{"id":2463,"date":"2019-10-14T06:26:29","date_gmt":"2019-10-14T06:26:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2463"},"modified":"2020-02-18T10:58:20","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:58:20","slug":"volume-iii-issue-x","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iii-issue-x\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue X"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2463\" class=\"elementor elementor-2463 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fab205 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fab205\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fab527\" data-id=\"8fab527\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fab6d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fab6d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Motocyling Operation in Nigeria: Implication for Good Governance, Socio-Political and Economic Development of Ekiti State. A Case Study of Ado Ekiti Local Government Area<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), IMOUKHUEDE, Benedict Kayode, AJAKAYE, Olabode Felix &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 01-06<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fab9b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fab9b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fabbbc\" data-id=\"8fabbbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fabd56 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8fabd56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The activities of commercial motorcyclists popularly known as okada riders in Nigeria cannot be over-emphasized. The okadas have become the most fastest means of transportation due to most places that cars cannot reach are easily reached. Equally, okada serves as means of employment and of livelihood for its operators. As a result, people gradually accept okada as viable means of conveying goods and persons particularly in Ekiti State. The study however fund out that this means of transportation has both merits and demerits. The also found out that majority of commercial motorcyclists are mostly graduates from high institutions of learning as a result of high level of unemployment. It is discovered that the system is characterized with evil activities which have become so rampant in most states of the federation. These criminal activities are also found in other states where commercial motorcyclists operate including Ekiti State. Besides, reckless speeding and traffic violation consequent upon taking of alcohols are characteristic features of okada riders. The menace of these motorcycle operators are noticeable in Ekiti State. In view of the above, this study examines the synopsis of impact of commercial motorcycle operators famously known as okada riders in Nigeria with a view to emphasizing the Implication for good governance, socio-economic integration of Ado Ekiti Local Government Area, Ekiti State.The study adopts both primary and secondary sources of data collection to accomplish its actual goals. The study therefore concludes that the age bracket involved in okada operation are commonly youths as are subjected to being used as political thugs by the politicians.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-06\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>IMOUKHUEDE, Benedict Kayode<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>AJAKAYE, Olabode Felix<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Crown Polytechnic, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. AU (2017) What is Political Economy? CANADA&#8217;S OPEN UNIVERSITY, Faculty of Humanities &amp; Social Science Centre for Social Sciences ( 5th Dec,) www.cssscal.org\/programmes.php accessed on 13\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ani. E, (2017) Over 5,000 graduates ride \u2018Okada, Keke\u2019 in Ekiti \u2013 Association Published on October 26, By http:\/\/dailypost.ng\/2017\/10\/26\/ accessed on 12\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ani. E (2018) The evils of \u2018Okada,\u2019 in Ekiti Land. Published on April, 21, By Emmanuel Ani http:\/\/dailypost.ng\/2018\/04\/21\/ accessed on 11\/05\/2018<br \/>\r\n[4]. The Punch, (2017), Suffering, anger as Lagos task force declares war on okada riders Published November 11th By Kunle Falayi http:\/\/punchng.com\/ accessed on 23\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[5]. The Pointer News onlines \u201cThe Fading Glory Of \u2018Okada\u2019 Riding\u201d By Ruth Okwumbu thepointernewsonline.com\/?p=14152 accessed on 20\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[6]. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.<br \/>\r\n[7]. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Okada_%28motorcycle_taxi%29 accessed on 17\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[8]. Chaudhary.S. (2013) The Applicability Of The Modernization Theory In Achieving Development In The Least Developed Countries Like Tanzania. https:\/\/www.bartleby.com\/essay\/relevancy-of-the-modernization-theory-in-achieving-fkfg2n936zys<br \/>\r\n[9]. Collinson (ed) (2003), Defining characteristics of political economy. Available at https:\/\/www.soas.ac.uk\/cedep-demos\/000_P527_PEPP_K3736-Demo\/unit1\/page_13.htm<br \/>\r\n[10]. Giz.A. (2010). Urban Mobility for Indonesia. Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Guillen, M.D. and Ishida, H.( 2004). Motorcycle propelled public transport and local policy development. IATSS Research 28(1), pp.56-66.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Guillen, M.D. et al. (2013). Is the use of informal public transport modes in developing countries habitual? An empirical study in Davao City, Philippines. Transport Policy.26, pp.31-42.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Huntington, S. (1971), The Change to Change: Modernization, development and politics. (New York: Free Press,), pp. 30-31; 45-52. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_P._Huntington<br \/>\r\n[14]. Henderson .T. (2015) Why Study Political Economy? by on February 24.<br \/>\r\n[15]. J\u00fanior, J. and Filho, M. (2002). \u201cThe Brazilian Motorcycle Taxi Phenomenon\u201d. International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies, Guilin, China. American Society of Civil Engineers, pp.1566-1572.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Konings, P. (2006). Solving Transportation Problems in African Cities: Innovative Responses by the Youth in Douala, Cameroon. Africa Today.53(1), pp.35-50.[24]<br \/>\r\n[17]. Konings, P.J.J. ed.( 2006). \u2018Bendskin\u2019 drivers in Douala\u2019s New Bell neighbourhood: Masters of the road and the city neighbourhood. Brill, Leide<br \/>\r\n[18]. The Punch, (2017), Suffering, anger as Lagos task force declares war on okada riders Published November 11th By Kunle Falayi http:\/\/punchng.com\/ accessed on 23\/04\/2018<br \/>\r\n[19]. Smelser, N. (1964), Toward a Theory of Modernization. (New York: Basic Books,), pp. 268-274.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Tipps, D. (1973), Modernization. Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A critical perspective. (New York: Free Press,), pp. 65-77.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Guillen, M.D. and Ishida, H.( 2004). Motorcycle propelled public transport and local policy development. IATSS Research 28(1), pp.56-66.<br \/>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), IMOUKHUEDE, Benedict Kayode, AJAKAYE, Olabode Felix &#8220;Motocyling Operation in Nigeria: Implication for Good Governance, Socio-Political and Economic Development of Ekiti State. A Case Study of Ado Ekiti Local Government Area&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.01-06 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/01-06.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/01-06.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/motocyling-operation-in-nigeria-implication-for-good-governance-socio-political-and-economic-development-of-ekiti-state-a-case-study-of-ado-ekiti-local-government-area\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Motocyling Operation in Nigeria: Implication for Good Governance, Socio-Political and Economic Development of Ekiti State. A Case Study of Ado Ekiti Local Government Area<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc410 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8fbc410\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc50c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbc50c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc69e\" data-id=\"8fbc69e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc7cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fbc7cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc858 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbc858\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbc9c8\" data-id=\"8fbc9c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbcaf6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fbcaf6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Elections\u2019 Monetization as the Fundamental Crossroad to Good Governance in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ekiti 2018 Gubernatorial Poll<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLUWASANMI, L.A (Ph.D), IFEYINWA, Arum (Ph.D) &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 07-12<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbcba6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbcba6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbcd25\" data-id=\"8fbcd25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbce53 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8fbce53\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examines the monetization of elections in Nigeria which has become undesirable omen to democratic consolidation in Africa especially Nigeria. Regrettably, indicators of good governance such as, service delivery, transparency, accountability, responsiveness, efficiency and effectiveness, popular participation have always suffered due to electoral manipulations. Indeed, every Nigerian is imbibed with the culture of buying of votes. As a corollary, monetization of elections is nothing but a rape on democracy. It is noteworthy that once electioneering processes are politicized, the resultant effect would be non-performance of whoever emerges through the processes. Thus, it is not uncommon for masses to start scouting for money during elections since this has been the order of the day in Nigerian political system. The work relies on both primary and secondary sources of data collection. The data sources were complemented with the administration of questionnaires and oral interview with relevant stakeholders and members of the public to elicit more information about the effects of monetized election. The study raises fundamental question about the place of money in politics and its effect on future elections in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 07-12\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLUWASANMI, L.A (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>IFEYINWA, Arum (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adigun.A.B.A,Larry.D.and Ebere.O.(2004) \u201cNigeria\u2019s Struggle For Democracy And Good Governance-A Festschrift For Oyeleye Oyediran\u201d Ibadan University Press.UI.Nigeria. . ISBN978-121-400-7<br \/>\r\n[2]. Awosanya.S.O (2012) \u201cPractical politics in an emerging Democracy\u201d Supreme Mandate Consultancy Services. Ogun State.ISBN:978-978-927-521-2<br \/>\r\n[3]. Akpeninor J.O(2007) \u201cDemocracy and Issues of governance in African politics: The Nigerian Perspectve\u201d Book Wright Nigeria(Publishers).Bodija ,Ibadan. ISBN978-978-088-928-9<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akinbosade.A.(2007), \u201cThe Legislature. Law-Making Organ of Government\u201d O&amp;A Publishers.Akure. Ondo State. Nigeria. ISBN978-37982-7-8<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akintide.W,(2018)\u201dElectionFraud InNigeriaAndTheWayOut\u201dhttp:\/\/www.gamji.com\/article8000\/NEWS8950.htm<br \/>\r\n[6]. Dipo.K. and Mimiko.N.O (2002)\u201cPolitical Democratisation And Economic Deregulation in Nigeria under the Abacha administration 1993-1998\u201d Published by Department Of Political Science, University Of Ado Ekiti. ISBN978-33562-0-8<br \/>\r\n[7]. Fabrice Lehoucq ,(2003),\u201cElectoral Fraud: Causes, Types, and Consequences\u201dhttps:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228913438_Electoral_Fraud_Causes_Types_and_Consequences<br \/>\r\n[8]. Levy.C,(2018)\u201cSupervisorsofElectionsandElectionFraud\u201dhttps:\/\/www.votelevy.com\/Registration-Information\/Election-Fraud<br \/>\r\n[9]. PeterboroughCityCouncil(2018)\u201cElectoralfraud\u201dhttps:\/\/www.peterborough.gov.uk\/council\/elections\/electoral-fraud\/<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ozoemenam.M. and Chukwudi.M.E(2009), \u201cDemocracy and National Security: Issues, Challenges And Prospects\u201d Medusa Academic Publishers.Kaduna,Nigeria.ISBN978-38491-8-2<br \/>\r\nNewspapers\/Journals\/Government Documents<br \/>\r\n[11]. The Punch, (2018), \u201cEkiti election: Police deploy 30,000 personnel, two choppers, others\u201dhttp:\/\/punchng.com\/ekiti-election-police-deploy-30000-personnel-two-choppers-others\/<br \/>\r\n[12]. The Punch, (2018), \u201cINEC colluded with security operatives to rig Ekiti election \u2013 Gov\u2019s aide\u201d<br \/>\r\nPunchng.com\/inec-colluded-with-security -operatives-to-rig-ekiti-election-govs-aidee\/ July 22,<br \/>\r\n[13]. The Punch, (2018),\u201cUnpaid salaries responsible for Fayemi\u2019s victory, says NLC\u201d<br \/>\r\nPunchng.com\/unpaid -salaries -responsible -for-fayemi-victory -says \u2013nlc July 22,<br \/>\r\n[14]. The Punch , (2018), \u201cVital takeaways from the Ekiti election\u201dhttp:\/\/punchng.com\/vital-takeaways-from-the-ekiti-election\/ July 17,<br \/>\r\n[15]. The Punch,(2018), \u201cEkiti \u2018see and buy\u2019 election bazaar\u201d http:\/\/punchng.com\/ekiti-see-and-buy-election-bazaar\/# July 18,<br \/>\r\n[16]. The Punch , (2018),\u201cEkiti election: I was paid N3,000 to vote for PDP \u2014 AP candidate\u201dpunchng.com\/i-was-paid-n3000-to-vote-for-pdp-ap-candidate\/July 18<br \/>\r\n[17]. The Punch , (2018),\u201cEkiti election: Vote-buying as bad as rigging, says UK\u201dhttp:\/\/punchng.com\/ekiti-election-vote-buying-as-bad-as-rigging-says-uk\/July 21,<br \/>\r\n[18]. The Punch , (2018), \u201cEkiti TV, radio shut after Fayose announced poll results\u201dpunchng.com\/ekiti-tv-radio-shut-after-fayose-announced-poll-results\/ July 15,<br \/>\r\n[19]. The Premium Times (2018), \u201cEkiti: INEC result is correct \u2013 Group\u201dhttps:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/regional\/ssouth-west\/276700-ekiti-inec-result-is-correct-group.html 16th July,<br \/>\r\n[20]. The vanguard,(2018), \u201cEKITI 2018:Factors, issues that will shape poll\u201d<br \/>\r\nhttps:\/\/ www.vanguardngr.com\/2018\/03\/ekiti-2018-factors-issues-will-shape-poll<br \/>\r\n[21]. The vanguard,(2018), INEC commends security agencies on Ekiti Governorship election<br \/>\r\nhttps:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2018\/07\/inec-commends-security-agencies-on-ekiti-governorship-election\/ July 17, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[22]. EKITI STATE INEC OFFICE, ADO-EKITI, EKITI STATE \u201cEkiti 2018 Election Results At A Glance\u201d.<br \/>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLUWASANMI, L.A (Ph.D), IFEYINWA, Arum (Ph.D) &#8221; Elections\u2019 Monetization as the Fundamental Crossroad to Good Governance in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ekiti 2018 Gubernatorial Poll &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.07-12 October 2019\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/07-12.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/07-12.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/elections-monetization-as-the-fundamental-crossroad-to-good-governance-in-nigeria-a-case-study-of-ekiti-2018-gubernatorial-poll\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Elections\u2019 Monetization as the Fundamental Crossroad to Good Governance in Nigeria: A Case Study of Ekiti 2018 Gubernatorial Poll<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbdc55 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8fbdc55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbdd3d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbdd3d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbdebb\" data-id=\"8fbdebb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbdfdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fbdfdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe065 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbe065\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe1bd\" data-id=\"8fbe1bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe2d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fbe2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe35e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbe35e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe4ae\" data-id=\"8fbe4ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe5bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fbe5bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fbe63e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fbe63e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fce1d4\" data-id=\"8fce1d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fce34a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fce34a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fce3eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fce3eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fce562\" data-id=\"8fce562\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fce67f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fce67f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fce708 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fce708\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fce887\" data-id=\"8fce887\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fce99b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fce99b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Organizational Structure, Organizational Strategy, and Change Management on Firm Performance with Organizational Commitments As Mediation Variables in Manufakturing Industries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Muhammad Donal Mon, Farida Jasfar, Willy Arafah &#8211; October 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 13-20\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fcea47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fcea47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fcebe3\" data-id=\"8fcebe3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fced3c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8fced3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of organizational structure, strategy, and change management to firm performance with organizational commitment as mediation. The design used is hypothesis testing using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) because the variables used in this study use mediating variables. The population and respondents in this study were Supervisor \/ Engineer, Manager, General Manager, and Director of manufacturing companies. The results of the study show that the organizational structure does not significantly affect to firm performance, organizational strategy and change management has significant effect on firm performance, organizational commitment has significant effect on firm performance. The results also show that organizational commitment does not mediate the organizational structure of firm performance, organizational commitment is mediation between organizational strategies and management changes in organizational commitment are mediation in performance. The results can be a reference for management and companies in making decisions that determine strategic steps in planning the company&#8217;s future work plans. Future research model can explain the role of organizational commitment in organizational structure, organizational strategy and management changes to firm performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 13-20\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Donal Mon<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCorresponding Author and Doctoral Candidate of Strategic Management, Faculty of Economics, Universitas Internasional Batam, Batam, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farida Jasfar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor of Sustainability Development Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Willy Arafah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor of Marketing Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, Indonesia<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Agwu, M. E. (2018). Analysis of the impact of strategic management on the business performance of SMEs in Nigeria. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 17(1), 1\u201320.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ajagbe, M. A., Maduenyi, S., Oke, A. O., &amp; Olatunji, F. (2015). Impact of Organisational Structure on Organisational Performance. International Conference on African Development Issues, pp. 354\u2013358.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Alawamleh, M., Bani Ismail, L., Aladwan, K., &amp; Saleh, A. (2018). The influence of open\/closed innovation on employees\u2019 performance. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 26(1), 75\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJOA-08-2017-1207<br \/>\r\n[4]. Alexiou, A., &amp; Khanagha, S. (2018). Productive organizational energy mediates the impact of organizational structure on absorptive capacity. 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lrp.2018.02.001<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ali, G., Mehrpour, M., &amp; Nikooravesh, A. (2016). Organizational Structure. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230(May), 455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.09.057<br \/>\r\n[6]. Allen, D. G., &amp; Shanock, L. R. (2012). Perceived organizational support and embeddedness as key mechanisms connecting socialization tactics to commitment and turnover among new employees. Journal of Organizational Behavior. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/job<br \/>\r\n[7]. Anh, K., Thi, V., Vu, T. D., &amp; Hoang, K. Van. (2018). Using the Balanced Scorecard to Measure the Performance of Small and Medium- Sized Garment Enterprises in Vietnam. Accounting and Finance Research, 7(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/afr.v7n3p251<br \/>\r\n[8]. Antunes, M. G., Quir\u00f3s, J. T., &amp; Justino, M. do R. F. (2017). The relationship between innovation and total quality management and the innovation effects on organizational performance. 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Internal commitmen or external collobaration? the impact of human resource management system on riem innovation and performance. Human Resource Management, March\u2212April, 52(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hrm<br \/>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Donal Mon, Farida Jasfar, Willy Arafah &#8220;The Effect of Organizational Structure, Organizational Strategy, and Change Management on Firm Performance with Organizational Commitments As Mediation Variables in Manufakturing Industries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.13-20 October 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/13-20.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/13-20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-organizational-structure-organizational-strategy-and-change-management-on-firm-performance-with-organizational-commitments-as-mediation-variables-in-manufakturing-industries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>The Effect of Organizational Structure, Organizational Strategy, and Change Management on Firm Performance with Organizational Commitments As Mediation Variables in Manufakturing Industries<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fcfc1f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8fcfc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fcfcef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fcfcef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fcfe7a\" data-id=\"8fcfe7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fcff9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fcff9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fd0028 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fd0028\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fd017d\" data-id=\"8fd017d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fd0299 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fd0299\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. 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Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fd0661 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fd0661\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fe8cc7\" data-id=\"8fe8cc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe8e7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fe8e7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fe8f24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fe8f24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fe90bb\" data-id=\"8fe90bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe91e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fe91e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fe927d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fe927d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fe941c\" data-id=\"8fe941c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe954d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8fe954d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Content and Statistical Analysis for Computing Respondents\u2019 Feedback in the Social Sciences: The Case of Political Science and Public Administration Departments<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLAKEKE,Olateru-olagbegi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 21-22\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fe9607 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fe9607\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8fe9793\" data-id=\"8fe9793\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fe98df elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"8fe98df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1501\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1501\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Content analysis has become one of the fundamental mechanisms to determine the presence of certain concepts as employed within sets of texts. Researchers quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such words and concepts, then make inferences about the messages within the texts, the writer(s), the audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part. Texts can be defined broadly as books, book chapters, discussions, newspaper headlines and articles, historical documents, speeches, conversions, etc it is qualitative in nature. For instance, if a researcher is interested in studying the behavioural pattern of the certain citizens before, and after the creation of either state or local government, existing literatures on the study may be consulted in order to come up with established facts about history of state and local government creation in the selected area of his\/her research.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 21-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1502\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1502\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLAKEKE,Olateru-olagbegi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State Nigeria<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1503\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1503\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Panneerselvam. P. (2003), Research Methodology, published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning private Limited, Rimijhim House, III. Patparganj Industrial Estate, Delhi-110092.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Kolawole, E. B, (2002), Statistical Methods Revised Edition. Bolabay Publications (Academic Publishing Consultants) 15, Obafemi Awolowo way. Ikeja Lagos Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Babatola, A.M (1998), Local Government and State Creations Implications for National Integration. (Unpublished) B.Sc Long essay submitted to the Department of Political Science Ondo State University Ado-Ekiti. Davies Binders &amp; Printers, No 9, Ogbon Obia, Ado Ekiti, Ekiti State.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Johnson R.A. (2002), Miller &amp; Freand\u2019s Probability and Statistics for Engineers, 6th ed, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Montgomery, DC (1984), Design and Analysis of Experiments, John Wiley &amp; Sons, New York.<br \/>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1504\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1504\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLAKEKE,Olateru-olagbegi &#8220;Content and Statistical Analysis for Computing Respondents\u2019 Feedback in the Social Sciences: The Case of Political Science and Public Administration Departments&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.21-22 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/21-22.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1505\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1505\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/21-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1506\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1506\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/content-and-statistical-analysis-for-computing-respondents-feedback-in-the-social-sciences-the-case-of-political-science-and-public-administration-departments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Content and Statistical Analysis for Computing Respondents\u2019 Feedback in the Social Sciences: The Case of Political Science and Public Administration Departments<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fea871 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8fea871\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8fea960 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8fea960\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9006c18\" data-id=\"9006c18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9006d72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9006d72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9006e0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9006e0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9006f6c\" data-id=\"9006f6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9007080 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9007080\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-900710e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"900710e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900725d\" data-id=\"900725d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900736a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900736a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90073e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90073e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900753b\" data-id=\"900753b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900764c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900764c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90076d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90076d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9007814\" data-id=\"9007814\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900791f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900791f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90079bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90079bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9007b25\" data-id=\"9007b25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9007c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9007c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Diplomatic and Administrative Contributions in Peace Building on the Cameroon &#8211; Nigeria Border Conflict: From Colonial to Post Colonial Era<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ren\u00e9 NGEK MONTEH &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 23-31<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9007ce5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9007ce5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9007e4c\" data-id=\"9007e4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9007f79 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9007f79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Border conflicts in Africa especially during the post-colonial era have become too recurrent and have significantly affected the daily activities of individuals and the States. The cases opposing Cameroon and Nigeria over the disputed areas of Bakassi and Darak became recurrent during the early 1990s despite colonial early attempts to demarcate the borders. From this period, regular border skirmishes attracted international attention when the two sides became involved in a protracted war over the ownership and control of the Bakassi Peninsula and Darak located at the banks of Lake Chad, all rich in oil reserves. This paper thus examines the role played by diplomatic and administrative agreements in the resolution of border conflicts between Cameroon and Nigeria. In this paper, we used the historical approach, taking cognizance of existing scholarly works and researches. We equally used the model of a simple descriptive collation and analysis of historical data for objective precision so as to determine the authenticity of data and their relevance. Resulting from our findings, we noticed that diplomacy and administrative efforts were major tools in the realization of these agreements, treaties and declaration between all the actors involved in the conflict. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) looked at both the political and socio-economic impact of the border conflict before passing it final verdict in order to insure diplomatic continuity amongst the contesting States. The study ends by proposing to Cameroon government the way forward for rehabilitation or therapy needed for the restoration of peace and the development of the area. Infrastructural development and effective presence are considered to be essential elements in border management policies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 23-31\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ren\u00e9 NGEK MONTEH<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Yaound\u00e9<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ambona R.A., \u201cLe conflit de Bakassi vu par Cameroun Tribune, 1993-2002\u201d, DIPES II Dissertation in History, ENS-University of Yaound\u00e9 I, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Anyu J. &amp; Enow Ayuk M., \u201cThe Role Played by Diplomacy in the Resolution of the Bakassi Conflict\u201d, International Journal of Social Science and Economic Research, Vol: 01, Issue: 10, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Asiwaju A.I. (ed.), Partitioned Africans-Ethnic Relations across Africa\u2019s International Boundaries 1884-1984, New York: St. Martin&#8217;s Press, 1985.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Babatola Jadesola, \u201cNigerian-Cameroon boundary dispute: the quest for Bakassi Peninsular\u201d, IISTE Journal of International Affairs and Global Strategy, 4. 81-95, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bekker P.H.F., \u201cLand and maritime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening)\u201d, The American Journal of International Law, 97 (2), 2003.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Commission of the African Union, Demarcation of Borders in Africa: General Considerations and Case Studies, Department of Peace and Security, Addis Ababa, September 2013.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Commission of the African Union, Demarcation of Borders in Africa: General Considerations and Case Studies, Department of Peace and Security, Addis Ababa, September 2013.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Efande P., \u201cBakassi exhibits potentials in fish production\u201d, Cameroon Tribune (Yaound\u00e9), 20 April 2010.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Halirou Abdouraman, \u00abLe conflit frontalier Cameroun-Nigeria dans le Lac Tchad : les enjeux de l\u2019ile de Darak, disput\u00e9e et partag\u00e9e\u00bb, Cultures &amp; Conflits [en ligne] 72 \/ Winter 2008, posted on May 19, 2009, URL : http \/\/ conflicts-revues.org \/ 17311, accessed November 08, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[10]. International Court of Justice, Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, Order of 15 March 1996, ICJ website at http:\/\/www.icj\/cij.org\/icj; February 2000.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kendemeh E., \u201cBakassi: Projects worth CFAF 12 billion executed\u201d, Cameroon Tribune (Yaound\u00e9), March 15, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Konings P., \u201cThe Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria boundary: Opportunities and conflicts\u201d, African Affairs, 104 (415), 2005, pp. 275-301.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Njeuma M. Z., \u201cDiplomatic and administrative contributions to peace on the border between Cameroon and Nigeria\u201d, Boundaries in Africa from the 15th to the 20th century, Paris, UNESCO\/ICHS, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Olinga A.D., L\u2019accord de Greentree du 12 juin 2006 relatif \u00e0 la presqu\u2019ile de Bakassi, Paris, l\u2019Harmattan, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Olinga Alain Didier, l\u2019accord de Greentree du 12 juin 2006 relatif \u00e0 la presqu\u2019ile de Bakassi, Paris, l\u2019Harmattan, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Omoigui N., \u201cThe Bakassi story\u201d, 2006, Available from: http:\/\/www.omoigui.com, Accessed October 18, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Onana Mfege Andre Hubert, Cameroun Nigeria, ONU: Entre la force de la palabre et la primaut\u00e9 du droit, Paris, l\u2019Harmattan, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Price F., \u201cThe Bakassi Peninsula: The border dispute between Nigeria and Cameroon\u201d, ICE Case Studies, No. 163, November 2005.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Zang L., \u201cLes fronti\u00e8res en Afrique centrale : barri\u00e8res, limites ou ponts ?\u201d, Mutations, n\u00b01155 of mars 24, 2004.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ren\u00e9 NGEK MONTEH &#8220;Diplomatic and Administrative Contributions in Peace Building on the Cameroon &#8211; Nigeria Border Conflict: From Colonial to Post Colonial Era&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.23-31 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/23-31.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/23-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/diplomatic-and-administrative-contributions-in-peace-building-on-the-cameroon-nigeria-border-conflict-from-colonial-to-post-colonial-era\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Diplomatic and Administrative Contributions in Peace Building on the Cameroon &#8211; Nigeria Border Conflict: From Colonial to Post Colonial Era<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9008dc5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9008dc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9008eb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9008eb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9009030\" data-id=\"9009030\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900914f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900914f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90091f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90091f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900933e\" data-id=\"900933e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9009453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9009453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90094f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90094f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900964b\" data-id=\"900964b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900975b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900975b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9009801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9009801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9009944\" data-id=\"9009944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9009a4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9009a4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9009aea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9009aea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9009c41\" data-id=\"9009c41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9009d48 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9009d48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9009dea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9009dea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9009f28\" data-id=\"9009f28\" 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elementor-element elementor-element-900a215\" data-id=\"900a215\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900a319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900a319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-900a3ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"900a3ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-900a5ad\" data-id=\"900a5ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-900a711 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"900a711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-902319f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"902319f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-902336c\" data-id=\"902336c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90234af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90234af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-902355e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"902355e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90236e4\" data-id=\"90236e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-902380a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"902380a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Recognition of States: The Matters Still Unresolved<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>K.A.A.N. Thilakarathna &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 32-37<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90238b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90238b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9023a2a\" data-id=\"9023a2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9023b5e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9023b5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The question relating to recognition of states is a growing concern whereas new states under current state of things could only be created through breaking away from an already established state. Since there is no universally accepted legal document nor a guideline to properly recognizes an entity\u2019s claim for statehood, recourse has been often made to Articles 1 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States which has become a customary international norm pertaining to the subject. However, the Montevideo Convention was not drafted to be used at a universal level and it was agreed upon by the American States to make their respective claims for their newly gained independence. The Montevideo Convention is outdated since the political realities have changed since its enactment. and this is also evident from the efforts of the European Union when they tried to establish new grounds for recognition of the entities making claims for statehood in the Eastern Europe which became a futile endeavor. Matters were further complicated by the International Court of Justice\u2019s judgment regarding the unilateral declaration of Kosovo where the ICJ failed to either decide or comment on the international law relating to recognition of states. Therefore, this article attempts to bring into context the issues related to recognition of states and where the international legal community stands regarding building up a proper mechanism to recognize statehood of entities making such claims.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 32-37\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K.A.A.N. Thilakarathna<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAttorney-at-Law, Institute of Human Resource Advancement, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Abass, A.Complete International Law: Text, Cases and Materials (2nd edn, Oxford 2014)<br \/>\r\n[2]. Berlin, H. \u2018Recognition as Sanction: Using International Recognition of New States to Deter, Punish, and Contain Bad Actors\u2019 (2009) 31 U. Pa. J. Int&#8217;l L. 531<br \/>\r\n[3]. Burns, J and Hart, H.L.A (ed), Jeremy Bentham: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1st edn, Athlone Press 1970).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Caspersen, N. \u2018The Pursuit of International Recognition after Kosovo\u2019 (2015) 21 Global Governance 393,<br \/>\r\n[5]. Crawford, J. The Creation of States in International Law (2nd edn, Oxford University Press 2006).<br \/>\r\n[6]. Denza, E.A Commentary: Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Immunities (4th edn, Oxford 2016)<br \/>\r\n[7]. Dold, B. \u2018Concepts and Practicalities of the Recognition of States\u2019 (2012) 22 Swiss. Rev. Int&#8217;l &amp; Eur. L.81<br \/>\r\n[8]. Dugard, J. International Law (3rd edn, Juta 2006).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Evans, M. International Law (4th edn, Oxford University Press 2014).<br \/>\r\n[10]. Grant, T. \u2018Defining Statehood: The Montevideo Convention and its Discontents\u2019 [1999] 37 Colum. J. Transnat&#8217;l L 403<br \/>\r\n[11]. Hart, H.L.A.Concept of Law (3rd edn, Oxford 2012).