statistics, Yobe State Teaching Searvice Board Damaturu (2017). Data on schools teachers and Students. Ministry of Education Damaturu, Yobe State.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Iloh. C.A &amp; Nwaham, C.O., Igbinedion, J.O.N. &amp; Ogogor, T.N. (2016).Fundamentals of educational administration and supervision. Agbor: Progress P.E. Printing Associates.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kajo. D. T, (2011). Administrative constraints on teacher effectiveness in government secondary schools in Benue State, Nigeria. An unpublished Phd thesis presented to the faculty of education university of nigeria, nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kolade. B, O &amp; Ogbomida H, A (2013) Principals\u2019 Instructional Supervisory Role Performance and Teachers\u2019 Motivation in Ekiti Central Senatorial District of Ekiti State, Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research 3, (2) 295<br \/>\r\n[7]. Osakwe. N, R (2010). Relationship between principals\u2019 supervisory strategies and teachers\u2019 instructional performance in Delta North senatorial District, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences,7(6),437-440.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Sule. M. ( 2013), The influence of the principal\u2019s supervisory demonstration strategy on teachers\u2019 job performance in nigeria secondary schools. iosr journal of humanities and social science (iosr -jhss) 11,1,39-44<br \/>\r\n[9]. uduak. and Eze, G, B.(2015) Principals\u2019 supervisory techniques and teachers&#8217; job performance in secondary schools in ikom education zone, cross river state, Nigeria. British Journal of Education 3,(6). 31-40<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ugboko. F,E (2012). principals\u2019 supervisory strategies and secondary discipline. Journal of Education and Social Research, 2(1), 41-49.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Wanja. D. G, (2012) Influence of teachers\u2019 motivation on students\u2019 performance in kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary schools in imenti south district kenya .<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohammed Gishiwa, Luka Yelwa Barde, Emmanuel Bulus, Ali Mai Abba, Abubakar Aliyu, Waziri Garba El-Jajah &#8221; Principals\u2019 Supervisory Technique as Predictor of Teachers\u2019 Motivation in Senior Secondary Schools in Yobe State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.430-434 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/430-434.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/430-434.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/principals-supervisory-technique-as-predictor-of-teachers-motivation-in-senior-secondary-schools-in-yobe-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Principals\u2019 Supervisory Technique as Predictor of Teachers\u2019 Motivation in Senior Secondary Schools in Yobe State, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a548443 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a548443\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a548530 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a548530\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5486b9\" data-id=\"a5486b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a548bf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a548bf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a548cf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a548cf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a548e83\" data-id=\"a548e83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a548fb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a548fb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a549057 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a549057\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5491b6\" data-id=\"a5491b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5492c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5492c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a549360 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a549360\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5494dc\" data-id=\"a5494dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5495f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5495f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher Competences in the Teaching of Fashion and Fabrics Practical Skills in Eswatini High Schools<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hlengiwe Ntfombiyekhaya Magagula, Molyn Mpofu, Sithulisiwe Bhebhe &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 435-442<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a549692 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a549692\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a549817\" data-id=\"a549817\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a549950 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a549950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Fashion and Fabrics is a discipline that is practically and theoretically oriented. Teacher competences in teaching Fashion and Fabrics practical component are of critical importance in imparting skills to the students. The purpose of this study was to ascertain teacher competences in teaching the Fashion and Fabrics practical component in Eswatini. The study was purely qualitative and descriptive in nature. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews and observation. The data were analysed using the thematic analysis. Findings of the study revealed that teachers had varying competencies in the sewing processes that they needed in order to impart skills to the students; teachers were competent in the construction and neatening of plain open and closed seams, preparing and attaching patch pocket, disposing of fullness in the construction of garments such as single pointed darts, pleats, gathers. Deficiencies were also noted in the application of openings and fasteners, that is, press studs, hook and eyes and attaching of sleeves. The study concludes that Fashion and Fabrics teachers had varying competencies in the sewing processes that they needed to impart skills to the students. This literally means that the teachers have the knowledge, skill and ability to impart these skills to the students to enable them to produce garments of a high standard. Hence, the study recommends that in-service training be undertaken to equip all Fashion and Fabrics teachers with the practical skills that they lack.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 435-442\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hlengiwe Ntfombiyekhaya Magagula<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Consumer Science Education and Community Development, University of Eswatini, Eswatini<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Molyn Mpofu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Consumer Science Education and Community Development, University of Eswatini, Eswatini<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sithulisiwe Bhebhe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Primary Teacher Education, University of Eswatini, Eswatini<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Teachers\u2019 perceptions on challenges faced by rural secondary schools in the implementation of the technical and vocational education and training policy in Nkayi district.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Nessipbayeva, O. (2012). The Competencies of the Modern Teacher. Bulgarian Comparative Education Society.<br \/>\r\n[35]. O&#8217;Keeffe, J., Buytaert, W., Mijic, A., Brozovi\u0107, N., &amp; Sinha, R. (2016). The use of semi-structured interviews for the characterisation of farmer irrigation practices. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 20(5), 1911-1924.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., &amp;Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 42(5), 533-544.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Rahman, M. S. (2017). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches and Methods in Language&#8221; Testing and Assessment&#8221; Research: A Literature Review. Journal of Education and Learning, 6(1), 102-112.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Shakouri, N. (2014). Qualitative research: Incredulity toward metanarrativeness. Journal of Education and Human Development, 3(2), 671-680.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Sutton, J., &amp; Austin, Z. (2015). Qualitative research: data collection, analysis, and management. The Canadian journal of hospital pharmacy, 68(3), 226.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Van Rijnsoever, F. J. (2017). (I can\u2019t get no) saturation: a simulation and guidelines for sample sizes in qualitative research. PloS one, 12(7).<br \/>\r\n[41]. Williams, C. (2007). Research methods. Journal of business &amp; economic research, 5(3), 65-72.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hlengiwe Ntfombiyekhaya Magagula, Molyn Mpofu, Sithulisiwe Bhebhe &#8220;Teacher Competences in the Teaching of Fashion and Fabrics Practical Skills in Eswatini High Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.435-442 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/435-442.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/435-442.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teacher-competences-in-the-teaching-of-fashion-and-fabrics-practical-skills-in-eswatini-high-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teacher Competences in the Teaching of Fashion and Fabrics Practical Skills in Eswatini High Schools<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54a993 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a54a993\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54aa91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54aa91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54ac2f\" data-id=\"a54ac2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54ad63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54ad63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54ae07 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54ae07\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54af64\" data-id=\"a54af64\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54b073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54b073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54b118 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54b118\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54b266\" data-id=\"a54b266\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54ea17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54ea17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54eb04 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54eb04\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54ecdb\" data-id=\"a54ecdb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54ee3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a54ee3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Gender Performance in Home Economics at Mandanga Primary School in Mongu District of Western Province, Zambia: A Comparative Study<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sishuwa Sishuwa, Likando Mundia (PhD) &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 443-445<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a54eef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a54eef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a54f07c\" data-id=\"a54f07c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54f1b4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a54f1b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">the purpose of the study was to compare the performance of boys and girls in home economics at grade five school levelat Mandanga Primary school in Mongu district of Western Province in Zambia. The research instruments used in this research included classroom observations, focused groups and semi-structured interviews. Data collected was analysed inductive approach using constant comparative data analysis. The study has revealed that there was balance on the gender performance of Home Economics among the grade five classes at Mandanga Primary School in Mongu district of Western Province in Zambia.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 443-445\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sishuwa Sishuwa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudent, Mongu Catholic College of Education, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Likando Mundia (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMongu Catholic College of Education, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Asthana, P. (2001).Environment: Problems and Solution. New Delhi: Chand.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Lee, C. (2001). Learners performance in social sciences. New Jersey: Alexander Publishing Company<br \/>\r\n[3]. Lorenzoni, C.H. (2006).PublicViews on performance of learners. Angalia: University of East Anglia.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ministry of General Education (2013). Revised syllabus grade5-7.CDC. Lusaka.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Randall, G. J.(1987).Gender differences in pupil teacher interaction. London: Hutchison.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Spafford, I (2007) .Fundamentals in Teaching Home Economics. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Westfall, M (2009) History of Home Economics. Washington:Government Printing Office.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Maniford Malama, Professor Kakoma Maseka &#8220;Gender Performance in Home Economics at Mandanga Primary School in Mongu District of Western Province, Zambia: A Comparative Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.443-445 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/443-445.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/443-445.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/gender-performance-in-home-economics-at-mandanga-primary-school-in-mongu-district-of-western-province-zambia-a-comparative-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Gender Performance in Home Economics at Mandanga Primary School in Mongu District of Western Province, Zambia: A Comparative Study<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a54ffba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a54ffba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55009c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55009c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a550229\" data-id=\"a550229\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a550354 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a550354\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5503f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5503f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55055a\" data-id=\"a55055a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55066d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55066d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a550714 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a550714\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55085f\" data-id=\"a55085f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a550971 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a550971\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a550a0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a550a0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a550b6f\" data-id=\"a550b6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a550c93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a550c93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Intellectual Dialogue Between: Renewed &#8220;Muhaddith&#8221; Al-Imam Ibn Shihab Al-Zuhuri (124 A.H ) and Prominent &#8220;Orientalist&#8221;: Goldziher Ignas (1339 A.H)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdulmalik Sani &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 446-450<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a550d38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a550d38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a550ea6\" data-id=\"a550ea6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a550fcf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a550fcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Verily, science of hadith is one of the noblest profession comprehended by\u00a0 few among large number of Islamic scholars, however, Imam <em>Al-zuhuri<\/em> was not just one of those\u00a0 professionals but a famous one, he was one the sixth Hadith narrators whom most chains of Hadith passed through them. He devoid and exterminate his life in learning and spreading the authentic Sunnah as well as analyzing the fabricated, weaks Hadiths and criticizing their narrators. Imam <em>Al-zuhri<\/em> was not just a mere scholar, but one of the renewed philanthropic personage who spends a lot on his Hadith students. His trustiness, sureness cast him high reputation which make hadith narrators from different part of the world troops to narrate hadith from him. Imam <em>Al-zuhri<\/em> was a scholar blessed with vigorous memory and same time enjoyed marvelous respect and good relationship with the calipers of Umayyad emperor, this paved him more opportunities to easily spread the knowledge he&#8217;s blessed with. On other hand, <em>GoldziherIgnas<\/em> -one of the famous orientalist of his days- raised some issues and indictments against this scholar which can lead to overturning and dawn falling the respected status enjoyed by Imam <em>Al-zuhuri<\/em>. The factual stand point of <em>Goldziher&#8217;s<\/em> argument was not only the personality of Imam <em>Al-zuhri<\/em>, rather, the large number of hadith he had preserved and narrated for the Ummah; because trustiness and sound moralities are pre-requisite for hadith of any narrator to be accepted. Here comes the significance of this paper which is made-up of two parts: first briefly discussed life history of Imam <em>Al-zuhri<\/em> and <em>Goldziher <\/em>while other part aimed at analyzing the accusations linked to <em>Al-zuhuri <\/em>and finally came-up with sound epilogue that can either Exculpate\u00a0 or prove Imam <em>Al-zuhuri<\/em> culprit of the allegations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 446-450\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulmalik Sani <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate Student, Department of Fiqh Al-Sunnah (Sunnah Jurisprudence), Faculty of Hadith and Islamic Studies, Islamic Universitym Madina, Saudi Arabia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abubakar, Ibnwake&#8217;e, (306 A.H), Akhbarul Al-kudha, Mustapha Almraghy (ed.) AlmaktabutulAttijariyaAlkubura, Eqypt, first edition (1947).<br \/>\r\n[2]. AL-badawey, Abdurrahman:The encyclopedia of orientalist. Darulilmilil-malayin, Beirut-Lebanon.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Al-Bukhari, M. I, (256 A.H). Attarikhulkabeer, Muhammad, A khan (ed), Haidar Abad, Darulma&#8217;aref al-uthmaniyya.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Alfaswe, Yakub S. (277 A.H), Alma&#8217;arifahwa al-tarikh, Dr. dhiya Al-umary (ed.) Mu&#8217;assasatul al-risala, Beirut, second edition (1981).<br \/>\r\n[5]. Alhakim, Muhammad ibnbai&#8217;e, (405 A.H). Ma&#8217;arifatulUlumul Hadith. Assayed M (ed.), Bairut, Darul-kutubuilmiya, secon edition (1977).<br \/>\r\n[6]. Alkhadeb, Abubakar Al-bagdady (463),Taqyeedu Al-ilm,IhyawuAlsunnah Al-nabaweyah-Beirut.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Al-lalika&#8217;ey, AbulQasim (418 A.H), SharhuUauluI&#8217;etiqadiAhlusunnahWaljama&#8217;a. Ahmad bnsa&#8217;ad Al-gamidey (ed.) Daru Al-daibah, Saudi Arebia, eighth eition (2003)<br \/>\r\n[8]. Al-ssakhawe, Muhammad A. (902 A.H),FathulMugeth, Ali Hussain (ed.), Maktabatu Sunnah, Eqypt, (2003).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Al-zahabi, Shamsudeen (748 A.H), Siyarual&#8217;a&#8217;alami al-nubal&#8217;i. Shua&#8217;aibal&#8217;arna&#8217;ud (edu). Ma&#8217;sa&#8217;ssatu Al-risala, third edition. (1985).<br \/>\r\n[10]. Al-zahabi, Shamsudeen (748 A.H), TazkiraulHifaz. Darul-kutubulilmiya- Beirut-Lebnon, First edition (1998).<br \/>\r\n[11]. Assiba&#8217;ey, Mustapha H. (1384 A.H), Assunahwamakanatuha fi al-tash&#8217;ri&#8217;ilislaamy, Maktabatul Al-Islamy, Dimashk, Syria. Third edition (1982).<br \/>\r\n[12]. IbnAsakeer, Hibatullah (571), TarekhDish&#8217;k, Amrbngarama (ed). Darulfikr. (1995).<br \/>\r\n[13]. IbnHajar, Ahmad Al&#8217;askalaney (852 A.H), Tahzibi al-tahzib, Daratulma&#8217;arif al-nizhamiya, India. First edition (1326 H).<br \/>\r\n[14]. Ibn Rajab, Abdurrahman A. Alhanbaly (795 A.H), Sharhuilal al-tirmdhzi, Dr. Hammam A. (ed), Al-zarka-Jordan,first edition (1987).<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ibn Rajab, Alhambaliy (795 A.H), Sharhuilaltirmidhzi, Dr. HammamAbdurrahem, Maktabul Al-manar- Al-Zarqa&#8217;a, Jordan, First edition (1987).<br \/>\r\n[16]. IbnSa&#8217;adbnMune&#8217;e (239 A.H), Al-dabaqatul Al-kubura, Ali Muhammad (ed.) Maktabulalhanjiy-Eqypt (2001).<br \/>\r\n[17]. Ibn Salah, U. (643 A.H), Ma&#8217;arifatulUlumul Hadith, Abdulladeef H (ed.), Darulkutubul-ilmiya, first edition, (2003).<br \/>\r\n[18]. Ibnul al-arabi, A. (543 A.H), aridhatulahwazi, Bairut-Lebnon, Darul-kutubulilmiyya.<br \/>\r\n[19]. IbnulWazeer, Muhammad I Alkasimi, (840 A.H), Al-awaseemwal-kawseem, Shua&#8217;aibal&#8217;arnaood (edu), Bairut, Mu&#8217;asassatul-risala. Third edition, (1994).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdulmalik Sani &#8220;Intellectual Dialogue Between: Renewed &#8220;Muhaddith&#8221; Al-Imam Ibn Shihab Al-Zuhuri (124 A.H ) and Prominent &#8220;Orientalist&#8221;: Goldziher Ignas (1339 A.H)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.446-450 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/446-450.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/446-450.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/intellectual-dialogue-between-renewed-muhaddith-al-imam-ibn-shihab-al-zuhuri-124-a-h-prominent-orientalist-goldziher-ignas-1339-a-h\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Intellectual Dialogue Between: Renewed &#8220;Muhaddith&#8221; Al-Imam Ibn Shihab Al-Zuhuri (124 A.H ) and Prominent &#8220;Orientalist&#8221;: Goldziher Ignas (1339 A.H)<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a552488 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a552488\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a552575 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a552575\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5526ff\" data-id=\"a5526ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55283a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55283a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5528e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5528e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a552a45\" data-id=\"a552a45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a552b55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a552b55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a552bfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a552bfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a552d4f\" data-id=\"a552d4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a552e60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a552e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a552efa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a552efa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a553069\" data-id=\"a553069\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a553179 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a553179\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Adequacy of Truth Commissions as Alternative to Criminal Prosecution: A Discourse<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Emmanuel Agu Enna, Augustine Mogom Idom &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 451-456<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55321f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55321f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a553381\" data-id=\"a553381\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5534b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5534b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite the existence of criminal prosecution in tackling international crimes, other means of resolving international crimes has not been a thing of concern. Whereby, you find every aggrieved individual or society still approaching the international criminal court and seeking redress of an international crime committed against an individual or society. This paper examined what truth commissions are, the cases handled by truth commissions over the years, and also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of truth commissions. It also discusses the achievements recorded by truth commissions and compares the gains of criminal prosecution. It further examined the roles played by the international criminal court in handling cases brought before it. The study established that, most transitional periods or governments where heinous international crimes have been committed have opted to the use of both truth commissions and criminal prosecution in fact-finding and determination of the truth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 451-456\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emmanuel Agu Enna <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for General Studies, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustine Mogom Idom<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University of Lafia, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Books<br \/>\r\n[1]. Franz Streng, StrafrechtlicheSanktionen MN 53-60 (2nd ed. 2002)<br \/>\r\n[2]. LliasBantekas and Susan Nash, International Criminal Law (3rd edition, Routledge Cavandish 2007) pg. 580-584<br \/>\r\n[3]. Meer, F. Higher than Hope (1999, Hamish Hamilton) 54<br \/>\r\n[4]. Robert Cryer, HakanFriman, Daryl Robinson, Elizabeth Wilmshurst, An Introduction to International Criminal Law and Procedure (3rd edition, Cambridge University press, 2004) pg 576-580<br \/>\r\nArticles<br \/>\r\n[5]. Astrid Kjeldgaard- Pedersen \u2018what defines international criminal court? A critical assessment of the involvement of the international community as a deciding factor, Hague international tribunal\u2019 (2015, Leiden journal of international law) 28, pp 113-131<br \/>\r\n[6]. Christopher J.M. Safferling, \u2018can criminal prosecution be the answer to massive human rights violation? (2004) \u2013 paper presented at the second international German law journal workshop: \u201cthe political economy of jurisdictional competence for human right\u201d held at Duke University of law, Durham.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Christopher Safferling, \u2018towards an international criminal procedure\u2019 226-239, 283-288 (2003)<br \/>\r\n[8]. Jose E. Alvarez, \u2018crimes of states\/crimes of hate: lessons from Rwanda\u2019 (1999) 24 Yale journal of international law 365<br \/>\r\n[9]. Julio BacioTerracino, \u2018National implementation of ICC crimes\u2019 (2007) journal of international criminal justice 5(2)421<br \/>\r\n[10]. Laurel Fletcher, Harvey Weinstein, Jamie Rowen, \u2018context, timing and the dynamics of transitional justice: A historical perspective\u2019 (2009) 31 human right quarterly 163<br \/>\r\n[11]. Lisa Stolzenberg and Stewart J.D Alessio, \u2018capital punishment, execution publicity and murder\u2019 Texas (2004) 94 Journal of criminal law and criminology 351-379<br \/>\r\n[12]. W.A Schabas, \u2018the relationship between truth commissions and international courts: the case of Sierra Leone. (2003) human rights quarterly 25, pp 1049<br \/>\r\n[13]. William A. Schabas, United states hostility to the international criminal courts: it\u2019s all about the security council, 15 EJIL 701 (2004)<br \/>\r\nSeminar article\/conference papers<br \/>\r\n[14]. A. Fleschenberg, et al, \u2018statement of the reflection group\u2019 (paper produced as a result of the dealing with a burdened past- transitional justice democratic conference, Berlin Germany, 20-21st April, 2006)<br \/>\r\n[15]. Convention on the prevention and punishment on the crime of genocide, 11th December 1948, 78 UNTS (1951) pp 277-323<br \/>\r\n[16]. D. Mendeloff, \u2018truth-seeking, truth telling, and post conflict peacebuilding: curb the enthusiasm\u2019 (2004) 6 international studies review 355, 367<br \/>\r\n[17]. Villa- Vicencio and Wilhelm Verwoerd, \u201clooking back, reaching forward: reflection on the truth and reconciliation commission of South Africa\u201d (UCT press, 2000) pg 34.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Emmanuel Agu Enna, Augustine Mogom Idom &#8221; Adequacy of Truth Commissions as Alternative to Criminal Prosecution: A Discourse&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.451-456 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/451-456.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/451-456.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/adequacy-of-truth-commissions-as-alternative-to-criminal-prosecution-a-discourse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Adequacy of Truth Commissions as Alternative to Criminal Prosecution: A Discourse<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a557537 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a557537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55764a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55764a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5577e7\" data-id=\"a5577e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a557914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a557914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5579be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5579be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a557b1b\" data-id=\"a557b1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a557c33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a557c33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a557cd4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a557cd4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a557e27\" data-id=\"a557e27\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a557f37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a557f37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a557fdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a557fdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a558145\" data-id=\"a558145\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55825d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55825d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Leverage (Financial and Operating) on Corporate Performance of Selected Quoted Nigerian Manufacturing Firms<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abolade Akintola &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 457-461<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5582fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5582fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a558467\" data-id=\"a558467\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a558591 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a558591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this paper is to study the effect of leverage on the corporate performance of listed manufacturing companies in the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE) over a period of seven (7) years (2008-2014 for the selected companies). Leverage explained the use of borrowed money to make an investment and return on that investment. Financial leverage is commonly used in various circumstances as a means of altering the cash flow and financial position of a company. Since the objective of the firm is to increase the wealth of the shareholders, the best leverage policy is the one that increases the shareholders wealth by the greatest amount. It is therefore necessary to understand the nature of the relationship between leverage and value of the firm.<br \/>\r\nEx-post facto research design was used for this study. The secondary data were obtained from the financial statements and Fackbooks published by the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE). Leverage (financial, operating and combined leverage) as independent variable while price earnings ratio, fixed asset cover and return on capital employed as dependent variable. For testing the hypotheses of this study, linear regression technique has been used. All the hypotheses tested gave positive results. Thus, confirming that leverage has positive and significant effects on price earnings ratio, fixed asset cover and return on capital employed (ROCE). The study recommends that management of quoted firms in Nigeria consistently use debt capital in financing to improve price earnings ratio.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 457-461\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abolade Akintola <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Banking and Finance, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun-State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abor, J. (2005). The effect of capital structure on profitability: An empirical analysis of listed firms in Ghana. The Journal of Risk Finance, 6(5), 37-48.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Aborode, R. (2005). Strategic Financial Management. (1st ed ) Lagos: Toda Ventures Limited, 226.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Adeyemi, S., &amp; Oboh, C. (2011). Perceived relationship between corporate capital structure and firm value in Nigeria, International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2 (19), 131-143.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akinsulire, O. (2015). Financial Management. (8th ed) Lagos: Ceemol Nigeria Limited.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akintoye, I. R. (2008b). Effect of capital structure on firm\u2019s performance: The Nigerian experience, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 10, 233-243.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Alkhatib, K. (2012). The determinants of leverage of listed companies. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3 (24), 25-32.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Enekwe, C.I., Agu, C.I. &amp; Eziedo, K.N. (2014). The effect of financial leverage on financial performance: Evidence of quoted pharmaceutical companies in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Finance, 5 (3), 17-25<br \/>\r\n[8]. Fosu, S. (2013). Capital structure, product market, competition and firm performance evidence from South Africa, University of Leicester, UK, Working Paper, 13 (11).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Huang, S.G., &amp; Song, F.M. (2002). The determinants of capital structure: Evidence from China. Hong-Kong Institute of Economics and Strategy. Working Paper, No. 1042.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Hull, R.M. (1999). Leverage ratios, industry norms, and stock price reaction: An empirical investigation of stock-for-debt transactions. Financial Management, 28, (2), 32-45.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Myers, S., &amp; Majluf, N. (1984). Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have. Journal of Financial Economic, 13 (2), 187-221.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Rehman S.S.F (2013). Relationship between financial leverage and financial performance: Empirical evidence of listed sugar companies of Pakistan. Global Journal of Management and Business Research Finance, 13 (8) Version 10<br \/>\r\n[13]. Ross, S.A. (1977). The determinants of financial structure: The incentive signaling approach. The Bell Journal of Economics, 8 (1), 23-40.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Saleem, Q., Rahman, R., &amp; Sultana, N. (2004). Leverage (Financial and Operating) Impact on profitability of oil and gas sector in Saudi Arabia\u201d. American Based Research Journal, 1(3), 29-56<br \/>\r\n[15]. Simon-Oke, O.O., &amp; Afolabi, B. (2011). Capital structure and industrial performance in Nigeria (1999-2007), International Business and Management, 2 (1), 100-106.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Zeitun, R. &amp; Tian, G.G. (2007), Capital structure and corporate performance: Evidence from Jordan, Australian Accounting Business and Finance Journal, 1 (4), 40-61.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abolade Akintola &#8220;Impact of Leverage (Financial and Operating) on Corporate Performance of Selected Quoted Nigerian Manufacturing Firms&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.457-461 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/457-461.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/457-461.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-leverage-financial-and-operating-on-corporate-performance-of-selected-quoted-nigerian-manufacturing-firms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Leverage (Financial and Operating) on Corporate Performance of Selected Quoted Nigerian Manufacturing Firms<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a559427 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a559427\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a559513 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a559513\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5596ae\" data-id=\"a5596ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5597db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5597db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a559884 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a559884\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a559a4b\" data-id=\"a559a4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a559ba2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a559ba2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a559c7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a559c7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a559f85\" data-id=\"a559f85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55a0ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55a0ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55a186 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55a186\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55a318\" data-id=\"a55a318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55a438 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a55a438\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Locally Available Resources as an Instructional Aid in Secondary School Science in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Stella Kabesa &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 462-465<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55a4e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55a4e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55a663\" data-id=\"a55a663\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55a7a0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a55a7a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Science is a practical subject that is relevant to all our lives. Instructional methods employed by science teachers are to a very large extent influenced by the kind of resources and facilities available in the school. The instructional methods, in turn, influence the level and quality of participation and performance in science by students. The study sought to identify the LAIRs, to find out if these LAIRs are used by the science teachers and to determine the relationship between availability and use of LAIRs by the science teachers. The study was carried out in Uasin-Gishu County, Kenya. A sample of 33 biology teachers was randomly selected from 109 selected schools in the county. The major purpose of the study was to survey the nature and extent of LAIRs in Uasin-Gishu County which are useful in improving science teaching. Descriptive research design was used in this study. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation schedules for biology lessons and observation checklist. Data obtained was analysed using SPSS. Pearsons\u2019 product correlation was used to determine the relationship between variables. Results indicated inadequate use of LAIRs in science teaching. This is attributed by teachers not being aware of the rich curriculum laboratory offered by the schools\u2019 immediate environment. The other reason is due to large content to be covered within a specified time and also the highly examination oriented teaching. Pearson correlation \u2018r\u2019 value, (0.502) with a P value &lt; 0.05 implied a significant positive relationship between availability and use of LAIRs. It is therefore recommended that science teachers undergo in-service training programs on use of LAIRs in schools as this will greatly impact on the acquisition of science process skills by students and improve the overall performance of science as a basis of future science oriented careers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 462-465\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stella Kabesa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bagley, M, (2014). Live Science. Biology.RSS<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bottrel,H.R, (1960). Educational Sociology. Pittsburgh BoasHood Press<br \/>\r\n[3]. Cook, A.O, (1938). Community Backgrounds of Education, A Textbook in Sociology (Mew York* McGraw-Hill ifook G\u00a9., Ijwj., , p. 5*<br \/>\r\n[4]. Fall,J (1996). Using Community Resources. Southwest Educational Development Laboratory<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ministry of Education, (2018). Kenya National Examinations Report, Ministry of Education, Nairobi Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Mochire,S. (2010). The relationship between Attitude and Academic Performance in Chemistry Among Secondary School Students, Kisii District, Kenya. MU<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ngesu, L.M;Gunga, S.Wachira, L.K and , Njoki. E. (2014).Some Determinants of Students Performance in Biology in KCSE: A Case of Central Divisionof Machakos District. UoN.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Ong\u2019amo B.L, (2014). Effect of utilization of biology teaching and learning resources on students&#8217; academic performance in secondary schools in Siaya District \u2013 Kenya. Kenyatta university Institutional repository.<br \/>\r\n[9]. The Glossary of Education Reform, (2014).Community-Based Learning, Unpublished article<br \/>\r\n[10]. TESS, (2015). www. TESS-India.edu.in. Using local resources: Life processes .<br \/>\r\n[11]. UNESCO, (1978): New Unesco source book for science learning. Oxford and IBH publishing co. New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stella Kabesa &#8220;Locally Available Resources as an Instructional Aid in Secondary School Science in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.462-465 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/462-465.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/462-465.