<br \/>\r\n[12]. Hillgruber, C. \u2018The Admission of New States to the International Community\u2019 (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 491,<br \/>\r\n[13]. Kelsen, H. \u2018Recognition in International Law: Theoretical Observations\u2019 (1941) 35 The American Journal of International Law 605, 606.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Kelsen, H.Principles of International Law (1st edn, The Lawbook Exchange 1952)<br \/>\r\n[15]. Klabbers, J. International Law (2nd edn Cambridge 2017)<br \/>\r\n[16]. Lauterpacht, H.Recognition in International Law (1st edn, Cambridge 1947)<br \/>\r\n[17]. McNair, D. \u2018Stimson Doctrine of Non-Recognition\u2019 (1933) 14 Brit. Y.B. Int&#8217;l L 65, 68.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Rebecca, W. International Law (7th edn, Sweet &amp; Maxwell 2011).<br \/>\r\n[19]. Rich, R. \u2018Recognition of States: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union\u2019 (1993) 4 Eur. J. Int&#8217;l L. 36<br \/>\r\n[20]. Rumble, W. (ed), John Austin The province of jurisprudence determined (1st edn, Cambridge 1995).<br \/>\r\n[21]. Ryngaert, C and Sobrie, A. \u2018Recognition of States: International Law or Realpolitik? The Practice of Recognition in the Wake of Kosovo, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia\u2019 (2011) 24 LJIL 467<br \/>\r\n[22]. Shaw, N. International Law (6th edn, Cambridge University Press 2008).<br \/>\r\n[23]. Starke, J.International Law (11th edn, Butterworths 1994) 3.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Terry, P. \u2018The Recognition of New States in Times of Secession: Is State Recognition Turning into Another Means of Intervention?\u2019 (2014) 20 Asian Year Book of International Law 53<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">K.A.A.N. Thilakarathna &#8220;Recognition of States: The Matters Still Unresolved&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.32-37 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/32-37.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/32-37.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/recognition-of-states-the-matters-still-unresolved\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Recognition of States: The Matters Still Unresolved<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9024974 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9024974\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903791c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903791c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90379c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90379c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9037b42\" data-id=\"9037b42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9037c64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9037c64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Employing Actor Network Theory to Explore the Implementation of ICT in the Ghanaian Public Sector: The Case of DVLA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Albert Akanlisikum Akanferi, Isaac Asampana, Hannah Ayaba Tanye, Henry Akwetey Matey, James Ami-Narh- October 2019 Page No.: 38-50<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9037d0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9037d0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9037eb4\" data-id=\"9037eb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903801c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"903801c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public sector organizations in Ghana have been grappled with reforms over the decades to make them efficient, reliable and effective and also to ensure efficient delivery of goods, works, and services to the general public. This research uses the case study methodology to explore the role of information technology in the public sector reforms at the Drivers Vehicle and Licensing Authority (DVLA) of Ghana. The study employed a qualitative research technique of the four moments of translation of the Actor-Network Theory in the context of New Public Management to analyse the data. The findings of the study recommended that managers of public organisations and other stakeholders in Ghana improve on ICT and IT infrastructure to ensure their operational excellence and efficiency for enterprise collaborations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 38-50\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albert Akanlisikum Akanferi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInformation Technology Studies Department, University of Professional Studies, Accra. Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isaac Asampana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInformation Technology Studies Department, University of Professional Studies, Accra. Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hannah Ayaba Tanye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInformation Technology Studies Department, University of Professional Studies, Accra. Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Akwetey Matey<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInformation Technology Studies Department, University of Professional Studies, Accra. Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Ami-Narh<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInformation Services and Technology Directorate, University of Professional Studies, Accra. Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abekah-Nkrumah, G., Guerierro, M., &amp; Prohuit, P. (2013). ICTs and Utilisation of maternal health services in Ghana. Retrieved from http:\/\/197.255.68.203\/handle\/123456789\/6536.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Booth, D., Crook, R., Gyimah-Boadi, E., Killick, T., Luckham, R., &amp; Boateng, N. (2005). What are the drivers of change in Ghana. A CDD-Ghana Publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/CDD\/ODI Policy Brief No. 1<br \/>\r\n[3]. Kraev, E. (2004). Structural Adjustment Policies in Ghana in the 1990s: an empirical analysis and policy recommendations, (UNDP commissioned paper).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Wiggins, S., &amp; Leturque, H. (2011). Ghana\u2019s Sustained Agricultural growth: Putting Underused Resources to Work\u2019 Development Progress.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Li, Q., &amp; Abdalla, E. O. (2014). The E-Government in Sudan: Challenges, Barriers and Prospects. Commerce and Service Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/(GECSS 2014).<br \/>\r\n[6]. Amoah, L. G. A. (2013). Grey Hair , Grey Matter , and ICT Policy in the Global South\u202f: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4018\/978-1-4666-1909-8.ch015<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mensah, I. K. (2016). Overview of E-government Adoption and Implementation in Ghana. International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 10(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10004987<br \/>\r\n[8]. Nkwe, N. (2012). E-Government\u202f: Challenges and Opportunities in Botswana, 2(17), 39\u201348.<br \/>\r\n[9]. 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Retrieved from http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201706220862.html<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Albert Akanlisikum Akanferi, Isaac Asampana, Hannah Ayaba Tanye, Henry Akwetey Matey, James Ami-Narh, &#8220;Employing Actor Network Theory to Explore the Implementation of ICT in the Ghanaian Public Sector: The Case of DVLA&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.38-50 October 2019\u00a0 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903a1ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903a1ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903a258 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903a258\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903a3a9\" data-id=\"903a3a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903a4b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903a4b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903a556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903a556\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903a6bb\" data-id=\"903a6bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903a7cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903a7cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Counterfactual Thinking and Gender Difference Effect on Voting Decision<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Larry Okechukwu Awo, Christopher Agha Oko, Abubakar Yahaya, Perpetua Chinyere Chukwu &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 51-56<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903a86b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903a86b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903a9f0\" data-id=\"903a9f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903ab2d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"903ab2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">General elections globally have been characterized by large or low turnout of voters. Numerous reasons has been suggested as plausible explanations of voting decision during elections. We adopted a 2&#215;2 factorial design to test the effects of counterfactual thinking and gender differences in the voting decision of Nigerian voters during the 2019 general election. One hundred and twenty (60 male, 60 female) National Diploma 1 students of a Federal Polytechnic (age range = 19-27, mean age = 22.37, SD =2.85) participated in the study. Counterfactual thinking was varied into downward and upward counterfactual conditions, while gender was categorized into male and female electorates. The counterfactual voting thought, and the reasons to vote questionnaire were the stimulus materials used to assess counterfactual thinking and voting decision respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) result revealed significant main effects for counterfactuals and gender on voting decision. The interaction of counterfactual thinking and gender had nosignificant effect on voting decision, (p&gt;.05). The implications and limitations of these findings were discussed and suggestions were made for future studies<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 51-56\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Larry Okechukwu Awo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCitizenship Education Unit, School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher Agha Oko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCitizenship Education Unit, School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Yahaya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCitizenship Education Unit, School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Perpetua Chinyere Chukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCitizenship Education Unit, School of General Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas, Bonny Island, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. 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Psychosocial factors involved in voting decision making (unpublished Mphil Dissertation).Department of Psychology Government College University Lahore.<br \/>\r\n[40]. Muhammad, H. J., &amp;Hasan, S. S. (2016). Development of the decision to vote scale. Pakistan Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14(2), 10-14.<br \/>\r\n[41]. Petrocelli, J. V., &amp; Harris, A. K. (2011). Learning inhibition in the Monty Hall problem: The role of dysfunctional counterfactual prescriptions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1297-1311.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Roese, N. J. (1994). The functional basis of counterfactual thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 805-818.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Roese, N.J., &amp; Olson, J.M. (1995). What might have been: The social psychology of counterfactual thinking.N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Roese, N. J., Epstude, K., Fessel, F., Morrison, M., Smallman, R., Summerville, A. (2009).Repetitive regret, depression, and anxiety: Findings from a nationally representative survey. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 28, 671-688.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Schacter, D, L., Benoit, R. G., De Brigard, F., &amp;Szpunar, K. K. (2013). Episodic future thinking and episodic counterfactual thinking: Intersections between memory and decisions. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 7427, 263-273.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Shawar,D.E. &amp;Asim, M. (2012). Voting behavior of people towards different political parties in district Faisalabad, Pakistan.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 3(2), 85-91 doi:10.5901\/mjss.2012.v3n2.85<br \/>\r\n[47]. Sherman, S. J. &amp; McConnell, A. R. (1996). The role of counterfactual thinking in reasoning. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 113-124.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Smallman, R., &amp;Roese, N. J. (2009). Counterfactual thinking facilitates the formation of intentions: Evidence for a content-specific pathway in behavioral regulation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 845-852.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Studlar, D. T., McAllister, I., &amp;Hayes, B. C. (1998). Explainingthe gender gap in voting: A cross-national analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 79(4), 779-98.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Venzke, I. (2014). What If? Alternative Realities of International Law. ESIL Reflections, 3, 1-5.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Larry Okechukwu Awo, Christopher Agha Oko, Abubakar Yahaya, Perpetua Chinyere Chukwu, &#8220;Counterfactual Thinking and Gender Difference Effect on Voting Decision&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.51-56 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/51-56.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/51-56.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/counterfactual-thinking-and-gender-difference-effect-on-voting-decision\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Counterfactual Thinking and Gender Difference Effect on Voting Decision<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903c291 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"903c291\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903c378 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903c378\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903c50e\" data-id=\"903c50e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903c62d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903c62d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903c6d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903c6d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903c821\" data-id=\"903c821\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903c939 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903c939\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903c9d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903c9d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903cb30\" data-id=\"903cb30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903cc3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903cc3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903ccd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903ccd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903ce22\" data-id=\"903ce22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903cf28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903cf28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903cfc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903cfc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903d139\" data-id=\"903d139\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903d252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"903d252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Absolute Power Does Not Corrupt Leadership: A Critical Study of Thomas Hobbes\u2019 Political Theory in Leviathan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Callistus Kahale Kabindama- October 2019 Page No.: 57-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-903d2ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"903d2ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-903d450\" data-id=\"903d450\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-903d566 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"903d566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">AUTHORITY AND POWER IN LEADERSHIP<\/p>\r\n<p>INTRODUCTION<\/p>\r\n<p>This is chapter has outlined how we can use Hobbes\u2019 political philosophy into today\u2019s political world. The arguments given by Hobbes show their relevance even to the challenges and struggles of the politics exercised in the contemporary world. The use of power and authority by leaders today has come under much scrutiny and judgment. This is why the arguments of some scholars such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau can guide our search for a good leader. In this chapter we are going to explain how diversifying the use of power and authority can be a great benefit to the roles of governance and leadership. The use of power is to enforce the social contract; and authority is there because the social contract mandates a leader to be in office. Therefore, power and authority is equivalent to making sure the leader is effective in his or execution of state duties.<br \/>\r\nIn addition, the concepts of power and authority cannot be exercised in the absence a society. There will be need for people to experience a reign of a sovereign when the contract is signed. This calls for the observance of the rule of law and respect of human rights. In this chapter, we are going to discuss on how a leader should be ready to apply the rule of law and respect of rights in his or her reign whilst executing the principles of authority and power. When a leader applies the rule of law he or she promotes justice, and when she or he respects human rights he or she dignifies humanity. This aspect leads us to have a good leader with qualities such empowering, leading, inspiring and sharing his or her vision with the citizens. The chapter ends with a critique highlighting how power a leader with power has control over the state of affairs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 57-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Callistus Kahale Kabindama<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Callistus Kahale Kabindama &#8220;Absolute Power Does Not Corrupt Leadership: A Critical Study of Thomas Hobbes\u2019 Political Theory in Leviathan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.57-64 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/57-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/57-64.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/absolute-power-does-not-corrupt-leadership-a-critical-study-of-thomas-hobbes-political-theory-in-leviathan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Absolute Power Does Not Corrupt Leadership: A Critical Study of Thomas Hobbes\u2019 Political Theory in Leviathan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9063105 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9063105\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906321d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906321d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90633cc\" data-id=\"90633cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90634fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90634fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90635ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90635ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-906371e\" data-id=\"906371e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9063878 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9063878\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9063925 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9063925\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9063a81\" data-id=\"9063a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9063b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9063b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9063c36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9063c36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9063db9\" data-id=\"9063db9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9063ec4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9063ec4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9063f69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9063f69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90640c8\" data-id=\"90640c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906e212 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"906e212\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Performance in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ria Silvita Tanum, Sudjarwo &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 65-67<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906e300 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906e300\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-906e4b0\" data-id=\"906e4b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906e5fb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"906e5fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the leadership on employee performance of the Academic Bureau and student affairs at the University of Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia. This research was a quantitative study with an associative method. The data collection was carried out by using a questionnaire with 167 student samples at 100% response rates. The hypothesis was tested by using simple linear regression analysis through the t-test to find out the relationship of the independent variable to the dependent variable at the 95% confidence level (\u03b1 = 0.05). The results showed that there was a significant influence of leadership on employee performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-67 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ria Silvita Tanum<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sudjarwo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Basna, Frengky. (2016). Analisis Gaya Leadership, Kepuasan Kerja, Komitmen Organisasi dan Kompetensi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai. Jurnal Riset Bisnis dan Manajemen, 4(3).<br \/>\r\n[2]. Behroozi, Mohammad. (2012). Survey on university role in preparation graduated students in to entrepreneurs universities towards a conceptual framework: Iran&#8217;s Perspective. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 2414-2418.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Byrne, Zinta S, Stoner, Jason, Thompson, Kenneth R, &amp; Hochwarter, Wayne. (2005). The interactive effects of conscientiousness, work effort, and psychological climate on job performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(2), 326-338.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Dharma, Cipta. (2007). Analisis Pengaruh Penerapan Sistem Manajemen Mutu ISO 9001: 2000 Terhadap<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kolzow, David R. (2014). Leading from within: Building organizational leadership capacity. International Economic Development Council, 1-314.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Mathis, Robert L, &amp; Harold, John. (2002). Jackson. Human resource management, 13.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Mintzberg, Henry. (2004). Leadership and management development: An afterword. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(3), 140-142.<br \/>\r\n[8]. OECD. (2017). OECD Higher Education Programme: State of higher education 2015-16. Paris: OECD.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Prajogo, Daniel. I., and Brown, A. 2004. \u201cThe Relationship Between TQM Practice and Quality Performance and the Role of Formal TQM Programs: An Australian Empirical Study\u201d. Quality Management Journal. 11 (4), pp. 31-42.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Quinn, A., Lemay, G., Larsen, P., &amp; Johnson, D. M. (2009). Service quality in higher education. Total Quality Management, 20(2), 139-152.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Zehir, Cemal and Esin Sadikoglu. (2009). The relation-ship between total quality management (TQM) practices and organizational performance: An empirical investigation, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 140-156.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ria Silvita Tanum, Sudjarwo &#8220;The Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Performance in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.65-67 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/65-67.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/65-67.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-leadership-and-employee-performance-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relationship Between Leadership and Employee Performance in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906f491 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"906f491\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906f594 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906f594\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-906f72f\" data-id=\"906f72f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906f858 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"906f858\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906f90f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906f90f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-906fa81\" data-id=\"906fa81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906fba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"906fba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906fc44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906fc44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-906fda4\" data-id=\"906fda4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-906fec1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"906fec1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-906ff5f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"906ff5f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90700b9\" data-id=\"90700b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90701c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90701c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-907026d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"907026d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90703d4\" data-id=\"90703d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90704ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90704ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Relationship between the Financing of Education and Quality of Primary Schools in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tri Ardila, Riswanti Rini &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 68-70<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-907059c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"907059c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-907070a\" data-id=\"907070a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9070838 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9070838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between quality of education financing at school from elementary schools in the city of Bandar Lampung, Lampung province, Indonesia. This is a quantitative research methods asosiative. Data was collected by using a questionnaire with a sample of 127 teachers in the response rate of 100%. The hypothesis was tested using simple linear regression analysis through the t test to determine the relationship of the independent variables on the dependent variable at 95% confidence level (\u03b1 = 0.05). The results showed that no significant effect on the financing of the quality of schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 68-70 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tri Ardila<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Riswanti Rini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Baker, B. D., Sciarra, D. G., &amp;Farrie, D. (2014). Is school funding fair? A national report card. Education Law Center.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Callahan, Rebecca M. 2005. Tracking and high school English learners: Limiting opportunity to learn. American Educational Research Journal, 42(2), 305-328.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Gibbons, S., Machin, S., &amp; Silva, O. (2013). Valuing school quality using boundary discontinuities. Journal of Urban Economics, 75, 15-28.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Goddard, Roger D, Hoy, Wayne K, &amp; Hoy, Anita Woolfolk. 2000. Collective teacher efficacy: Its meaning, measure, and impact on student achievement. American Educational Research Journal, 37(2), 479-507.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Good, B., Vermeulen, N., Tiefenthaler, B., &amp; Arnold, E. (2015). Counting quality? The Czech performance-based research funding system. Research Evaluation, 24(2), 91-105.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Hall, Katharine, &amp; Giese, Sonja. 2009. Addressing quality through school fees and school funding: Children&#8217;s Institute.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Hanushek, E. A. (2005). The economics of school quality. German Economic Review, 6(3), 269-286.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Heck, R. H. (2000). Examining the impact of school quality on school outcomes and improvement: A value-added approach. Educational administration quarterly, 36(4), 513-552.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Hoy, WK, &amp; Miskel, CG. 2008. Theory, research and practice in educational administration. Translated to Persian by: Abaszadeh S. Urmia: Urmia University pub, 2008, 88-46.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Itegi, F. M. (2016). Financing Secondary Education in Kenya: Exploring Strategic Management Approach for Improving Quality of Education. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 949-955.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Sugiyono, PD 2010. Pendidikan Metode Penelitian. Pendekatan kuantitatif.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Vincent, J. M. (2012). California\u2019s K-12 educational infrastructure investments: Leveraging the state\u2019s role for quality school facilities in sustainable communities.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tri Ardila, Riswanti Rini &#8220;The Relationship between the Financing of Education and Quality of Primary Schools in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.68-70 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/68-70.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/68-70.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-the-financing-of-education-and-quality-of-primary-schools-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relationship between the Financing of Education and Quality of Primary Schools in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9086fba elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9086fba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90870aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90870aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9087236\" data-id=\"9087236\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9087358 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9087358\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9087402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9087402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-908754e\" data-id=\"908754e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-908765f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"908765f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90876fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90876fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-908784b\" data-id=\"908784b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9087954 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9087954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90879fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90879fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9087b45\" data-id=\"9087b45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9087c5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9087c5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9087cf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9087cf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9087e42\" data-id=\"9087e42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9087f4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9087f4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9087feb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9087feb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9088151\" data-id=\"9088151\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-908825c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"908825c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90882f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90882f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9088483\" data-id=\"9088483\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9088591 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9088591\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-908862c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"908862c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90887a2\" data-id=\"90887a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90888b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90888b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors Militating Against Effective Management of Public Secondary Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gbesoevi Emmanuel Semako &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 71-76<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9088963 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9088963\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9088ad2\" data-id=\"9088ad2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90969ce elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90969ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the factors militating against effective management of public senior secondary schools with special reference to Lagos State public senior secondary schools in education district II of Lagos State. The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of adequate funding on the effective management of public secondary schools in order to achieve the set educational goals and objectives. The population sample of the study was randomly drawn from sixteen (16) public senior secondary schools in education district III of Lagos State. 150 teachers took part in the study. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested. The researcher developed a questionnaire titled Factors Militating Against Effective Management of Public Senior Secondary Schools Teachers\u2019 Questionnaire (FMAEMPSSSTQ) that was used to collect data from respondents. The reliability of the research instrument was obtained by application of the test-retest method using Pearson Product Moment Correlation to establish reliability coefficient of 0.74.The data collected were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Formula (PPMCC) to determine the relationship between these factors and effective management. Results were held at sign of 0.05 probability level. Overall findings indicated that there were sign relationships between well-equipped laboratory at r = 0.663; N=150; p&lt;0.0, adequate funding and effective management at r 0.492; N= 150; p&lt;0.05, adequate funding and academic performance at r = .172; N= 150; p&lt;0.05, and schools\u2019 physical facilities, and effective management at r = .463; N= 150; p&lt;0.05. Conclusion drawn from the findings suggests that well equipped laboratory, adequate funding and schools\u2019 physical facilities are significant to and effective management of public secondary schools. This study recommends for the government and all stake holders to give necessary financial and professional support to the secondary schools toward ensuring proper funding of secondary school education. This will facilitate good academic performance of the students. The relatively high level of school facilities and students\u2019 academic performance in senior secondary schools should be improved upon by the school administrators and other stakeholders.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 71-76\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Garba Ahmed Gusau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Lagos State University, Ojo Faculty of Education, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adesina, O. B. (2011): School Plant Planning as Correlated of Students\u201f Academic Performance in South West Nigerian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Business Administration: Vol.2 No 2; Retrieved from www.sciedu.ca\/ijba<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ajayi, I. A. &amp; Yusuf, M. A. (2009). Instructional space planning and students\u2019 academic performance in Southwest Nigerian Secondary Schools. International Journal of Science Education Kamla-Raj ,1 (1) 73-77<br \/>\r\n[3]. Akinsolu, R. A., 2014 \u201cProvision and Management of Facilities in Nigerian Primary Schools,\u201d In E.O. Fagbemiye, J. B. Babalola, M. Fabunmi &amp; Ayeni (eds), Management of Primary and Secondary Education in Nigeria, NAEAP publications (2004).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Akintayo, M.O. (2014) Public Finance and the Problems of Access to University Education. International Journal of Literacy Education (UNESCO Chair). 2(1), 1-23<br \/>\r\n[5]. Akomolafe, C. O. &amp; Adesua, V. O., \u201cThe Impact of Physical Facilities on Students\u201f Level of Motivation and Academic Performance in Senior Secondary Schools in South West Nigeria,\u201d Journal of Education and Practice, vol.7, no.4, pp. 39-42 (20<br \/>\r\n[6]. Asiabaka, I. P. (2008). The Need for Effective Facility Management in Schools in Nigeria. New York Science Journal, 1(2), 10-21.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ayeni A. O. (2004); Maintaining school facilities for the achievement of the objectives of the Universal Basic Education (UBE): Retrieve from edu.ui.edu.ng\/AOAyeni<br \/>\r\n[8]. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004) National policy on education Abuja: Federal Ministry of Information.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Fenker, M. (2004).Organizational Change, Representations and Facilities. In Facilities Management: Innovation and Performance. Alexander , K. (ed.) U.K. Taylor Francis<br \/>\r\n[10]. Fuller, B. (1985). Raising school quality in developing countries: what investments Boost learning (Education and Training series, Discussion paper number (EDT) Washington DC.World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ijaduola, K. O. et al, (2011): Empirical Analysis of School Plant Planning as a determinant of Secondary School Students\u201f AcademicPerformance.http:\/\/www.academicleadership.org\/article\/empirical-analysis-of-school-plant- planning.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Khan, P., and Iqbal, M. (2012). Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business. Vol. 4, No.3 P. 211<br \/>\r\n[13]. Nwokike, S. C. (2012). Management of School Plant by Principals in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State.Med, Thesis, Unpublished, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Oduyemi, O., \u201cMeeting the challenges of the 21ST Century in Technical and Vocational Education,\u201dPresented at a National Seminar on Technical and Vocational Education in Nigeria, Abuja, November (2000).<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ogie, L. I. (2015). Influence of Principals\u2019 Management Styles on Secondary School Facilities in Rivers State Nigeria. The International Journal Of Humanities &amp; Social Studies, 3(11), 26 \u2013 30.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Okoiye, O. and Uche, A.C. (2004). Book Care, Users Services and Basic Infrastructures in Primary School Libraries Owerri: Imo State Library Board.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Olakoya, O. K. (2004): Effective Instructional Materials in Teaching of Business Studies. Education Today 5 (1 and 2), 51-5<br \/>\r\n[18]. Olaniyonu, S. O. A. and Gbenu, J. P. (2017). School plant planning and facility maintenance. Lagos: Laideb printers<br \/>\r\n[19]. Oluchukwu (2000). Challenges of Educational Planning in the 21st Century: In Olagboye, A.A. Fadipe, J.O. (Eds) Management of Nigerian Education: School Project Monitoring and School Plant Maintenance. NIEPA, Ondo.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Onwurah, C. (2004). School plant management. In T.O. Mgbodile (Ed.). Fundamentals of educational administration and planning Enugu: Magnet Business Enterprises<br \/>\r\n[21]. Turupere, K. (2016). The influence of school physical environment on secondary school students\u2019 academic performance in Bayelsa State. Asian Journal of Educational Research 4, (2) 104-123.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Usen, O.M. (2016). Teachers\u2019 utilization of school facilities and academic achievement of student nurses in human biology in schools of nursing in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria.Journal of Education and Practice. 7, (16) 57-66.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Uya, C. E. (2004). Strategies for promoting good reading habits among junior secondary school students. Literacy Reading in Nigeria, 10 (1), 177-183.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Yusuf, M.A. &amp; Oluwarotimi, I. A. (2011). Towards Optimal Utilization of School Facilities in Secondary Schools. JORIND (9) 1www.ajol,info\/journals\/jorind retrieved 29th June2017<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbesoevi Emmanuel Semako &#8220;Factors Militating Against Effective Management of Public Secondary Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.71-76 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/71-76.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/71-76.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-militating-against-effective-management-of-public-secondary-schools-in-lagos-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Factors Militating Against Effective Management of Public Secondary Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-909787d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9097fda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9098120\" data-id=\"9098120\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9098235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9098235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90982d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90982d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9098423\" data-id=\"9098423\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9098532 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9098532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90985ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90985ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-909871d\" data-id=\"909871d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9098823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9098823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90988bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90988bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9098b07\" data-id=\"9098b07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9098c3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9098c3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9098cee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9098cee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9098e5b\" data-id=\"9098e5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9098f83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9098f83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Cognitive Restructuring in Reducing Aggressive Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Gombe Local Government Area of Gombe State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Anyamene, Ada and Ngwakwe, Chinyere Catherine &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 77-83<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9099021 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9099021\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9099189\" data-id=\"9099189\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90992b2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90992b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined the effect of Cognitive Restructuring Technique in reducing Aggressive behaviour among secondary school students in Gombe State. Two research questions were posed and two hypotheses were tested at 0.05alpha levels. The study was carried out using quasi-experimental research design of pre-test, post-test and control non randomised group. The Experimental group was treated using Cognitive Restructuring (CR) for eight weeks while the control group was treated with conventional counselling for the same period of eight weeks. The population of students with aggressive behaviour was 245 in Gombe Local Government of Gombe State. A sample of 81 students with very high aggressive behaviour was selected from three schools through purposive sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) which was developed and validated by Buss and Perry in 1992, but was revalidated in Nigeria. The reliability coefficient of 0.80 as reported by Onukwufor (2013) was adopted for this study. Data was collected and subjected to analysis. Data relating to research questions were answered using statistical mean while data relating to hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). Findings from the study revealed that among others that Cognitive Restructuring Technique was effective in reducing secondary school students\u2019 aggressive behaviour. The findings further revealed among others that the difference in the effectiveness of cognitive restructuring technique in reducing aggressive behaviour of secondary school students is significant. Based on the findings, it was recommended that cognitive restructuring technique is an effective therapeutic technique for modifying the aggressive behaviour of secondary school students. The practicing counsellors and therapist should adopt the use of the technique in counselling and in administering therapy on aggressive behaviour of secondary school students to treat and modify their aggressive behaviour.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 77-83\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyamene, Ada <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngwakwe, Chinyere Catherine<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Anagbogu, M.A. (2008). Foundation of Guidance and Counselling for Colleges and Universities. Enugu: Academic Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Buss, A.H., &amp; Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63, 452-459.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Chujor, J. &amp; Kennedy, M. C. (2014) Effects of counselling in curbing persistent lateness to school. International journal of innovative research and development, 3(4) 472-480.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Egenti, U. P. &amp; Ebenebe, R. C. (2018). Effects of cognitive restructuring on social adjustment of maladjusted in-school adolescence in secondary schools.Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 9(1), 29-33.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ezeokana, J, O., Obi-Nwosu, H. &amp; Okoye, C. A. F. (2014). Influence of street life and gender on aggression and self esteem in a sample of Nigerian children. International Review of Management and Business Research, 1(2), 949-959. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.irmbrjournal.com\/papers\/<br \/>\r\n[6]. Gasa, C. (2011). Cognitive behavioural therapy in anxiety disorders: current state of the evidence. Dialogues ClinNeurosci, 13(4),413\u201321.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Kpolovie, J.P. (2010). Advance Research Methods. New Owerri: Springfield Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Nwaoba, C. N. (2013). Efficacy of cognitive behaviour modification strategy in curbing aggression. Journal of the Nigeria Society of Educational psychologists, 11(1), 95-103.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Nwaolisa, F. A. &amp; Olisakin, A. M. (2013). Effects of cognitive behaviour and social learning therapies on managing adolescents\u2019 aggressiveness .The Counselling Approach. Paper Presented at the 37th Annual Conference of the CASSON in Benue State.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Nworgu, B. G. (2015). Educational research basic issues and methodology. Nsukka, Enugu: University Trust Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ogilive, J. M. (2011). Neuropsychological measures of executive function and anti-social behaviour: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 49, 1063-1107.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Okoro, C. C., Adunonye, J. O.&amp; Egwuasi, P. I. (2015).Aggressive tendencies and academic performance among students in public secondary schools in Uyo urban. Multidisciplinary Journal of research Development, 17 (3), 62-74.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Onukwufor, J.N. (2013). Fundamentals of social psychology. Uyo: Abigab Associates Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Onyije, A.C. &amp; Ojedapo, D.O. (2010). Guidance and Counselling Services for Achieving Skills Development in Nigerian Secondary School System: The Problems. Journal of Technical Education Research and Development, 3(1), 49-56.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Paul-Cookey, N. R. &amp; Iwuama, B.C. (2011). Comparison of forms and incidence of compulsive disorder? Journal of American Academy, Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 795-804.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Zirpoli, T.J. (2014). Behaviour Management: application for teachers. Pearson Allyn Bacon Prentice Hall.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anyamene, Ada and Ngwakwe, Chinyere Catherine &#8220;Effect of Cognitive Restructuring in Reducing Aggressive Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Gombe Local Government Area of Gombe State &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.77-83 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/77-83.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/77-83.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-cognitive-restructuring-in-reducing-aggressive-behaviour-of-secondary-school-students-in-gombe-local-government-area-of-gombe-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Cognitive Restructuring in Reducing Aggressive Behaviour of Secondary School Students in Gombe Local Government Area of Gombe State <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-909a333 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"909a333\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-909a419 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-909a787 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"909a787\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-909a923\" data-id=\"909a923\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-909aaba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"909aaba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-909b34d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"909b34d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-909b50b\" data-id=\"909b50b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-909b63a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"909b63a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-909b6e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"909b6e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-909b848\" data-id=\"909b848\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-909b959 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"909b959\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-909f30b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"909f30b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-909fac7\" data-id=\"909fac7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a26ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90a26ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90a27ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90a27ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90a2991\" data-id=\"90a2991\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a2ab4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90a2ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90a2b63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90a2b63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90a2cb4\" data-id=\"90a2cb4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a2de1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90a2de1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90a2e8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90a2e8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90a3010\" data-id=\"90a3010\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a3133 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90a3133\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Financial Literacy on Business Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Khadijah Muhammad Usama, Wan Fauziah Wan Yusoff &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 84-91<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90a31d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90a31d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90a3368\" data-id=\"90a3368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90a34a5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90a34a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of financial literacy financial on business performance of entrepreneurs in Bauchi metropolis Nigeria. The study was clasped on a resource-based theory which postulates that given resource heterogeneity immovability and contentment of the requirement of value rareness, flawed imitability and non-substitutability, a firm\u2019s resource can be a source of sustained competitive advantage. The study revealed that financial literacy had a statistical influence on the performance of entrepreneurs. The paper advances the argument and general view that financial literacy is a major contributing factor in entrepreneurial business performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 84-91\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khadijah Muhammad Usama<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wan Fauziah Wan Yusoff<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Technology Management and Business, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].Abdullah, A. H. (2017). Technology , Engineering and Mathematics ( STEM ) Education from the Cognitive , Affective and Behavioural Aspects. IEEE International Conference on Teaching, Assessment, and Learning for Engineering (TALE) Page, 6\u201312.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Abdullah, M. A., &amp; Azam, S. M. F. (2015). Mediating Relationship of Financial Practice between Financial Knowledge and Business Success: An Empirical Study on Malaysian Small Enterprises. Australian Academy of Business and Economics Review Volume, 1, 1\u201323.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Atkinson, A. (2017). Financial Education for MSMEs and Potential Entrepreneurs. OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private PensionsOECD Publishing, Paris. doi:10.1787\/bb2cd70c-en<br \/>\r\n[4]. Barte, R. (2012). Financial literacy in micro-enterprises: the case of Cebu fish vendors. Philippine Management Review, 19.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Begonja, M., Cicek, F., Balboni, B., &amp; Gerbin, A. (2016). Innovation and business performance determinants of SMEs in the Adriatic region that introduced social innovation. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 29, 1136\u20131149.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Brinckmann, J., Salomo, S., &amp; Gemuenden, H. G. (2011). Financial management competence of founding teams and growth of new technology\u2013based firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35, 217\u2013243.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Chepkemoi, M., Patrick, E., &amp; Njoroge, C. (2017). The Effect of Financial Literacy Training on Business Profotability in Coastal Region: A Case of Kwale County SMEs. Strategic Journal of Business &amp; Change Management, 4, 684\u2013703.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Cherugong Patrick. The Effect of Financial Literacy on Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Transzoia County (2015).<br \/>\r\n[9]. Covin, J. G., &amp; Slevin, D. P. (1989). Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10, 75\u201387.<br \/>\r\n[10]. 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(2014). Financial Intelligence: A Manager\u2019s Guide to Knowing What the Numbers Really Mean by Karen Berman and Joe Knight with John Case: Boston, MA: Harvard Business Review Press, 2013, 304 pp., $27.00, ISBN 978-1-4221-4411-4. Taylor &amp; Francis.<br \/>\r\n[53]. Van Rooij, M., Lusardi, A., &amp; Alessie, R. (2011). Financial literacy and stock market participation. Journal of Financial Economics, 101, 449\u2013472.<br \/>\r\n[54]. Vincent Sebikari, K. (2014). Entrepreneurial Performance and Small Business Enterprises in Uganda. International Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship Research, 2, 1\u201312.<br \/>\r\n[55]. Williams, P., &amp; Naumann, E. (2011). Customer satisfaction and business performance: a firm-level analysis. Journal of Services Marketing, 25, 20\u201332.<br \/>\r\n[56]. Yadav, M. P. (2015). Model of Entrepreneurial Success\u202f: A Review and Research Agenda. Journal Of Advanced Academic Research,2, 40\u201358.<br \/>\r\n[57]. Zabri, S. M., &amp; Lean, J. (2014). SME Managers \u2019 Financing Preferences\u202f: The Case of Successful SMEs in Malaysia, 1\u201313.<br \/>\r\n[58]. Zuhair, S., Wickremasinghe, G., &amp; Natoli, R. (2015). Migrants and self-reported financial literacy: Insights from a case study of newly arrived CALD migrants. International Journal of Social Economics, 42, 368\u2013386.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khadijah Muhammad Usama, Wan Fauziah Wan Yusoff &#8220;The Impact of Financial Literacy on Business Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.84-91 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/84-91.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90c1ba4\" data-id=\"90c1ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c1cb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90c1cb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90c1d68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90c1d68\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90c1ec7\" data-id=\"90c1ec7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c1fd9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90c1fd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90c2078 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90c2078\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90c21c6\" data-id=\"90c21c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c22cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90c22cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90c2370 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90c2370\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90c24d0\" data-id=\"90c24d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c25e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90c25e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ragging; Its Evolution and Effects: A Literature Review with a Special Reference to Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 92-99<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90c268c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90c268c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90c27fd\" data-id=\"90c27fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90c2936 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90c2936\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Ragging in basic sense consists of use of humiliation to socialise new comers who enter in to educational institutions. It is an international phenomena dates back to hundreds of years. The article attempts to bring together literature relevant to ragging, paying more attention to the Sri Lankan context. Although it is an act of humiliation, in extreme conditions it can cause physical, behavioural, emotional and social problems among victims. In Sri Lanka state universities are known as a common place of ragging and currently more attention is paid due to the incidents reported regarding extreme conditions that are highly traumatic. Literature highlights that ragging is associated with student politics in Sri Lankan universities. There are many negative outcomes of ragging and stress is of the significant negative outcomes. However, according to existing literature ragging has positive effects such as socialising students coming from deprived backgrounds.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 92-99\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hemamalie Gunatilaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Chitkara University Himachal Pradesh, (2009), Anti Ragging Policy. Available from: http:\/\/chitkarauniversity.in\/dnn\/Admissions\/AntiRagging\/tabid\/94\/Default.aspx<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chopra, M., (2009) Ragging in Educational Institutes: A Human Rights Perspective, Guru Gobind Singh Indrap rastha University, Delhi. Available from: http:\/\/www.legalserviceindia.com<br \/>\r\n[3]. Department of Census and Statistics, (2017). Available from: www.statistic.gov.lk\/chap13<br \/>\r\n[4]. Gamage, Siri, (2017), Psychological, Sociological and Political Dimensions of Ragging in Sri Lankan Universities, Article in Social Affairs: A Journal for the Social Sciences. Available from: www.socialaffairsjournal.com<br \/>\r\n[5]. Garg, Rajesh, (2009), Ragging: A Public Health Problem in India, Article in Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. Available from: http:\/\/www.indianjmedsci.org<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kim Y.S., Leventhal B.L., Koh Y.J., Boyce W.T., (2009), Bullying Increased Suicide Risk: Prospective Study of Korean adolescents. Available from: http:\/\/www.noragging.org<br \/>\r\n[7]. Nalapu, Samson S. R., (2013), Students Perceptions and Feedback on Ragging in a South Indian Medical College, Article in South East Asian Journal of Medical Education. Available from: http:\/\/www.mciindia.org<br \/>\r\n[8]. Panditharatne B. L., (2008), Life and Times of Our University Days: The Universities of Ceylon (Colombo\/Peradeniya) and University of Peradeniya and Beyond, Godage International Publishers, Colombo 10<br \/>\r\n[9]. Premadasa I. G., Wanigasooriya N. C., Thalib L., Ellepola A. N. B., (2011), Harassment of newly admitted undergraduates by senior students in a Faculty of Dentistry in Sri Lanka, Article in Medical Teacher, https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/loi\/imte20<br \/>\r\n[10]. Shinde, V. G., (2017), The Menace of Ragging in Educational Institutes: A Human Right Perspective, Article in International Journal of Advanced Research and Development. Available from: www.advancedjournal.com<br \/>\r\n[11]. Srabstein J., Piazza T., (2008), Public health, Safety and Educational Risks Associated with Bullying Behaviors in American Adolescents. Available from: http:\/\/www.noragging.org<br \/>\r\n[12]. University Grant Commission, (2010). Available from www.ugc.ac.lk (Accessed 10 January 2019)<br \/>\r\n[13]. University Grants Commission, Federation of University Teachers\u2019 Associations, CARE International Sri Lanka, 2015, Preventing Sexual and Gender- based Violence. Available from: http:\/\/www.care.org\/<br \/>\r\n[14]. Wajahat, Ayesha, (2014), Harassment due to Ragging, Article in Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences. Available form: www.sciencedirect.com<br \/>\r\n[15]. Wanasundera, L., (2000), Country Report on Violence Against Women in Sri Lanka, Centre for Women\u2019s Research, Colombo<br \/>\r\n[16]. http:\/\/www.nhrep.gov.lk\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=120&amp;Itemid=59&amp;lang=en<br \/>\r\n[17]. https:\/\/www.yas.nic.in\/sites\/default\/files\/National-Youth-Policy-Document.pdf<br \/>\r\n[18]. https:\/\/www.lawnet.gov.lk\/1946\/12\/31\/prohibition-of-ragging-and-other-forms-of-violence-in-educational-institutions-3\/<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hemamalie Gunatilaka &#8220;Ragging; Its Evolution and Effects: A Literature Review with a Special Reference to Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.92-99 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/92-99.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/92-99.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ragging-its-evolution-and-effects-a-literature-review-with-a-special-reference-to-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ragging; Its Evolution and Effects: A Literature Review with a Special Reference to Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cc251 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"90cc251\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cc344 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cc344\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cc506\" data-id=\"90cc506\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cc64d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90cc64d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cc6f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cc6f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cc845\" data-id=\"90cc845\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cc96e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90cc96e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cca15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cca15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90ccb71\" data-id=\"90ccb71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ccc83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ccc83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90ccd27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90ccd27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cce75\" data-id=\"90cce75\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ccf83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ccf83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cd021 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cd021\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cd16d\" data-id=\"90cd16d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd274 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90cd274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cd315 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cd315\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cd477\" data-id=\"90cd477\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd589 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90cd589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Investigation of Corporate Governance Challenges Facing Indigenous Banks in Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr David Foya, Garainesu Changunda- October 2019 Page No.: 100-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90cd625 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90cd625\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90cd798\" data-id=\"90cd798\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90cd8cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90cd8cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Indigenous banks in Zimbabwe have gone through many challenges in observing the internationally accepted best practice in corporate governance. These challenges remain pertinent despite the initiation of several mechanisms by both the government and the regulatory board, RBZ. Hence the purpose of this study was to explore the challenges faced by indigenous banks in corporate governance best practices. In view of the above, the objective of the study were to as certain challenges that indigenous banks are facing with respect to the role, composition and accountability of their boards of directors, determine the level of compliance with best practice in risk management with special focus on compliance with the Banking Act and National Code of Corporate Governance in Zimbabwe (ZIMCODE), scrutinize challenges on disclosure and transparency in indigenous banking institutions and establish problems arising from the ownership structure and the role indigenous shareholders play in engendering compliance with principles of corporate governance. The methodology applied in this study was a mixed research approach which is both quantitative and qualitative. Questionnaire and interviews were used to collect primary data from the participants who were mainly from the indigenous banks\u2019 board, senior, middle and lower management. The study population were 95 participants that comprised of 85 for questionnaires and 10 for in-depth interviews. Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the participants. The major findings of the study were that indigenous banks were dominated by males. Most of the board members and other senior appointee were found to be working contrary to the principles of good Corporate Governance. Results also revealed that many indigenous banks were not complying with standards required by the regulatory authority in Zimbabwe, RBZ. It was concluded that several indigenous banks\u2019 compliance with best practice in CG leaves a lot to be desired as Zimbabwe\u2019s economy continue to face challenges. It is therefore recommended that indigenous banks should be required to comply with ZIMCODE to promote sustainability in their operations. Further areas of study would include eexamination of the challenges of corporate governance in the entire financial institutions in Zimbabwe and the investigation of the extent to which bank supervision is vital in protecting depositor\u2019s funds and prevent bank failure.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 100-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr David Foya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, National University of Science &amp; Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Garainesu Changunda<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nChief Finance Officer People Own Saving Bank, of Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmad,S , Omar,R. (2016), &#8220;Basic corporate governance models: a &#8230; 58 Issue: 1, pp.73-107, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJLMA-10-2014-0057.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Alder, H J, Mellenbergh, G J,.&amp; Hand, D. J. (2008).Advising on research methods: a consultant\u2019s companion. Huizen: Johannes van Kessel Publishing ISBN 978-90-79418-01-05<br \/>\r\n[3]. Al-Tamimi, H. (2002), Risk Management Practices: An Empirical Analysis of the UAE. Commercial Banks. Finance India, 16(3), 1045-1057.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Beck, T., Demirg\u00fc\u00e7-Kunt, A., &amp; Levine, R. (2009). Financial institutions and markets across countries and over time-data and analysis. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, Vol.1.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Boolaky, P.K. (2008), corporate governance in the financial services sector of small island economies: a case study of Mauritius Volume 4, Issue 3, Spring 2007.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Cadbury, S. A. (1992), Report of the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance. London: Gee Publishing<br \/>\r\n[7]. Chinamasa , P. (2013), The 2014 National Budget Statement \u2013 Towards an empowered society and a growing economy. Presented to the Parliament of Zimbabwe on 19 December 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.zimtreasury.gov.zw\/ .<br \/>\r\n[8]. Chinamasa, P. (2014), Corporate Governance and Remuneration Policy Framework for Chief Executive Officers of Parastatals, State Enterprises and Local Authorities..<br \/>\r\n[9]. Claessens,S. (2006), Current Challenges in Financial Regulation. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4103. Hague: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Creswell, J. W. (2012), Educational Research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle, NJ: Prentice Hall<br \/>\r\n[11]. GoZ, (2015), Ministry of Economic Planning &amp; Investment (2011), Zimbabwe Medium Term Plan<br \/>\r\n[12]. 2011- 2015. GoZ, Ministry of Environment Water and Climate, 2013, Monetary Quantification of the Ecosystem Products and Services in Protected Areas.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Lofland, J., Snow, D. A. Anderson, L., &amp; Lofland, L. H. (2006). Analysing social settings: A guide to qualitative observation and analysis (4thed p 304). Wadsworth.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Maimbo, S.(2002),The Design, Development and Implementation of Bank Licensing<br \/>\r\n[15]. Makori G.O.(2015), Effects of credit risk management practices on profitability of deposit taking Sacco\u2019s in Nairobi county, Unpublished MBA research project, Management University of Africa, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Mangudya, J.P.(2017), Monetary Policy Statement: \u201cEconomic transformation through transparency and accountability\u201d Harare : RBZ.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Menkulasi, J., Erasmus, L., &amp; Leichter, J. (2009). Dedollarization in Liberia-lessons from cross-country experience: International Monetary Fund.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Menkulasi, J., Erasmus, L., &amp; Leichter, J. (2009), Dedollarization in Liberia-lessons from cross-country experience: International Monetary Fund.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Miles, M.B, Huberman, A.M &amp; Saldana, J (2014), Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rded p 48), Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications<br \/>\r\n[20]. Mugova, S &amp; Sachs, P.R (2016) , Corporate governance structure and accountability as affected by national governmental infrastructure in developing countries Corporate Ownership &amp; Control Vol 13 Issue 4<br \/>\r\n[21]. Mugova, S &amp; Sachs, P.R. (2016), Corporate governance, structure and accountability as affected by national government infrastructure in developing countries.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Muzwembiri, P.T. (2015), Credit risk management and profitability of commercial banks in Zimbabwe. Unpublished research project.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Mwangi, G.N. (2010). \u201cThe effect of Credit Risk Management on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. Unpublished MBA research project, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Mwangi, K, M, (2012), \u201cThe effect of risk management on financial performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya, Unpublished MBA research project, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[25]. Nduku, N.R. (2016), The effect of credit risk management on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. A dissertation. Nairobi: University Of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Nyamutowa C. and Masunda S. (2013), An Analysis of credit risk management practices in commercial banking institutions in Zimbabwe, Volume 4 online@www.ijeronline.com<br \/>\r\n[27]. Oke, M.O (2012), Credit Risk and Financial Performance in Nigeria Unpublished research project, Ekiti State University.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Opondo, M (2014), \u201cThe effect of credit risk management on the financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya, Unpublished MBA research project, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Government of Zambia (2000), Procedures in Zambia (1980 &#8211; 2000) \u201cInternational Conference on Development and Business Finance Policy and Experience in Developing Countries, University of Manchester.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Ragin, C. C. (2008), Redesigning Social Inquiry: Fuzzy Sets and Beyond, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.<br \/>\r\n[31]. RBZ (2012), Monetary Policy Statement. Harare: RBZ .<br \/>\r\n[32]. Reinhart, C. M., Rogoff, K. S., &amp; Savastano, M. A. (2003), Addicted to dollars. Retrieved from Schneider, F., &amp; Enste, D. (2000), Shadow Economies around the World Size, Causes, and Consequences.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr David Foya, Garainesu Changunda, &#8220;An Investigation of Corporate Governance Challenges Facing Indigenous Banks in Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.100-115 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/100-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/100-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-of-corporate-governance-challenges-facing-indigenous-banks-in-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Investigation of Corporate Governance Challenges Facing Indigenous Banks in Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e0a7e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e11f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e134c\" data-id=\"90e134c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e1458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e1458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e14f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e14f3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e1645\" data-id=\"90e1645\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e1758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e1758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e17f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e17f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e1943\" data-id=\"90e1943\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e1a4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e1a4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e1aed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e1aed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e1c6f\" data-id=\"90e1c6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e1da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e1da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Labour Migration: Causes and Patterns in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John, Wajim &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 116-123<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e1e4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e1e4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e1fd3\" data-id=\"90e1fd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e210d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90e210d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined labour migration: causes and patterns in Nigeria. Labour migration simply connotes migration for the main purpose of employment. Those who are moving from one place to another in search of green pasture or job and those who secured jobs as the result of the movement are called labour migrants or migrant workers. Labour migrants lack legal protection, and insufficient information about their rights makes them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse from recruiters, employers, and authorities. Labour migrants who often work in the informal sector are usually exposed to abuses resulting from xenophobia or fear of strangers and racism especially the international migrants. Findings of this research work revealed that unemployment, poverty and insecurity are the basic causes of labour migration in Nigeria. Unemployment is regarded as the root of poverty in Nigeria. In Nigeria predominantly the graduate unemployment is phenomenally prominent in the recent decades, the state which is essentially as a result of the sharp increase in the tertiary institution turnout. Unemployment, on the other hand, is a situation in which people are actively in need of pay work, they have the requisite skill and ability to do the work but they cannot find it due to some structural factors, seasonal or cyclical. Secondary sources of data were used for the purpose of this paper; and two theories were also reviewed and adopted which include Neo-classical theory of migration and New economic theory of migration. Amongst other recommendations, it\u2019s recommended that entrepreneurship centres should be established within the thirty six states of the federation including FCT Abuja that will be responsible for training the unemployed youths in order to reduce the level of migration within and outside the country so that we shouldn\u2019t lose our labour force.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-123\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John, Wajim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, 200 Katsina-Ala Road, P.M.B 1020 Wukari, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Reaching millennium goals: hoe well does agricultural productivity growth reduce poverty? ILO Employment Strategy Paper 12.<br \/>\r\n[34]. Massey, D. S., et al (1993). Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal. Population and Development Review 19 (3): 431-466.<br \/>\r\n[35]. Massey, D. S., et al (1998). Worlds in motion. Understanding international migration at the end of the millennium. Clarendon Press Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[36]. Mini S.E. (2000). The impact of rural-urban migration on the rural economy in Eastern Cape villages. (Unpublished paper delivered at the HSRC migration workshop, Pretoria, 17-20 March).<br \/>\r\n[37]. National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) (2016). Statistics on IDPs; Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[38]. National Population Commission (1998), \u20181991 Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Analytic report at the National Level. Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[39]. National Population Commission (2008), \u20182006 Population Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria: Protem report at the National Level. Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[40]. National Population Commission (NPC) 2010. Internal Migration Survey in Nigeria 2010<br \/>\r\n[41]. NISER (1998). Migration and Urbanization Surveys. NISER Publication, Ibadan, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[42]. Okpara, E.E (1983). The impact of migration on the quality of Nigeria rural life. Nigeria Agricultural Research Management and Training Institute Seminar series, 3;116.<br \/>\r\n[43]. Ravenstein E. G, (1889). The Laws of Migration. Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 52, pp. 241-305.<br \/>\r\n[44]. Stark, O (1991) \u2018Migration in LDCs: risk, remittances and the family.\u2019 Finance and Development, 28(4): 39-41.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Stark, O. (1991). The migration of labor. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Stark, O. (2003). \u201cTales of Migration without Wage Differentials: Individual, Family, and Community Contexts\u201d, Paper prepared for Conference on African Migration in Comparative Perspective, Johannesburg, South Africa, 4-7 June, 2003.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Torum, B. 2002. Rural \u2013 Urban Migration and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Young Guatemalan Adults. International Journal of Epidemiologists, 31:218\u2013226.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Tvedten, I. (2001) Angola 2000\/2001: Key Development Issues and the Role of NGOs. Michelsen Institute (CMI Report R 2001:1) pp. 60.<br \/>\r\n[49]. Udo, R. K. (1975). Migrant tenant farmers of Nigeria: a geographical study of rural migrations in Nigeria. African University Press, Lagos.<br \/>\r\n[50]. Udo, R. K. (1993). Migration, Urbanization and Development. National Population Commission, Lagos.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John, Wajim &#8220;Labour Migration: Causes and Patterns in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.116-123 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/116-123.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/labour-migration-causes-and-patterns-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Labour Migration: Causes and Patterns in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e3126 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"90e3126\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e3d70\" data-id=\"90e3d70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e3e85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e3e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e3f24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e3f24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e407d\" data-id=\"90e407d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e4187 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e4187\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e4228 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e4228\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e4372\" data-id=\"90e4372\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e4486 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e4486\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e4523 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e4523\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e46c8\" data-id=\"90e46c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e47e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e47e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students\u2019 Performance in Trigonometry: A Case Study of Mukuba Boys Secondary School, Kitwe, Zambia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Racheal Nambeye, Elizabeth Boby Samuel &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 124-134<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e4e47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e4e47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e4ffc\" data-id=\"90e4ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e5138 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90e5138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Trigonometry is a very important topic in mathematics education. Trigonometric functions have many applications in fields such as adverse physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, music, astronomy and biology. This study investigates the effect of Cooperative Learning specifically the Jigsaw on students\u2019 performance in trigonometry at Mukuba Boys Secondary School and explores the following Research Questions: (a) What effect does Cooperative Learning (Jigsaw) have on students\u2019 performance in Trigonometry? (b) What are the students\u2019 perceptions toward learning of trigonometry using the Cooperative Learning Approach? (c) What are the challenges that students face in trigonometry using Cooperative learning (Jigsaw) vis-\u00e0-vis conventional method? The design of the study was pre-test post-test control quasi-experimental design which involves two grade 11 classes. One was assigned experimental group and the other control. The sample for the study consisted of 60 students of which 30 students were in each group. The experimental group was taught using cooperative learning approach while the control group was taught using conventional learning. A pre-test was used to establish the equivalence and homogeneity of the two groups in academic ability whereas a post-test was used to assess the effect of cooperative learning on student\u2019s performance in trigonometry. The study compares the means of scores between experimental and control groups and an independent sample t-test was used to analyse the data at an alpha level of 0.05. In the pretest, comparison results did not show any statistical significance between the two groups. The post-test comparison results showed that there was a statistical significance of p-value=0.000&lt;0.05,t(58)=4.138in favour of the experimental group. Furthermore, results of the study indicated that the cooperative learning approach had a positive effect on enhancing students\u2019 performance and perception toward trigonometry. The main challenges encountered by students when learning trigonometry were lack of understanding of the concepts. It was also noticed that cooperative learning group were more engaged, more responsible in completing group assignments while working in their respective groups. Therefore, cooperative learning approach was found to have had a positive effect on students\u2019 performance in trigonometry. The study recommended that cooperative learning techniques are well integrated with heuristic approaches in order to enhance involvement of students in classroom interaction and participation in the teaching and learning of trigonometry and the use and implementation of cooperative learning strategies should be embrace by teachers in order to develop variety of instructional method that best befits the learning needs of their students.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 124-134\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Racheal Nambeye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMukuba University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O Box 20382, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elizabeth Boby Samuel<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCopperbelt University, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, P.O Box 21692, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdulkadir, T., (2013). A Conceptual Analysis of the Knowledge of Prospective Mathematics Teachers about Degree and Radian, Turkey: Kastamonu University Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Baird, J. and White, R. (1984) Improving Learning through Enhanced Metacognition: A Classroom Study, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA 1984.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Banda, G., &amp; Musonda, A. (2018). Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students&#8217; Attitude and Performance towards Probability Distributions. In Statistics, Journal of Educationand Practice. ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online) Vol.9, No.14.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Victor J. K. (2009) A History of Mathematics. 3rd Edition. USA: Pearson Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in the Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Weber, K., (2005) Students\u2019 Understanding of Trigonometric Functions. In Mathematics Education Research Journal, Vol. 17(3), pp. 91-112, October 2005. Netherlands: Springer Australasia.<br \/>\r\n[7]. World Education (2009) Cooperative Learning: Theory and Practice: Schools for Life Program. Boston: World Education, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Yasemin, K, Seda, O and Bilge, O (2013).Effects of Cooperative Learning Model on Science Technology Laboratory Practices Lesson. In International Journal on New Trends in Education and their Implication. October 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Article:04 ISSN1309-6249.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Victor J. K. (2009) A History of Mathematics. 3rd Edition. USA: Pearson Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Vygotsky, L. (1978) Mind in the Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Weber, K., (2005) Students\u2019 Understanding of Trigonometric Functions. In Mathematics Education Research Journal, Vol. 17(3), pp. 91-112, October 2005. Netherlands: Springer Australasia.<br \/>\r\n[12]. World Education (2009) Cooperative Learning: Theory and Practice: Schools for Life Program. Boston: World Education, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Yasemin, K, Seda, O and Bilge, O (2013).Effects of Cooperative Learning Model on Science Technology Laboratory Practices Lesson. In International Journal on New Trends in Education and their Implication. October 2013 Volume: 4 Issue: 4 Article:04 ISSN1309-6249.