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/locally-available-resources-as-an-instructional-aid-in-secondary-school-science-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Locally Available Resources as an Instructional Aid in Secondary School Science in Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55b79b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a55b79b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Adebayo.O., Alex .Uriri .E. &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 466-478<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a55c532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a55c532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a55c6bc\" data-id=\"a55c6bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a55c818 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a55c818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">National developmental indices in Nigeria make for a bleak reading; paramount among this is the high prevailing under-5 child mortality rates which as a continuum, is a major public health challenge. The polarization of childhood health outcomes across regions still persist, this reality is being exacerbated by social and economic inequalities. We attempt to investigate the impact of individual-level and community-level risk predictors associated with child survival in the Northern region of Nigeria. A population-based cross-sectional study design was employed to investigate under-five child risk factors, using data from the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (2013); Analysis was done using inferential statistics, and multi-level survival model. This study utilized an excellent predictive model which revealed that the likelihood of under-5 mortality in Northern Nigeria had an inverse relationship with the level of maternal education. After adjustment for individual-level and community-level predictors, most of the regional disparity in under-5 mortality was explained by differences in place of residence, population density and malaria prevalence. In the light of the findings, we posit that the realities of left behind children is endemic in Northern Nigeria and thus both individual-level and community-level based interventions should be effected in a bid to drastically elevate under-five child survival odds in this region. This paper extends on the literature of child mortality in Nigeria, by investigating the impact of individual-level and community-level risk predictors associated with child survival in Northern Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 466-478\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Makanju. Adebayo.O. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alex .Uriri .E.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adedin, S.A., Odimegwu, C.,Imasiku,E., Ononokpono,D., and Ibisomi,L.(2012). Regional variations in infant and child mortality in Nigeria: a Multilevel Analysis. .Journal of Biosocial Science ,47(2), 165-187. Doi:10.1017\/S0021932013000734.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adekanmbi, V.T., Kayode, G. A., &amp;Uthman, O.A. (2011). Individual and contextual factors associated with childhood stunting in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis. Maternal and Child Nutrition.doi\/full\/10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2011.00361.x<br \/>\r\n[3]. Afzal, A.R., Alam, S (2013). Analysis and comparison of under-five child mortality between rural and urban area in Bangladesh.Journal of applied quantitative methods 8: 1-10.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akinbami, F.O., Hamzat, T.H., Orimadegun, A.E., Tongo O., Oyeyemi, L., Okafor,O, &amp; Akinyinka, O.O. (2010). Body mass composition: a predictor of admission outcomes among hospitalized Nigerian under 5 children. Asia Pac Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 19(3). DOI: 10.6133\/apjcn.2010.19.3.01.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akinyemi, J.O., Bamgboye.E,A.,Ayeni.O.(2013). New trend in under-five mortality determinants and their effects on child survival in Nigeria; A review of childhood mortality data from 1990-2008.Africa Population StudiesVol 27(11); 25-42.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Alao, N., and Adegbola, O.(1985). Urbanization, modernization and recent trends in mortality in Africa: a conspectus. Proceedings of the International Population Conference.Adegbola, O. Eds. Florence, Italy 5-12 June. 275-286 Antai, .D.,Wedr\u00e9n, Sara, Bellocco, Rino, &amp;Moradi, Tahereh. (2009). Ethnic disparities in child health in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of individual and contextual factors. Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care, 2(4),39-49.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17570980200900028<br \/>\r\n[7]. Antai, D., &amp;Antai, J. (2008). Individual- and contextual-level determinants of social inequities in under-five mortality in Nigeria: differentials by religious affiliation of the mother. World Healthand Population 10.4: 38-52.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Antai, Diddy. (2011a). Inequalities in under-5 mortality in Nigeria: do ethnicity and socioeconomic position matter? J,Epidemiol,21(1), 13-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2188\/jea.JE20100049<br \/>\r\n[9]. Antai, Diddy. (2011b). Regional inequalities in under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a population based analysis of individual- and community-level determinants. Population Health Metrics,9(6), 1-27.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1478-7954-9-6.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Aremu, Olatunde, Lawoko, Stephen, Moradi, Tahereh, &amp;Dalal, Koustuv.(2011).Socio- economic determinants in selecting childhood diarrhoea treatment options in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel model. Italian journal of paediatrics37(13):2- 8.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1824-7288-37-13<br \/>\r\n[11]. Bicego, G.T., &amp;Boerma, J.T. (1993).&#8221;Maternal education and child survival: A comparative study of survey data from 17 countries,&#8221; Social Science and Medicine, 36, 1207-1227.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., &amp; Jones,B.S. (2004). Event History Modeling: A Guide for Social Scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. www.Cambridge.org\/9780521837675<br \/>\r\n[13]. Boyle,H.E.,King,M.,Sobek,M.(2019).IPUMS-Demographic and Health Surveys: Version 7[dataset].Minnesota Population Center and ICF International, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18128\/D080.V7<br \/>\r\n[14]. Caldwell, J.C(1986). Routes to low mortality in poor countries. Population and Development Review 12:171-220. DOI: 10.2307\/1973108<br \/>\r\n[15]. Caldwell, J.C. (1979). Education as a factor in mortality decline: an examination of Nigerian data. Population Studies 33.3.395-413. DOI: 10.2307\/2173888<br \/>\r\n[16]. Chimezie,R.O.(2015) . Failure of primary healthcare delivery in Africa, international journals Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary studies (IJMS) volume2 (4): 208-215.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Chirdan, O.O., Zoakah, A. I., &amp;Ejembi C.L. (2008).Impact of health education on home treatment and prevention of malaria in Jengre, North Central Nigeria.Ann Afr Med, 7(3), 112-119. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4103\/1596-3519.55667<br \/>\r\n[18]. Cleves, M. A., Gould ,W.W., Gutierrez, R.W., &amp;Marchenko,Y.V. (2010). An Introduction to Survival Analysis Using Stata. 3rd ed. College Station, TX: Stata Press<br \/>\r\n[19]. Cox, D. R., &amp; Oakes, D.(1984). Analysis of survival data. London: Chapman &amp; Hall\/CRC.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Currie, J. (2000): &#8220;Child health in developed countries,&#8221; in A.J. Culyer and J.P. Newhouse (eds.) Handbook of Health Economics, Volume 1b, Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1574-0064(00)80032-3<br \/>\r\n[21]. Curtis, S.L., Diamond, I.,&amp;Mcdonald, J.W. (1993). &#8220;Birth interval and family effects on post neonatal mortality in Brazil,&#8221; Demography, 30, 33-43.Doi:10.2307\/2061861<br \/>\r\n[22]. Diez-Roux, Ana,V., Merkin,S.S., Arnett,D., Chambless,L.,Massing,M.,Nieto,J.,Watson,.L.N (2001).Neighbourhood of residence and incidence of coronary heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(2), 99-106. DOI: 10.1056\/NEJM200107123450205<br \/>\r\n[23]. Doctor, H.V., Bairagi, R., Findley, S.E., Helleringer, S.(2011). Northern Nigeria Maternal Newborn and Child Health Programme : Selected Analyses from Population- Based Baseline Survey. Open Demogr J. 4:11\u201321.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Ezeh, O.K., Agho, K.E., Dibley, M.J., Hall.,J.H&amp;Page,A.N.(2015). Risk factors for postneonatal, infant, child and under-5 mortality in Nigeria: a pooled cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open;5:e006779. DOI:10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006779.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Fagbamigbe..A.F &amp;Alabi.,O.(2014). Differentials and correlates of infants mortality in Nigeria:A comparative survival analysis between North East and South West Nigeria. International journal of TROPICAL DISEASE &amp; HEALTH,4(8): 869-886.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Fayehun, O. (2010). Household environmental health hazards and child survival in Sub- Saharan Africa.DHS Working Papers No. 74. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF Macro.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria]. 2011a. Executive session presentation on saving newborn lives in Nigeria in the context of the integrated maternal newborn and child health strategy. Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Federal Ministry of Health [Nigeria].2013b. Draft National Malaria strategic plan 2014-2020. Abuja, Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Health.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Federal Ministry of Nigeria [Nigeria]. 2010a. Executive session presentation on saving Newborn Lives in Nigeria in the context of the integrated maternal newborn and Child health Strategy, Abuja, Nigeria: Federal Ministry of Health.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Getachew, Y. &amp;Bekele, S. (2016). 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Neonatal morbidity and mortality in Calabar, Nigeria: a hospital-based study. Nigeria Journal of Clinical Practice,11(3), 285-289.<br \/>\r\n[57]. United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation [UN\/IGME](2017). \u2018Levels &amp; Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2017, Estimates Developed by the UN Inter- agencyGroup for Child Mortality Estimation\u2019, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, New York.<br \/>\r\n[58]. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2018).\u2018Levels &amp; Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2018, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation\u2019, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, New York.<br \/>\r\n[59]. Vittinghoff, E., Glidden D. V., ShiboskI, S. C., &amp;Mcculloch,C.E. (2012). Regression Methods in Biostatistics: Linear, Logistic, Survival, and Repeated Measures Models. 2nd ed. New York: Springer. doi: 10.1007\/978-1-4614-1353-0<br \/>\r\n[60]. Wall, L. L. (1998). Dead Mothers and Injured Wives: The Social Context of Maternal<br \/>\r\n[61]. World Bank.(2015). Annual report 2015.www.worldbank.org<br \/>\r\n[62]. Zenger, E., (1993). Siblings\u2019 neonatal mortality risks and birth spacing in Bangladesh. Demography, 30(3), pp.477-488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2061652<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Makanju. Adebayo.O., Alex .Uriri .E. &#8220;Survival Analysis of Under-Five Child Mortality and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.466-478 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/466-478.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/466-478.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/survival-analysis-of-under-five-child-mortality-and-its-associated-risk-factors-in-northern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Survival Analysis of Under-Five Child Mortality and Its Associated Risk Factors in Northern Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56531e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a56531e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Abdur Razzaque, Muhammed Alamgir &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 479-484<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a566163 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a566163\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5662d4\" data-id=\"a5662d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a566403 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a566403\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Resilience and vulnerability are very much interlinked with each other in context of climate change. Resilience is measured by subtracting indexed vulnerability from ability to absorb shocks. Multiple regression analysis is used to identify determinants of resilience. It is observed that resilience index is the highest for households that have lower vulnerability and decreases slightly with increasing vulnerability. About 11% of households have very high resilience while around 9% has very low resilience to climate change. Multiple regression analysis has showed that land holding, livestock, income from agriculture, radio\/mobile, irrigation, saving, infrastructure like school and market significantly increases the resilience. The increase in land holding, on-farm and off-farm income, livestock and radio\/mobile possession will increase the resilience with the coefficient of 0.47, 0.82, 0.96, 0.51 and 0.2 respectively having p-value of 0.00. Saving money will significantly increase the resilience with the coefficient of 0.11 and p-value of 0.09, nearness of infrastructure like school and market will significantly increase the resilience with the coefficient of -0.18 and -0.17, respectively with p-value of 0.03 and 0.02. The analysis shows that analyzing only from the perspective of vulnerability will only show the households as mere sufferer but will not capture their capability. Further understand from resilience point of view will also capture their capability to observe those shocks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 479-484\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Abdur Razzaque <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammed Alamgir <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Civil Engineering, Khulna University of Engineering &amp; Technology, Khulna-9203, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] UNFCCC. (2007). Climate Change: Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries. Bonn, Germany: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.<br \/>\r\n[2] Thatcher, C. A., Brock, J. C., &amp; Pendleton, E. A. (2013). Economic vulnerability to sealevel rise along the northern US Gulf coast. Journal of Coastal Research, 63(sp1), 234\u2013243.<br \/>\r\n[3] Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., &amp; Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global Environmental Change, 1 8 (4), 598-606. doi: 10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013<br \/>\r\n[4] Smith, S. K., Tayman, J., &amp; Swanson, D. A. (2006). State and local population projections: Methodology and analysis. Springer Science &amp; Business Media.<br \/>\r\n[5] Speranza, C. I. (2010). Resilient Adaptation to Climate Change in African Agriculture. Bonn: DeutschesInstitutf\u00fcrEntwicklungspolitikgGmbH. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.adaptationlearning.net\/sites\/default\/files\/Studies%2054.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6] McCarthy, J. J. (2001). Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability: Contribution of working group II to the third assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[7] Marshall, N. A., Fenton, D. M., Marshall, P. A. &amp; Sutton, S. G., 2007. How resource dependency can influence social resilience within a primary resource industry. Rural Sociology, 73(3), pp. 359-390.<br \/>\r\n[8] Ford J.D and King D (2013) A framework for examining adaptation readiness. Mitg Adapt Strateg Glob Change. http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007.2Fs11027-0139505-8#page-1<br \/>\r\n[9] Deressa, T. T., Hassan, R. M. &amp;Ringler, C., 2009. Assessing household vulnerability to climate change. The case of farmers in the nile basin of ethiopia, Washington DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.: IFPRI Discussion Paper 00935.<br \/>\r\n[10] Ford, J. D., Smit, B., Wandel, J., &amp; MacDonald, J. (2006). Vulnerability to climate change in Igloolik, Nunavut: what we can learn from the past and present. Polar Record, 42 (221), 127-138. doi:10.1017\/S0032247406005122<br \/>\r\n[11] Zedillo, Ernesto (Ed). Global Warming: Looking Beyond Kyoto. Washington, DC, USA: Brookings Institution Press, 2007. [Online].Available at: http:\/\/site.ebrary.com\/lib\/uppsala\/Doc?id=10224510&amp;ppg=25. Brookings Institution Press<br \/>\r\n[12] EM-DAT, 2013.Natural disasters reported 1975-2011 in Bangladesh. International Disaster Database. Louvain, Universit\u00e9Catholique de Louvain.<br \/>\r\n[13] Ahsan, M. N., &amp; Warner, J. (2014). The socioeconomic vulnerability index: A pragmatic approach for assessing climate change led risks\u2013a case study in the south-western coastal Bangladesh. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 8, 32\u201349.<br \/>\r\n[14] Banglapedia. (2015a). DacopeUpazila &#8211; Banglapedia. Retrieved from http:\/\/en.banglapedia.org\/index.php?title=Dacope_Upazila<br \/>\r\n[15] Banglapedia. (2015b). RampalUpazila &#8211; Banglapedia. Retrieved from http:\/\/en.banglapedia.org\/index.php?title=Rampal_Upazila<br \/>\r\n[16] Banglapedia. (2015c). ShyamnagarUpazila &#8211; Banglapedia. Retrieved from http:\/\/en.banglapedia.org\/index.php?title=Shyamnagar_Upazila<br \/>\r\n[17] Gerlitz, J. Y., Banerjee, S., Brooks, N., Hunzai, K., &amp;Macchi, M. (2015). An approach to measure vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Hindu Kush Himalayas. Handbook of climate change adaptation (pp. 151\u2013176). Berlin Heidelberg: Springer.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Abdur Razzaque, Muhammed Alamgir &#8220;Climate Change Resilience of Farmers of South West Coastal Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.479-484 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/479-484.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/479-484.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/climate-change-resilience-of-farmers-of-south-west-coastal-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Change Resilience of Farmers of South West Coastal Bangladesh<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a567230 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a567230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a567317 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a567317\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5674a7\" data-id=\"a5674a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5675d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5675d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a567672 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a567672\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5677c4\" data-id=\"a5677c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56a507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56a507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56a5e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56a5e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56a77e\" data-id=\"a56a77e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56a8ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56a8ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56a95e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56a95e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56aaf7\" data-id=\"a56aaf7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56ac18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56ac18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring Levels of Teenage Premarital Sex and Pregnancy in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nyateko, Benard Dede, Ong\u2019anyi, P. Obino, Agwanda, Alfred Otieno &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 485-490<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56acc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56acc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56ae40\" data-id=\"a56ae40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56af7f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a56af7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Teenage pregnancy has existed and is conceptualized as a social problem in many parts of the world. A recent report by the Kenya Demographic and Health Survey shows Kenya as one of countries with a large number of adolescent pregnancies in Africa. The situation could be worse in poor Counties in Kenya such as Homa Bay. This study sought to examine the level of premarital sex and the prevalence of teenage pregnancy in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub-County in Homa Bay County, Kenya. The study was based on the Psychosocial Theory and employed Cross-sectional survey design. Data was collected using questionnaires and in-depth interview techniques from a sample of 303 girls randomly selected from the study area. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and results presented in tables and figures. The study established that there is high prevalence of premarital sex and teenage pregnancy in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub County. Lack of parental guidance and support was highly blamed as parents reportedly do very little in sharing reproductive health information with their teenage children. The study recommends that alternative approaches may be necessary to reach out to the teenagers to help solve the problem of teenage pregnancy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 485-490\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nyateko, Benard Dede<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Arts and Social Sciences, Rongo University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ong\u2019anyi, P. Obino<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Sciences, Kibabii University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agwanda, Alfred Otieno<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPopulation Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. APHRC (2018), What\u2019s driving high pregnancy rates in Kenyan schools.Retrieved From: https:\/\/www.aphrc.org\/post\/9963\/<br \/>\r\n[2]. altag V. (2015) Assessing an Adolescent\u2019s Capacity for Autonomous Decision-making in Clinical Care. Journal of PMID 26281798 medline.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Barber N. (2017), Real Reasons for Sex Before Marriage.Journal of Psychology Today. Retrieved From: https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/&#8230;\/<br \/>\r\n[4]. Barr and Hoffman (2018), Teen Pregnancy and Foster Care. Journal of National Centre for Health Research. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.center4research.org\/teen- &#8230;\/Pregnancy\u2026.\/<br \/>\r\n[5]. Braun and Clerke (2006), Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Journal of Research gate. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/&#8230;\/2353563..\/<br \/>\r\n[6]. Brewster et al. (2018), The Role of Parent Religiosity in Teens\u2019 Transitions to Sex and Contraception. Journal of Adolescent 2018 Elsevier \/34\/<br \/>\r\n[7]. CDC (2016), Trends in Repeat Births and Use of Postpartum Contraception Among Teens- United States. Journal of Adolescent Health Supplement.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Clerie and Berhane (2018), Assessment of Parenting Practices and Styles and Adolescent sexual behaviors among High School Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Journal AIDS and Clinical Research 06 (02) 2015.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Cornell J. H. (2018), Early Childbearing, School Attainment, and Cognitive Skills: Evidence From Madagascar. Journal of Adolescent Health (39) 588-595 Springer.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Daily M. and Wilson M. (2010), Cultural = Heritage and The Sexually Transmitted Infection. Retrieved From: https:\/\/www.books. Google.com\/books?\/ isbn 1317156463.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Fekadu Z (2018), Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Degua Temblen District, Tigray,. Northern Ethiopia: A community-based case-control study. Online journal 13 (7): e0200898. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.netHocken Berry MJ. (2018), Teen Pregnancy- Child Trends, USA. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.childtrends.org\/teen&#8230;2018\/<br \/>\r\n[12]. Hogan and Kenny (2016), A community Conversation on Adolescent Pregnancy and Preventing Services: Networks of Support, Gatekeepers to Care and Non-Compulsory Fathering in a Black Urban Community. The Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice 7 (4).<br \/>\r\n[13]. Kaiser Family Foundation (2017), Teen Birth Rate Per 1000 Population Ages 15-19. A journal of Adolescent Health (67)-8. Retrieved from: https:www.kff.org\/\u2026\/teenbirthrate\/per\u2026\/<br \/>\r\n[14]. KDHS (2016),The State of Teenage Pregnancy in Kenya- The standard. Retrieved From:https:www.standardmedia.co.ke\/\u2026\/<br \/>\r\n[15]. Koohesani HR et al (2017), Adolescent boys\u2019 lived experience of puberty: A qualitative Journal of Nursing. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ijn.iums.ac.ir<br \/>\r\n[16]. Lucia Laboso (2018), Youths Unmet Contraception needs Add to Grim Numbers. Retrieved from:https:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke\/&#8230;\/youth\/<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mashao (2017), The Lattest Teenage Pregnancy Data. A Journal of Reproductive Health Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/teenpregnancy\/\u2026\/<br \/>\r\n[18]. Were M. (2017), Determinants of Teenage Pregnancies: The Case of Busia. Journal of Economics and Human Biology 5 (2): 322-39.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Juma M. et al. (2018), Cultural Practices and Sexual Risk Behaviour among the Teenagers. Journal of licensee BioMed Central Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[20]. National Council for Population and Development (2018), State of Kenya Population and Adolescents and Youth Survey Reports 210818<br \/>\r\n[21]. National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG 2017), Key Statistics from the National Survey of Family. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/&#8230;\/nsfg\/key-statistics.<br \/>\r\n[22]. National Survey on Religion and Choice (2016), Prevalence and Factors Associated with Teen Pregnancy in Vietnam: Results from Two National Surveys. Washington DC. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/3018280&#8230;\/<br \/>\r\n[23]. Kurt, O., Sasmaz and Bugdayci (2015), The Socio-demographic Factors Related with the Adolescent Pregnancy in Degua Tembien District, Tigray Northern Ethiopia.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Plan International (2017), New Report on Teen Pregnancy and Early Marriage. Journal of Plan International (05): 2017-0510.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Seme, A. and Wirtu D. (2016), Teenage Pregnancy and Its Associated Factors among School Adolescents of Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Health Science. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/<br \/>\r\n[26]. Athar, S. (2017), The Silent Truth of Teenage Pregnancies- Birth to Twenty Cohort\u2019s next generation-NCBI-NIH. Journal of Teen Reproductive Health. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/\u2026\/<br \/>\r\n[27]. UNFPA (2017), Adolescent Pregnancy and Development. Journal of Development and adolescent health. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.unfpa.org\/&#8230;\/&#8230;\/<br \/>\r\n[28]. Whyte, Albert and Van der Geest (1997), Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist in Teen Pregnancy Rates. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/&#8230;\/racial-and-\/<br \/>\r\n[29]. Zadeh Mohammadi A. et al. (2018), Risk Taking Behaviors Among Adolscents: The Strategies to Predict Crimes Commitment. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.dnl.tebyan.net<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nyateko, Benard Dede, Ong\u2019anyi, P. Obino, Agwanda, Alfred Otieno &#8220;Exploring Levels of Teenage Premarital Sex and Pregnancy in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.485-490 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/485-490.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/485-490.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/exploring-levels-of-teenage-premarital-sex-and-pregnancy-in-riana-division-of-ndhiwa-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Exploring Levels of Teenage Premarital Sex and Pregnancy in Riana Division of Ndhiwa Sub-County, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56be96 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a56be96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56bf83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56bf83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56c106\" data-id=\"a56c106\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56c22d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56c22d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56c2cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56c2cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56c421\" data-id=\"a56c421\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56c534 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56c534\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56c5d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56c5d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56c722\" data-id=\"a56c722\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56c832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56c832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56c8cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56c8cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56ca36\" data-id=\"a56ca36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56cb44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a56cb44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of PBLA in the Instruction of LP in Comparison to the Traditional Methods: A Case Study of Kalonga Secondary School Grade 12 Learners<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Teddy Malupande, Ellena Kumar &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 491-507<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a56cbeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a56cbeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a56cd5a\" data-id=\"a56cd5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a56fe46 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a56fe46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study was undertaken to explore theImpact of PBL in the Instruction of LPin Comparison to the Traditional Methods. The design used was a Pre-test and Post-test control group Quasi Experimental research design. This study involved two grade12 classes such that one was an experimental group (55 pupils) and the other class was a control group (56 pupils).<br \/>\r\nBefore the treatment the two groups were given a pre-test in order to establish the equivalence as well as the homogeneity of the two groups and the post-test was used to assess the Impact of PBLA in Learning LP. The experimental group was treated with PBLA and the control group was taught using the traditional or lecture method. An achievement test was employed as the instrument which was given as a pre-test and post-test. A questionnaire was also used to determine the attitudes of the learners of the experimental group towards PBLA.<br \/>\r\nData was analyzed using descriptive statistics: frequency, mean, standard deviation and skewness. Furthermore, data was analyzed using inferential statistics with independent sample t-test statistics and Mann -Whitney U test. The results of the study provided overwhelming evidence that the use of PBLA had an impact on learners in learning LP. After the intervention, it was found that there was a statistically significant difference in LP achievement post-test in favor of the experimental group and that gender factor did not affect the performance of students in the achievement of LP post-test. Moreover, the study found that experimental group students\u2019 attitude towards learning LP through PBLA improved as well. The researcher concluded that PBLA was an effective Approach for teaching LP.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 491-507\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teddy Malupande <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKalonga Secondary School, P.O Box 80925, Kabwe \u2013 Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ellena Kumar <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Copperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O. Box 21692, Jumbo Drive, Riverside, Kitwe \u2013 Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Badmus, G (2002) \u201cChanges in Contents and Teaching of School Mathematics in Nigeria,\u201d in Teacher&#8217;s Workshop, National Mathematical Centred, Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Baldwin, J. (2005) Jean Piaget; In Key thinkers in linguistics and the philosophy of language Retrieved from http:\/\/search.credoreference.com\/content\/entry\/edinburghthinkl\/jean_piaget\/<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bruner. J. (2009). The process of Education. Harvard University press, 30 June, 2009. USA.<br \/>\r\n[4]. The Partnership for 21st century FrameworkP21.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Chand, D. (2015). Major problems and issues of teacher education. International Journal of Applied Research, 1(4), 350-353. Retrieved from www. allresearchjournal.com.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Cockcroft W H (1982) Mathematics counts: A report of the committee into the teaching of mathematics in schools London, Her majesty\u2019s stationary office<br \/>\r\n[7]. Cohen L &amp; Manion L (1994) Research methods in education London, Croom Helm<br \/>\r\n[8]. Creswell J W (2003) Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative and Mixed Approaches California, Saga Publications Inc.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Culatta, R. (2015). Constructivist Theory (Jerome Bruner). Retrieved from www.instructionaldesign.org\/ theoreies\/constructivists.html.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) (2012) \u2018O\u2019 Level Mathematics (Grades 10 to 12) Lusaka, CDC<br \/>\r\n[11]. Dantzig G B (1998) Linear Programming and Extensions Princeton University Press; 23-33. ISBN 0691059136<br \/>\r\n[12]. ECZ (2007) School Certificate and General Certificate of Education Examiners\u2019 Reports October\/November 2006 Examinations Lusaka, ECZ<br \/>\r\n[13]. ECZ (2009) Examiners\u2019 Report on the 2009 Joint School Certificate and General Certificate of Education Examinations Lusaka, ECZ<br \/>\r\n[14]. ECZ (2010) Examiners\u2019 Reports on the 2010 Joint School Certificate and General Certificate of Education Lusaka, ECZ<br \/>\r\n[15]. ECZ (2014) Highlights of 2014 Grade 12 Lusaka, ECZ<br \/>\r\n[16]. Edwards T G, Chelst K R (1999) The Mathematics of decision making in industry and Government Linthicum Medical Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences<br \/>\r\n[17]. Examination Results Statistics, Research and Development Department, Lusaka ECZ<br \/>\r\n[18]. Kenya National Examinations Council, (KNEC) (2008) KCSE Report Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[19]. Maxwell, M. (2014). Improving student learn\u00acing skills: A comprehensive guide to successful practices and programs for increasing the per\u00acformance of underprepared students. San Fran\u00accisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[20]. MOE (1996) Educating Our Future Lusaka, CDC<br \/>\r\n[21]. MOE (1992) Focus on Learning: Strategies for Development of School Education in Zambia; Report of the Team Appointed to Review Investment Strategies in Education Lusaka, MOE<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ministry of Education and Japanese International Co-operation Agency 2013, Lusaka, MOE<br \/>\r\n[23]. MOE (2013) Teachers\u2019 Curriculum Implementation Guide, 2013 Lusaka, MOE<br \/>\r\n[24]. Mugenda, A.G. (2008) Social Science Research: Theory and Principles Nairobi, Arts Press technology a review of literature Technology, Pedagogy and Education, Vol. 9 (3) 319-342<br \/>\r\n[25]. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2000) Principles and standards for school mathematics Reston, VA: NCTM<br \/>\r\n[26]. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (2003) NCTM program standards: Programs for initial preparation of mathematics teachers Reston, VA: NCTM<br \/>\r\n[27]. Patton M Q (1990) Qualitative Evaluation Methods London, Sage publications<br \/>\r\n[28]. Togo DF (2005) Integrating optimum management into cost systems; an accounting approach to linear programming Journal of Business Case Studies; 1(4):27\u201332<br \/>\r\n[29]. Torrefranca, E. (2017). Development and validation of instructional modules on rational expressions and variations. The Normal Lights, 11(1), 43-73. Retrieved from po.pnuresearchportal.org<br \/>\r\n[30]. Yu JY, (2007) Lecture notes trinity term University of Oxford<br \/>\r\n[31]. Yahya WB (2004) Determination of optimum product mix at minimum raw material cost, using linear programming Nigeria, journal of Pure and Applied Science.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Zambia College of Distance Education (2013) Grade 12 Mathematics Module 2, Directorate of Open and Distance Education Lusaka, Ministry of Education<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Teddy Malupande, Ellena Kumar &#8220;Impact of PBLA in the Instruction of LP in Comparison to the Traditional Methods: A Case Study of Kalonga Secondary School Grade 12 Learners&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.491-507 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/491-507.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/491-507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-pbla-in-the-instruction-of-lp-in-comparison-to-the-traditional-methods-a-case-study-of-kalonga-secondary-school-grade-12-learners\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of PBLA in the Instruction of LP in Comparison to the Traditional Methods: A Case Study of Kalonga Secondary School Grade 12 Learners<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a570e55 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a570e55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a570f49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a570f49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5710e4\" data-id=\"a5710e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a571220 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a571220\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5712cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5712cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a571429\" data-id=\"a571429\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a571544 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a571544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5715ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5715ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a571737\" data-id=\"a571737\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57184a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57184a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5718e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5718e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a571a8d\" data-id=\"a571a8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a571bb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a571bb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Reflections on the Feasibility of Addressing Water Crises in Urban Zimbabwe through Community-Based Management<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jeremiah Bvirindi, Cosmas Chikwawawa &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 508-514<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a571c68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a571c68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a571de5\" data-id=\"a571de5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a571f1e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a571f1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In some Zimbabwe\u2019s urban areas, water shortages and its quality has become a perennial predicament that has claimed human life and inhibited economic development. A study by Nhapi (2009) revealed that the current problems have been caused by rapid population growth after independence in 1980, inadequate rehabilitation and maintenance of water and wastewater treatment plants, expensive technologies and a poor institutional framework.In this respect, the problem is two-fold that is, inadequate water quantity and poor water quality. In Harare, for instance, water quantity problems have been attributed to the inadequate pumping capacity at Morton Jaffrey Works and Prince Edward Water Treatment Works as observed by (Manzungu and Mabiza, 2004). The quality of drinking water on the other hand has been seriously affected as a result of deteriorating water quality in Lake Chivero. Erratic water supplies and poor sanitation mostly affect the poor as they do not have alternative means. Those who can afford can drill household boreholes or may resort to buying or transport it from other places. The majority however, are forced to dig shallow wells within their yards as was the practice in rural areas. This resulted in unprecedented cholera outbreak in 2008-9, 2017 and 2018, which claimed more than 4,400 lives according to Zimbabwe Government (2017).From UNICEF experience and studies, some community organizations in rural and urban areas have been successful in generating financial resources needed for the extension of services and in acting as providers of services through the operations and management of local utilities popularly known as Community Based Management (CBM). As a result Zimbabwe introduced the CBM concept in rural areas which became a successful initiative (UNICEF, 2003).The concept of community based approach is not new or unique to the water and sanitation sector. The approach has and is being implemented in forestry management, fisheries, game parks, HIV and AIDS programmes among others (OECD, 2015).Community Based approaches to services is supported by several international declarations. The Institute of Water and Sanitation Development (IWSD) (2015) argued that in Zimbabwe, like in many other African states, CBM has been accepted among policy makers, development practitioners, NGOs and developing country governments as the route to sustainable WASH interventions, but with an initial focus on water points only. IWSD gave evidence of steps towards the implementation of CBM in Zimbabwe which started in the early 1990s with a pilot project in Chivi district. By 1997, CBM had been extended to five other rural districts, namely, Makoni, Mutoko, Matobo, Kwekwe and Beitbridge. Experiences in these districts revealed that it was necessary to document some principles upon which CBM could be based and this was successfully done in 1997. CBM is also apparently a viable alternative in Zimbabwe\u2019s urban centres, although it has not been fully implemented. This paper critically reflects on the feasibility of CBM water management in urban Zimbabwe.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 508-514\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jeremiah Bvirindi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Student, College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cosmas Chikwawawa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Student, College of Business, Peace, Leadership and Governance, Africa University, Mutare, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Boris E.T. (1999) Next Step for Building Capacity in Non-profit Organisations, the Urban Institute<br \/>\r\n[2]. Brody E. and Cordes JJ. (1999) Tax Treatment of Non-profits: A Two Edged Sword? In Government and Non-profits: Conflicts or Collaboration.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Campbell S. (1996) Green Cities, growing cities; Just cities? Readings in Planning Theory, 2nd Ed. Oxford: London.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Carr, G., G. Blo\u00a8schl, and D. P. Loucks (2012), Evaluating participation in water resource management: A review, Water Resour. Res., 48, W11401, doi:10.1029\/2011WR011662.