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Racheal Nambeye, Elizabeth Boby Samuel &#8220;The Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students\u2019 Performance in Trigonometry: A Case Study of Mukuba Boys Secondary School, Kitwe, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.124-134 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/124-134.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/124-134.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-cooperative-learning-on-students-performance-in-trigonometry-a-case-study-of-mukuba-boys-secondary-school-kitwe-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students\u2019 Performance in Trigonometry: A Case Study of Mukuba Boys Secondary School, Kitwe, Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e794c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"90e794c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90e7a3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90e7a3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90e7c15\" data-id=\"90e7c15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90ea801 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90ea801\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90eaaae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90eaaae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90ed975\" data-id=\"90ed975\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90edad6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90edad6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f055a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f055a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f0724\" data-id=\"90f0724\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f10f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f10f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f1207 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f1207\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f13a4\" data-id=\"90f13a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f14d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f14d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f1574 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f1574\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f16e5\" data-id=\"90f16e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f17fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f17fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Some Factors Militating Against Quality Education Transformation Agenda in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sanusi Abdul Wasiu, Asma\u2019u M. Maishanu, Jamila Muhammad- October 2019 Page No.: 135-140<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f189e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f189e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f1a13\" data-id=\"90f1a13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f1b63 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90f1b63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Globally, education is seen as a driving force and universal phenomena which allows all human societies to develop the requisite knowledge, experience and skills for self preservation and growth. Achieving these largely depends on the quality of education provided by the state. However, the falling standard of education from primary to tertiary institution has remain a major problem in Nigeria&#8217;s education, the quality of the products of various institutions leaves much to be desired, and graduates of Nigerian tertiary institutions are unemployable for their deficiencies. In fact, the pathetic state of education in the country epitomizes the intensity of decay and degradation as well as illustrates the endemic hopelessness, despair and uncertainty under which Nigerians live. However, its in view of the above, the paper intend to look at some factors militating against quality education toward actualizing the present Nigeria transformation agenda. These factors include: overcrowdings, examination malpractice, and lack of updated reading materials, lack of good leadership and excess corrupt behavior, abject poverty, lack of qualified teachers, poor links between education and employment opportunities, uncheck privileges and immunity given to lecturers, and lack of democratization of schools administrative process among others. The paper recommended that government should provide sufficient funds and the schools management should be democratic in nature among others.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 135-140\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sanusi Abdul Wasiu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education (SSCOE), Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asma\u2019u M. Maishanu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Integrated Science, Shehu Shagari College of Education (SSCOE), Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jamila Muhammad<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Studies, Shehu Shagari College of Education (SSCOE), Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Cole. G. A. (1996) Management theory and practices London DP Publications<br \/>\r\n[2]. Duro A. (1987) Education and employment. A crises point. In Along M. Ejiohu and Duro<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ajeya Lein (eds) Emergent issues in Nigeria educational research and publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ejogu A.M (1987) Demonstrate of the administrative process in Nigeria universities, issues and trends. In Aloy M Ejiogu and Duro Aleyalemi (eds) Emergent issues in Nigeria education<br \/>\r\n[5]. Eromosele E.A (2005) farming the menane of examination mal-practice in Nigeria. The gurdain news paper on line<br \/>\r\n[6]. Federal Republic of Nig (2004) National Policy on education lagos. Fmi<br \/>\r\n[7]. Haruna M. Y. &amp; Idris a (2006) students population explosion in Nigeria schools. It challenges to teacher education. A paper presented at National conference organized by Shehu Shagari college of education sokoto.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Indabama, S.A (2001) An overview of the socio-cultoral factors militating against girl child education in Nigeria. A paper presented at the national workshop on girls education by the Kano Forum in collaboration with UNICEF April 24-27 Kano State<br \/>\r\n[9]. Jimoh A (2009) assessing the progress towards the millennium development goals in Nigeria In Olarawaju, A. 0. Ilufoye S. Ogundiya &amp; Jimoh amzat (eds) state and civil society relation in Nigeria. Hope publication Ltd ibadan Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mahadi (2008) education &amp; crises of Development in Nigeria. A key note address. In Okegbile, As apara S.A.E ogungbe. E. 0. N. S. Talla and M. H. Management (Eds) education and Development in Northern Nigeria f 11-19) lapar. Niger State Nigeria faculty of education and art IBB university.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Maimina U. R. (2009) Teacher education and the challenges of eduation for sustainable development. A paper presented at Annual national conference organized at Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Mational Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) (2001) conception implementations and monitoring<br \/>\r\n[13]. Oyekami R. (2003) exam-malpractice forces JAMB to cancel 95, 220 results. Guardian newspaper Thursday July 2005<br \/>\r\n[14]. Sanusi A.B Asmau M. Zainab T. (2009) quantity vs quality. Challenges and implication to educational standard in Nigeria. A published paper presented at National confessence organized by Shehu Shagari College of Education, Sokoto<br \/>\r\n[15]. Sanusi AB,Wadatm, D hanatu D. (2009) Bureaucratic competition and how it affects sustainable education in Nigeria. A unpublished paper presented at national conference organized by Shehu Shagari College of Education<br \/>\r\n[16]. Sylvester, V. U. (2009) reforms in in teacher education programme as a panales for sustainable development. A paper presented at national conference organized by Shehu Shagari college of education, Sokoto State.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sanusi Abdul Wasiu, Asma\u2019u M. Maishanu, Jamila Muhammad, &#8220;An Assessment of Some Factors Militating Against Quality Education Transformation Agenda in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.135-140 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/135-140.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/135-140.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-some-factors-militating-against-quality-education-transformation-agenda-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Assessment of Some Factors Militating Against Quality Education Transformation Agenda in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f29a0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"90f29a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f2a90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f2a90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f2c4c\" data-id=\"90f2c4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f2d89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f2d89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f2e34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f2e34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f2f94\" data-id=\"90f2f94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f30a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f30a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f3148 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f3148\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f32b9\" data-id=\"90f32b9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f33c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90f33c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants of Adoption and Performance of Greenhouse Technology among Smallholder Tomato Farmers in North Rift Region, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ann Cherotich, Daniel Kipruto Tuitoek, Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge, Silas Kiprono Samoei &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 141-149<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-90f346c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"90f346c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-90f35d0\" data-id=\"90f35d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90f36fc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"90f36fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">One of the most widely grown vegetables in Kenya is tomato, which is grown mainly for domestic consumption and sales at local markets. It is also an important cash crop for small-scale growers with potential for increasing incomes in rural areas, improving standards of living and creating employment opportunities. Greenhouse technology is one of the methods which can be used to increase tomato yield and by extension income for the farmer. Despite the importance, farmers in North Rift region hardly adopt this technology and further few studies if any have been done to establish the reason for low adoption of greenhouse technology. Therefore, this study aimed at analyzing the factors influencing the adoption of greenhouse technology among smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region. Specific objectives were to determine the factors influencing the adoption and performance of greenhouse technology among smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region. The target population were all smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region. A survey research design was used in the study. Purposive, proportionate, multistage, simple random and systematic sampling techniques were used to select 384 respondents for the study. Data was collected by use of structured questionnaires and analyzed using STATA V12. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used in data analyses. Both probit and bivariate probit models were estimated to achieve the objectives of the study. Results indicated that social factors such as age, gender, education level and farm experience affected adoption of greenhouse technology among smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region (p \u2013 value 0.0000 &lt; 0.05). The study also indicated that economic factors such as farm income, farm size, and land tenure determined adoption of greenhouse technology among smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region (p \u2013 value 0.0000 &lt; 0.05). The study also revealed that institutional factors such as access to credit, availability of extension service and frequency of extension visits determined adoption of Greenhouse technology among smallholder tomato farmers in North Rift region (p \u2013 value 0.0000 &lt; 0.05). It is recommended that the government should empower farmers through training, introduction of cost sharing programs and increase access to extension and credit services so as to enable them commercialize tomato production and hence increase adoption of greenhouse technology and thus improve their livelihoods.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 141-149\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ann Cherotich<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel Kipruto Tuitoek<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Silas Kiprono Samoei<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics and Resource Management, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1]. Abdulai, A.and Huffman, W.E. (2005). \u201cThe diffusion of new agricultural Technologies. The Case of Crossbred cow Technology in Tanzania\u201d American Journal of Agricultural Economics87:645-650.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adeogun, O.A.Ajana, A.M., Ayinla, O.A., Yarhere, M.T. and Adeogun, M.O. (2008).Application of Logit Model in Adoption Decision: A Study of Hybrid Clarias in Lagos State, Nigeria.American-Eurasian<br \/>\r\n[3]. Atiya, B. J. (2006).Comparative Advantages of Tomato. Working Paper No 23.National Agricultural Policy Center.FAO.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bayramoglu, Z., Gundogmus, E. and Tatlidil, F. (2010).\u201cThe impact of EurepGAP requirements on farm income from greenhouse tomatoes in\u201d. African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 5 (5), pp. 348-355.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bonabana-Wabbi, J. (2002) Assessing Factors Affecting Adoption of Agricultural Technologies: The Case of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Kumi District, Eastern Uganda.Master of Science Thesis. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Blacksburg, Virginia<br \/>\r\n[6]. Ganesan, M.(2002).Comparative evaluation of low cost greenhouse and its effects on the yield and quality of two varieties of tomato. Swaminathan Research Foundation.Taramani Institutional Area.Tamil Nadu, India.<br \/>\r\n[7]. FAO, (1985).Farm management glossary Agricultural Services Bulletin, FAO, Rome, 221 pp.<br \/>\r\n[8]. FEWSNET (2010).Status of food insecurity in Kenya.http:\/\/www.fews.net<br \/>\r\n[9]. GoK (Government of Kenya). (2000). Second Report on Poverty in Kenya: Volume 1. Incidence and depth of Poverty.Ministry of Finance and Planning. Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[10]. GoK (Government of Kenya). (2007). DistrictProfile.District Agriculture Officer.Ministry of Agriculture. Keiyo South.<br \/>\r\n[11]. GoK (Government of Kenya). (2008). District Work-plan. District Agriculture Officer. Ministry Of Agriculture.Keiyo-North District.<br \/>\r\n[12]. GoK (Government of Kenya) (2012). National Annual Report. Ministry of Agriculture. Kilimo House. Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[13]. GoK (Government of Kenya). (2010). National Horticulture Policy.Ministry of Agriculture.Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Greaser,G. L. and Harper, J. K. (1994). Enterprise Budget Analysis.Small- scale and Part-time Farming Project.College of Agricultural Sciences. The Pennsylvania State University. United States.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Kothari C.R., (2006) Research Methodology Models and Techniques2nded.Newdehli: New international publishers.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Liu, G.Q. Nyalala, S.P.Q., MyanjageM.O and Tuitoek, D.K. (2005).Greenhouse Management. Egerton University Press. Njoro, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Makunike, C. (2007). Kenya to test greenhouse tomato production model for small scale farmers.Africa News Network.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Musyoki, R., Omari, F.andMwangi, T. (2005).Evaluation of Elite Tomato Varieties in the Semi-arid regions of Eastern Kenya.KARI Publication<br \/>\r\n[19]. Naika, S., van Lidt de Jeude, J., de Goffau, M., Hilmi, M. and van Dam, B. (2005). Cultivation of tomato: Production, Processing and Marketing. Agromisa Foundation and CTA, Wageningen, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[20]. OyekaleA.S., and E. Idjesa (2009).Adoption of Improved Maize Seeds and Production Efficiency in Rivers State, Nigeria Academic Journal of Plant Sciences 2 (1): 44-50, 2009<br \/>\r\n[21]. Taiwo K., A,.Akanbi C., T., and AjibolaO.O (1997).Production of Cowpeas in Tomato Sauce: Economic Comparison of Packaging in Canning and Retort Pouch Systems. Journal of Food Processing Engineering<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ann Cherotich, Daniel Kipruto Tuitoek, Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge, Silas Kiprono Samoei &#8220;Determinants of Adoption and Performance of Greenhouse Technology among Smallholder Tomato Farmers in North Rift Region, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.141-149 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/141-149.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/141-149.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determinants-of-adoption-and-performance-of-greenhouse-technology-among-smallholder-tomato-farmers-in-north-rift-region-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Determinants of Adoption and Performance of Greenhouse Technology among Smallholder Tomato Farmers in North Rift Region, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911d0b8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"911d0b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911d1ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911d1ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911d343\" data-id=\"911d343\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911d473 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911d473\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911d51b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911d51b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911d678\" data-id=\"911d678\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911d785 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911d785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911d822 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911d822\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911d986\" data-id=\"911d986\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911da9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911da9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911db35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911db35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911de9a\" data-id=\"911de9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911e022 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911e022\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Causes of Liquidity Crisis in Zimbabwe after the Adoption of the Multicurrency in 2009<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fainos Chinjova, Reuben Zinhumwe- October 2019 Page No.: 150-153<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911e0d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911e0d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911e24b\" data-id=\"911e24b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911e36f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"911e36f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the real causes of the liquidity crisis in the banking sector since the introduction of the multicurrency in Zimbabwe. The liquidity crisis continued to harm string the Zimbabwean economy despite the growth in the aggregate money supply (M3) from US$300 million in 2009, following the adoption of the use of multicurrency. During the period under review, the economy registered a peak of 11.9% growth in 2011. However, despite high economic growth rates, banks still failed to supply cheap loans to the productive sectors, a significant indicator of the liquidity crisis. This was worsened by the shortage of cash in 2016. The investigation on the real causes of liquidity crisis adopted a qualitative research method. Data was collected using in-depth interviews. The research concluded that liquidity crisis in Zimbabwe was caused by poor performance of the external sector, mainly the net exports, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, diaspora remittances as well as foreign borrowing. Failure by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to provide the lender of last resort function, the growing informal sector were also considered to have had a negative impact on the liquidityin the country. To improve the liquidity in the country, the study recommended that the government revert back to the principle of cash budgeting and that there should be an increase in production of local products which should be exported.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 150-153\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fainos Chinjova<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGraduate School of Business, National University of Science and Technology, P.O Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Reuben Zinhumwe <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n12 Cambridge Drive, Greendale North, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Allen, F and Gole, D (2000): Optimal currency crisis. Carnigie- Rochester Series on Public Policy, Vol.53. pp 177-230.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Barnerjee, R.N and Mio, H (2017): The impact of liquidity regulation of banks. Journal of Financial Intermediation.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Chagwiza, W (2014): Zimbabwean Commercial Banks liquidity and its determinants. International Journal of Empirical Finance, Vol 2, issue 2, pp 52-54.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Chikoko, l (2013): Zimbabwean Commercial Banks liquidity risk determinants after dollarization. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, Vol. 3, pp 97-114.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Creswell, J. W (2007): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th Edition: Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Creswell, J. W (2009): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd Edition; Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Creswell, J. W (2013): Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among five. 3rd Edition. Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Creswell, J. W (2014): Research Design. Qualitative and Mixed Methods Approaches.4th Edition; Thousand Oaks: SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Johnson, B and Christenson, L. B (2014): Educational Research. Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Approaches. 5th Edition. Thousand Oaks. SAGE.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mkhitaryan, K. A (2014): Importance of Strengthening management of liquidity in banking system. \u2018Conference proceedings,\u2019 International Conference on Education, Economics and Humanities (ICEEH, 2014), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Mugamo, G (2016): Zimbabwe trade patterns and liquidity. Working Papers. African Economic Resource Consortium.<br \/>\r\n[12]. RBZ (2016): Mid-Term Monetary Policy Statement. Harare: Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe<br \/>\r\n[13]. ZEPARU (2012): The ZEPARU Economic barometer. \u201cZimbabwe Economic Analysis and Research Unit, Vol.19.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Zinhumwe, (2017): An investigation into the causes of liquidity crisis in Zimbabwe: NUST<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fainos Chinjova, Reuben Zinhumwe &#8220;Causes of Liquidity Crisis in Zimbabwe after the Adoption of the Multicurrency in 2009&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.150-153 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/150-153.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/150-153.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/causes-of-liquidity-crisis-in-zimbabwe-after-the-adoption-of-the-multicurrency-in-2009\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Causes of Liquidity Crisis in Zimbabwe after the Adoption of the Multicurrency in 2009<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911f34b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"911f34b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911f43c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911f43c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911f5c0\" data-id=\"911f5c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911f6dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911f6dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911f784 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911f784\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911f8d9\" data-id=\"911f8d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911f9f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911f9f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911fa92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911fa92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911fbe3\" data-id=\"911fbe3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911fce6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911fce6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-911fd88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"911fd88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-911fecb\" data-id=\"911fecb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-911ffdc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"911ffdc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9120076 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9120076\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91201df\" data-id=\"91201df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91202e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91202e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cost of Doing Business in Zimbabwe: Examining the Role of Risk Impact Assessment (RIA) in Policy Development and Implementation in Zimbabwe (2006 to 2017)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr David Foya, Innocent Mayida &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 154-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-912038c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"912038c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-912055a\" data-id=\"912055a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91206c2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91206c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to examine the impact of regulations on the business environment in Zimbabwe. The concept of RIA in regulation and its impact on economic growth and national prosperity have received increasing attention in recent years. The study&#8217;s main aim is to make a contribution to the RIA in regulatory policy making and implementation in Zimbabwe and examines its role in the cost of doing business. Thus by studying the issue within the context of government ministries and regulatory bodies, the central research questions to be addressed is; &#8220;Taking into account the cost of doing business, sustainability concerns, why RIA is necessary including models used to achieve the regulatory goal and to evaluate them?&#8221; The research question was formulated to gain a better understanding of the regulatory policy framework of Zimbabwe. Thus, methodologies and how the regulatory bodies and government ministries use risk evaluation and assessment tools to manage regulatory risks and exposure will be explored. The study seeks to examine the need to improve the efficiency of the regulatory policies in Zimbabwe using the RIA concept and link with the cost of doing business. This includes the need for stakeholder participation in the policy framework. The results indicate the need to use RIA s which can be used to increase the efficiency of the regulatory system. This includes seven key dimensions, namely the lack of a regulatory policy framework, policy reformation, roles of Parliament and Senate, policy coordination and consultation, regulatory independence, cost and benefit analysis and lastly the issue of stakeholder participation. Finally, the study suggested recommends on the government to establish a national regulatory policy, incorporate viable business model in policy reformation, reducing multiple regulatory systems, adding RIA evaluation in the Parliamentary and Senate policy framework and improve on technical services for standards included in regulations. Finally, the research, concludes that these seven critical dimensions can increase efficiency in the policy formulation and implementation in Zimbabwe.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 154-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr David Foya <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, National University of Science &amp; Technology, Bulawayo Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Innocent Mayida<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nActing Chief of Technical Services at Radiation Protection Authority of Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC PLANNINING (2015) Labour Force Report, Zimbabwe National Statistic Agency. Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr David Foya, Innocent Mayida &#8220;Cost of Doing Business in Zimbabwe: Examining the Role of Risk Impact Assessment (RIA) in Policy Development and Implementation in Zimbabwe (2006 to 2017)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.154-169 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/154-169.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9121562 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9121562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91421c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91421c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914231b\" data-id=\"914231b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914242f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914242f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91424cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91424cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9142647\" data-id=\"9142647\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9142758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9142758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Consumer Awareness towards Green Products and Its Impact<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>N. Divyapriyadharshini, S.Devayani, V.Agalya, J.Gokulapriya &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 170-174<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91427fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91427fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914295f\" data-id=\"914295f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9142aa0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9142aa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Consumers are becoming more ecologically conscious and desirous of purchasing green products. Green products are environment friendly in itself or produced in an eco friendly way. The core idea of this paper is to know the consumers awareness about green products and how consumers would be helping the environment if they switch over to green products. Consumers\u2019 green products awareness is significant in indicating the way of the green products buying decision. The data is collected from 30respondents by survey method through a structured questionnaire. Convenience sampling method is used. Data are analysed using frequency analysis. The study has found that promotional activities on eco-friendly products influences consumers green products awareness. Majority of the respondents are aware of green products. This study also reveals that green products awareness as the critical factor, which affects consumers green purchasing decision.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-174\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N. Divyapriyadharshini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement Studies, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S.Devayani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement Studies, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>V.Agalya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement Studies, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>J.Gokulapriya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement Studies, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Md. ZillurRahmanSiddique&amp;AfzalHossain. Sources of Consumers Awareness toward Green Products and Its Impact on Purchasing Decision in Bangladesh, Journal of Sustainable Development; Vol. 11, No. 3; 2018<br \/>\r\n[2]. Yazdanifard, R., &amp; Yan, Y. K. (2014). The Concept of Green Marketing and Green Product Development on Consumer Buying Approach.Global Journal of Commerce &amp; Management Perspective, 3(2), 33-38.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Yeonshin, K., &amp;Sejung, M. C. (2005). Antecedents of Green Purchase Behavior: An Examination of Collectivism, Environmental Concern, and PCE. NA-Advance in consumer research, 32, 592-599.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Young, W., Hwang, K., McDonald, S., &amp; Oates, C. J. (2010). Sustainable Consumption: Green Consumer Behaviour When Purchasing Products.Sustainable Development, 18(1), 20-31.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Sanjeev Kumar, RadhaGarg and Anita Makkar. Consumer Awareness and Perception Towards Green Products: A Study of Youngsters in India, International Journal of Maketing&amp; Business Communication Volume 1 Issue 4 October 2012<br \/>\r\n[6]. Chang, N. &amp; Fong, C. (2010). Green Products Quality, Green Corporate Image, Green Customer Satisfaction and Green Customer Loyalty. African Journal of Business Management, 4, pp. 2836 &#8211; 2844.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Chase, D. &amp; Smith, T. K. (1992). Consumer Keen on Green but Marketers Don\u2019t Deliver. Advertising Age, 63, pp. 82 &#8211; 84.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Coddington, W. (1993). Environmental Marketing: Positive Strategies for Reaching the Green Consumer, New York, United States: McGraw-Hill Inc.<br \/>\r\n[9]. P. Asha and R. Rathiha (2017). CONSUMER AWARENESS TOWARDS GREEN PRODUCTS,International Journal of Management (IJM) Volume 8, Issue 5, Sep\u2013Oct 2017, pp.8\u201314, Article ID: IJM_08_05_002<br \/>\r\n[10]. Charles W Lamb, Joseph H Hair and Carl McDaniel, Marketing, 7th Edition, Thomson Asia(P) Ltd, 2004, Singapore, pp. 517 &#8211; 518.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ghoshal, Moloy (2011), \u201cGreen Marketing \u2013 A changing concept in changing time\u201d, BVIMR, Management Edge, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 82 \u2013 92.<br \/>\r\n[12]. MeenakshiHanda, Green Marketing: Drivers and Challenges, B-Cognizance IIITA e-Magazine, Oct-Dec, 2006, Vol. 2, Issue 11.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Dr.M.Anbukarasi and Ms.N.Dheivanai(2017). AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON CONSUMERS\u2019 AWARENESS TOWARDS GREEN FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS IN COIMBATORE DISTRICT, International Journal of Management StudiesVol-IV, Special Issue-4, November 2017<br \/>\r\n[14]. Dr. S. Rajamohan&amp; D. Joel Jebadurai. (2015). College Students Attitude towards Green Products in Tirunelveli City, International Journal of Research in Commerce, Economics &amp; Management, Vol. 5, 19-24.<br \/>\r\n[15]. FaizanZafar Sheikh et. al (2014). Consumer Green behaviour toward Green Products and Green Purchase Decision, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Engineering, Vol. 5 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Dilip Kumar &amp; Dr. S. M. Yamuna (2014). A study on consumer preference towards green marketing products, International Journal of Scientific Research, Vol. 3, 185-187.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Dr.T.Vasanthi and N.Kavitha (2016). CONSUMER AWARENESS AND PURCHASING BEHAVIOUR OF GREEN PRODUCTS &#8211; AN ANALYTICAL STUDY, intercontinental journal of marketing research review, volume 4, issue 2, february 2016<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">N. Divyapriyadharshini, S.Devayani, V.Agalya, J.Gokulapriya &#8220;Consumer Awareness towards Green Products and Its Impact&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.170-174 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/170-174.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/170-174.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/consumer-awareness-towards-green-products-and-its-impact\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Consumer Awareness towards Green Products and Its Impact<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91438e5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91438e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91439ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91439ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9143b52\" data-id=\"9143b52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9143c82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9143c82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9143d27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9143d27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9143e84\" data-id=\"9143e84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9143f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9143f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9144035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9144035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9148e9b\" data-id=\"9148e9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91490a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91490a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-914918e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"914918e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914930f\" data-id=\"914930f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9149447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9149447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91494fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91494fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91496cb\" data-id=\"91496cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9149837 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9149837\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Proposed Solutions to the Legal Issues Affecting the Applicable Laws of Islamic Banking in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ishaaq El-Mubarak, A. M. O, Abdul Majid Tahir Mohamed &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 175-180<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91498ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91498ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9149a66\" data-id=\"9149a66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9149b98 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9149b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Islamic banking applicable laws are lacking significant elements of standard IBF practice across the world. Provisions were not made for elements including the establishment of Islamic insurance companies, Islamic banking business, Islamic leasing business, Islamic capital market, takaful funds, takaful contracts, Islamic deposits, Islamic money market, Islamic foreign exchange market, credit sale (Al-Bai\u2019 Bithaman \u2018Ajil), advance purchase (bai\u2019 salam), commissioned manufacture (Istisna\u2019), hire purchase (Ijarah thumma bai\u2019), set profile sale (Murabahah), etc in the establishing laws regulating Islamic banking in Nigeria. A legal framework was not constructed for project financing of Mudharabah, project financing of Musharakah, Islamic accepted bill, Islamic trade finance and so forth. Perhaps all the highlighted products and services are indeed a compliment to Islamic banking legal framework and not an alternative method to its operation. Hence, the study aims at proposing suggestions and solutions to the multifaceted issues in the applicable laws. The study applied an exploratory approach to survey for an efficient strategy competent to amend and upgrade the status and performances of IBF in Nigeria. In identifying the suitable strategies, the study concludes that four major entities including, government, individuals, regulators and legislators are responsible for the expansion of IBF status in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 175-180\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ishaaq El-Mubarak, A. M. O<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Law and International Relations, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdul Majid Tahir Mohamed<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Law and International Relations, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin,Terengganu, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abikan, I. A. 2010. The Legal Framework for Islamic Banking in Nigeria. Usman Dan-fodio University Sokoto, Journal of Islamic Comparative Law (UDUJICL). Vol. 2, No. 22, Pg. 25.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Laws of Malaysia. (1983; reprinted in Kuala Lumpur, 2001). Islamic Banking Act. Law Number 276. Pp. 5-9.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Rodney, W. 1998. Islam and Malaysia\u2019s economic development. Journal of Islamic Studies. 9: 2. Pp. 259-276.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Marjan, M. &amp; Mezbah Uddin, A. 2017. Islamic financial system: principles and operations. International Shariah Research Academy for Islamic Finance (ISRA). Kuala Lumpur: Malaysia. Pg. 25 &amp; 134.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Rodney, W. 2012. Legal, regulatory and governance issues in Islamic finance. Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Pp. 121-122.<br \/>\r\n[6]. UAE Federal Law No. 6. 1985. Regarding Islamic Banks, Financial Institutions and Investments Companies. Abu Dhabi.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ishaaq El-Mubarak, A. M. O, Abdul Majid Tahir Mohamed &#8220;Proposed Solutions to the Legal Issues Affecting the Applicable Laws of Islamic Banking in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.175-180 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/175-180.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/175-180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/proposed-solutions-to-the-legal-issues-affecting-the-applicable-laws-of-islamic-banking-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proposed Solutions to the Legal Issues Affecting the Applicable Laws of Islamic Banking in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914a9cf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"914a9cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-914aab1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"914aab1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914ac2c\" data-id=\"914ac2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914ad55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914ad55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-914ae0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"914ae0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914af8a\" data-id=\"914af8a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914b0a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914b0a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-914b14c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"914b14c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914b2bd\" data-id=\"914b2bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914b3d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914b3d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-914b46c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"914b46c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-914b5e4\" data-id=\"914b5e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9150b87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9150b87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9150ca0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9150ca0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9150e45\" data-id=\"9150e45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9150f71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9150f71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-915101a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"915101a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-915119b\" data-id=\"915119b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91512b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91512b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Pre-Election Matters on Independent National Electoral Commission\u2019s Preparation for Election: A Case for Legal Reform<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hawa Ajanigo Ocheni &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 181-184<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9151356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9151356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91514d5\" data-id=\"91514d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91515f1 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91515f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201cBefore every general election is concluded in Nigeria, Political Parties are expected to conduct internal preliminary elections to choose candidates that would represent the party in the general election which often lead to issues of qualification, disqualification, nomination, substitution and sponsorship of candidates for an election proceeding the general election\u201d.