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Cernea M. (1994) The Sociologist Approach to Sustainable Development, Making Development Sustainable: From Concepts to Action.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Claridge, T. (2004) Designing Social Capital Sensitive Participation MethodologiesSocial Dunedin: Capital Research.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Edwards K. (2000). The Structure of Local Environmentalism.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Edwards B. and Foley MW. (1998) Civil Society and Social Capital Be.yond Putnam: American Behavioural Scientist.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Gardner J. (1991).The Changing Nature of Leadership.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Goal Zimbabwe, (2009). Assessment of Harare Town Water and Sewage Systems.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Hall JA. (1995) In Search of Civil Society. In Civil Society Theory, History, Comparison. Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]. International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) (1998). Participatory Methods in Community Based Coastal Resource Managemnt. 3 Volumes, Silang, Cavite, Phillipines.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Instituted of Water and Sanitation (2015) Health and Epidemiology Module. Harare: Institute of Water and Sanitation.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Manzungu, E. &amp;Mabiza, H. (2004). Water for all: Improving water resource governance in Southern Africa, Gatekeeper Series No.113<br \/>\r\n[15]. Mayer S.E. (1994) Building Community Capacity: The Potential of community foundations: Minneapolis: Rainbow Research.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Minkoff D.C. (1997) Producing Social Capital: National Social Movement and Civil Society; American Behavioural Scientist.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Zimbabwe Government. (2009).Survey on cholera outbreak in Harare. Harare: Ministry of Health and Child Care<br \/>\r\n[18]. Moench, M. (2003). The fluid mosaic; Water governance in the context of variability, uncertainity and change. Nepal Water Conservation Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Nhapi, I. (2009). The Water Situation in Harare Zimbabwe: A policy and Management problem. Journal of water policy volume 11 pp 221-235<br \/>\r\n[20]. OECD, (2003). Peer Review: A tool for cooperation and change, Development Cooperation Report.<br \/>\r\n[21]. OECD. (2015).Stakeholder Engagement for Inclusive Water Governance; OECD Studies on Water, OECD Publishing<br \/>\r\n[22]. Pandey B. and Okazali K. (2008) Community Based Disaster Management: Empowering Communities to Cope With Disaster Risks. United Nations Centre for Regional Development, Japan.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Putnam R. (2000) Bowling Alone. America\u2019s declining social capacity, Journal of Democracy.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Rogers,P. &amp;Hall,A.W. (2003). Effective Water Governance. TWC Background Paper No. 7 Global Water Partnership, Technical Committee Stockholm, Sweeden.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Sultana, F. (2009) Community and participation in water resources management: gendering and naturing development debates from Bangladesh. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers.<br \/>\r\n[26]. UN DESA (2015) The Critical Role of Water in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals: Synthesis of Knowledge and Recommendations for Effective Framing, Monitoring, and Capacity Development Paper prepared for the United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs.<br \/>\r\n[27]. UNDP, (2007). Water Governance Facility, http:\/\/www.watergovernance.org\/<br \/>\r\n[28]. UNESCO (2019) The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving no one behind.<br \/>\r\n[29]. UNICEF, (2003), Community Centred Capacity Development: A step-by step guide on training facilitators, UNICEF, Harare.<br \/>\r\n[30]. UNICEF, (2007), Programme Policy and Procedure Manual: programme Operations (Revised), Harare.<br \/>\r\n[31]. UWEP (2012) Working Document: Community Based Solid Waste Management and Waste Supply Projects: Problems and Solutions.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Weisbrod B.A. (1988) The Non-profit Economy. Cambridge, Mass .Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[33]. WHO\/UNICEF, (2010), Joint Monitoring Report.<br \/>\r\n[34]. WWAP (UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme). (2019). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind. Paris.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jeremiah Bvirindi, Cosmas Chikwawawa &#8220;Reflections on the Feasibility of Addressing Water Crises in Urban Zimbabwe through Community-Based Management&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.508-514 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/508-514.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/508-514.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/reflections-on-the-feasibility-of-addressing-water-crises-in-urban-zimbabwe-through-community-based-management\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Reflections on the Feasibility of Addressing Water Crises in Urban Zimbabwe through Community-Based Management<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57767b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a57767b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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September 2019 Page No.: 515-524<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a578c55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a578c55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a578dd5\" data-id=\"a578dd5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a578f0c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a578f0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The topic was domestic violence and its impact children. The aim was to investigate impact of domestic violence on the children in schools. The objective of the study was to examine how domestic violence affects learning of children and assess the long term impact of domestic violence on the children even after school. Some of the research questions include how far does domestic violence affect children in their learning processes, to what extent does domestic violence have long term impact on children in their adult lives. The study adopted qualitative research design. The reason for the choice being that the study discussed feelings and emotions hence these could not be quantified. The respondents were sampled through purposive and the researcher used questionnaires and interviews to collect information from the respondents. The findings indicate that domestic violence is extremely common and has negatively affected both the parents and the children. The children are the worst affected both at school, socially and the impact is long term. The domestic violence has led to children both boys and girls to leave their homes in Makoni District and have resorted to prostitution, drug abuse, and other anti-social activities. This study concludes that schools in the district have lost children due to pregnancies, general drop out from schools. The department of Social Welfare has admitted that the challenges caused by economic meltdown and eviction of commercial farms in the district have completed matters and currently the government has no capacity to handle the challenges. This study therefore recommends government increases budgets for the Ministries of Health and Child Care, Ministry of Labour and Social Services as well as to Ministry of Small to Medium Enterprises so that these can assist several thousands of people who are affected in the district. In addition, the study recommends that Government should work with NGOs to try and improve the situation which is so dire since it has no capacity to handle the situation alone.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 515-524\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr David Foya <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Department of Business Management, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Anthony J. and Martin, F. (1985) Parental influence in Health and Diseases. Little, Brown and Co. Boston.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bacchiochi, S (1991) The Marriage Covenant: A Biblical Study on Marriage Divorce andRemarriage. Michigan<br \/>\r\n[3]. Caroline McGee (2002) Childhood Experiences of Domestic Violence. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. London<br \/>\r\n[4]. Case Studies in Family Violence (Edited 2000) Kluwer Academic Publishers. NY<br \/>\r\n[5]. DeBasic, N. (1989) Mental Health Nursing: A Holistic Approach 3rd Ed. Mosley Co.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Toronto Howse, K (1988) Family Matters: A Guide to Family Life. The Stanborough Press Ltd.Grainham.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Laurel Wheeler,Mandatory Family Mediation and Domestic Violence, 26 S. Ill. U. L.J. 559, 561 (2002).<br \/>\r\n[8]. Lawrence A. Greenfeld, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Violence by Intimates: Analysis of Date on Crimes by Current or Former Spouses, Boyfriends, and Girlfriends 22 (1998), available at http:\/\/www.ojp.usdoj.gov\/bjs\/pub\/pdf\/vi.pdf. (viewed last on 3-23-06).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Mark Matthew Graham, Domestic Violence Victims and Welfare &#8220;Reform&#8221;: The Family Violence Option in Illinois, 5 J. Gender Race &amp; Just. 433, 434 (2002).<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mitchell L.M, (1987) Health: Wellness Approach Merrill Publishing Co. Columbus<br \/>\r\n[11]. Oho, J.H, (1980) Modern Health. Holt, Rhinehard &amp; Winston Publishers. New York.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Schaeffer, R and Lamm, R.P (1983) Sociology 5th Ed. McGraw Hill. New York.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Shelly Kintzel, The Effects of Domestic Violence on Welfare Reform: An Assessment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act as Applied to Battered Women, 50 Kan. L. Rev. 591, 598 (2002).<br \/>\r\n[14]. Taylor, J and Steward, S (1990) Sexual and Domestic Violence, Recovery and Action in<br \/>\r\n[15]. The Journal of Adventist Education Oct\/Nov 2000. Article By Donna T. Habenicht. Silver Spring Publishers, Michigan.<br \/>\r\n[16]. The Manica Post 19 \u201325 September 2003 (Story: Society is Shaped by the Family it produces, Irene Jabangwe) Zimpapers Publishers, Harare<br \/>\r\n[17]. Van Pelt, V (1980) To Have and To Hold: A Guide to Successful Marriage. Southern Publishing Association. Nashville<br \/>\r\n[18]. Wold, S.J (1981) School Nursing: A Framework for Practice. CV Mosby Co. Toronto<br \/>\r\n[19]. Zimbabwe. Avon Glenlln Publishers. Harare<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr David Foya &#8221; Domestic Violence in Makoni District of Manicaland Zimbabwe (2000-2010)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.515-524 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/515-524.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/515-524.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/domestic-violence-in-makoni-district-of-manicaland-zimbabwe-2000-2010\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Domestic Violence in Makoni District of Manicaland Zimbabwe (2000-2010)<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57a870 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a57a870\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57a96d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57a96d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57ab1c\" data-id=\"a57ab1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57ac49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57ac49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57acf7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57acf7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57ae5b\" data-id=\"a57ae5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57af6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57af6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57b00a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57b00a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57b169\" data-id=\"a57b169\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57b282 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57b282\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57b322 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57b322\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57b49d\" data-id=\"a57b49d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57b5b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57b5b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effectiveness of the Induction Course in Education Management on Management Practices of Head Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Nairobi County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Joel Ongoto, Dr. Martin Ogola, Prof. Joseph Malusu &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 525-538<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57b658 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57b658\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57b85b\" data-id=\"a57b85b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57ba29 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a57ba29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">To address gaps in management of public primary schools and provision of quality education, the Ministry of Education periodically supports head teachers of public primary schools to undertake induction courses in education management in order to improve management practices at school level. One of the many induction courses supported by the Ministry of Education and organised by Kenya Education Management Institute is the Induction Course in Educational Management. This course targets all education managers in public schools with the aim of improving management practices. Despite Kenya Education Management Institute conducting the induction course targeting school managers, poor management practices still are witnessed in many public primary schools. The research objective of this study was to examine the effect of induction preparation procedures by Kenya education management institute on effective management of public primary schools in Kenya. The study was anchored on Total Quality Management theory. Descriptive survey research design was employed. The target population for the study were ninety-six public primary schools head teachers, chairpersons of boards of management, senior teachers, subordinate staff members, school prefects and staff trainers from Kenya Education Management Institute. Simple random sampling was used to select the sample for this study. Data for the study was collected using structured questionnaires and analysed using descriptive statistics with the aid of the Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer software. Results revealed that despite the fact that induction preparation procedures had a significant influence on effective management of public primary schools in Kenya, to a large extent, majority of the head teachers were not knowledgeable on the policy guidelines regarding preparation for in-service training. Policy preparation guidelines were unclear to head teachers and there were no clear follow-up mechanisms after the in-service training. The study recommends development of clear policies and guidelines on preparation of head teachers for in-service training. Kenya Education Management Institute should support the induction course as it had clear benefits for the targeted school managers and to put in place evaluation mechanisms of all its in-service training programmes targeting school managers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 525-538\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Joel Ongoto <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Student, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Martin Ogola <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Joseph Malusu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor of Education, Mwenge Catholic University, P.O Box 1226, P.O. Box 1226, Moshi, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adama, A. 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Wandallo, B.M (2006) The Findings from the Baseline Studies by SMASSE Project, Unpublished Bulletin.<br \/>\r\n[222]. Wanzare, O. Z. (2013). Skills and attributes of instructional Supervisors: Experience of Kenya. Academic Journals. Vol. 8 (24). Page 2270-2280. DOI 5897\/ERRI 2.057<br \/>\r\n[223]. Wasonga, C. O, Wanzare, Z. O and Dawo, J. I (2015). Mentoring Beginning Teachers: Bridging the Gap between Pre-service Training and In-practice Realities. Journal of International Education and Leadership. Vol. 5, No. 2, 1-11<br \/>\r\n[224]. Wekhuyi, A. S. (2014). \u201cInfluence of In-Service Training on Public Secondary School Principals\u2019 Management of Finances and Human Resources in Busia County, Kenya.\u201d Unpublished Masters Project, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[225]. Woodcock, M. &amp; Dave F. (1996). The New Unblocked Manager. Apractical Guide to Self-Development. Vermont: Gower<br \/>\r\n[226]. Worthen, R. B. &amp; Sunders, R. J. (1987). Educational Evaluation: Alternative Approaches and Practical Guidelines. New York: Longman.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Joel Ongoto, Dr. Martin Ogola, Prof. Joseph Malusu &#8220;Effectiveness of the Induction Course in Education Management on Management Practices of Head Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Nairobi County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.525-538 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/525-538.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/525-538.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effectiveness-of-the-induction-course-in-education-management-on-management-practices-of-head-teachers-in-public-primary-schools-in-nairobi-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effectiveness of the Induction Course in Education Management on Management Practices of Head Teachers in Public Primary Schools in Nairobi County<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57cf94 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a57cf94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57d087 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57d087\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57d21b\" data-id=\"a57d21b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57d340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57d340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57d3ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57d3ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57d547\" data-id=\"a57d547\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57d662 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57d662\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57d6fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57d6fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57d865\" data-id=\"a57d865\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57d981 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57d981\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57da24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57da24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57db9a\" data-id=\"a57db9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57dcbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a57dcbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nexus of Gender and Political Participation: An Appraisal of Factors Militating Against Women in Politics in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Boris Happy ODALONU &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 539-548<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a57dd65 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a57dd65\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a57df25\" data-id=\"a57df25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a57e095 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a57e095\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Patriarchalism culture and gender discrimination in Nigeria political structure has given concession to under-representation and indolent participation of women in politics. This paper examined the factors militating against women in politics in Benin metropolis. Using cultural lag theory, survey design was adopted and data were collected through triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods. Specifically, an 18-item Likert scale questionnaire was used to elicit responses from 450 respondents while 10 in-depth interviews were conducted. Data collected through questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages and mean) while qualitative data were content analyzed. The findings revealed that majority of women were not active in politics. Financial resources, socio-cultural inhibitions, family responsibilities, child bearing, lack of family support and lack of enabling opportunities were the major factors reported by women militating against their participation in politics. Few women who hold political key positions affirmed that their participation in politics brought positive impact in their communities. This paper submits that the prospects of Nigerian women in politics are optimistic if some of these factors highlighted above can be addressed. Women should be empowered in their political participation pursuits to enhance their contribution to viable political development in Nigeria, especially at the grassroots\u2019 communities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 539-548\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Boris Happy ODALONU <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, Enugu State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Challenges to Women Active Participation in Politics in Nigeria.Sociology and Anthropology; 2(7): 284-290.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Boris Happy ODALONU &#8220;The Nexus of Gender and Political Participation: An Appraisal of Factors Militating Against Women in Politics in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.539-548 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/539-548.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/539-548.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-nexus-of-gender-and-political-participation-an-appraisal-of-factors-militating-against-women-in-politics-in-benin-metropolis-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nexus of Gender and Political Participation: An Appraisal of Factors Militating Against Women in Politics in Benin Metropolis, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5843dd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5843dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a584595 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a584595\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58485f\" data-id=\"a58485f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a584ab6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a584ab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a584beb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a584beb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5868a2\" data-id=\"a5868a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a586a9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a586a9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586b6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586b6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a586d0b\" data-id=\"a586d0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a586e38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a586e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a586ede elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a586ede\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58705d\" data-id=\"a58705d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a587174 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a587174\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Livelihood, Security and Rights<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Uwineza Mimi Harriet, Assoc. Prof Asiimwe Godfrey, Dr. Karungicharlotte Mafumbo- September 2019 Page No.: 549-554<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58721e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58721e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58738a\" data-id=\"a58738a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5874c4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5874c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Rwanda has experienced a protracted conflict since 1959 due to a violent political crisis that originates from pre-colonial social inequalities, which were formalized by Germans and Belgian colonizers into estranged ethnic identities.  The first exodus of mostly Batutsi refugees fled into the countries of the Great Lakes Region of East Africa in the late 1959. These refugees went mainly into Burundi, Tanzania, Zaire (current Democratic Republic of Congo) and Uganda. Those who entered Uganda were allocated refugee settlements, Nakivale being one of the biggest and oldest area where they settled. The cultural similarities between Batutsi and Bahima of Ankore region led to an easy integration and their fate was tied to that of Banyankore, whose Uganda National Resistance rebel movement recruited frustrated refugees and together, they took over power in 1986.<br \/>\r\nBecoming part of the new leadership in Uganda, some prominent Rwandan refugees started organizing their kin in the Rwandan Patriotic Front, a rebel movement that attacked in October 1990 and took over Rwanda in 1994, after ending the genocide.  As mostly Batutsi refugees repatriated; majority Bahutu refugees fled Rwanda. This research focuses on urban and settlement Rwandan refugees, divided into the old case load that fled between 1959 up to the major repatriation of 1994; while the new caseload is the one that starts with the end of the genocide of 1994 up to 2018. Through Thematic analysis, our research found out that denial of naturalization, kidnappings, murders, loss of dignity, forced repatriation; porous borders and refugee manipulation for political capital are some of the threats to the security, rights and livelihood of Rwandan refugees. The implementation of all durable solutions to Rwandan refugees, genuine implementations of Uganda\u2019s refugee open policy and sustainability framework, in addition to open political space led by the rule of law in the home country would solve the persistent refugee phenomenon of Rwandans and pave way to sustainable peace in the Great Lakes Region of East Africa.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 549-554\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwineza Mimi Harriet <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhd Student, Department of Religion and Peace Studies, Makerere University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Assoc. Prof Asiimwe Godfrey <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Karungicharlotte Mafumbo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Humanities and Social Sciences, Makerere University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhimbisibwe, F. (2017) The Politics of Repatriation: Rwandan Refugees in Uganda, 2003-2017. (No. 2017.09).UniversiteitAntwerpen, Institute of Development Policy and Management (IOB). https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container2673\/files\/Publications\/WP\/2017\/wp-201709.pdf<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlexander Betts and Gil Loescher (Ed) (2011), Refugees in International Relations, New York, Oxford University Press<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChretien, J-P, (2000). L\u2019Afrique des GrandsLacs.Deux mille ansd\u2019Histoire, Paris, Aubier.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCrisp, J.. (2004). The Local Integration and\u20282017, Retrieved December, 6, 2017, from  https:\/\/freedomhouse.org\/report\/freedom- world\/2017\/rwanda.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDes Forges, A. (1999) Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda, Human Rights Watch, March.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEmizet Kisangani (2000), the Massacre of Refugees in Congo: A Case of UN Peacekeeping Failure and International Law, Journal of Modern African Studies, 38. No.2<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGovernment of Uganda and UNHCR, (April 2004) \u201cSelf-Reliance Strategy (1999-2003) For Refugee Hosting Areas in Moyo, Arua and Adjumani Districts, Uganda, Report of the Mid-term Review,\u201d, available at: http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/protection\/operations\/41c6a4fc4\/self-reliance-strategy-1999-2003-refugee-hosting-areas-moyo-arua-adjumani.html (accessed on: 10 August 2019).<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGreat Lakes region. Available from: <http:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/library\/info\/AFR47\/016\/2004> (Created 15 December 2004, accessed 20 September 2019).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHaddad Emma (2008), The refugee in international Society: Between Sovereigns. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tIRRI (October 2018) Rights in Exile Policy Paper: Uganda\u2019s refugee policies: The history, the politics, and the way forward. https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/sites\/reliefweb.int\/files\/resources\/IRRI-Uganda-policy-paper-October-2018-Paper.pdf Consulted on 23 July 2019.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tJean, Moise. 2007. The Rwandan Genocide: The True Motivations for Mass Killings. Emory University: Emory Endeavors in World History.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tJeff Crisp (2000) Africa&#8217;s Refugees: Patterns, Problems and Policy Challenges,<br \/>\r\n[13].\tJennie Burnet, Genocide lives in us: Women, Memory and Silence in Rwanda  (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012), 31, 110.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tJournal of Contemporary African Studies, 18:2, 157-178, DOI: 10.1080\/02589000050080986<br \/>\r\n[15].\tJustin Macdermott (2001), The Livelihood Conflicts Approach On Trial In Rwanda:Towards A Political Critique. London. Development Studies Institute London School of Economics and Political Science.http:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/internationalDevelopment\/pdf\/WP\/WP21.pdf. Consulted on 27th March 2019.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKelly Connor (June 2013), Repatriation: The politics of (re)-constructing and contesting Rwandan citizenship, Working Paper Series No. 92, Refugee Studies Centre<br \/>\r\nOxford Department of International Development University of Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tM. Sharpe and S. Namusobya,(2012) \u201cRefugee Status Determination and the Rights of Recognized Refugees Under Uganda\u2019s Refugees Act 2006,\u201d International Journal of Refugee Law24 (3): 2012, p. 565.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMamdani, Mahmood (1999) Preliminary Thoughts on the Congo Crisis, in IbboMandaza (ed.) Reflections on the Crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (Harare:SARPIS), Pp. 43-50<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMulumba, D. &#038;Olema, W. (2009, September 18).Mapping Migration in Uganda (Policy Analysis Report), Retrieved, June 30, 2013, from: http:\/\/www.immis.org\/wp-content\/ uploads\/2010\/05\/Policy-Analysis-Report- Uganda.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tOakley, P., D. Marsden, and B. Pratt (1996) Measuring the Process: Guidelines for Evaluating Social Development, Oxford: INTRAC.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOhlsson, L., 2000, Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict, December, Stockholm, Sida<br \/>\r\n[22].\tPrunier, G. (1995) The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, London, Hurst and Company.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tReed, C. (1996) \u2018Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwanda Patriotic Front\u2019, Journal of Modern African Studies 34(3): 479-501<br \/>\r\n[24].\tUNHCR (2011) \u2018Implementation of the Comprehensive Strategy for the Rwandan Refugee Situation, including UNHCR\u2019s recommendations on the Applicability of the \u201cCeased Circumstances\u2019 Cessation Clauses\u2019, 31 December 2011. A=Available at: <http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/refworld\/docid\/4f33a1642.html> (Accessed 20 September 2019).<br \/>\r\n[25].\tUNHCR, ExCom (2009) \u2018Conclusion on Protracted Refugee Situations\u2019, No. 109 (LXI)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Uwineza Mimi Harriet, Assoc. Prof Asiimwe Godfrey, Dr. Karungicharlotte Mafumbo &#8220;Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Livelihood, Security and Rights&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.549-554 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/549-554.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/549-554.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rwandan-refugees-in-uganda-livelihood-security-and-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rwandan Refugees in Uganda: Livelihood, Security and Rights<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58b0e1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a58b0e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58b1d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58b1d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58b373\" data-id=\"a58b373\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58b4a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58b4a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58b541 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58b541\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58b6a0\" data-id=\"a58b6a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58b7b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58b7b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58b857 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58b857\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58b9a2\" data-id=\"a58b9a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58badf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58badf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58bb80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58bb80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58bced\" data-id=\"a58bced\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58be01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a58be01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Cross-Examination on Role Strain and Academic Performance of Female University Students in Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lokadhia Manwa, Jenet Mudekunye and Lilian Manwa &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 555-561<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a58be9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a58be9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a58c012\" data-id=\"a58c012\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a58c141 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a58c141\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to interrogate the impact of role strain on academic performance of female university students. The consistent rise in the number of married and working female students in Zimbabwe demands an accurate and detailed investigation into the link between role strain, well-being and academic performance. A qualitative approach and a descriptive phenomenological design was adopted and conducted among a sample of thirty participants (twenty-five undergraduate female students and five lecturers) at one of the universities in Masvingo Province. Student participants were randomly selected while lecturers were purposefully chosen. Participating students were interviewed and completed an open-ended questionnaire that included questions related to their roles and well-being. All lecturer participants were interviewed. Outcomes of this study indicated that the majority of the students were negatively affected by role strain. This led to impaired diets (poor dietary patterns) as well physical and mental exhaustion. Most students showed to be &#8216;unsatisfactory&#8217; with their assignments and examination grades. More than half of the students reported skipping breakfast and jumbled meals due to busy schedules. Ultimately, the study concluded that role strain led to poor dietary patterns and consequently affected negatively the well-being and academic performance of the students. However, developing healthy habits, specific programmes for promoting female students healthy lifestyle needed improvement and those were major recommendations of the study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 555-561\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lokadhia Manwa1 <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Technical Education, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jenet Mudekunye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Teacher Development, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lilian Manwa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Technical Education, Great Zimbabwe University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adebayo, D. O. (2006). Workload, social support and work-school conflict among Nigerian non-traditional students. Journal of Career Development, 33 (2): 125-141.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Agolla, J. E. &amp; Ongori, H. (2009). An assessment of academic stress among undergraduate students: The case of university of Botswana. Educational Research and Review, 4 (2): 063-070.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Amponsah, M. &amp; Owolabi, H. O. (2011). Perceived stress levels of fresh university students in Ghana: A case study. British Journal of Educational Research. 1 (2): 153-669.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Astro Nutrition. (2012). Emotional Wellbeing, Emotions, Illness, Immune mind stress. http:\/\/astronutrition.com\/blog\/astronutrition. Retrieved 30 March 2019.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Barrows, J., Dunn, S. &amp; Lloyd, C. A. (2013). Anxiety, self-efficiency and college exam grades. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 1 (3): 204 \u2013 208.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Basch, C. E. (2010). Healthier students are better learners: A missing link in school reforms to close the achievement gap. Equity Matters: Research Review No. 6. Columbia University.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Carr, C., Cloud, N. &amp; Bradshaw, S. (2008). Circumstantial evidence: The extent to which circumstantial influences affect study habits. Bringhong Young University.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Cohen, L., Manion, L. &amp; Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. 7th Edition. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[9]. De Bruyn, E. H. (2010). Role strain, engagement and academic performance. Netherlands Educational Studies, 31 (1): 15-28.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Duenwald, M. (2002). Students find another staple of campus life: Stress. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2002\/09\/17.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2017). National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods \u2013 Zimbabwe: Country Gender Assessment Series. Harare.<br \/>\r\n[12]. George K. (2010). 9 Reasons to choose in-depth interviews (IDIs) | Market Research in Upstate NY. The Research Bunker.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Health and Academic Achievement (2014). Natural Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Atlanta.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Holly, S. &amp; Sage, R. (2011). Exploring the effects of hope on GPA and retention among allege students on academic probation. Education Research Interactional. (2011) 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Hom, V. 2010. The triggers of stress in university life. Utopia Research Institute.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Idris, M. K. (2011). Overtime effects of role stress on psychological strain among Malaysian public university students. International Journal of Business and Social Science, (2): 9. www.ijbssnet.com.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Lackey, G. P. (2004). Stress, stress theories. Carolina: University of Carolina-Chapel Hill.<br \/>\r\n[18]. LaFountaine, J., Neisen, M. &amp; Parsons, R. (2006). Wellness factors in first year college students. American Journal of Health Studies, 21 (4): 214-218.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Lavy, V. &amp; Sand, E. (2012). The friends\u2019 factor: How students\u2019 social networks affect their academic achievement and well-being? Hebrew University, University of Warwick.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Mamhute, R. (2011). The educational challenges of pregnant and nursing adult learners: A case of Morgenster Teachers\u2019 College. D. Ed Dissertation. UNISA.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Marmot, M. &amp; Wilkinson, R. G. (1999). Social determinants of health. Midsomer Norton, Avon: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Martin, M. A. &amp; Murray, B. (2009). (Eds.). Oxford handbook of anxiety and related disorders. Oxford: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Michelle, D. F., Mark, A. &amp; Paul, J. V. (2008). Diet quality and academic performance. Journal of School Health. 78 (4): 209-215.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Mohamedbhai, G. (2008). The effects of massification on higher education in Africa. Occassional Paper.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. &amp; Leech, N. L. (2007). Sampling designs in qualitative research: Making the sampling process more public. The Qualitative Report, 12 (2): 238-254.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Pavy, J. R. (2007). The modern student: The psychological, social and academic implications of participating simultaneously in leisure, study and work. Department of Social Science. University of Adelaide.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Rafidah, K., Azizah, A., Norzaidi, M. D., Chong, S. C., Salwani, M. I. &amp; Norraini, I. (2009). The impact of perceived stress and stress factors on academic performance of pre-diploma Science students: A Malaysian study. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education, 2 (1): 13-26. Retrieved 30 April 2018 from http:\/\/www.ijsre.com<br \/>\r\n[28]. Rogers, P. J. (2001). A healthy body, a healthy mind: long-term impact of diet on mood and cognitive function. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 60, 135-143.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Rowlands, S. R. (2010). Nontraditional students: The impact of role strain on their identity. Model Research Paper. Southern Illinois University Carbondale.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Ryan, M. I. (2004). The relationships among stress of living situations, health and academic performance. Dissertation. Loyola University: Department of Psychology.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Safree, A., Yasin &amp; Dzulkifli, M. A. (2011). Differences in depression, anxiety and stress between lower-high achieving students. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 6 (1): 169-178.<br \/>\r\n[32]. United Nations Zimbabwe. (2010). Country Analysis Report for Zimbabwe. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Veney, C., O\u2019Green, V. &amp; Kowalik, T. F. (2012). Role strain and its impact on nontraditional students\u2019 success. Strategic Enrolment Management: American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Wardlow, G. M. &amp; Smith, A. M. (2011). Contemporary nutrition. 