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 181-184\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hawa Ajanigo Ocheni<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLegal Counsel, Westwood Law<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Reference are not available.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hawa Ajanigo Ocheni &#8220;Effects of Pre-Election Matters on Independent National Electoral Commission\u2019s Preparation for Election: A Case for Legal Reform&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.181-184 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/181-184.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/181-184.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-pre-election-matters-on-independent-national-electoral-commissions-preparation-for-election-a-case-for-legal-reform\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Pre-Election Matters on Independent National Electoral Commission\u2019s Preparation for Election: A Case for Legal Reform<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91524de elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91524de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91525c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91525c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-915274a\" data-id=\"915274a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915287f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"915287f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9152926 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9152926\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9152a83\" data-id=\"9152a83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9152b8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9152b8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9152c5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9152c5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9152dd0\" data-id=\"9152dd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9152eec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9152eec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9152f8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9152f8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91530ea\" data-id=\"91530ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915320c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"915320c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91532b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91532b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91582ff\" data-id=\"91582ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91584a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91584a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9158566 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9158566\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9158713\" data-id=\"9158713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915883a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"915883a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Linkages between Financial Factors and Financial Development: A Panel Data Approach for Comesa Region<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Stephen Angwenyi Nyamweya, Josephat Cheboi, David Kosgei &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 185-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9158903 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9158903\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9158af3\" data-id=\"9158af3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9158c99 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9158c99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The concept of financial development has been a topical issue of research among scholars and policymakers in developing and developed countries in the world because it affects economic growth. However, there has been no consensus on the relationship between economic growth and financial development. Therefore this paper sought to determine the linkage between financial factors and financial development in 19 COMESA Countries. The specific objectives were to establish the effect of international remittances, financial access, inflation and foreign direct investment on financial development in COMESA Countries. The paper was guided by the finance-growth nexus theory. Data was collected from the IMF and World Bank database for analysis for the period. Fixed effect regression was used as established by use of the General Method of Moments. The results indicated that financial access, foreign direct investment and GDP had a significant effect on financial development in COMESA countries (p-values &lt; 0.05). Therefore, results are expected to provide a basis for policy reference and also stimulate debate on financial development in developing countries under regional integration. The study is expected to generate new knowledge by indicating the relationship between financial factors, economic growth, and financial development. In particular, each COMESA Country should streamline policies aimed at encouraging FDI inflows, increasing economic growth, as well as designing Diaspora policies to encourage foreign remittances and foster financial development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 185-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Angwenyi Nyamweya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Josephat Cheboi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kosgei<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-915a875 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"915a875\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-915a9f7\" data-id=\"915a9f7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-915ab2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"915ab2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-915abd9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"915abd9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9162ee3\" data-id=\"9162ee3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9163082 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9163082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Need of Environment and Space Technologies Education in Indian School Curriculum<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Jayachandra Kannemadugu, K. Hoyasala Devi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 193-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9163142 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9163142\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91632dc\" data-id=\"91632dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9163416 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9163416\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nIt\u2019s more than two decades in India, the computer education\/ICT (Information and Computer Technology) was introduced into the school curriculum and majority of Schools including those run by central or State Governments, have good infrastructure with basic software and internet. Space technologies i.e., the technologies involved in acquiring Earth\u2019s information such as Sensing\/acquiring Earth\u2019s pictures through Aircrafts, Satellites, Drones etc., and collecting local ground\/field information by using GPS receiver and computing into digital maps (GIS database) have become very popular in recent times across the Globe.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Jayachandra Kannemadugu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRegional Director, Centre for Environment and Development, Hyderabad, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. Hoyasala Devi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nB.Tech, ECE, G. Narayanamma Institute of Technology &amp; Science, Hyderabad, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Www. Space-awareness.org<br \/>\r\n[2]. https:\/\/mapknitter.org<br \/>\r\n[3]. Environmental Science Lesson Plans &amp; Activities<br \/>\r\n[4]. ESRO Space education programme for school students<br \/>\r\n[5]. https:\/\/www.space-india.com<br \/>\r\n[6]. https:\/\/www.iist.ac.in<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Jayachandra Kannemadugu, K. Hoyasala Devi &#8220;Need of Environment and Space Technologies Education in Indian School Curriculum&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.193-196 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/193-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/193-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/need-of-environment-and-space-technologies-education-in-indian-school-curriculum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Need of Environment and Space Technologies Education in Indian School Curriculum<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9164213 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9164213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-916432e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"916432e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91644c6\" data-id=\"91644c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9164605 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9164605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91646b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91646b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9164816\" data-id=\"9164816\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916492f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916492f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91649d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91649d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9164b4b\" data-id=\"9164b4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9164c62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9164c62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Government Policies on Education of Learners with Special Needs in Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Ogogo A. Joyce, Dr. Moi J. Edna, Dr. Ogalloh M.A. Molly &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 197-203<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9164d0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9164d0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-916ca20\" data-id=\"916ca20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916cbe3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"916cbe3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article examines the government policies guiding parents in education of learners with special needs in Kenya. It applies a framework that originated in Kenyan constitution 2010 and Acts of parliament to her citizen for a successful education of learners with special needs. This study was undertaken between 2015 and 2018 in Migori County. The study is guided by three objectives; to determine the role of parents in education of learners with special needs; to establish government policies that guide learners with special needs; to explore the challenges faced by parents in educating learners with special needs. The findings show that the key role of parents was active participation in their children\u2019s IEP team; the available policies were not implemented fully. The major challenges were: schools were overcrowded; child\u2019s disability overshadowed the child\u2019s ability in the eyes of teachers and stigmatization in the community. The study utilized descriptive research design and descriptive analysis from 10 schools with 47 teachers, 34 children with autism and 68 typically developing peers and 10 parents. The study brought distinct pathways in the respondents\u2019 contribution to the creation and exchange of knowledge, demonstrating learners with autism where programme participants co-created know-how. In conclusion, legal frameworks guiding this process were available and needed to be implemented fully and parents to be actively involved in their children\u2019s welfare.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-203\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ogogo A. Joyce<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Moi J. Edna <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ogalloh M.A. Molly<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ainscow, M. (1995), \u201cEducation for All: Making It Happen\u201d. Support for Learning, Vol. 10, No.4, pages 147-57<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ainscow, M. (1994), Special Needs in the Classroom: A Teacher Education Guide. London: Jessica Kingsley\/UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[3]. African Population and Health Research Center, (2013), Children with Special Needs Living in Kenyan Slums.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Constitution of Kenya 2010<br \/>\r\n[5]. Employment Act 2007<br \/>\r\n[6]. Folkman, S. (2010) Stress, Coping and Hope, Psycho-Oncology, 19: 901\u00c2 908, Wiley Online Library, Canada.<br \/>\r\n[7]. GoK (2011) Kenya\u2019s Initial Report Submitted under Article 35(1) Of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities<br \/>\r\n[8]. Heward, W. L. (2003). Exceptional children: An introduction to special education (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill\/Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Human Rights Policy<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, 2008. Mandate. Retrieved March 19, 2009 from http:\/\/www.scienceandtechnology.go.ke\/<br \/>\r\n[11]. Moak, J.B. (1975). Division of Rehabilitation Status Report. Accra Ghana Ministry of Labour, Social Welfare, and Community.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Public Officers\u2019 Ethics Act 2003<br \/>\r\n[13]. Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2015<br \/>\r\n[14]. Schwochau, S., &amp; Blanck, P. D. (2000). The economics of the Americans with Disabilities Act: Part III \u2013 Does the ADA disable the disabled? Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, 21(1), 271\u2013313.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Seelman, K. D. (2000, July 17). Employment of individuals with disabilities\u2014opportunities and challenges\u2014The best of times\/the worst of times. Paper presented at the Employment and Disability Policy Summer Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Snell, S. A. and Rosen, K. H. (1997) Parents of Special Needs Children Mastering the Job of Parenting, Contemporary Family Therapy, 19 (3), 425-442, Kluwer Academic Publishing, USA.<br \/>\r\n[17]. The National Council for Persons with Disabilities<br \/>\r\n[18]. The National Disability Policy and Guidelines for the Public Service March 2018<br \/>\r\n[19]. World Bank, (2011). Investment in Learners with Special Needs<br \/>\r\n[20]. Yura, M. T. (n.d.) Raising the Child with Special Needs, Individual Psychology: The Journal of Adlerian Theory, Research &amp; Practice, The University of Texas Press, USA.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Ogogo A. Joyce, Dr. Moi J. Edna, Dr. Ogalloh M.A. Molly &#8220;Government Policies on Education of Learners with Special Needs in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.197-203 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/197-203.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/197-203.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/government-policies-on-education-of-learners-with-special-needs-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Government Policies on Education of Learners with Special Needs in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916da99 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"916da99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-916db91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"916db91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-916dd48\" data-id=\"916dd48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916de9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916de9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-916df4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"916df4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-916e0c8\" data-id=\"916e0c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916e1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916e1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-916e28b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"916e28b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-916e408\" data-id=\"916e408\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916e522 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"916e522\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Learners\u2019 Performance in Earth Geometry: A Case Study of Mubanga Secondary School<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Siamusinza Miller, Sakala William &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 204-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-916e5cd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"916e5cd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-916e748\" data-id=\"916e748\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-916e879 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"916e879\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Mathematics is one of the useful subjects that is often applied by people in society. The knowledge and skills obtained from learning mathematics are used by several people to solve their everyday problems. Not only that, other subjects are depending on mathematics in that they need some elements of mathematics for them to be learnt properly. A good example of such subjects includes science, economics, accounts, woodwork and technical drawing. The unfortunate part is that the subject of mathematics has been proven to be difficult among most of the learners to an extent that most of them (learners) perform poorly in it. The poor performance of learners in mathematics has been a source of concern to many stakeholders. This research study was conducted to assess the impact of metacognitive teaching strategies on learners\u2019 performance in Earth Geometry since the traditional method of teaching (lecture method) seem not to helps learners to attain academic achievement in Earth Geometry and mathematics in general. A sample of 94 participants, 45 boys and 49 girls were purposively sampled from Mubanga Secondary School. The participants were actually members of the only two grade twelve classes, 12A and 12B, that were at Mubanga Secondary School at that time .The treatment was randomly assigned and 12A was considered to be the experimental group while the other class, 12B became the Control group. Using a quasi-experimental research method, the experimental group experienced 16 training sessions of Metacognitive teaching strategies while the Control group was deprived of the training. Pre-test and post-test were used as suitable instruments to collect the much needed data. The instruments were tested for reliability and validity. Reliability of research instrument was tested using test retest reliability and Pearson\u2019s product moment correlation coefficient gave the value of r = 0.748. This result showed that there was a strong linear relationship between the two tests that were conducted for assessing reliability. Validity of instruments was done using face and content validity. Two grade twelve examiners were given chance to look at the test instruments. The independent sample t-test was used to analyse the results to determine the impact of metacognitive teaching strategies towards learners\u2019 performance in Earth Geometry. The results showed that the experimental group had statistically significant mean scores of the post-test results compared to the mean scores of the Control group for the same post-test. Based on the results of the research study, it was concluded that metacognitive teaching strategies had a positive impact on learners\u2019 performance in Earth Geometry.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 204-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Siamusinza Miller <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics, Mubanda Secondary School, P.O Box: 620266, Kalomo \u2013 Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sakala William <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, The Copperbelt University, P.O Box 21692, Kitwe \u2013Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abdellah. R (2014), metacognitive awareness and its relation to academic achievements and teaching performance of pre-service female teachers in Ajman university in UAE; Elservier Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ajisuksmo C.R.P and SapatriG. R (2017), the influence of attitudes towards mathematics, and metacognitive awareness on the mathematics achievements. Creative Education, 8, 486-497 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/cc.2017.83037<br \/>\r\n[3]. BabakhamiNarges (2011), the effect of teaching the cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Self-instructions procedure) on verbal math problem-solving performance of primary school students with verbal problem-solving difficulties, Ellservier Ltd open access under cc by- NC-No Licence.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Backer De Lieste e tal (2011), Exploring the potential impact of reciprocal peer tutoring on higher education students\u2019 metacognitive knowledge and regulation; Springer https:\/\/about Jstor.org\/terms.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Boer De Hester e tal (2018), Long termeffects of meta cognitive strategy instructions on student academic performance: A meta-analysis Education Research review Journal homepage: www.Elsevier.com\/locate\/edurev.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Cambridge Schools Conference (2016), Developing metacognition in Students; Cambridge international examinations.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Gammit.A.D, Antolin.J.A and Gabriel A.G (2017), The effects of cooperative learning in Enhancing the performance level of Grade-10 mathematics students in Talavera National High School in the Philippines. Journal of Applied mathematics and Physics, 5, 2386-2401.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jamp.2017.512195.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Garofalo Joe (1986), Metacognitive knowledge and metacognitive process: Important influence on mathematical performance: New York College learning skills Association. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stabble\/44290276.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Garofalo Joe and Frank.K (1995), Metacognitive, Cognitive monitoring and mathematical performance.National Council of teachers of mathematics.https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/748391<br \/>\r\n[10]. HellenAskell-Williams e tal (2010), Scaffolding cognitive and metacognitive strategy instruction in regular class lessons.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ihdi Amin and Sukestiyam O (2015), Analysis\u2019 metacognitive skiils on learning mathematics in<br \/>\r\n[12]. High School.International Journal of Education and Research Vol 3. No 3, Mathematics Education Research Program, Postgraduate Program, Semarang State University. Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Maria Jose Anais e tal (2012), Motivational and Cognitive learning Strategies used by first year Engineering Undergraduate Students at UniversidalCatolica in Chile. Scientific Research. https:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4236\/cc.2012.326121<br \/>\r\n[14]. MeenakishInonge and Shefali Pandya (2015), Interactive effect of metacognitive strategies-base instruction in mathematics and approaches to learning on mathematics anxiety of students. International Journal of Education and Psychology Research (IJEPPR) volume 4.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Mitra Mir et al (2011), Surveying the Effect of Metacognitive Education on the Mathematical Achievement of 1st Grade High Junior School Female Students Educational District 5, Tehran City, 2009 \u2013 10 Educational Year (Tehran, Iran, Islamic Republic). Elsevier Ltd<br \/>\r\n[16]. Montague Marjorie (2008), Self-Regulation Strategies to improve mathematical problems solving for students with learning disabilities. Learning disabilities (Winter,2008), pp 37-44.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Mpiontini M and Stephanou G (2017), Metacognitive knowledge and Metacognitive Regulation in Self \u2013 Regulatory Learning Style and in its Effects on Performance Expectation and subsequent Performance across Diverse School Subjects. Psychology, 8 , 1941 \u2013 1975<br \/>\r\n[18]. Philip Wong (1989), Metacognitive Strategies in Mathematics Problem Solving; Australian.Singapore.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Schoenfeld, A. H (1992), Learning to think Mathematically: Problem solving, metacognition, and sense- making in Mathematics. Research on Mathematics Teaching and Learning (pp: 334 \u2013 370). New York : MacMillan.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Seher Mandaci Sahin and FatmaKendir (2013), The Effect of using Metacognitive Strategies for<br \/>\r\n[21]. Solving Geometry problems on Students\u2019 Achievement and Attitude. Academic Journals Vol. 8(19) . pp. 1777 \u2013 1792<br \/>\r\n[22]. Tayeh Carla and Sally Roberts (2007), It\u2019s the thoughts that counts: Reflecting on problem solving. National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Toit du Stephen ; Kotze Gary (2009), Metacognitive strategies in the teaching and learning of mathematics.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Siamusinza Miller, Sakala William &#8220;The Impact of Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Learners\u2019 Performance in Earth Geometry: A Case Study of Mubanga Secondary School&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.204-210 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/204-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/204-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-metacognitive-teaching-strategies-on-learners-performance-in-earth-geometry-a-case-study-of-mubanga-secondary-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Metacognitive Teaching Strategies on Learners\u2019 Performance in Earth Geometry: A Case Study of Mubanga Secondary School<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91727c3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91727c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917291e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917291e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9172ada\" data-id=\"9172ada\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9172c7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9172c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9172d4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9172d4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9172f04\" data-id=\"9172f04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91730a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91730a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917319a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917319a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9173348\" data-id=\"9173348\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9173482 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9173482\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Characteristics and Motivational Techniques on Teachers\u2019 Job Performance in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Akoko South West Area of Ondo State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Vivian Morenike, Olaseni, Temidayo Allen, Gideon Olusola, Bakare, Taiwo Grace, Olulowo &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 211-215<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917353b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917353b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91736c5\" data-id=\"91736c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9173816 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9173816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the influence of teacher\u2019s characteristics and motivational techniques on teacher\u2019s job performance in the public and private secondary schools in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State. The purpose was to find out the characteristics and motivational techniques used in public and private secondary schools and also to see the relationship between motivation and teachers job performance in public and private secondary schools in Akoko south west area of Ondo state. A descriptive research design of the survey type was used to investigate the problem of the study. Ten (10) schools were selected using stratified random sampling techniques from the 33 secondary schools in Akoko South West Local Government Area. Purposive random sampling techniques were used to sample 10 principals and 50 teachers to participate in the study.A self-developed questionnaire, titled (Teachers Characteristics and Motivational Techniques on Teachers Job Performance Questionnaire (TCMTTJPQ)) was used to obtain data from respondents. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that there was a positive relationship between motivation and teachers job performance. The findings also showed that teacher\u2019s characteristics as well as the school type i.e either private or public had significant influence on teacher\u2019s job performance. It was concluded that teacher\u2019s attitudes to their job is determined by how much they are well motivated and that teachers\u2019 characteristics in terms of their gender, age and experience also determine their job performance. Based on the findings, the study recommends that government and school management should improvise ways either in attitude or in materials to motivate teachers in carrying out their duties. The study also recommends that the school management should put in place measures geared towards enhancing performance of teachers and formulates motivational policies that enhance employee performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-215\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Vivian Morenike, Olaseni<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Temidayo Allen <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRufus Giwa Polythenic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gideon Olusola, Bakare <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBoard for Adult, Technical and Vocational Education, Alagbaka Akure, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Taiwo Grace, Olulowo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAdekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ajao W. F.(2001). Cadbury is Determined to Move Education Forward. Vanguard, December 27 2001, P. 16.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adu E. O, Tadu S. O&amp;Eze S. S.(2007). Teachers\u2019 Perception of Teaching as Correlates of Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Oyo State Nigeria. Essays in Education, 20: 57-63.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Afe J. O (2001). Reflections on Becoming a Teacher and the Challenges of Teacher Education.Inaugural Lecture Series 64. Benin City: University of Benin, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bogler N. F.(2002). The Relationship Between Service Condition of Teachers and Their Effectiveness in Secondary Schools in Abia State. M. Ed. Dissertation, Unpublished, Port Harcourt: University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Bolarinwa J. L.(2013). When Principals Rate Teachers. Education Next. Hoover Institution. Retrieved on March 5 2014 from http:\/\/www.educationnext.org\/ 20062\/58.html.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Fehintola A.W (2014). Use of Students\u2019 Achievement Scores as Basis for Assessing Teachers\u2019 Instructional Effectiveness: Issues and Research Results. National Forum of Teacher Education Journal, 17(3): 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ige I. B.(2007).Perception of Teachers\u2019 Knowledge Attitude and Teaching Skills as Predictor of Academic Performance in Nigerian Secondary Schools. Educational Research and Review, 2(7): 165-171.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Silins E.&amp;Mulford A.(2002). School Effects and Students\u2019 Achievement in Nigeria And Swazi-Land. Working Paper Series 71, Washington DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[9]. O\u2019niel E. B.(1995).Fractals and the Value of Student Evaluators. Centre for Teaching and Learning, Idaho State University. Retrieved October 3 2005 from www.isu.edu\/ct\/facultydev\/extras\/meaningevalsfract_ files\/MeaningEvalsfract.htm<br \/>\r\n[10]. Owadiae, I. (2018). West African Senior School Certificate Examination result.The Punch. August 31:39.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Vivian Morenike, Olaseni, Temidayo Allen, Gideon Olusola, Bakare, Taiwo Grace, Olulowo &#8220;Teachers\u2019 Characteristics and Motivational Techniques on Teachers\u2019 Job Performance in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Akoko South West Area of Ondo State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.211-215 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/211-215.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/211-215.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-characteristics-and-motivational-techniques-on-teachers-job-performance-in-public-and-private-secondary-schools-in-akoko-south-west-area-of-ondo-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers\u2019 Characteristics and Motivational Techniques on Teachers\u2019 Job Performance in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Akoko South West Area of Ondo State, Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91746aa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91746aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917a246 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917a246\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917a411\" data-id=\"917a411\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917a595 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917a595\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917a654 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917a654\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917a7ba\" data-id=\"917a7ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917a8e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917a8e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917a98c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917a98c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917aafd\" data-id=\"917aafd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917ac0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917ac0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Think-Pair-Share Cooperative Learning Model on Grade Twelve (12) learners\u2019 Performance in Quadratic Functions: A Case of Twashuka Secondary School in Luanshya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Bertha Haakachima, Athanasius Lunjebe &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 216-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917acb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917acb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917ae1b\" data-id=\"917ae1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917af56 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"917af56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The problem of poor performance in Mathematics at Twashuka Secondary School remains a major concern. This study was designed to determine the effect of the Think Pair Share model of cooperative learning Approach on learners\u2019 performance in Quadratic Functions by adopting a quasi-experimental control group pre-test and post-test design. Two classes were randomly assigned to the experimental group and the control group. The sample size comprised of 42 learners (18 males and 24 females). The experimental group comprised of 19 leaners while the control group comprised of 23 learners. The study collected quantitative data from the participants. Achievement and Attitude tests were used to collect data regarding participants\u2019 engagement during the teaching and learning processes. The experimental group was taught using the Think-Pair-Share cooperative learning model while the control group was taught using conventional learning approach. Quantitative data was analysed by computing inferential (F tests and t-tests) and descriptive statistics (Means and Standard deviations) using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version (SPSS). The findings indicate a significant difference existed between the posttest scores of the experimental and control group t(40) = 2.823, p&lt; 0.001. The mean score of the experimental group was higher (M = 71.47, SD = 25.650) than that of the control group (M =51.61, SD = 19.965). The study also found that learners have positive attitudes towards cooperative learning and mathematics (Mdn = 3.45).Further, an independent samples U test indicated that there was a significant difference between the mean attitude of males and females (U = 77.500, p = 0.022, r = 0.512), with a large effect size. These findings have implications for teaching and policy making. Teachers need to employ the think-pair-share model of cooperative learning in order to improve both learners\u2019 performance and attitudes towards Quadratic Functions. This may require teachers to be trained in the effective use of cooperative learning models through in-service training programs. Researchers need to conduct more action research studies to ascertain the effectiveness of these models in improving performance and attitudes towards mathematics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 216-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bertha Haakachima <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nTwashuka Secondary School, P.O Box 90763, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Athanasius Lunjebe <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Copperbelt University, P.O Box 21692, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Alim, E. S., Umam, K., &amp; Wijirahayu, S. (2016). The Implementation of Blended Learning Instruction by Utilizing We Chat Application. Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Computers in Education ICCE (pp 100-107).<br \/>\r\n[2]. Awoniyi, S. A and Judith, K (2014). Comparative Study of Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Strategy and Traditional Instructional Method in the Physics Classroom: A case of Chibote Girls Secondary School, Kitwe District, Zambia. European Journal of Educational Science March 2014 Edition Vol 1, No.1<br \/>\r\n[3]. Aziz, Z and Hossain, M. A. (2010). A Comparison of Cooperative Learning and Conventional teaching on students\u2019 achievement in secondary Mathematics. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 53-62.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Castle, Tomas Dee Jr. &#8220;The Impact of Cooperative Learning On the Development of Need for Cognition Among First-Year College Students.&#8221; PhD (Doctor of Philosophy) thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. htps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17077\/etd.8j7n5q43<br \/>\r\n[5]. Conway, A., Fatisson, P.-E., Eickemeyer, P., Cheng, J. and Peters, D. (2012) UrbanMicro-Consolidation and Last Mile Goods Delivery by Freight-Tricycle in Manhattan: Opportunities and Challenges. Transportation Research Board 91st AnnualMeeting, Washington DC, 22-26 January 2012.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Debreu, R. J. 2012. Twisting, stretching, and bending: A Case for Flexibility in Today\u2019s Model of Mathematics Education.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Doolittle, P.E. (1997) Vygotsky\u2019s Zone of Proximal Development as a TheoreticalFoundation for Cooperative Learning. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 8,83-103.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J. S. &amp; Linn, M. C. (2010). Cross-national patterns of gender<br \/>\r\ndifferences in mathematics: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136: 103\u2013127.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Eslamian, D., Aref K. &amp; Aref, K. (2012). The influence of cooperative learning on learners\u2019 performance. Journal of American Science, 8(2): 200-203.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Estes, I. H. Mintz, S. L. &amp; Gunter, M. A. (2010). Instruction: A model approach, 6th Edition 272- 274.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Examinations Council of Zambia, &#8220;Examinations Performance Review,&#8221; Examinations Council of Zambia, Lusaka, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Examinations Council of Zambia, &#8220;Examinations Performance Review,&#8221; Examinations Council of Zambia, Lusaka, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Examinations Council of Zambia, &#8220;Examinations Performance Review,&#8221; Examinations Council of Zambia, Lusaka, 2016<br \/>\r\n[14]. Examinations Council of Zambia, &#8220;Examinations Performance Review,&#8221; Examinations Council of Zambia, Lusaka, 2017<br \/>\r\n[15]. Gamit, A.D., Antolin, J.A. and Gabriel, A.G. (2017). The Effects of Cooperative Learning in Enhancing the Performance Level of Grade-10 Mathematics Students in Talavera National High School in the Philippines. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 5, 2386-2401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jamp.2017.512195<br \/>\r\n[16]. Iksan, Z. &amp; Zakaria, E (2007). Promoting Cooperative Learning in Science and Maths<br \/>\r\nEducation. Journal of Maths, Science and Technology Education. 3(1): 35-39.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bertha Haakachima, Athanasius Lunjebe &#8220;The Effect of Think-Pair-Share Cooperative Learning Model on Grade Twelve (12) learners\u2019 Performance in Quadratic Functions: A Case of Twashuka Secondary School in Luanshya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.216-223 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/216-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/216-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-think-pair-share-cooperative-learning-model-on-grade-twelve-12-learners-performance-in-quadratic-functions-a-case-of-twashuka-secondary-school-in-luanshya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Think-Pair-Share Cooperative Learning Model on Grade Twelve (12) learners\u2019 Performance in Quadratic Functions: A Case of Twashuka Secondary School in Luanshya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917bd75 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"917bd75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917be63 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917be63\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917bfe0\" data-id=\"917bfe0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917c127 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917c127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917c1cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917c1cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917c31c\" data-id=\"917c31c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917c437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917c437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917c4d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917c4d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917c63e\" data-id=\"917c63e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917c74a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"917c74a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Are They Gratified? Contemporary Revelation on How the Women\u2019s Rights on Decision Making Affect When They Are Unemployed<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wijewardhana BVN &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 224-235<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-917c7ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"917c7ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-917c94f\" data-id=\"917c94f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917ca7f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"917ca7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Central to sociological understandings the gender cannot be identifiable just as difference between male and female or between the lives of women and men but more specifically it is the inequality. In particular, sociological perspective of gender has traditionally focused under different circumstances, basically along the lines of how the respective society is organized, through it\u2019s social structure. According to similar studies, women\u2019s empowerment is the process, by which women gain greater control over material and intellectual resources and challenge the ideology of patriarchy and also to enjoy the rights of autonomous decision making within their family settings and in other social structures, too. In this context, several researches have proved that unemployment is a major life event and It can have a devastating impact on people\u2019s lives in particular on women also affecting their decision making capacities. It affects not just the unemployed woman but also family members and the wider community.<br \/>\r\nIn this research paper, author has seen unemployed women in the contemporary society are unable to follow their rights on the autonomous decision making within family units as well as in other social settings. The selected research area is consisted by seven districts in Sri Lanka also, in focus of a 700 sample selected from both rural and unburn unemployed categories of women. The selection process was followed by the random sampling method. Data were gathered through questionnaires, Interviews (Formal\/ Informal\/ Focus Group Discussions), Case studies and Observations. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of data and findings were applied. As revealed through several group discussions certain factors such as; being elders in the family, poverty, under-aged marriages are the blockades preventing them joining higher education also resulting unemployment, finally, limiting them for house hold activities. Accordingly, the data shows that unemployment of women affects their economic identity and this has a detrimental impact upon their social and domestic identities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-235\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wijewardhana BVN<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer in Criminology, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Delavande, A. and Zafar, B. (2013). Gender Discrimination and Social Identity: Experimental Evidence from Urban Pakistan. [ebook] Available at: https:\/\/www.newyorkfed.org\/medialibrary\/media\/research\/staff_reports\/sr593.pdf [Accessed 25 Oct. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[2]. Jayechandran, S. (2015). The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries. [ebook] Available at: http:\/\/faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu\/~sjv340\/roots_of_gender_inequality.pdf [Accessed 4 Sep. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[3]. Stier, H. and Epstien, N. (2011). Women\u2019s Part-Time Employment and Gender Inequality in the Family. [ebook] Available at: http:\/\/people.socsci.tau.ac.il\/mu\/hayas\/files\/2011\/01\/Stier-le2000.pdf [Accessed 18 Oct. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[4]. Sydie, RA (1994) . Natural Women, Cultured Men: A Feminist Perspective on Sociological Theory, Amazon com, UBC Press<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wijewardhana BVN &#8220;Are They Gratified? Contemporary Revelation on How the Women\u2019s Rights on Decision Making Affect When They Are Unemployed&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.224-235 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/224-235.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/224-235.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/are-they-gratified-contemporary-revelation-on-how-the-womens-rights-on-decision-making-affect-when-they-are-unemployed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Are They Gratified? Contemporary Revelation on How the Women\u2019s Rights on Decision Making Affect When They Are Unemployed<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9182fa3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9182fa3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9183700 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9183700\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9183848\" data-id=\"9183848\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-918395a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"918395a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91839f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91839f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9183b5f\" data-id=\"9183b5f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9183c78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9183c78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fair Value Accounting and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gospel Chukwu J. Ph.D, Akpeekon, Barisua &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 236-245<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9183d24 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9183d24\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9183e9d\" data-id=\"9183e9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9183fd9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9183fd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper examined the relationship between fair value accounting and financial performance of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive and quasi-experimental design in a bid to achieve a holistic evaluation of the effect of fair value accounting on the financial performance of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The data employed in the study was generated from the annual reports of ten (10) selected manufacturing companies listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange from 2008-2010 (representing historical cost regimes) and 2014-2016 (representing fair value regimes). The paper formulated four hypotheses. It tested the hypotheses using least square method of multiple regression. The result showed that fair value accounting has a positive and significant impact on both profit before tax and return on assets. It is therefore recommended that fair value accounting should be adopted in order to achieve a more realistic measurement of financial performance the one under  the historical cost basis.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 236-245\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gospel Chukwu J. Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, Ken Saro-wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpeekon, Barisua<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, Ken Saro-wiwa Polytechnic, Bori, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkwu, O.D; Ofoegbu, G.N &#038; Okafor, R.G (2017). Fair Value Measurement, Depreciation and Profitability of Listed Manufacturing Compans in Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 4(9), 153-176.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAl-Matari, E. B., Al-Swidi, A. K.&#038; Fadzil, F. H. (2014). The Measurements of Firm Performance. Dirnensions,Asian Journal of Finance &#038; Accounting, 6(1):35-49. ISSN 1946-052X, available at www.macrothink .crg\/ajfa<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBen-Caleb, E.; Olubu Kunola, U. &#038; Uwuigbe, U. (2013). Liquidity Management and Profitability of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Journal o Business and Management, 9(1), 13-21.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBessong, P.L. &#038; Charles, E. (2012). Comparative Analysis of Fair Value and Historical Cost Accounting on Reported Profit: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Research Journal of Financial and Account, 3(8), 132-249.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBhunia, A &#038; Khan, I.V. (2011). Liquidity Management Efficiency of Indian Steel Companies: A Case Study Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 3(2), 108-117.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDyckman, T.R; Dukes, RE. &#038; Davis, C.J. (1998). Intermediate Accounting, Masachusetts, McGrawHill.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEnahoro, J.A. &#038;Jayeoba, J. (2C)13). Value Measurement and Disclosures in Fair Value Accounting. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(9):1170-1179.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tInternational Accounting Standards Board, on International Financial Reporting Standard Board (2012, Standard IFRSS, London.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tJaijairam, P. (2013). Fair value Accounting Versus Historical Cost Accounting. Review of Business Information System, 17(1)>1-6.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tJohn, M. &#038; Goind, R.K. (2012). Fair Value Measurement under IFRS 13. Financial Reporting Accountancy Ireland, 4(4) 4-20.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLamberg, S &#038; Valming, S. (2019. Impact of Liquidity Measurement of Profitability: A Study of the Adaptation of Liquidity Strategies in a Financial Crises. Umea School of Business.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLibby, R.; Libby, P.A. &#038; Short, D.G. (2001). Financial Accounting, New York, McGraw-Hill Compnies Inc.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMajeed, S., Makki, M. A., Sale rn, S. &#038; Aziz, T. (2013). The Relationship of Cash Conversion Cycie and Profitability of Firms: An Empirical Investigation of Pakistani Firms, Journal of Emerging Issues in Economics, Finance and Banking (JEIEFB), 1(1):35-51.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMoran, P. (2010). Deducting other-Than-Temporary Impairment (OTTI) Adjustments, Retrieved August, 2010. http:\/\/www. plantemoran. corn\/perspectives\/articles\u2019 pge\/deducting-ow-adjustments.aspx.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNwanyanwu, A.L. (2014). Cost of Loan Capital and Capital Asset Acquisition in Nigeria: Implications on Organizational Profitability. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(26), 1999-208.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tObigabemi, I.F.; Faboyedc, S.O; Adeyemo, K.A. (2016). Financial Structure and the profitability of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria. Journal of Accounting, Finance and Auditing Studies, 2(3), 56-63.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOwolabi, S.A. &#038;Obida, S.S. (2U12). Business management Dynamics, 2 (2), 10-25.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOwolabi, S; Obida, A &#038; Solomon, S. (2012). Liquidity Management and Corporate Profitability: ease Study of Selected Manufacturing Companies Listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tRyan, S. G. (2008). Fair Value Accounting: Understanding the Issues Raised by the Credit Cr inch. New York: Council of Institutional Investors.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSiddiqi, M.N. (1971). Recent theories of profit. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University Press.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTing, Y.S. &#038; Soo, C.M. (2005). Fair-value accounting: Relevance, Reliability and Progress in Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tVan Home, J.C. (2002). Financial Management and Policy, Pearson Education mc, Delhi, 1ndia.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tWare, E.O. (2015). Liquidity management and its effect on profitability in a tough economy; A case of companies listed on the Ghana stock exchange. International Journal of Research in Business studies and Management 2(11), 34-66.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tZyla, M.L. (2010). Fair Value Measurements: Practical Jersey: John Wiley &#038; Sons.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gospel Chukwu J. Ph.D, Akpeekon, Barisua &#8220;Fair Value Accounting and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.236-245 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/236-245.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/236-245.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/fair-value-accounting-and-financial-performance-of-manufacturing-companies-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Fair Value Accounting and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9184e0d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9184e0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9184ef7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9184ef7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91850b4\" data-id=\"91850b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91851d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91851d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-918527d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"918527d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91853d2\" data-id=\"91853d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91854e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91854e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9185586 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9185586\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91856ef\" data-id=\"91856ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91857ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91857ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving Teaching Practice Exercise in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr (Mrs) A. A. Bagudo &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 246-252<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91858af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91858af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9185a0e\" data-id=\"9185a0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9185b3b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9185b3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The standard and quality of teachers and its impact on educational outcomes has remain issues of global concern. This paper focuses on Teaching Practice(TP) as important component of professional teacher training programmes  as practiced in almost all part of the world. The paper reviewed literature  on policy frameworks, theories,  provisions on Teacher development programmes and teacher preparatory practices  with specific reference to  TP exercise Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto (UDUS). The purpose is to   how it is performed, identify the challenges and provide suggestions on how to improve. The major aspects of TP exercise in UDUS are course specification, payment of TP fees by students, posting of students and posting of staff to supervise and assess students.  Challenges identified includes funding, staffing, students, pedagogy, scope of posting, duration of TP exercise, inadequate pre-TP, during TP and post-TP activities for staff and students, lack of adequate stake holder involvements. The paper suggests the need for TET Fund and International Developmental Partners collaborative supports and fund.  The paper advances need for more Academic Staff, admission of high intelligent students into Faculty of Education, improvement in preparatory TP and post TP activities to involve orientation, briefing, dialogue, and feedback, need for student mastery of subject matter, methodology and provision instructional material, need  for sustainable motivation and reinforcement and the need to improve, supervision, assessment and  evaluation techniques. The study suggests need for setting of TP committee, and to conduct empirical researches to improve on the current situations. The paper concludes that without proper, well organized   teaching practice as preparatory training for teacher development practices   the issue of standard and quality and professionalism in our education system   will remain an illusion.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 246-252\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr (Mrs) A. A. Bagudo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult Education and Extension service, Faculty of Education and Extension Services, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAssimonge, C.A (2014). Teaching Practice Policy for NCE Teacher Education Programme A Critique. journal of knowledge review, vol 21(2)<br \/>\r\n[2].\tEde, M.O. &#038;Ihiejiet, M. I. (2013). Assessment of Attitudes of Pre-Services Teachers Towards Teaching Practice Exercise:A Case Study of MichealOkpara University of Agriculture<br \/>\r\n[3].\tUmudike, AbiaState.African International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy.4(4)1-12<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEkeke J.H. (2016), Evaluation of Teaching Practice exercise in Nigeria. European Journal of Education Studies vol. 2 ISSN: 2801-1111, ISSN-I:2501-1111<br \/>\r\n[5].\tEkindayo.H.T Alonge.H.O.,Kolawole,A.O and Ekundayo .S.K. (2014). Teaching Practice Exercise for Education Students in Nigerian Universities: Challenges and Way Forward. Mediterranean Journal of Social Science.5(9)486-492<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEuropean Union. (2015). ET2020 working Group on School Policy shaping career long perspective on teaching . a guide on policies to improve initial teacher education http:\/\/ec.europ.eu\/education\/policy\/strategicramework\/expert-group-en-htm.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFGN. (2013). National Policy on Education. Abuja: Federal Government of Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tJekayinfa.A.A.,Yahya.L.I.,Yusuf.A.,Ajidagba,U.A.,Oniye,A.O.,Chiyangi,S.O.,Ibraheem.T.O (2012).Lecturers Assessment of Teaching Practice Exercise in Nigerian Universities. Journal of Education Practice.3(3)<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKiggundu.E&#038;Naylmul, S (2009). Teaching Practice: A make or a break phase for Student Teachers. South African Journal of Education, vol.29 pg345-358<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNakpodia.E.N(2011)Teacher and the StudentPractice Teaching Programme in Nigerian Universities. International journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies.2(3)33-39.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMusset, P. (2010). Initial Teacher Education in continuing training policies in a comparative  prospective. Current practices in OECD countries and a Laborative Review on potential Effects\u201d OECD Education working paper, No 48, OECD publishing. http:\/\/dx.org\/10.1787\/5<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOgunyinka E. K, Okoke . T I.&#038; Adedoyin . R.C (2015). Teacher Education and Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of Reforms, challenges and prospects.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOkobia, E.O,.Ogunmugu,.E.A &#038;Osagie R.O. (2013) An Analysis of perceived Challenges Faced by Student teacher during teaching practice. Journal of educational practices. 4(11); 7-11<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOlayinka E.K, Okeke T.I, Adedoyin R.C (2015) Teacher Education and Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of reforms, challenges and Prospects. Education journal vol.4(3): 111-12<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSalawu,I.O.,Okonkwo.U.M.,Osuji,U.S.A&#038;Adeoye.F.A,(2008).EDU355:Teaching Practice Manual I .Lagos.National OpenUniversity of Nigeria(NOUN).<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSantrock, A. (2007) Child Development. Boston. McGraw-Hill<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUNESCO (2017).Global Education Monitoring accountability in Education: Meeting Our Commitments.onlinegemreport@unesco.org.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr (Mrs) A. A. Bagudo &#8220;Improving Teaching Practice Exercise in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.246-252 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/246-252.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/246-252.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-teaching-practice-exercise-in-usmanu-danfodiyo-university-sokoto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Improving Teaching Practice Exercise in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919048d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"919048d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919064b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919064b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91907ee\" data-id=\"91907ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9190929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9190929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91909d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91909d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9190b2f\" data-id=\"9190b2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9190c44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9190c44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9190ce4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9190ce4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9190e5a\" data-id=\"9190e5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9190f72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9190f72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Projected Instructional Media on Senior Secondary School Students Retention in Biology<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Okwara, O.Kalu, Anyagh, I. Paul, Ikyaan, S. Gloria &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 253-257<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91929ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91929ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9192c0e\" data-id=\"9192c0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9192d7c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9192d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated the effect of projected instructional media on senior secondary school students\u2019 retention in biology. Two research questions were raised and two null hypotheses formulated to guide the study. It was conducted in co-educational schools in Benue State educational zone B. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the two schools for the study. The sample of one hundred and sixty-five SSI students was used. Researchers developed instrument (Biology Retention Test) was used to collect data for both pre-test and post-test. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The findings show that students taught with projected instructional media retained higher than those taught without projected instructional media. It was found that the female students also retained higher than their male counterparts when taught using projected instructional media. However, this difference was not significant. The study recommend that biology teachers should be encouraged to adopt the use of projected instructional media in the teaching and learning of photosynthesis and biology in general as this will enhance students\u2019 retention and eliminate gender related differences in the classroom.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 253-257\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okwara, O.Kalu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyagh, I. Paul<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ikyaan, S. Gloria<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdu-Raheem, B.O. (2012). The influence of gender on secondary school students\u2019 academic performance in south-west, Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 31(1):93-98.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdeoye, M.O. (2000). Teaching effectiveness, availability, accessibility and use of library information resources among teaching staff of Schools of Nursing in Osun and Oyo State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAhmed, M.A. (2008). Influence of personality factors on biology lecturers\u2019 assessment of difficulty levels of genetics concepts in Nigerian colleges of education. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAhmed, M.A. &#038; Abimbola, I.O. (2011). Influence of teaching experience and school location on biology teachers\u2019 rating of the difficult levels of nutrition concepts in Ilorin, Nigeria. JOSTMED, 7(2): 52-61.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAkinbote, O. (1999). Teacher education programme for Nigeria primary schools: Expectation for the 21st century in Abimbade, A. (Ed). Teaching and teacher preparation in the 21st century, Ibadan: Department of Teacher Education, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAkoja, I.E &#038; Ali, F.A. (2012). The impart of instructional materials on the academic performance of primary school pupils in Makurdi LGA of Benue State. In P.A. Eniayeju and P.T. Ortese (Eds). Contemporary issues in education. Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAli, A.O. (2012). Gender difference and school location factors as correlate of secondary school student achievement in Physics, Hawail: USA. The 2011 Mani International Academic Conference, 259 \u2013 265.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tAniodoh, H.C.O. (2012). History and philosophy of science. Enugu: Hacofam Educational Books.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tAwolaju, B.A. (2015). Instructional materials as correlates of students\u2019 academic performance in biology in senior secondary schools in Osun State. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(9), September 2016.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tAyodele, M.O. (2009). Gender Differences in Mathematics and Integrated Science Achievement among Junior Secondary School Students. MJLI. 6(41-53).<br \/>\r\n[11].\tChiansom, M.M. (2011). Effect of Cooperative Learning on Students Achievement and Retention in Circle Geometry in Secondary Schools in Benue State, Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 2(1), 33-36.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2009). National Policy on Education, Abuja: NERDC Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tIsola, O.M. (2010). Effects of Standardized and Improvised Instructional Materials on Students\u2019 Academic Achievements in Secondary School Physics. M.Ed Thesis, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tIvowi, U.M.O. (2003). Achievement level in understanding science concepts in secondary schools. Journal of Research in Curriculum, 1(2,3):245-525.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKareem, L.O. (2003). Effects of Audio-graphic self-instructional package on senior secondary school students\u2019 performance in biology in Ilorin, Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D  thesis, Faculty of Education, University of Ilorin, Ilorin.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMudasiru, O.Y. (2005). Effects of video tape and slide-tape instructions on students\u2019 performance in Junior secondary school social studies. Malaysian Online Journal of Instructional Technology, 3(1):29-35.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNsofor, C.C. (2010). Cultural impediments on women in science, technology and mathematics education. 42nd Annual Conference Proceedings of STAN Ilorin.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOludipe, D.I. (2012). Gender difference in Nigeria Junior Secondary Students\u2019 Academic and Achievement in Basic Science. Journal of Educational and Social Research 2(1):18-23.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tRotimi, C.O., Ajogbeje, O.J. &#038; Adebola, O.O. (2012). A New Kind of  Visual-Model Instructional Strategy Education in Physics. Eurasian Journal of Physics and Chemistry (Special Issue), 28-32.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tTutorVista (2010). Importance of biology in our daily lives. Retrieved August 23, 2011 from http:\/\/www.tutorvista.com\/biology\/importance of biology in our daily lives.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUmar, A.A. (2011). Effects of biology practical activities on students\u2019 process skill acquisition in Minna, Nigeria State, Nigeria. JOSTMED, 7(2). 118-126.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okwara, O.Kalu, Anyagh, I. Paul, Ikyaan, S. Gloria &#8220;Effect of Projected Instructional Media on Senior Secondary School Students Retention in Biology&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.253-257 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/253-257.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/253-257.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-projected-instructional-media-on-senior-secondary-school-students-retention-in-biology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Projected Instructional Media on Senior Secondary School Students Retention in Biology<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919be77 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"919be77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919bf86 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919bf86\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919c136\" data-id=\"919c136\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919c26d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919c26d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919c316 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919c316\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919c470\" data-id=\"919c470\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919c584 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919c584\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919c625 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919c625\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919c77b\" data-id=\"919c77b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919c883 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919c883\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919c91e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919c91e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919ca85\" data-id=\"919ca85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919cba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919cba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Nexus between Climate Change and Criminality: The Nigerian Experience<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Prof. Dagaci Aliyu Manbe, Anthony Abah Ebonyi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 258-264<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919cc4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919cc4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919cdc6\" data-id=\"919cdc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919ceeb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"919ceeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The increase in global temperatures is worsened by frequent natural events and human activities. Climate change has taken a prominent space in the global discourse on crime and criminality. Compared to when the subject centred around the discussion on the depletion of the ozone layer and global warming, today, the narrative revolves around the implications of changes in weather and climatic conditions in relations to violent crimes or conflict that traverse vast social, economic, and political spaces in different countries.  Global warming and climate change refer to an increase in average global temperatures in the Earth\u2019s near surface air and oceans, which occurs due to human activities such as deforestation and the burning of fossil fuel such as gas flaring. The trend is projected to continue, if unchecked. This paper seeks to explore the nexus between climate change and criminality in Nigeria. It further examines the main ecological changes that predispose conflict dynamics of security threats factored by climate change to peaceful co-existence in Nigeria. It concludes with recommendations on the way forward.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 258-264\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dagaci Aliyu Manbe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProf. of Sociology, Criminology\/Counter-Terrorism and Insurgency, Department of Sociology, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anthony Abah Ebonyi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctoral Candidate in Criminology, Department of Sociology, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAsueni, O., &#038; Godknows N. (2019). Climate Change and Social Conflict: Mitigation of Fulani Herdsmen and the Implications in Nigeria. British Journal of Education 7(5), pp.82-93. Retrieved from  https:\/\/www.eajournals.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Climate-Change-and-Social-Conflict-Migration-of-Fulani-Herdsmen-and-the-Implications-in-Nigeria.pdf<br \/>\r\n[2].\tClimate Diplomacy (n.d). Climate Change and Terrorist Groups \u2013 Explaining the Links. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.climate-diplomacy.org\/videos\/climate-change-and-terrorist-groups-explaining-links.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tClimate Home (2017). (Boko Haram terrorists thriving on climate crisis: Report Published News. Retrieved from \/https:\/\/www.climatechangenews.com\/2017\/04\/20\/boko-haram-terrorists-thriving-climate-crisis-report\/<br \/>\r\n[4].\tConroy, S. (2006). Land Conflict, Climate Change, and Violence in Nigeria: Patterns, Mapping, and Evolution. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nsrp-nigeria.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/03\/Land-Conflict-and-Climate-Patterns-in-Nigeria.pdf)<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDavid, D. (2017). Climate Change Contribute to Boko Haram Uprising. International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ict.org.il\/Article\/2023\/climate-change-contribute-to-boko-haram-uprising<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEgwu, Samuel (2016). The Political Economy of Rural Banditry in Contemporary Nigeria. In Rural Banditry and Conflicts in Northern Nigeria. Kuna, M. and Ibrahim J (Ed.)  Centre for Democracy and Development. Retrieved from http:\/\/cddwestafrica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/ruralbanditryinnorthernnigeria1.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEsbjorn-Hargens, S. (n.d). An Ontology of Climate Change: Integral Pluralism and the Enactment of Multiple Objects. Journal of Integral Theory and Practice, 5(1), 143\u2013174. Retrieved from https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/a16c\/17166a85ad93da8449adbaf3e75be7390896.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8].\tLytle, Natalie (2017). Climate Change as a Contributor to Terrorism: A Case Study in Nigeria and Pakistan. Senior Theses. 207. Retrieved from https:\/\/scholarcommons.sc.edu\/senior_theses\/207<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMesser, E. (2010). Climate Change and Violent Conflict: A critical literature review. Oxfam Research Backgrounders. Retrieved  from https:\/\/www.oxfamamerica.org\/static\/oa3\/files\/climate-change-and-violent-conflict.pdf<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMomale, S. B. (2016). Changing Methods of Animal Husbandry, Cattle Rustling and Rural Banditry in Nigeria. Nigeria. In Rural Banditry and Conflicts in Northern Nigeria. Kuna, M. and Ibrahim J (Ed.) Centre for Democracy and Development. Retrieved from http:\/\/cddwestafrica.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/09\/ruralbanditryinnorthernnigeria1.pdf<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNdubuisi, C.I., (2018). A critical analysis of conflicts between herdsmen and farmers in Nigeria: Causes and socioreligious and political effects on national development, HTS Teologiese Studies\/Theological Studies 74(1), a5065. https:\/\/doi.org\/ 10.4102\/hts.v74i1.5065\/https:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/hts\/article\/viewFile\/177998\/167368<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNwaonicha, C. (2018). Nigeria: Effect of Global Warming and Climate Change. Retrieved from https:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/201810040404.html<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOdjugo, P. A. O. (2010). General Overview of Climate Change Impacts in Nigeria. Kamla-Raj 2010 J Hum Ecol, 29(1): 47-55. Retrieved from  https:\/\/wedocs.unep.org\/bitstream\/handle\/20.500.11822\/18207\/General_overview_of_climate_change_impacts_in.pdf?sequence=1&#038;isAllowed=y]<br \/>\r\n[14].\tRajan, J. (2016). The Importance of Social Conflict Theory in the Context of Social Inequalities. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.academia.edu\/31752695\/THE_IMPORTANCE_OF_SOCIAL_CONFLICT_THEORY_IN_THE_CONTEXT_OF_SOCIAL_INEQUALITIES<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSchiller, J. (n.d). Crime and Criminality. Retrieved from www.des.ucdavis.edu\/faculty\/Richerson\/BooksOnline\/He16-95.pdf<br \/>\r\n[16].\tShehu, A,  et al. (2017). The menace of cattle rustling and banditry in north-west Nigeria: A Case Study of Katsina state. \u2016 IOSR Journal of Research &#038; Method in Education (IOSR-JRME) ,  7( 6), pp. 40-47. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jrme\/papers\/Vol-7%20Issue-6\/Version-8\/D0706084047.pdf<br \/>\r\n[17].\tShodhganga (n.d) Crime: Concept, Definition and Analysis Retrieved from http:\/\/shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in\/bitstream\/10603\/37657\/7\/07_chapter%202.pdf<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTittenbrun, J. (2013). Dahrendorf\u2019s Conflict Theory of Social Differentiation and Elite Theory. Innovative Issues and Approaches in Social Sciences, 6(3). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/270621430_RALPH_DAHRENDORF&#8217;S_CONFLICT_THEORY_OF_SOCIAL_DIFFERENTIATION_AND_ELITE_THEORY\/link\/57a8f9d308aed1b226244c24\/download<br \/>\r\n[19].\tUNDP, 13 Climate Action (2019). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ng.undp.org\/content\/nigeria\/en\/home\/sustainable-development-goals\/goal-13-climate-action.html<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Dagaci Aliyu Manbe, Anthony Abah Ebonyi &#8220;The Nexus between Climate Change and Criminality: The Nigerian Experience&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.258-264 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/258-264.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/258-264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-nexus-between-climate-change-and-criminality-the-nigerian-experience\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Nexus between Climate Change and Criminality: The Nigerian Experience<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919de56 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"919de56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-919df7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"919df7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-919e10a\" data-id=\"919e10a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-919e228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"919e228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91a8b97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91a8b97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91a8e0f\" data-id=\"91a8e0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a8f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91a8f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91a902c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91a902c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91a91a7\" data-id=\"91a91a7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a92e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91a92e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91a9390 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91a9390\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91a950f\" data-id=\"91a950f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a9624 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91a9624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Organizational Structure on Company Performance in Manufacturing Industry<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Muhammad Donal Mon &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 265-270<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91a96d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91a96d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91a9848\" data-id=\"91a9848\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91a998f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91a998f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The manufacturing industry is the leading sector that contributes the most to Indonesia&#8217;s economic growth. In 2016, the contribution of the manufacturing industry to Indonesia&#8217;s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 20.51 percent, in 2017 the industry&#8217;s contribution to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 20.16 percent based on these data, there was a decrease in contribution to national GDP. This research is to see the effect of complexity, formalization, nature of hierarchical and technology on company performance. Collect data using a questionnaire, in order to measure how much influence the organizational structure has on the firm performance. Data is processed using the SPPS program. The results of the analysis show that the organizational structure for complexity and nature of hierarchical variables has a positive but not significant effect while formalization and technology have a positive and significant effect on firm performance. Furthermore, adjusted R square obtained at 59.1% is influenced by the four variables, the other 40.9% is the contribution of other variables not included in this study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 265-270\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Donal Mon <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Internasional Batam (UIB), Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ali, G., Mehrpour, M., &#038; Nikooravesh, A. (2016). Organizational Structure. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 230(May), 455\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2016.09.057<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlmatrooshi, B., Singh, S. K., &#038; Farouk, S. (2016). Determinants of organizational performance: a proposed framework. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(6), 844\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJPPM-02-2016-0038<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAnh, K., Thi, V., Vu, T. D., &#038; Hoang, K. Van. (2018). Using the Balanced Scorecard to Measure the Performance of Small and Medium- Sized Garment Enterprises in Vietnam. Accounting and Finance Research, 7(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5430\/afr.v7n3p251<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAntunes, M. G., Quir\u00f3s, J. T., &#038; Justino, M. do R. F. (2017). The relationship between innovation and total quality management and the innovation effects on organizational performance. International Journal of Quality &#038; Reliability Management, 34(9), 1474\u20131492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/IJQRM-02-2016-0025<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDessler, G., Paulo, S., &#038; Town, C. (2015). Resource management thirteenth editionTH EDITION.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDragni\u0107, D. (2014). Impact of Internal and External Factors on the Performance of Fast-Growing Small and Medium Businesses. Management \u2013 Journal of Contemporary Management Issues, 119\u2013160.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEstalaki, K. G. (2017). On the impact of organizational structure on organizational efficiency in industrial units\u202f: industrial units of Kerman and Hormozgan Provinces. Estacao Cientfika (UNIFAP), 7(3), 95\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18468\/estcien.2017v7n3.p95-105<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEynali, M., Golshahi, K., Yazdi, M. T., &#038; Rahimi, M. M. (2014). The Relationship between Organizational Structure of Department of Education and the Personnel \u2019 s Job Satisfaction. 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Chinese Management Studies, 6(1), 36\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/17506141211213717<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHayat, A. (2016). Organizational Commitment Antecedent and Its Effect on Managerial Performance in Public Sector Budgeting. International Journal of Administrative Science &#038; Organization, 23(1), 1\u201315.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tJenatabadi, H. S. (2015). An Overview of Organizational Performance Index\u202f: Definitions and Measurements. Researchgate, (May). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.4298.3849<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKalowski, A. (2015). Structure Determining Factors of Business Organization. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 6(3), 206\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7763\/IJIMT.2015.V6.603<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKaygusuz, \u0130., Akgemci, T., &#038; Yilmaz, A. (2016). The impact of HRIS usage on organizational efficiency and employee performance: A research in industrial in industrial and banking sector in Ankara Istanbul Cities. International Journal of Business &#038; Management, IV(4), 14\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20472\/BM.2016.4.4.002<br \/>\r\n[18].\tLunenburg, F. C. (2012). Organizational Structure: Mintzberg\u2019s Framework. International Journal for Scholarly, Academic, Intellectual Diversity, 14(1), 1\u20138. Retrieved from https:\/\/platform.europeanmoocs.eu\/users\/8\/Lunenburg-Fred-C.-Organizational-Structure-Mintzberg-Framework-IJSAID-V14-N1-2012.pdf<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMuscalu, E., Iancu, D., &#038; Halmaghi, E.-E. (2016). The influence of the external environment on organizationans. Journal of Defense Resources Management, 7(13), 133\u2013138. Retrieved from http:\/\/journal.dresmara.ro\/issues\/volume7_issue2\/13_muscalu_iancu_halmaghi.pdf<br \/>\r\n[20].\tNazarian, A., Soares, A., &#038; Lottermoser, B. (2017). Inherited organizational performance? The perceptions of generation Y on the influence of leadership styles. 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(2019). ( TQM ) Implementasi and organization performance: Evidance from the airlines companies in UAE. International Journal of Information, Business and Management, 11(1), 58\u201380.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tTavitiyaman, P., Qiu Zhang, H., &#038; qu, H. (2012). The effect of competitive strategies and organizational structure on hotel performance. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 24(1), 140\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/09596111211197845<br \/>\r\n[41].\tTran, Q., &#038; Tian, Y. (2013). Organizational Structure: Influencing Factors and Impact on a Firm. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management, 03(02), 229\u2013236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/ajibm.2013.32028<br \/>\r\n[42].\tWahudi, T. (2017). Pengaruh struktur organisasi terhadap efektifitas kerja karyawan pada PT Inti Karsa Persada (Kalla Hospital). Jurnal Organisasi Dan Manajemen, (September).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Donal Mon &#8220;Effect of Organizational Structure on Company Performance in Manufacturing Industry&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.265-270 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/265-270.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/265-270.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-organizational-structure-on-company-performance-in-manufacturing-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Organizational Structure on Company Performance in Manufacturing Industry<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91aa7ea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91aa7ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91aa8df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91aa8df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91aaa61\" data-id=\"91aaa61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91aab7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91aab7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91aac23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91aac23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91aad6d\" data-id=\"91aad6d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91aae85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91aae85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91aaf1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91aaf1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91ab099\" data-id=\"91ab099\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ab1af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91ab1af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efficacy of Home Modification &#038; Relaxation Exercise in Cervical Myelopathy: A Case Study<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>F.Ashfaq, B.Ejaz, S.Malik &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 271-274<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91ab25d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91ab25d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91ab3cd\" data-id=\"91ab3cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91ab4ee elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91ab4ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: Cervical myelopathy (CM) is caused by narrowing of the cervical spinal canal. Some of its symptom  can be treated without surgery such as collar or bracing are useful in treating neck immobilization, medications are used to reduce pain and inflammation.<br \/>\r\nObjective: This study aims to explore the Role of home modification&#038; Relaxation exercise in improving the quality of life &#038; psychological well-being of patient of cervical myelopathy.<br \/>\r\nMethod: It\u2019s a case study of patient of cervical myelopathy. On base line patient was assessed by WHOQOL, FIM, PSOM and HSSAT checklists. After completion of assessment; the patient was enrolled for therapy sessions.20 sessions were planned for desired results. After the completion of 20 sessions, patient was reassessed by same tools to measure the difference.<br \/>\r\nResults: home modification&#038; relaxation exercise proved effective in improving quality of life and psychological well-being of patient. Her improvement was manifested by the final scores of WHOQOL, HSAT, PSOM and FIM.<br \/>\r\nConclusion: This case study documented the role of home modification&#038; Relaxation exercise in improving the quality of life and psychological well-being of patient of cervical myelopathy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 271-274\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> F.Ashfaq <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> B.Ejaz <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> S.Malik <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tConnell, B. R., Sanford, J. A., Long, R. G., Archea, C. K. and Turner, C. S. 1993. Home modifications and performance of routine household activities by individuals with varying levels of mobility impairments: Technology and Disability, 2: 9\u201318.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCumming, R.G., Thomas, M., Szonyi, G., Frampton, G., Salkeled, G. and Clemson, L. 2001. Adherence to occupational therapist recommendations for home modifications for falls prevention. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55: 641\u2013648<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEdwards CC, Riew KD, Anderson PA, Hilibrand AS, Vaccaro AF(2003).Cervical myelopathy: current diagnostic and treatment strategies. The Spine Journal, 3(1):68-81<br \/>\r\n[4].\tF\u00e4nge, A. and Iwarsson, S. 2005. Changes in ADL dependence and aspects of usability following housing adaptation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 59: 296\u2013304.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGitlin, L. N., Miller, K. S. and Boyce, A. 1999. Bathroom modifications for frail elderly renters: Outcomes of a community-based program. Technology and Disability, 10: 141\u2013149<br \/>\r\n[6].\tPetersson I, Lilja M, Hammel J, Kottorp A. Impact of home modification services on ability in everyday life for people ageing with disabilities. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2008 Apr 5; 40(4):253-60.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tPynoos J, Nishita C, Perelma L. Advancements in the home modification field: A tribute to M. Powell Lawton. Journal of Housing for the Elderly. 2003 Jan 21;17(1-2):105-16.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tTanner, B., Tilse, C. and de Jonge, D. 2008. Restoring and sustaining home: The impact of home modifications on the meaning of home for older people. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 22: 195\u2013215<br \/>\r\n[9].\tStark S, Landsbaum A, Palmer JL, Somerville EK, Morris JC, Harvey A, Friedman DH. Client-centred home modifications improve daily activity performance of older adults. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy. 2009 Jul;76(1_suppl):235-45.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCarnemolla P, Bridge C. Housing Design and Community Care: How Home Modifications Reduce Care Needs of Older People and People with Disability. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2019 Jan;16(11):1951.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">F.Ashfaq, B.Ejaz, S.Malik &#8220;Efficacy of Home Modification &#038; Relaxation Exercise in Cervical Myelopathy: A Case Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.271-274 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/271-274.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/efficacy-of-home-modification-relaxation-exercise-in-cervical-myelopathy-a-case-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Efficacy of Home Modification &#038; Relaxation Exercise in Cervical Myelopathy: A Case Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bbe68 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91bc13f\" data-id=\"91bc13f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bc26d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91bc26d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91bc328 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91bc328\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91bc499\" data-id=\"91bc499\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bc5b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91bc5b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91bc653 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91bc653\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91bc7bc\" data-id=\"91bc7bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bc8de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91bc8de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91bc98f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91bc98f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91bcb0e\" data-id=\"91bcb0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bcc3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91bcc3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of Internet Banking in Customer Acquisition for Commercial Banks in Kenya: A Case of Commercial Banks in Nairobi, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kilelson Kiplangat Mutai, James Mwikya Reuben &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 275-284<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91bccdb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91bccdb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91bce5b\" data-id=\"91bce5b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91bcfab elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91bcfab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to establish the role that internet banking has on customer acquisition for commercial banks in Kenya. The reason for this is that it is important to know the influence that internet banking has on how and why a commercial bank attracts a customer and retains its customers. It specifically assed, payment processing and account reporting as critical components that would demonstrate the relationship that exists between internet banking and the twin objectives of any progressive bank; acquisition of new clients and retention of the new and the older clients to assure future profitability and survival. Anchored on the customer service theory, the study employed a descriptive research design wherein the target population was 868 staff working in specific departments within the selected 9 banks as per the tiers. Stratified random sampling technique was used to come up with a sample of 269 respondents. Questionnaires was the data instrument used for collecting data which was then analysed using descriptive analysis in the forms of means and presenting the same in tables and graphs. Further, inferential statistics was used to assess the influence of internet banking in attracting and retaining customers by commercial banks in Kenya. Additionally, multiple regression was used to establish the relationship between the dependent and the independent variables in the study. The study is of great significant to commercial banks as it may help the banks to develop policies and strategies for attracting and retaining customers, to the CBK as it develops and deploys regulatory policies and to the research community in further development of customer acquisition and retention theories. The researcher conducted simple and multiple regression analysis in order to find out the relationship between internet banking characteristics and customer acquisition in the banking sector. The inferential results on influence of account reporting on customer acquisition in banking sector show R=0.673 indicating a strong positive correlation and R2=0.453 and there was a significant effect between account reporting on customer acquisition (t=2.548, p<0.05). The inferential results on influence of payment processing on customer acquisition R=.661 Indicating a strong positive correlation and R2=.437 and there was a significant effect between payment processing and customer acquisition (t=5.571, p<0.05). Banks need to structure their operation in order to fulfil a clients\u2019 needs better. If possible, banks should come up with service delivery such as effective account reporting that add more value than existing customers and that are able to attract more customers. The study recommended that banks should strengthen their customer bonds. Improved customer bonds will enable both the firms and the customers to commit resources to the relationship built on high levels of trust and commitment. The study further suggest that a study be to be done on other factors (44.9%), as established in coefficient of determination) that contribution customers acquisition in the banking sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 275-284\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kilelson Kiplangat Mutai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Mwikya Reuben<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tCBK (2016). Commercial bank financial report.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tChacha, M. (2015). Customer Relationship Marketing and its Influence on Customer Retention: A Case of Commercial Banking Industry in Tanzania. College of Business Education, Dodoma, Tanzania.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGemechis, D. (2015). Profitability Determinants in the Insurance Sector in Ethiopia: A Panel Evidence on Non-Life Insurance. A Thesis submitted to Department of Accounting and Finance College of Business and Economics.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tGilbert, S. &#038; Horsnell, R. (1988). Customer Service Theory<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGovender, I. &#038; Sihlali, W. (2016). A study of mobile banking adoption among university students using an extended TAM. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(7), 451.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHanafizadeh, P., Keating, B. W. &#038; Khedmatgozar, H. R. (2014). A systematic review of Internet banking adoption. Telematics and informatics, 31(3), 492-510.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKombo, F. (2015). Customer satisfaction in the Kenyan banking industry. Journal of International Studies.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKombo, F., Paul\u00edk, J., &#038; Kljucnikov, A. (2015). CSR as a driver of satisfaction and loyalty in commercial banks in the Czech Republic. Journal of International Studies.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tLilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Namy, L. L. &#038; Woolf, N. J. (2010). Social Psychology. Psychology: A Framework for Everyday Thinking. Pearson Education. p. 380.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMartins, C., Oliveira, T., &#038; Popovic, A. (2014). Understanding the Internet banking adoption: A unified theory of acceptance and use of technology and perceived risk application. International Journal of Information Management, 34(1), 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMbugua, G. M., Waiganjo, E. W., &#038; Njeru, A. (2015). Relationship between strategic performance management and employee retention in commercial banks in Kenya. International Journal of Business Administration, 6(1), 53.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNavneet, K. &#038; Kiran, R. (2015). Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty in E-Banking in India. Journal of Business and Management. Volume, 16, 06-13.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNjane, J. C. (2013). An investigation of factors affecting customer retention in Barclays bank of Kenya<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOkibo, B. W., &#038; Wario, A. Y. (2014). Effects of e-banking on growth of customer base in Kenyan banks. International journal of research in management &#038; business studies, 1(1), 78-84.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOliver, R. L. (2011). Consumer Perceptions of Interpersonal Equity and Satisfaction in Transactions: A Field Survey Approach, Journal of Marketing, 53(April), pp. 21-35.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOmbok, E. O. (2016). Effect of automation of bank services on customers\u2019 satisfaction at equity bank, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kisii University).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOndiek, C. O. (2011). An investigation into the factors that affect the adoption of internet banking among corporate bank customers in Kenya: a case study of Kenya Commercial Bank branches in Kisumu.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPwC\u2019s (2017). Consumer Digital Banking Survey overview<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSanders M., Lewis P. &#038; Thornhill A. (2009). Research methods for business students, 5th edition, 597.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tShaikh, A. A. &#038; Karjaluoto, H. (2015). Mobile banking adoption: A literature review. Telematics and informatics, 32(1), 129-142.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSheila, C. (2017). The Impact of Mobile Banking on Commercial Banks in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).<br \/>\r\n[22].\tVatanasombut, J., &#038; Colgate, K. (2014). Theory, development and implementation of national customer satisfaction indices: the Swiss Index of Customer Satisfaction (SWICS), Total Quality Management,Vol. 11 No.7, pp.1017-28.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tYau, E. S. (2014). Factors affecting customer retention in internet banking among Hong Kong professionals and business practitioners. University of Newcastle, 17(3), 317-340.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tYee, B. Y., &#038; Faziharudean, T. M. (2010). Factors affecting customer loyalty of using Internet banking in Malaysia. Journal of Electronic Banking Systems, (2010), 21.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tYee, B. Y., &#038; Faziharudean, T. M. (2010). Factors affecting customer loyalty of using Internet banking in Malaysia. Journal of Electronic Banking Systems, (2010), 21.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kilelson Kiplangat Mutai, James Mwikya Reuben &#8220;Role of Internet Banking in Customer Acquisition for Commercial Banks in Kenya: A Case of Commercial Banks in Nairobi, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.275-284 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/275-284.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/275-284.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-internet-banking-in-customer-acquisition-for-commercial-banks-in-kenya-a-case-of-commercial-banks-in-nairobi-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Role of Internet Banking in Customer Acquisition for Commercial Banks in Kenya: A Case of Commercial Banks in Nairobi, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c395e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91c395e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91c3a53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91c3a53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c3be8\" data-id=\"91c3be8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c3d1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91c3d1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91c3dc2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91c3dc2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c3f25\" data-id=\"91c3f25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c4030 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91c4030\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91c40d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91c40d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c422a\" data-id=\"91c422a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c4335 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91c4335\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91c43d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91c43d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c453f\" data-id=\"91c453f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c4654 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91c4654\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Management Practices and Fraud Risk Management of Commercial Banks in Kampala, Uganda<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Angellah Mary Nakkungu Ssekamwa, Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 285-328<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91c46f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91c46f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91c48cc\" data-id=\"91c48cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91c4b08 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91c4b08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the relationship between financial management practices and fraud risk management in commercial banks in Kampala. This study had a population and sample of 24 licensed commercial banks and adopted a multi research design. The unit of inquiry had 120 respondents; Accounts, Finance, Audit, Risk and Branch Managers. Greed was the most common cause of fraud, forgery and altering cheques was the most common type of fraud. Four hypotheses were formulated and tested using simple regression at a significant level of 5%, Independent T-test and Oneway Anova. Correlation findings revealed a positive significant relationship between financial management practices and fraud risk management; accounting information systems (r = .153, p<.01), financial reporting analysis (r = .186*, p<.01) and forensic accounting (r = .403**, p<.01). Regression analysis showed that fraud risk management was strongly influenced by forensic accounting (beta = 0.430, p<.01), followed by financial reporting analysis (beta = 0.089, p=0.343) and accounting information systems (beta = -0.106, p = 0.305).<br \/>\r\nThe F statistic in ANOVA showed significant linear relationship for all the predictor variables and fraud risk management; financial management practices (F=8.121, sig =0.000), accounting information systems (F=10.755, sig =0.000), financial reporting analysis (F=6.040, sig =0.000) forensic accounting (F=9.969, sig =0.000) and fraud risk management. While financial management practices may have an influence on fraud risk management in commercial banks in Kampala, the relationship is weak at its best. This leaves a gap for further research on other fraud risk management predictor variables.<br \/>\r\nEvery fraud is unique, but the fraudsters can never be too smart. Bank managers need to pay attention to; the causes of fraud and address them promptly; proper accounting information systems management; combining improved systems with strong risk controls; effective financial reporting analysis measures; apply forensic accounting; ensure strategized efforts from all levels of staff; take heed of the lessons from previous fraud occurrences; involve all stakeholders in the fraud risk management process.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 285-328\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Angellah Mary Nakkungu Ssekamwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tACFE, 2015; Asia-Pacific Fraud Conference, Singapore<br \/>\r\n[2].\tACFE, 2018. Albrecht, 2005). The international journal of business &#038; management. ProQuest \tLLC, 789 East Eisenhower Parkway, PO Box 1346, Ann Arbor, Michigan.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tACFE, (2018) Fraud risk management Summit:  Overview: The United States of America, New York.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAICPA (2014). Forensic accounting-fraud investigation. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.aicpa.org\/membership\/downloadabledocuments\/forensic-accounting-fraud investigations-chapter1.pdf<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAjzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In J. Kuhl &#038; J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behavior. Berlin, Heidelber, New York: Springer-Verlag.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAkhidime, A. E. (2018). Bridging audit expectation gap with the integration of forensic \taccounting: A review. Aefunai Journal of Accounting, Business, and Finance.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAlabdullah, T. T. Y., Alfadhl, M. M. A., Yahya, S., &#038; Rabi, A. M. A. (2013). The role of forensic accounting in reducing financial corruption: A study in Iraq. International Journal of Business and Management.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tAlbrecht, C. C., Albrecht, W. S., &#038; Dunn, S. G. (2001). Can auditors detect fraud? A review of \tthe research evidence. Journal of Forensic Accounting.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tAlbrecht, W., Howe, K. and Romney, M. (1984), Deterring Fraud: The Internal Auditor&#8217;s Perspective. Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation, Altamonte Springs, FL.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tAlbrecht, W.S., Albrecht, C.C., Albrecht, C.O., Zimbelman, M.F., 2012. Fraud Examination (4th Ed.). Mason: Thomson South-Western Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tAl-Jabari, M. (2014) The Relationship between the Information Systems of Accounting,<br \/>\r\n[12].\tAlleyne, P. and Howard, M. (2005), &#8220;An exploratory study of auditors\u2019 responsibility for fraud \tdetection in Barbados&#8221;, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 20 No. 3.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tAndy Field (2013), Andy Field (2009) Discovering Statistics Using SPSS. Sage Publications Ltd., London.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBank of Uganda, (2018) Financial Stability Report. Issue No. 10<br \/>\r\n[15].\tBeck, T and Hesse H. (2006) \u201cBank Efficiency, ownership and market structure: Why are Interest Spreads so high in Uganda?\u201d World Bank working paper Series WPS 4027. The World Bank. Washington DC<br \/>\r\n[16].\tBhasin, M.L. (2016) Survey of Creative Accounting Practices: An Empirical Study. Wulfenia.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tBlanchard Danielle and Dionne Georges (2003, 2004), Risk Management and Corporate Governance<br \/>\r\n[18].\tBoateng AA, Boateng GO, Acquah H. (2014) A literature review of fraud risk management in microfinance institutions in Ghana. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tBoateng, &#038; Acquah, 2014; KPMG, 2016; Zhang, 2012). Fraud Risk Management.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tBurazeri A, Sula A. (2015) Fraud risk score card: How to structure and quantify fraud risk. In The 4th International Virtual Scientific Conference on Informatics and Management Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tBurger &#038; Woods, 2008:317). Burger, A.P.J. &#038; Woods, G. 2008. Financial management and cost accounting module. Honours Programme in Public &#038; Development Management. Stellenbosch: School of Public Management and Planning, University of Stellenbosch.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tButton M, Gee J, Brooks G. Measuring the cost of fraud: an opportunity for the new competitive advantage. Journal of Financial Crime.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tButton, Gee, and Brooks (2011) [19-20], Buton M, Gee J, Brooks G. Measuring the cost of fraud: \tan opportunity for the new competitive advantage. Journal of Financial Crime.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tC. Levy, E. Lamarre, and J. 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Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Angellah Mary Nakkungu Ssekamwa, Dr. Mohammad Ssendagi &#8220;Financial Management Practices and Fraud Risk Management of Commercial Banks in Kampala, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.285-328 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/285-328.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/285-328.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-management-practices-and-fraud-risk-management-of-commercial-banks-in-kampala-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Management Practices and Fraud Risk Management of Commercial Banks in Kampala, Uganda<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d0e60 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91d0e60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91d0f5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91d0f5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91d10f5\" data-id=\"91d10f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1222 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91d1222\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91d12c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91d12c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91d1455\" data-id=\"91d1455\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d156f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91d156f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91d160d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91d160d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91d175f\" data-id=\"91d175f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91d1868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91d1909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91d1909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91d1a79\" data-id=\"91d1a79\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1b9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91d1b9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Moderating Effect of Interest Rates in COMESA Countries <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Stephen Angwenyi Nyamweya, Dr. Josephat Cheboi, David Kosgei &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 329-332<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91d1c41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91d1c41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91d1db1\" data-id=\"91d1db1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d1ed6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91d1ed6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper sought to determine the moderating effect of interest rate on the linkage between financial factors and financial development in 19 COMESA Countries. The specific objectives were to determine the moderating effect of interest rates on the relationship between international remittance, financial access and the financial development in COMESA countries. The results indicated that interest rate moderated positively the relationship between international remittance and financial development (\u03b2=0.0217,p-value=0.0074). Further, interest rate showed a significant moderating effect on the relationship between financial access and the financial development with coefficient 0.0046(p-value=0.0009). Therefore, results are expected to provide a basis for policy reference and also stimulate debate ondiaspora policies on interest rates in developing countries especially COMESA regionsto encourage foreign remittances, financial access and thereby fostering financial development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 329-332\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephen Angwenyi Nyamweya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Josephat Cheboi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kosgei<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accounting and Finance, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArora R.U (2010): Measuring financial access. Griffith University<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAsongu, S. (2015). The impact of mobile phone penetration on African inequality. International \tJournal of Social Economics, 42(8), 706-716.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBhattacharya, M., Inekwe, J., &#038;Paramati, S. R. (2018). Remittances and financial development: empirical evidence from the heterogeneous panel of countries. Applied Economics, 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tClaessens, S., &#038;Laeven, L. (2003). Financial development, property rights, and growth. The Journal of Finance, 58(6), 2401-2436.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCoulibaly, D. (2015). Remittances and financial development in Sub-Saharan African countries:A system approach. Economic Modelling, 45, 249-258.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGreen, R. C., Hollifield, B., &#038;Sch\u00fcrhoff, N. (2006). Financial intermediation and the costs of \ttrading in an opaque market. The Review of Financial Studies, 20(2), 275-314<br \/>\r\n[7].\tLoayza, N., &#038;Ranciere, R. (2004). Financial development, financial fragility, and growth. The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMisati, R., &#038; Kamau, A. (2015). Local and International Dimensions to Credit Provision by Commercial Banks in Kenya. Working Paper Series, WPS\/04\/15. Centre for Research on Financial Markets and Policy. Nairobi: Kenya Bankers Association.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tNyamongo, E. M., and R. N. Misati. (2011). \u201cRemittances and Banking Sector Development in Sub Saharan Africa.\u201d paper read at Global Development Forum, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, November.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tOndiege, P., (2010). \u201cMobile Banking in Africa: Taking the Bank to the People\u201d, Africa \tEconomic Brief, 1(8), pp. 1-16.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tSamargandi, N., Fidrmuc, J., &#038; Ghosh, S. (2015). Is the relationship between financial development and economic growth monotonic? Evidence from a sample of middle-income countries. World Development, 68, 66-81.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tWorld Economic survey (2006): Financial Development and Economic Growth, Critical Review.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stephen Angwenyi Nyamweya, Dr. Josephat Cheboi, David Kosgei &#8220;Moderating Effect of Interest Rates in COMESA Countries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.329-332 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/329-332.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/329-332.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/moderating-effect-of-interest-rates-in-comesa-countries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Moderating Effect of Interest Rates in COMESA Countries<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91d2d4c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91d2d4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 333-338<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e2b89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e2b89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e2d07\" data-id=\"91e2d07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e2e38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91e2e38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study assessed the profitability analysis of groundnut production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Structured questionnaire was used to generate primary data for the study. Descriptive statistics, Net farm income analysis, and profitability ratios were employed in the analysis. Results revealed that majority of the respondents (87.95%) were relatively young and fell within the active age (21 \u2013 50 years). Male respondents marginally dominated groundnut production at 55.42 % and majority (59.04%) were married. Results further revealed that significant (73.50%) number of the respondents had below 11 inhabitants in their households. Educationally, 64.00 % of respondents had post primary education. The net farm income per hectare was N81, 518.33 and gross income of N173, 952.45 were obtained per hectare of groundnut cultivated with a return on capital invested determined at 0.47 implying that for every naira invested, the farmers makes 47 kobo (N0.47)and the gross rati  o was calculated at 0.53  indicating that total farm costs was about 53% of the gross income  which shows that groundnut production is a viable, beneficial  and profitable enterprise in the  study area. Major constraints faced by the farmers were incidence of pests and diseases infestation plus inadequate capital. Despite these constraints, the farmers made profit. Therefore, groundnut production could be one of the poverty alleviating enterprise, if well-articulated. It is recommended that: credit  facilities should be provided so that farmers can have fund to purchase farm inputs such as pesticides and insectices to combat problem of pests and diseases infestation identified, improve varieties of groundnut should be developed and made available to the farmers so that their yield can increase, and farmers should form themselves into cooperative groups so that they can pool their resources together in getting adequate funds to finance groundnut production activities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 333-338\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayodele, J.T.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFederal College of Mechanization P.M.B. 2273, Afaka, Kaduna, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbal J.Y.,and Harkness, C.(2008). A review of the 1975 groundnut rosette epidemic in Nigeria.Samaru Conference Paper 9. Institute for Agricultural Research (Samaru).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdesina G. (1991). Traditional versus improved groundnut production practices: Some furtherevidences from Northern Nigeria. Experimental Agriculture. 22(1), 33-38.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAgwu. J. K. (2011) Improved Marketing as a \tfor GeneratingincreasedFoodProduction, A  Nigeria Experience. West African Journal of Agricultural Economics,1(1): 21-26.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAjeigbe HA, Waliyar F, Echekwu CA, Ayuba K, Motagi BN, Eniayeju D and Inuwa A. (2014). )A Farmer\u2019s Guide to Groundnut Production in Nigeria. Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India: International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. 36 pp.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAlabi J, Musa, D.and Filein, W. (2005). Seed Systems in Sub-Sahara Africa: issues and options. The World Bank Discussion paper 266: The World Bank, Washington D.C USA.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAudu,  S.I., Girei, A.A., Onuk, E.G., and Onyenye, P.O. (2017). Productivity and Profitability of Groundnut Production ( Arachis hypogaea L.) in Lafia Local Government Area of  Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 4(3): 1- 11<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFAO, (2004) Food and Agricultural Organization Expert\u2019s recommendations on fats and oils in human nutrition. The article is adapted from the first chapter of fats and oils in human nutrition: report of joint expert consultation, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 57.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFAO, (2014). Scope: Groundnut production to hit record high 08. Prices up press release:United Nations Docs Trainin-info-tool-seetf-e.html.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMurtala.F, Ocra, V.K, I.C. Dehimini, R.A Asuboah and E.AAsuedu (2004), seed Management Manual to Ghana, Mofa, Accra, Chanu, Loaf.3(1).pp30-41.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNational Agricultural Extension and Research Liaison Services &#8211; NAERLS (2011).Extension guide.Zaria, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNdjeunga, J and  Ibro. A. (2010). Groundnut trends and prospects in west and central africa. Technical report, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Unpublished Paper.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tTaru, V.B., Kyagya, I.Z., Mshelia, S.I., and Adebayo, E.F.(2008). Economic Efficiency of Resource Use in Groundnut Production in Adamawa State of Nigeria. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 4: 896 \u2013 900.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tUsman, I., Ayinde, B. T., Dauda, H and Mukhtar, A. A.(2011). Socio-Economic Factors Affecting Groundnut Production In Sabongari Local Government Of Kaduna State, Nigeria. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics ISSN 2147-8988 Vol. 1No.1 pp.41-48 41<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayodele, J.T. &#8220;Profitability Analysis of Groundnut Production in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.333-338 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/333-338.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/333-338.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/profitability-analysis-of-groundnut-production-in-chikun-local-government-area-kaduna-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Profitability Analysis of Groundnut Production in Chikun Local Government Area, Kaduna State, Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e3c77 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"91e3c77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e3d5d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e3d5d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e3ee1\" data-id=\"91e3ee1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e4008 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91e4008\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e40a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e40a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e4201\" data-id=\"91e4201\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e430b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91e430b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e43a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e43a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e44f4\" data-id=\"91e44f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e4607 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91e4607\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e46a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e46a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e480c\" data-id=\"91e480c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e4920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91e4920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Physiological Effect of Stress of Nurses Engaged in Continuing Medical Education on Job Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Aaron Adjei, Evans Kwashie Kagbetor &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 339-346<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-91e49c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"91e49c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-91e4b2d\" data-id=\"91e4b2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91e4c6d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"91e4c6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study assessed the impact of continuing medical education on job performance among nurses. A quantitative approach was used to explore nurses\u2019 views with regards to continuing formal education. A sample size of eight (8) categories of nurses was adopted. The study was limited to various categories of practicing nurses. Inferential analysis was conducted to investigate contingency with educational status groups. The result shows that response to physiological effects (Cardiovascular diseases) was significantly related (Chi-Square=23.382, p \u2014value=0.00) to health professionals\u2019 educational status. Results indicated that more health professionals engaged in continuing medical education (CME) without official approval experienced cardiovascular diseases.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 339-346\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aaron Adjei <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentral University, P.O BOX DS 2310 Dansoman, Accra- Ghana -West Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evans Kwashie Kagbetor <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaranatha University College P. O. Box AN 10320, Accra North<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAiken, L.H., Clarke, S.P., Cheung, R.B., Sloane, D.M., &#038; Silber, J.H. (2003). Educational levels \tof hospital nurses and surgical patient mortality. Journal of American Medical Association, 290, 1617-1623<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAmerican Nurses Association, (2012). Nursing world: What is nursing? Accessed on 28 August 2012.http:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/EspeciallyForYou\/What-is-Nursing<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAmerican Nurses Association, (2012). Nursing world: Nursing Shortage. Accessed on 6 September 2012. http:\/\/www.nursingworld.org\/nursingshortage<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAspinall, S.R., Bradburn, D.M., &#038; Mills, S.J. (2006). Hospital at night and the surgical middle grade: An observational study from a district general hospital. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 88(Suppl):24\u2013\t26.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFolkman, S. &#038; Lazarus, R.S (1988) \u201cCoping as a mediator of emotion\u201d Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 466-475.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tLazarus, R.S., &#038; Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal and coping. New York: Springer Publishing \tCompany.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tLincoln M, Adamson B, Covic T (2004). Perceptions of stress, time management and coping strategies of speech pathology students on clinical placement. Advances in Speech Language Pathology \t6(2): 91-99<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNewton J, Billett S., Ockerby C (2009b). Journeying through clinical placements &#8211; an examination of six student cases. Nurse Education Today 29(6): 630-634<br \/>\r\n[9].\tPerin, D. (2006). Academic progress of community college nursing aspirants: An institutional \tresearch profile. Community College Journal of Research and Practice,30, 657\u2013670.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tPerry, M (2000) \u201cReflections on intuition and expertise\u201d Journal of Clinical Nursing 9137-145<br \/>\r\n[11].\tPintrich, P. R. (2000). An achievement goal perspective on issues in motivation terminology, theory, and research. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 92-104.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tRakel, D., Barrett, B., Zhang, Z., Hoeft, T., Chewning, B., Marchand, L. &#038; Scheder, J. (2011), &#8216;Perception of empathy in the therapeutic encounter: Effects on the common cold&#8217;, Patient Education and Counseling, vol. 85, no. 2011, pp. 390\u2010397.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tRao, J.K., Anderson, L.A., Inui, T.S. &#038; Frankel, R.M. (2007), &#8216;Communication interventions make a difference in conversations between physicians and \tpatients: A systematic review of the evidence&#8217;, Medical Care, vol. 45, no. 4, \tpp. 340\u2010349.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSchirmer, J.M., Mauksch, L., Lang, F., Marvel, M.K., Zoppi, K., Epstein, R.M., Brock, D. &#038; Pryzbylski, M.(2005), &#8216;Assessing communication competence: a review of current tools&#8217;, Family Medicine, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 184\u2010192.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSneider, E.B., Larkin, A.C., &#038; Shah, S.A. (1996). Has the 80-Hour Workweek Improved Surgical Resident Education in New England? Journal of Surgical Education, (3), 140-145<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSomjai Nokdee (2007) Self-directed learning among Thai Nures in clinical practice.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSonoma Valley Hospital. (1999). {On-line} Available: http:\/\/svh.com\/spring97 Spelling Commission. (2006). A test of leadership: Charting the future of \tU.S. Higher Education. Education Publication Center, Washington DC: U.S. Department of Education.