8thEdition. USA: McGraw- Hill.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Willis, R. J. B. (1994). Your health in your hands. England: The Stanborough Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Yahia, N., Wang, D., Rapley, M. &amp; Dey, R. (2016). Assessment of weight status, dietary habits and beliefs, physical activity, and nutritional knowledge among university students. Perspect Public Health. 136(4):231-44.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lokadhia Manwa, Jenet Mudekunye and Lilian Manwa &#8220;A Cross-Examination on Role Strain and Academic Performance of Female University Students in Masvingo, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.555-561 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/555-561.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/555-561.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-cross-examination-on-role-strain-and-academic-performance-of-female-university-students-in-masvingo-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Cross-Examination on Role Strain and Academic Performance of Female University Students in Masvingo, Zimbabwe<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a590689 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a590b05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a590c62\" data-id=\"a590c62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a590d71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a590d71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a590e17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a590e17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a590f5e\" data-id=\"a590f5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a591077 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a591077\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a591112 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a591112\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59125c\" data-id=\"a59125c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a591363 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a591363\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a591408 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a591408\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a59154e\" data-id=\"a59154e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59165c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59165c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5916f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5916f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a591842\" data-id=\"a591842\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59194a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59194a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5919ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5919ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a591b4d\" data-id=\"a591b4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a591c6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a591c6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Comparative Study of the Readability of Senior Secondary School Biology Textbooks Commonly used in Rivers State <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>EBULU, Chinwe Glory, AHIAKWO, Macson Joshua- September 2019 Page No.: 574-582<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a591d0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a591d0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a591e7b\" data-id=\"a591e7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a591fa1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a591fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to determine the readability of senior secondary school biology textbooks commonly used in Rivers State. Four research questions and eight hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study is a descriptive survey. The population of the study was all biology textbooks recommended for teaching and learning biology in senior secondary schools in Rivers State and 96 senior secondary school biology students from public secondary schools in Rivers State. The sample size were three biology textbooks commonly used in senior secondary schools in Rivers State and 96 senior secondary school biology students in Rivers State. The instruments used to collect the data for the study were senior secondary school biology textbooks and cloze test. The findings revealed that the biology textbooks commonly used in senior secondary schools in Rivers State were modern biology, essential biology and comprehensive biology textbooks; the biology textbook commonly used in Rivers State were readable by senior secondary school students (i.e., SSI, SSII and SSIII), but difficult to read by the students below SSI; and there was significant relationship in the readability of biology textbooks commonly used in Rivers State. The study recommended that: the authors and the publishers of Biology textbooks should revise their books so as to make them more readable; the teachers should adopt their instruction according to the learners\u2019 levels so as to benefit both the high and low ability students among others.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 574-582\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>EBULU, Chinwe Glory <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AHIAKWO, Macson Joshua <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Bension-Ogbu, R.E, Abonyi, O.S, Okafor, G. &amp; Omebe, C. (2016). Evaluation of Recommended Biology Textbooks in use in Nigeria Secondary Schools. Journal of the Science Teacher Association of Nigeria (JSTAN), ISSAN: 0795-7270,Volume 51, Issue 1, 80-94.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ezekiel, E.N. (2003). Foundations of Biology (2nd Edition). Published by Harizon Concepts.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Fatoba, J.O. (2015). Readability of Biology Textbooks and Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools in Ekiti State. European Journal of Research and Reflection in Educational Science, ISSN 2056-5852,Vol. 3, No. 3, Pp79-84.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Kasule, D. (2011). Textbook Readability and ESL Learners.Reading and Writing Journal, Vol. 2, No 1, Pp63.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Michael, M.C. (2018). Essential Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Ikeja: Tonad publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Nweze, C. (2004). Comprehensive Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Lagos: Johnson publishers.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ramalingam, S.T. (2016). Modern Biology for Senior Secondary Schools. Ibadan: African First Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Tekkaya, C., Ozkan, O. &amp;Sungur, S. (2001). Biology Concept Perceived as Difficult by Turkish High School Students. Journal of Education, 21(5), 145-152.<br \/>\r\n[9]. WAEC, (2010-2014). Chief Examiners\u2019 Reports: Publication of WAEC Office. Yaba, Lagos: Anoa Press Ltd.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">EBULU, Chinwe Glory, AHIAKWO, Macson Joshua &#8220;A Comparative Study of the Readability of Senior Secondary School Biology Textbooks Commonly used in Rivers State &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.574-582 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/574-582.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/574-582.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-comparative-study-of-the-readability-of-senior-secondary-school-biology-textbooks-commonly-used-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Comparative Study of the Readability of Senior Secondary School Biology Textbooks Commonly used in Rivers State<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5977a2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5977a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5978a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5978a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a597a51\" data-id=\"a597a51\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a597b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a597b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a597c35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a597c35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a597d99\" data-id=\"a597d99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a597eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a597eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a597f9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a597f9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a598133\" data-id=\"a598133\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59829d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59829d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a598368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a598368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5984f8\" data-id=\"a5984f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59862c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a59862c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Sustainability (A Study of Cross River University of Technology (Crutech) Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam, Umana, Eteobong Attah, Ijeoma Catherine Okoli, Ititim, Godwin Undie- September 2019 Page No.: 583-601<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5986eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5986eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a598877\" data-id=\"a598877\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5989f7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5989f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper ex-rayed the impact of training and development on organizational sustainability with a focus on CRUTECH. The paper sort to investigate the relationship between manpower and al sustainability, to determine the effect of staff and in an, and to identify the challenges surrounding effective manpower and programme in s as key objectives. Hypothetically, it was assumed that: there is no significant relationship between manpower training and development and organizational sustainability. The study drew a sample population of one hundred and eighty-four (184) staff of CRUTECH and the Taro Yamane formula was adapted in deriving a sample size of one hundred and twenty six (126) staff to gather primary data using closed-ended questionnaire and survey interview while adopting the simple random sampling method. The Chi-square statistical tool was used to test the validity of the assertion in the study with a 95% level of significance. Finding revealed that: Manpower training and development is significance in an organization. Secondly, there are challenges surrounding the effective manpower and programme in s. It was concluded that: It is imperative to state that human resources are indispensable force and essential element in obtaining and propelling efficient and effective organisation. The researchers recommended that: programmes should be design to acquaint individual participant with specific knowledge and skills required to improve their efficiency in the institution, while serving the career goals of the employee.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 583-601\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogar, Cassius Ayam <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBusiness Administration Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH), Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Sherer (Eds.), Research Frontiers in Industrial Relations, pp. 193-238. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Organization.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Ghauri, P. &amp;Gr\u00f6nhaug, K. (2015). Research Methods in Business Studies: A Practical Guide. 3rd Ed. London: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Ghauri, P. N. &amp; Prasad, S. B. (2015). A network approach to probing Asia\u2019s interfirmlinkages. Advances in International Comparative Management 10, 63\u201377.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Gordon, B., (2013). Are Canadian firms under investing in ? Canadian Business Economics 1,1, 25\u201333.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Guest, D. E. (2017).Human resource management and industrial relations. Journal of Management Studies 24,5, 503\u2013521.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Daniels, S., (2013). Employee : A strategic approach to better return on investment. Journal of Business Strategy, 24(4): 39-42.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Easton, D., (2009). A system analysis of political life. New York: Wiley.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Ezeuwa, L., 2019. 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Human Resource Strategies for International Growth. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Ichniowski, C., Shaw, K. &amp;Prennushi, G. (2017). The effects of human resource management practices on productivity: a study of steel finishing lines. ,American Economic Review 87,3, 291\u2013313.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Ibeaja, U., (2016). The economics of human capital and national growth.Journal of School of Business and Management Technology, 1(1): 307-317.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Igwegbe, D.O., (2019). The role of management (employers) in human capital . Journal of School of Business and Management Technology, 1(1): 161-166.<br \/>\r\n[37]. Iwuoha, C.C., (2019). Impact of and Programmes on Secretaries\u2019 Productivity in Selected Business s in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Journal of School of Business and Management and Technology, 1(1): 106-110.<br \/>\r\n[38]. Kamoche, K. (2014). Introduction: Human Resource Management in Africa. International Journal of Human Resource Management. 13,7, 993\u2013997.<br \/>\r\n[39]. Kamoche, K., Yaw. D., Frank, H. &amp; Gerry, N. M. (2014). Managing Human Resources in Africa. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Kenney et al, (2012) Management Made East. 1st Ed. South Carolina: Omron Publishers<br \/>\r\n[41]. Kenney, J. &amp; Reid, M. (2016), Interventions. London: Institute of Personnel Management.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Kinicki, A. &amp;Kreitner, R. (2017), al Behavior, New York. McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Kotler, P. &amp; Armstrong, G. (2012). Marketing: An introduction. 6th Ed. London: Prentice-Hall.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Kraak, A. (2015). Human Resources and the Skills Crisis in South Africa: the Need for Multi-pronged Strategy. Journal of Education and Work 18,1, 57\u201383.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Jackson, T. (2013). Reframing human resource management in Africa: a cross-cultural<br \/>\r\n[46]. perspective. International Journal of Human Resource Management 13,7, 998\u20131018.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Landy, F. W. (2015). The psychology of work behavior 3rd Ed. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Newstrom, J., (2014) Winter. Making work fun: An important role for managers. Advanced Management Journal 67, 4\u20138.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Ohakwe, S.N., (2007). Office practice 1. Owerri: Bon Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Okotoni, M.O., (2017). Personnel in the Nigerian federal civil service, with reference to Oyo and Kwara States unpublished Ph.D thesis, Obafemi 991-19 wallow university, Ile-Ife.<br \/>\r\n[51]. Okotoni, O. and J. Erero, (2015). Manpower and in the Nigerian Public Service. AJPAM, xvi(1): 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[52]. Owojor, A.A. and T.O. Asaolu, (2010). Critical Evaluation of Personnel Management Problems in the Nigerian School System. Int. J. EduSci, 2(1): 1-11.<br \/>\r\n[53]. Ranft, A. and M. Lord, (2011). Acquiring new knowledge: The role of retaining human capital in acquisitions of high-tech firms. Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11(2): 295-319.<br \/>\r\n[54]. Sola Fajana (2012).Human Resource Management an Introduction. Lagos: Labofin and Company<br \/>\r\n[55]. Udo, U.C., (2013). Consultancy in Nigeria: Colour Impact and Effectiveness.pp: 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[56]. UK.NOP Business., (2011). People and Productivity Final Report Investors People, U.K, NOP World United Business Media October 2001.<br \/>\r\n[57]. Usoro, E.B., (2010). Developing Human Resources in Tertiary Business Education for Youth Empowerment and National in Nigeria Review of Higher Education in Africa. 2(1): 1-7.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ogar, Cassius Ayam, Umana, Eteobong Attah, Ijeoma Catherine Okoli, Ititim, Godwin Undie &#8220;Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Sustainability (A Study of Cross River University of Technology (Crutech) Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.583-601 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/583-601.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/583-601.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-training-and-development-on-organizational-sustainability-a-study-of-cross-river-university-of-technology-crutech-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Sustainability (A Study of Cross River University of Technology (Crutech) Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a59989b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a59989b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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September 2019 Page No.: 602-613<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a11f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a11f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a136b\" data-id=\"a5a136b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a14ac elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5a14ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of consumer perception on compliance to environmental management regulations using the case of Hatcliffe residential area (2010-2015). The objectives were to assess factors affecting perception and explore consumer perceptions of regulation, to investigate the characteristics of the processes that stimulate these perceptions and the nexus between communication and perception, to analyse the development and enforceability of Zimbabwe\u2019s Environmental Management Regulations.This study was based on an exploratory research design as it deals with perceptual and regulatory variables and explored the various perceptions of consumers and the executive in the Hatcliffe area in interpretation and implementation of EMA regulations and the possible impact of these perceptions on their compliance to the regulations. The researchers used questionnaires and interviews to collect data for the study. Researchers sampled 4% of the population which is 300 participants. The study found out that Hatcliffe residents mostly comprehend environmental issues through consequences of past experience. Most are knowledgeable of environmental issues in the area while some have shown no interest in some of the issues at hand. Telecommunication companies have also made an impact in imparting knowledge to consumers through their bulk messages which encourage consumers to conserve the environment. Policy makers and implementing bodies were recommended to conduct awareness campaigns to educate and impart knowledge on consumers to enable them to understand the different aspects of the environmental management legislation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 602-613\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr David Foya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Department of Business Management, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rujeko Lynette Mpandanyama <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Department of Business Management, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anon., (2007), Effluent and Solid Waste Disposal (Zimbabwe) Regulations 2007 (SI 2007\/6). [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.ema.co.zw\/index.php\/2014-06-12-03-49-33\/2014-06-12-20-59-13\/environmental-regulations\/33-effluent-and-solid-waste-disposal-regulations-si-6-2007.html [Accessed 11 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anon., (2007), EIA and Ecosystems Protection (Zimbabwe) Regulations 2007 (SI 2007\/7). [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.ema.co.zw\/index.php\/2014-06-12-03-49-33\/2014-06-12-20-59-13\/environmental-regulations\/34-eia-and-ecosystems-protection-regulations-si-7-2007.html [Accessed 11 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[3]. Anon., (2007), Hazardous Waste Management (Zimbabwe) Regulations 2007 (SI 2007\/10). [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.ema.co.zw\/index.php\/2014-06-12-03-49-33\/2014-06-12-20-59-13\/environmental-regulations\/35-hazardous-waste-management-regulations-si-10-2007.html [Accessed 11 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[4]. Arora, S. &amp; Cason, T. N., (1996), Why do Firms Volunteer to Exceed Environmental Regulations. 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W., (1996), Social psychology. New York: Guilford Press.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Horn, S., (2006) How Experience Affects Perception in Expert Decision-Making. [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.98.3054&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf<br \/>\r\n[Accessed 14 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[18]. Koslow, S., Sasser, S. L. &amp; Riordan, E. A., (2006), Do marketers get the advertising they need or the advertising they deserve? Agency views of how clients influence creativity. Jounal of Advertising, 53(3), pp. 81-101.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L. &amp; Adam, S., (1998), Marketing. 4th ed. Sydney: Prentice-Hall, Australia Pty Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[20]. La Tour, K. A., La, Tour M. S., Pickrell, J. F. &amp; Loftus, E. F., (2004), How and when advertising can influence memory for consumer experience. Journal of Advertising, 33(4), pp. 7-19.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Labovitz, S. I. &amp; Hagedorn, R. B., (1976), Introduction to Social Research. Auburn, WA, U.S.A.: Thrift Books .<br \/>\r\n[22]. Lawrence, J., (1991), The Green Revolution: Mobil.. Advertising Age, 62(5), pp. 12-13.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Lewicki, P., (1985), Nonconcious biasing effects of single instance on subsequent judgements. Jounal of Personality and social Psychology, Volume 48, pp. 563-574.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Marongwe, N., (2003), The Fast Track Resettlement and Urban Development Nexus: the case of Harare, Harare: ZERO &#8211; Regional Environment Organisation.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Munnukka, J., (2008), Customers&#8217; purchase intentions as a reflection of price perception. Journal of Product &amp; Brand, 17(3), pp. 188-196.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Nhliziyo, D., (2013), Urbanisation &#8211; Problems Associated and Possible Solutions. [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.slideshare.net<br \/>\r\n[27]. Nona.net, (2016), Nona.net Location Finder. [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/nona.net\/features\/map\/placedetail.2305710\/Hatcliffe\/<br \/>\r\n[28]. Oso, W. Y. &amp; Onen, D., (2008), A General Guide to Writing Research and Report. A Hand Book for Beginning Researchers. 2nd ed. Makerere University, Kampala: s.n.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Patton, M. Q., (2002), Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: Thousand Oaks.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Phiri, C., (2000), An assessment of the health of two rivers within Harare, Zimbabwe, on the basis of macroinvertebrate community structure and selected physicochemical variables. African Journal of Aquatic Science, Volume 25, pp. 134-145.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Postman, L. &amp; Bruner, J. S., (1949), Perception under Stress. Psychological Review, pp. 314-324.<br \/>\r\n[32]. Robbins, S. P., (2005), Organizational Behaviour. 11th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Saunders, M., Lewis, P. &amp; Thornhill, A., (2009), Research Methods for Business Students Always learning. 5th ed. UK: Financial Times Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Shankar, V., Urban, G. L. &amp; Sultan, F., (2002). Online trust: a stakeholder perspective, concepts, implications, and future directions. Journal of Strategic Information Systems 11, December, 11(3-4), pp. 325-344.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Taylor, B., Sinha, G., &amp; Ghoshal, T., (2006), RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: A GUIDE TO FOR RESEACHERS IN MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. s.l.:PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[36]. The Chronicle Zimbabwe, (2013), Mining Firms Ordered to To Cease Operations Along River Banks. [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.chronicle.co.zw\/mining-firms-ordered-to-cease-operations-along-river-banks\/ [Accessed 3 August 2016].<br \/>\r\n[37]. Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation, (2015), Disilting firm turns to illegal mining. [Online]<br \/>\r\nAvailable at: http:\/\/www.zbc.co.zw\/news-categories\/top-stories\/58227-disilting-firm-turns-into-illegal-mining [Accessed 5 August 2016].<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr David Foya, Rujeko Lynette Mpandanyama &#8220;An Investigation into the Impact of Consumer Perception on Compliance to EMA Regulations: The Case of Hatcliffe Residential Area-Harare (2010-2015)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.602-613 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/602-613.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/602-613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-into-the-impact-of-consumer-perception-on-compliance-to-ema-regulations-the-case-of-hatcliffe-residential-area-harare-2010-2015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Investigation into the Impact of Consumer Perception on Compliance to EMA Regulations: The Case of Hatcliffe Residential Area-Harare (2010-2015)<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2311 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5a2311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a23fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a23fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2573\" data-id=\"a5a2573\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a2690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2739 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a2739\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a288e\" data-id=\"a5a288e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a29a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a29a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2d86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a2d86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a2f0a\" data-id=\"a5a2f0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a301e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a301e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a30c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a30c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a323b\" data-id=\"a5a323b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a335b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a5a335b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Peer Influence and Negative Parental Attitude as Determinants of Academic Underachievement among Secondary School Adolescents in Polygamous Families in Lagos State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Afusat Olanike Busari PhD., Oluyede Afolabi Hope &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 614-619<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5a3401 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5a3401\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5a357d\" data-id=\"a5a357d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5a36b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5a36b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated peer influence and negative parental attitude as determinants of academic underachievement among secondary school adolescents in polygamous families in Lagos State. The study adopted ex-post facto design, while multi- stage sampling techniques was used to select three hundred and sixty (360) students. To measure academic underachievement, the average score of respondents in 2018\/2019 first and second term examinations in English and Mathematics was used. Other instruments used include Peer Influence (r=0.71) and Parental Attitude Scales (r=0.76). Three research questions were formulated and tested to guide the study. The data collected was analysed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression Analysis. The study revealed that peer influence (r= .981**) and negative parental attitude (r= .975**) had significant relationship with academic underachievement. The result also showed that peer influence (\u03b2 = 0.395, t = 11.29, P &lt; 0.01) was the most potent contributor to the prediction of academic underachievement. Recommendations were made on how to ameliorate academic underachievement among secondary school adolescents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 614-619\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Afusat Olanike Busari PhD. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Guidance &amp; Counselling, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oluyede Afolabi Hope <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Guidance &amp; Counselling, Faculty of Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abubakar, A. (2014). Parental Involvement and its Influence on the Reading Achievement of 6th Grade Students. Reading Improvement, 42, 47-55.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ajibade B.O. (2016). Influence of Peer Group Relationship on the Academic Performance of Students in Secondary Schools (A Case Study of Selected Secondary Schools in Atiba Local Government Area of Oyo State). Global Journal of Human-Social Science: Arts &amp; Humanities \u2013 Psychology, 16(4.1), 15-47.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Akinsanya Omolade, Ajayi Kassim O. and Salomi Modupe O. (2014) \u2018Relative effects of parents\u2019 occupation, qualification and academic motivation of wards on students\u2019 achievement in senior secondary school mathematics in Ogun state. Journal of Education and practice, 5(22), pp 99-105.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akomolafe, M. J., Olorunfem, O. and Abiola, F. (2011). Impact of Family Type on Secondary School Academic Achievement:European Journal of Educational Studies. Volume 3 No 3.Ozean Publications.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Arnett, J. J. (2007). International Encyclopedia of Adolescence Volume 1, A-J. New York: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Bongiwe, N (2015). The influence of polygamy on the academic achievements of pupils in Bubi District. An unpublished Bachelor degree dissertation submitted to MidlandsState University, Gweru, Zimbabwe.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Busari, A. O. (2013). Effects of Family Type on Students\u2019 academic achievement. International Journal of Psychology and Counseling. 5 (7) 153-156.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Connor, D.F. (2002). Aggression and Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents: Research and Treatment. London: The Guilford Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Elbedour, S., Onwuegebuzie, A. J., Caridine, C. and Abu-Saad, H. (2005). The Effects of Polygamous marital Structure on Behavioural, Emotional and Academic Adjustments in Children: A Comprehensive Review of Literature. Washington: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Essien, I. T. (2002). Influence of home environment on secondary school students\u2019 achievement in Geography in Akwa-Ibom state. Journal of the Nigerian Society for Educational Psychologists (NISEP). 1(1), 109-116.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Femi Ogunshola and Adewale, A.M (2012) \u2018The effects of parental socio-economic status on academic performance of students in selected schools in Edu LGA of Kwara state Nigeria\u2019 International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2(7), pp 230-239.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Greene, 1. (2004). The resistant learner: Helping your child knock down the barriers to school success. New York: St. Martin&#8217;s Griffin.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Judy B and Eileen S. N. (2002). Relationship between parents, peers, Morality, and Theft in an adolescent sample. James H. Mcmillan and Jon F. Wergin (Ed); Understanding and Evaluating Educational Research (2nd edition), PP.52-64.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Komolafe, A.M. (2004). Managing Adolescent Crime through Drama. In. I. A. Nwazuoke, Yemisi Bamgbose; O.A. Morokola (Ed); Contemporary Issues and Researches on Adolescents, pp. 54-71.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Matthew, F. 2010. Peer pressure Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wisegeek.com\/what-is-peer pressure.htm 6-05-2010<br \/>\r\n[16]. McNeal, Ralph B. 2014. \u201cParent Involvement, Academic Achievement and the Role of Student Attitudes and Behaviors as Mediators.\u201d Universal Journal of Educational Research 2(8): 564-576<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mohammad, A. A. (2017). The Effect of Family Structure on Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A comparison Between Adolescents from Monogamous and Polygamous Families. University of Lincoln.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Nyako, K. (2010). Parental Home Involvement. The Missing Link in Adolescent\u2019s Academic Achievement. Educational Research.1 (9) 340-344.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Oak M. 2009. Negative and Positive Effects of Peer Pressure. Retrieved from www.buzzle.com\/artist\/negative-and-positive-effects-of-peer-pressure.html<br \/>\r\n[20]. Obasi, O.K. (1999). The influence of the students\u2019 family background on their academic achievement as perceived by students in Aboh Mbaise L.G.A. PGD Thesis. Imo State University.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Okeke, E. A. C. (2009). Attracting women into science-based occupations: Problems and Prospects. In Nnaka, C. and Njoku, Z. (eds). Gender and STM Education Series, No 3.89-108. STAN.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Okorodudu, G.N., (2013). Peer Pressure and Socioeconomic Status as Predictors of Student\u2019s Attitude to Examination Malpractice in Nigeria. International Journal ofEducation, 5(1), 36-51.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Okoye, B. E &amp; Okeke, O. C (2007). Efficacy of eliminating superstitious beliefs strategy of achievement and knowledge retention in Genetics among Secondary School Students.Journal of the Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 42(1&amp;2), 73-77.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Olushola, A. 2011. Examination malpractice. http:\/\/EzineArtickles.com\/?expert=Ajibola Olushola<br \/>\r\n[25]. Osuafor A. and Okonkwo I. (2013). Influence of Family Background on Academic Achievement of Secondary School Biology Students in Anambra State. An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia 7 (3), Serial No. 30, 156-167.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Suman B. (2011) \u2018Influence of parental education and parental occupation on academic achievement of students\u2019 International Referred Research Journal, 3(30), pp 32-33.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Topor, Keane, Shelton and Calkins S. D. 2010. \u201cParent involvement and student academic performance: A multiple meditational analysis.\u201d J Prev Interv Community 38(3):183\u2013197.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Voegeli, S.M. (2008). Academic Underachievement: Understanding and Implications for Educators. An unpublished Master thesis, The Graduate School, University of Wisconsin-Stout Menomonie.<br \/>\r\n[29]. West African Examinations Council (WAEC), (2008). Chief Examiners\u2019 Reports.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Afusat Olanike Busari PhD., Oluyede Afolabi Hope &#8220;Peer Influence and Negative Parental Attitude as Determinants of Academic Underachievement among Secondary School Adolescents in Polygamous Families in Lagos State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.614-619 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/614-619.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/614-619.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/peer-influence-and-negative-parental-attitude-as-determinants-of-academic-underachievement-among-secondary-school-adolescents-in-polygamous-families-in-lagos-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Peer Influence and Negative Parental Attitude as Determinants of Academic Underachievement among Secondary School Adolescents in Polygamous Families in Lagos State<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5aa8d3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5aa8d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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(Mrs) Mary L. Effiong Ph.D, Prof. Daniel I. Denga &#8211; September 2019 Page No.: 620-623<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5ab66d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a5ab66d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a5ab7d2\" data-id=\"a5ab7d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5ab8f5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"a5ab8f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The nature and quality of education is being fundamentally altered by a number of different factors like policy initiatives, incessant conflict and crisis as well as series of different forms of strikes irrespective of the fact that, the overall development of any nation is extricable tied to its educational system. This is predicated on the fact that, through education; children are prepared for good citizenship in order to fit adequately into the society. This preparation has to do with inculcating good morals, trainings, guidance, principles and values into them. But it is worthy of mention that, it is no longer a secret but a statement of truth that, recent times has witnessed fall in education quality to the extent o f affecting development due to parental influence as education\/ learning starts from home through parental teachings, instructions, guidance and examples.<br \/>\r\nThe purpose of this paper is to investigate selected variables like family self-concept and locus of control of parents which have obviously influenced the parents who require counselling as an elixir for combating substandard education while promoting sustainable development. The researcher adopted an ex-post factor design to elicit responses from a sample of 1500 (25%) of a population of 6010 civil servants in Akwa Ibom State.<br \/>\r\nA purposive sample was affected since the parents were obviously identified. Two null hypotheses were postulated and tested after the research. Questions were asked about the extent to which parental quality has impeded quality of education and sustainability of development.<br \/>\r\nIt was found that:<br \/>\r\n1. Family Self-concept significantly influenced the quality of education and sustainability of development.<br \/>\r\n2. Locus of control significantly influenced the quality of education and sustainability of development.<br \/>\r\nThe researcher went ahead to put down the following recommendations;<br \/>\r\n1. Counsellors should embark on community counselling periodically in order to educate and enlighten parents to know their position as intermediate beings between children (Students) and teachers then their expected roles for quality education and development sustainability.<br \/>\r\n2. Counselors should educate the parents on what Locus of control is, the types of which are the internal and external locus of control and enlighten them on how internal Locus of control can promote quality education and development sustainability whereas external Locus of control can hinder quality education and development sustainability.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 620-623\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Barr. (Mrs) Mary L. Effiong Ph.D <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDirectorate of Counselling and Human Development, Obong University, Obong-Ntak, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Daniel I. Denga <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Berkountz, P. A. (2002). Influence of psychosocial and economic factors on marital satisfaction among public servants in Cross River State Unpublished Doctorate Dissertation, University of Calabar,Calabar.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Denga, T. O. (2O10). Our culture and marriage, Uyo: AP Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Enuruwa, D. M, Maggs, J. L. &amp; Galambos, N. L. (1981). Wives&#8217; employment hours and spousal participation in family work. Journal of Family Psychology, (2), 233-244 University Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Fafunwa, R. A. &amp; Helland, C. (2004). Commitment to the role changes in dual-career families. Journal of &#8216;Career Development, (2), 121-129.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Gecas, W. S. &amp; Seff, K. T. (2009), Marriage principles and self-concept. A of Marriage. 62-71<br \/>\r\n[6]. Grych. J. E. &amp; Fincham, C. K. (2003). Locus of control and cohabitation in United States. Journal of &#8216;Social Force, 82, 100-115.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Harrel. K. (2005). Attitude is everything. New York: Harper Collins.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Kohlberg, V. N. (1999). Personal, background, environmental factors and marital adjustment among university academics in south-eastern Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Mead, N. O.(2008). Self concept and the work of the counsellor. New York: Appleton.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Orzi, K. O. (1995). Stress in childhood and adult: Effect and marital quality over time. Journal of Marriage and Family 67 (4) 1332- 1347.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Sagan, M. (2000). Social encounters: contributions to social interaction. Lagos: Aldine transaction.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Sanni, K. B. (2005). Determinants of marital stability among workers of low and high socio-economic status in Nigerian Universities in the South, South Geo\u00acpolitical zone. Unpublished Doctorate Thesis, University of Calabar, Calabar.<br \/>\r\n[13]. The Holy Bible<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Barr. (Mrs) Mary L. Effiong Ph.D, Prof. Daniel I. Denga &#8220;Quality Parents: An Elixir for Quality Education and Sustainable Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 9, pp.620-623 September 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/620-623.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-9\/620-623.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/quality-parents-an-elixir-for-quality-education-and-sustainable-development\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quality Parents: An Elixir for Quality Education and Sustainable Development<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5b4135 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a5b4135\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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