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tStein L (1998) The doctor-nurse game In Dingwall R and McIntonsh J (Editors)(1998) Readings in the sociology of nursing Edinburgh: Churchilll Livingstone.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tStreet, R. L., G. Makoul, N. K. Arora, and R. M. Epstein, (2009). &#8216;How does communication heal? Pathways linking clinician\u2010patient communication to \thealth outcomes.&#8217; Patient Education and Counseling 74:295\u2010301.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tStewart, M.A. (1995), &#8216;Effective physician\u2010patient communication and health care outcome: A review\u2019, Canadian Medical Association Journal, vol. 152, no. \t1995, pp. 1423\u20101433.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tThistlewaite.J. (2008) Professionalism in Medicine. Oxford Radcliffe.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tToghill, P. (1998). Continuing medical education: Where next? British Medical Journal, 316, 721-722.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tWebster, R. (1990), \u201cThe role of the nurse teacher\u201d Senior Nurse, vol.10, no.8, pp.16-18.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tWeerakoon, P. K. &#038; Fernando, D. N. (1991). Self-evaluation of skills.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tWilliams, B. (2004). \u201cSelf-direction in a problem-based learning program\u201d Nurse Education Today, vol. 24, pp. 277-285.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tZachariae, R., Pedersen, C.G., Jensen, A.B., Ehrnrooth, E., Rossen, P.B. &#038; von \tder<br \/>\r\n[27].\tMaase, H. (2003),&#8217;Association of perceived physician communication style with patient satisfaction, distress, cancer\u2010related self\u2010efficacy, and perceived control over the disease&#8217;, British Journal of Cancer, vol. 88, pp. 658\u2010665.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aaron Adjei, Evans Kwashie Kagbetor &#8220;Physiological Effect of Stress of Nurses Engaged in Continuing Medical Education on Job Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.339-346 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/339-346.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/339-346.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/physiological-effect-of-stress-of-nurses-engaged-in-continuing-medical-education-on-job-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Physiological Effect of Stress of Nurses Engaged in Continuing Medical Education on Job Performance<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92052ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"92052ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92053b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92053b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9205556\" data-id=\"9205556\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9205682 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9205682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9205725 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9205725\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920588d\" data-id=\"920588d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92059a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92059a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9205a4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9205a4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9205ba4\" data-id=\"9205ba4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9205cb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9205cb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9205d53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9205d53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9205eb9\" data-id=\"9205eb9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9205fd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9205fd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community Participation, Policy Framework and the Performance of Solar Energy in Kenya: A Case Study of Kalobeyei Ward in Turkana West Sub-County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>David Kaloki Kitenge, Prof. Elijah Siringi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 347-358<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9206070 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9206070\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92061fc\" data-id=\"92061fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920636f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"920636f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Understanding the dynamics solar energy transitions and the collaborative advantage of involving the communities in planning for sustainable energy in the local level can facilitate the steering of current and future global developments for clean energy solutions. This study investigated the relationship between community participation and policy framework on the performance of solar energy projects in Kenya. The key objective of this study were to investigate the relationship between community empowerment and policy framework on performance of solar energy in Kenya with focus on Kalobeyei Ward in Turkana West Sub-County. The research study used descriptive research and regression for the investigation. The target population of the study was 3200 households. Stratified Radom sampling was employed during the study with a sample of 320 household heads. A pilot study was conducted to test the accuracy of the research instruments to ensure reliability and validity of research data. Data was processed and analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. Independent and dependent variables relationship was determined by use of multiple regression models using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Research findings were presented using graphs, pie charts and frequency tables. The inferential statistics used regression and correlation analysis. The findings indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between community participation andpolicy framework on the performance of solar energy in Kalobeyei Ward. The study concluded that most of the respondents strongly agreed that in their area civic education was done to transfer and disseminate knowledge, skills, and values to general public and to promote solar energy project efficacy. The study also found out that there are Turkana Countygovernment has a directorate mandated to support public participation. The study established that community satisfaction surveys are important platforms to enhance the project performance and access achievement of the intended program to the beneficiary.The two variables studied only explain 57.8 percentage of the performance of solar energy as indicated by R2. His means that 42.2% of solar energy is contributed by other factors not studied in this study. The study found out that public participation and policy framework contribute significantly to the performance of solar energy. The study concluded that the county governance structures should ensure that decisions made during public participation and are included in their plans and the county fiscal strategy paper.The study also concludes that the local government should also share the solar energy project indicators and project progress reports for the public to validate the success of failure of the projects. The study recommends that the there is need to ensure inclusivity and community empowerment during community participation to ensure sustainability of the of solar energy projects. The government should also foster the use of Information and Communication technology (ICT) to expand democratic space for community participation in project design, implementation as well monitoring and evaluation of solar energy projects. Finally the study recommends that the community should be trained on aspects of community action planning and mappingto identify their needs and develop plans in a participatory process to address local challenges and contribute to renewable energy initiatives.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 347-358\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kaloki Kitenge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasters of Arts in Development Studies, Management University of Africa, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Elijah Siringi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAugustine, Z. &#038; Nhlanhla H. 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(2018).The transformative power of self-organization: Towards a conceptual framework for understanding local energy initiatives in The Netherlands. Energy Research &#038; Social Science 37: 85\u201393.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tInnes, J. E., &#038;Booher, D. (2004).Reframing community participation: strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory &#038; Practice, 5(4), 419-436.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tInstitute of Economic Affairs, (2015).Review of status of Community participation, and County Information Dissemination Frameworks: Case Study of Isiolo, Kisumu, Makueni and Turkana Counties. Nairobi: Institute of Economic Affairs.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tIrena, (2015).Rethinking Energy Renewable Energy and Climate Change.Masdar City: International Renewable Energy Agency.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tKalekye, A. D. (2016).  Determinants of citizen participation in devolved governance in kenya; a case study of Machakos County. Masters Thesis, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tKing, C. 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World Bank Group.<br \/>\r\n[57].\tWorld Bank, (2016).Community Driven Development in the Context of Conflict- Affected Countries: Challenges and Opportunities. Washington, DC: World Bank<br \/>\r\n[58].\tYang, J., Shen, P., Bourne, L., Ho, C..&#038;Xue, X. (2011).A typology of operational approaches for stakeholder analysis and engagement. Construction Management and Economics, 29, 145\u2013162.<br \/>\r\n[59].\tYang, K.C.C. (2005).Exploring factors affecting the adoption of mobile commerce in Singapore.Telematics and Informatics. 22, 257-277<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">David Kaloki Kitenge, Prof. Elijah Siringi &#8220;Community Participation, Policy Framework and the Performance of Solar Energy in Kenya: A Case Study of Kalobeyei Ward in Turkana West Sub-County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.347-358 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/347-358.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/347-358.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-participation-policy-framework-and-the-performance-of-solar-energy-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-kalobeyei-ward-in-turkana-west-sub-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Participation, Policy Framework and the Performance of Solar Energy in Kenya: A Case Study of Kalobeyei Ward in Turkana West Sub-County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920754e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"920754e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9207637 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9207637\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92077c4\" data-id=\"92077c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92078f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92078f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920799c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920799c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9207c87\" data-id=\"9207c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9207db5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9207db5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9207e59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9207e59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9207faf\" data-id=\"9207faf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92080c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92080c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9208161 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9208161\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92082cf\" data-id=\"92082cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92083db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92083db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Burnout among Head Teachers of Public Primary Schools: The Existence of the Three Dimensions in Kakamega County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ambunya Lawrence Omollo, Dr Otieno Kenneth &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 359-364<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9208481 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9208481\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92085df\" data-id=\"92085df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9208711 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9208711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Research has shown that role conflict and role ambiguity are associated with burnout among head teachers of public schools and educators in generas beel. Burnout has be documented to exist in three distinct dimensions-Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization and reduced Personal Accomplishment. A quantitative study of head teachers was done to establish the existence of different dimensions of burnout. The study was based on Role Stress Theory, Existential Theory, and the Sociological Burnout Theory. Descriptive and Correlation survey designs; simple random, stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used to carry out the study. Data was collected using the role questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory-Education Survey and a semi-structured interview schedule.  A pilot study was conducted prior to the main study to ascertain the validity and reliability of the instruments.  The target population was 855 while the study sampled 261 head teachers. The head teachers completed the Eclectic Questionnaire and an in-depth interview was conducted among the head teachers and 12 Sub-County Quality Assurance Officers (SQUASO). Data analysis was guided by the study objective. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study sample.  A one- tailed sample t-test was conducted to establish the presence of the three dimensions of burnout..  The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 was used to analyze the data.  Data has been presented in tabular form and discussed. The three dimensions of burnout were found to be present and statistically significant. The recommendations made from the findings of the study may be useful in policy formulation on intervention strategies to burnout among head teachers of Public Primary Schools particularly in Kakamega County.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 359-364\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ambunya Lawrence Omollo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearch Student, Department of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Otieno Kenneth <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBauer J., Stamm, A., Virnich, K., Wissing, K., Muller, U., Wirsching, M. and Schaarschmidt,U.(2006).Correlation between burnout syndrome and psychological and psychosomatic symptoms among teachers. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 79,199-204. doi:10.1007\/s00420-005-0050-y<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBold, T. (2011). Does abolishing fees reduce school quality? Evidence from Kenya. Unpublished  manuscript. Retrieved from Burnside, R. (2012). Stepping into someone else\u2019s shoes: The effects of empathy development on student behavior. Rising Tide, 5, 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGloria, C.T, Fawik, K. E and Steinhard, M.A. (2013). Positive affectivity predicts successful and unsuccessful adaptation to stress. Motivation and Education, 37, 185 \u2013 193.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tIngersoll, R. (2012) Beginning teacher induction: What the data tell us. Phi Delta Kappan, 93(8), 47-51. doi:10.1177\/003172171209300811.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tInnstrand, S. T., Langballe, E. M., Falkum, E., and Aasland, O. G. (2011). Exploring within and between gender differences in burnout: 8 different occupational groups. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 84(7), 813-824.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tMaslach, C., Schaufeli, W.B. and Leiter, M.P. (2001). Job burn-out. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1),397-422.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMatin, H.Z., Kalali, N.S., and Anvari, M.R.A. (2012). Do demographic variables moderate the relationship between job burnout and its consequences? Iranian Journal of Management Studies; 5(1), 47-62.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMorales, A. I. R.,(2011). Factors that foster Latina English language learners. Nontraditional student resilience in higher education and their persistence in teacher education. (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas City State University).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tPas, E..T., Bradshaw, C.P., and Hershfeldt, P.A. (2012). Teacher- and school-level predictors of teacher efficacy and burnout: Identifying potential areas for support. Journal of School Psychology, 50, 129-145. doi: 10.1016\/j.jsp.2011.07.003<br \/>\r\n[10].\tSkaalvik, E. M., and Skaalvik, S. (2011). Teacher job satisfaction and motivation to leave the teaching profession: Relations with context, feelings of belonging and emotional exhaustion.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ambunya Lawrence Omollo, Dr Otieno Kenneth &#8220;Burnout among Head Teachers of Public Primary Schools: The Existence of the Three Dimensions in Kakamega County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.359-364 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/359-364.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/359-364.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/burnout-among-head-teachers-of-public-primary-schools-the-existence-of-the-three-dimensions-in-kakamega-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Burnout among Head Teachers of Public Primary Schools: The Existence of the Three Dimensions in Kakamega County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920b6d5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"920b6d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920b800 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920b800\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920b9bc\" data-id=\"920b9bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920baed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920baed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920bba0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920bba0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920bcfe\" data-id=\"920bcfe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920be0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920be0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920bfe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920bfe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920c174\" data-id=\"920c174\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920c28b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920c28b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920c333 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920c333\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920c4a6\" data-id=\"920c4a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920c5c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"920c5c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Working Discipline on the Quality of Public Services in Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ria Kurniati, Sowiyah, Riswanti Rini  &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 365-368<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-920c669 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"920c669\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-920c7dc\" data-id=\"920c7dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-920c905 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"920c905\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of work discipline on the quality of public services at the University of Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The method used in this research is quantitative method. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using a questionnaire with a total sample of 349 students using Slovin technique. Hypothesis testing uses simple linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis through the F test and t test to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable with a confidence level of 95% (0.05). The research results can be concluded that work discipline has a significant effect on the quality of public services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 365-368\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ria Kurniati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sowiyah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Riswanti Rini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tKehoe, R. R., &#038; Wright, P. M. 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees\u2019 attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 39(2), 366-391.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tGammahendra, F. 2014. Pengaruh struktur organisasi terhadap efektivitas organisasi (studi pada persepsi pegawai tetap Kantor perwakilan Bank Indonesia Kediri). Jurnal Administrasi Bisnis, 7(2).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMostafa, A. M. S., Gould\u2010Williams, J. S., &#038; Bottomley, P. 2015. High\u2010performance human resource practices and employee outcomes: The mediating role of public service motivation. Public Administration Review, 75(5), 747-757.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tSupriadi, E., &#038; Yusof, H. 2015. Relationship between Instructional Leadership of Headmaster and Work Discipline and Work Motivation and Academic Achievement in Primary School at Special Areas of Central Jakarta. Journal of Education and Learning, 4(3), 123-135.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tFoucault, M. 2012. Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tMangkunegara, A. P., &#038; Octorend, T. R. 2015. Effect of work discipline, work motivation and job satisfaction on employee organizational commitment in the company (Case study in PT. Dada Indonesia). Universal Journal of Management, 3(8), 318-328.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tSutrisno, Edy. 2011. Human Resource Management. Jakarta: Kencana.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tTumilaar, B. R. 2015. The effect of discipline, leadership, and motivation on employee performance at bpjs ketenagakerjaan Sulut. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis Dan Akuntansi, 3(2).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tSugiyono. 2018. Quantitative Research Methods. Bandung. Alfabeta, CV.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ria Kurniati, Sowiyah, Riswanti Rini  &#8220;The Effect of Working Discipline on the Quality of Public Services in Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.365-368 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/365-368.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/365-368.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-working-discipline-on-the-quality-of-public-services-in-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Working Discipline on the Quality of Public Services in Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922376e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"922376e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 369-375<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9229a76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9229a76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9229c78\" data-id=\"9229c78\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9229de0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9229de0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The article aims at efficient measures to maximize thepotentials of megacities across the globe and based on research questions \u2018What solutions are suggested to deal with the major challenges associated with a mega-city?\u2019. The paper introduces the term \u201cMegacity\u201d coined and defined by the United Nations; and the urbanization trend observed in recent times to understand the problems. The diversity of challenges faced by these cities such as low maturity levels, natural disasters, infrastructural, safety and social problems are highlighted by referring to a survey conducted by Siemens in 2016. Possible solutions with regards to governance, financing and strategies to overcome these challenges are recommended based on desktop research and also literature review of reports by reputed companies such as Allianz and Ericsson. A long term approach of dealing with the challenges are not just addressing the five pillars of sustainability: ecology, economy, legal, urban layout\/ architecture and social aspects; but, a holistic approach integrating information communication technology in order to minimize the weaknesses and threats.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 369-375\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nikhil Ravindra<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUrban Development, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Germany<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAllianz. (2015). The megacity state: The world\u2019s biggest cities shaping our future. Munich: Allianz SE.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tEricsson. (2012). The three ages of Megacities. Stockholm: Ericsson AB.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEricsson. (2013). The next age of megacities. Stockholm: Ericsson AB.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMunichReGroup. (2005). Megacities &#8211; Megarisks Trends and challenges for insurance and risk management. Munich: Munich Re Group.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tRoger, J. (2019, 6 7). Retrieved from Unsplash: https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/LY1eyQMFeyo<br \/>\r\n[6].\tSchule. (2019, 6 7). Retrieved from Schule: http:\/\/webs.schule.at\/<br \/>\r\n[7].\tShine. (2019, 6 7). Retrieved from Shine: https:\/\/www.shine.cn\/<br \/>\r\n[8].\tSiemens. (2016). Megacity Challenges &#8211; A Stakeholder perspective. Siemens.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tUN. (2016) The world cities in 2016. United Nations<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nikhil Ravindra &#8220;Maximizing the Potentials of Megacities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.369-375 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/369-375.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/369-375.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/maximizing-the-potentials-of-megacities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Maximizing the Potentials of Megacities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922acb0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"922acb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-922ad9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"922ad9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-922af2e\" data-id=\"922af2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922b053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"922b053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-922b0f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"922b0f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-922b248\" data-id=\"922b248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922b362 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"922b362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-922b3fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"922b3fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-922b552\" data-id=\"922b552\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-922b65a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"922b65a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-922b701 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"922b701\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9233110\" data-id=\"9233110\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92332a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92332a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Student\u2019s Adjustment Inventory (SAI) as a Cultural Tool: To Measure the Levels of Adjustment of Secondary Students in Cameroon<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Professor Tanyi Ebangha Maureen, Egbe Gwendoline Arrika &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 376-384<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9233372 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9233372\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9233536\" data-id=\"9233536\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-923368e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"923368e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">SAI is an instrument designed to measure the level to which a child adjust to the school norms. It contains 57 psychological constructs. The purpose of this study is to measure the level of adjustment amongst the South West and the Centre regions secondary students in Cameroon. Norms were established for the adjusted and maladjusted. Sex and Age were amongst the variables considered. A sample of 3461 forms two and three students aged 12-18 was drawn from the two regions. Three research questions and 6 hypotheses guided the study. Mean and standard deviation and t-test were used for the analysis. The following results among others were obtained:<br \/>\r\n1.\tGeneral norms for the maladjusted and adjusted students ranged from 11.47 to 36.23 and. 9.08 to 20.21 while that for the whole test was 87.07 and 39.31 respectively.<br \/>\r\n2.\tThe norms for the male and female students were found to be 69.17 and 69.44 respectively.<br \/>\r\n3.\tThose for the early and late adolescents stood at 69.47 and 69.04 respectively<br \/>\r\n4.\tIt was also found that there were no significant sex and age difference in students\u2019 adjustment as measured by the SAI.<br \/>\r\nBased on the results, the implications and recommendations was that SAI be used to identify and measure the incidence of mal-adjustment among students in Cameroon.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 376-384\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Tanyi Ebangha Maureen<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHead of Department Curriculum and Evaluation, University of Yaounde 1 &#8211; Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Egbe Gwendoline Arrika<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nResearcher Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde Cameroon<br \/>\r\nPh. D Student University of Buea<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdler, A. (1927). Practice of Individual Psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace and World.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAshiabi, S. G. and O\u2019Neal, K. K. (2007). Food Insecurity and Adjustment problems in a  national sample of Adolescents. Journal of Children &#038; Poverty, Vol.13, No. 2, pp. 111-132.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs: N.J. Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBell, H.M. (1962). Bell Adjustment Inventory Manual. California: Consulting Psychologist Press Inc.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCampo, A. T., &#038; Rohner, R. P. (1992). Relationship between perceived parental acceptance-rejection, psychological adjustment and substance abuse. Child Abuse &#038; Neglect, Vol. 16, pp. 429-440.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tConger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., &#038; Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of young adults. Child Development, Vol. 65, pp. 541-561.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCrockenberg, S. C., &#038; Leerkes, E. M. (2003). Parental acceptance, postpartum depression, and maternal sensitivity: Mediating and moderating processes. Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 17, pp. 80-93.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDemir, M. and Urberg, A. K. (2004). Friendship and adjustment among adolescents. J. Experimental Child Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 68\u201382.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tDodge, K. A., and Pettit, G. S. (2003). A biopsychosocial model of the development of chronic conduct problems in adolescence. Develop Psychol, Vol. 39, No. 3, pp. 349 371.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tFreud, Sigmund (1949). An outline of psychoanalysis. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHetherington, E. M. (2006). The influence of conflict, marital problem solving and parenting on children\u2019s adjustment in non-divorced divorced and remarried families.Journal of Family Psychology, Vol. 7, pp. 39-56.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKerr, M., and Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, Vol. 36, pp. 366 \u2013 380.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tLaycock, S. R. (1946). How Parents hinder Adolescents Adjustment to the Opposite sex. Journal of school health, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 151-156.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOchoa, M. G., Lopez, E. E. and Emier, P. N. (2007). Adjustment Problems in the Family and School Contexts, Attitude towards Authority and Violent Behavior at School in Adolescence. Adolescence, Vol. 42, No. 168, pp. 779-794.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRaju, M.V.R. and Khaja, R. T. (2007). Adjustment Problems among School students. Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 33(1), 73-79.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRubin, K. H., Dwyer, K. M., Booth, L. C., Kim, A. H., Burgess, K. B., &#038; Rose, K. L. (2004). \tAttachment, friendship, and psychosocial functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, Vol. 24, pp. 326\u2013356.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSatia, P.N. (1984). The role of the counsellor in dealing with Factors Leadind to Secondary \tSchool Students Attrition in Cameroon. Unpublished Ph.D dissertation, Lagos.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSbarra, D. A. (2006). Predicting the onset of emotional recovery following non-marital relationship dissolution: Survival analysis of sadness and anger.Personality and social Psychology Bulletin, Vol. 32, 298-312.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tShiferaw, S., Fantahun, M. and Bekele, A. (2006). Psychosocial problems among students in preparatory school in Dessie town, north east Ethiopia. Ethiop. J. Health \tDevelopment, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 47-54.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSteinberg, L. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 83-85.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTanyi, M.E. (1988). The development and Preliminary Validation of Instrument for measuring Secondary School Adjustment in Kumba Cameroon. Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis. Department of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tVar, A. F., Paul, A. M., Kumar, P. and Shah, A. S. (2011). Self-esteem and Psychosocial problems among Kashmiri Youth. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 307-313.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Professor Tanyi Ebangha Maureen, Egbe Gwendoline Arrika &#8220;The Student\u2019s Adjustment Inventory (SAI) as a Cultural Tool: To Measure the Levels of Adjustment of Secondary Students in Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.376-384 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/376-384.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/376-384.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-students-adjustment-inventory-sai-as-a-cultural-tool-to-measure-the-levels-of-adjustment-of-secondary-students-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Student\u2019s Adjustment Inventory (SAI) as a Cultural Tool: To Measure the Levels of Adjustment of Secondary Students in Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9234562 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9234562\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-923464c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"923464c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92347f0\" data-id=\"92347f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9234915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9234915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92349c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92349c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9234b1b\" data-id=\"9234b1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9234c47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9234c47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9234ce7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9234ce7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9234e35\" data-id=\"9234e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9234f44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9234f44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9234fe1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9234fe1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9235304\" data-id=\"9235304\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92354b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92354b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Geopolitical Economy of Myanmar and the Role of Great Powers in Rohingya Crisis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mahfujur Rahman, Md. Saifullah Akon &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 385-390<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-923557b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"923557b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9235755\" data-id=\"9235755\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92358fa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"92358fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Recent Rohingya exodus from the Rakhine State of Myanmar is undoubtedly one of the biggest humanitarian crises ever. Despite the severity of this crisis, it could not draw much attention from the global powers for a possible solution. Historically, ethnic differences in the Rakhine State of Myanmar have been primarily held responsible for the emergence of oppression against the Rohingya people. This paper tries to portray the role of regional and global powers in the recent Rohingya crisis in Rakhine State of Myanmar. The geopolitical economy of the South East Asian region is also focused here to show how it influenced the crisis in different perspectives. As this paper explores external interest and reluctance as the factors of the recent Rohingya crisis along with Myanmar\u2019s internal ethnic diversities, the theoretical argument grows with neo-classical realist model which bridges between internal and external realities to evaluate any particular event in global politics. This paper also shows how and why the recent Rohingya crisis lacked attention from major global powers. The role of regional and global powers during the crisis and their appeasement towards Myanmar are elaborated and examined too here. While explaining the role of external powers, it is showed how Myanmar managed to eclipse one of the worst ever refugee crises because of lack of global pressure and response. Finally, the paper concludes with showing the obstacles in resolving the Rohingya crisis with a critical evaluation of the role of international community.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 385-390\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 30 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mahfujur Rahman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of International Relations, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Saifullah Akon<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Japanese Studies, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbrar, C.R. (n.d.). Repatriation of Rohingya Refugees. Burma Library. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.burmalibrary.org\/docs\/Abrar-repatriation.htm<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAhmed, K. U. (2018, June 06). The geo-politics of Rohingya crisis. The Financial Express.  Retrieved from https:\/\/thefinancialexpress.com.bd\/views\/views\/the-geo-politics-of-rohingya-crisis-1528297511<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAlbert, E. &#038; Chatzky, A. (2018, December, 05). The Rohingya Crisis. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/rohingya-crisis<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBeauchamp, M. (2013, December 19). Beyond bigotry: Unravelling ethnic violence in Rakhine. New Mandala. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.newmandala.org\/beyond-bigotry-unravelling-ethnic-violencein-rakhine\/<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBhaumik, S. (2017, October 18). Why do China, India back Myanmar over the Rohingya crisis? South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/week-asia\/geopolitics\/article\/2115839\/why-do-china-india-back-myanmar-over-rohingya-crisis<br \/>\r\n[6].\tChina\u2019s role in Myanmar\u2019s internal conflicts. (2018). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.usip.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2018-09\/ssg-report-chinas-role-in-myanmars-internal-conflicts.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCookson, F. (2017, November 21). The geo-politics of the Rohingya crisis. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/2017\/11\/21\/geo-politics-rohingya-crisis?fbclid=IwAR1YCwZJVa_vtD9vBk7XiCvUYJlthh-mSfjGxOamgbg0qqh8JdyK0kubbaw<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHunt, K. (2017, November 13). Rohingya crisis: How we got here. CNN. Retrieved from https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/11\/12\/asia\/rohingya-crisis-timeline\/index.html<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIndia commits $25 million to develop Myanmar\u2019s Rakhine state (2017, December 21). The Hindustan Times. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/india-news\/india-commits-25-million-to-developmyanmar-s-rakhine-state\/story-lpwndpPujIn1hCwBhJoqAJ.html<br \/>\r\n[10].\tIndia must play positive role in Rohingya crisis (2018, March 19). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/world\/asia\/india-must-play-positive-role-rohingya-crisis-1550317<br \/>\r\n[11].\tJapan for safe repatriation of Rohingyas with UN cooperation. (2019, April 17). Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dhakatribune.com\/bangladesh\/rohingya-crisis\/2019\/04\/17\/japan-for-safe-repatriation-of-rohingyas-with-un-cooperation<br \/>\r\n[12].\tJapan grants Myanmar $ 3 million to repatriate Rohingya Muslims. (n.d.). DW. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.dw.com\/en\/japan-grants-myanmar-3-million-to-repatriate-rohingya-muslims\/a-42121365-0<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKo, T.K. (2009, February 18). US businesses eye investment opportunities in Myanmar. The Myanmar Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mmtimes.com\/news\/us-businesses-eye-investment-opportunities-myanmar.html<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLetter: The USA is investing in Myanmar\u2019s future (2019, April 05). The Myanmar Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mmtimes.com\/news\/letter-us-investing-myanmars-future.html<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNitta, Y. (2018, August 16). Myanmar taps Japan connections to overcome Rohinyga crisis. Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved from https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Politics\/International-relations\/Myanmar-taps-Japan-connections-to-overcome-Rohingya-crisis<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRefugee Response in Bangladesh (2019, June 30). UNHCR. Retrieved from https:\/\/data2.unhcr.org\/en\/situations\/myanmar_refugees<br \/>\r\n[17].\tRipsman, N.M. (2011). Neoclassical Realism. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies. Doi:10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190846626.013.36<br \/>\r\n[18].\tRohingya Crisis: Hasina, XI for quick solution. (2019, July 6). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/frontpage\/news\/resolving-rohingya-crisis-hasinaxi-quick-solution-1767349<br \/>\r\n[19].\tRohingya Crisis  (n.d.). Human Rights Watch. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2019\/06\/20\/japans-cold-blooded-approach-rohingya-crisis<br \/>\r\n[20].\tRohingya Refugee Crisis (n.d). UNOCHA.  Retrieved from https:\/\/www.unocha.org\/rohingya-refugee-crisis<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSassen, S. (2017, September 15). The Assault on the Rohingya is not only about religion-it\u2019s also about land. Huffpost. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.huffpost.com\/entry\/rohingya-land-grab-military_b_59b96400e4b02da0e13e79f4<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSolving Rohingya crisis: China to press Myanmar. (2019, July 05). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/frontpage\/news\/solving-rohingya-crisis-china-push-myanmar-1766956<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSpetalnick, M. &#038;Brunnstrom, D. (2018, August 17). U.S. imposes sanctions on Myanmar military over Rohingya crackdown. Reuters. .Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-myanmar-rohingya-usa\/us-imposes-sanctions-on-myanmar-military-over-rohingya-crackdown-idUSKBN1L21KL<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSu, B. (2013, October 23). The importance of emerging Southeast Asia and Myanmar. NAOC. Retrieved from http:\/\/natoassociation.ca\/the-importance-of-emerging-southeast-asia-and-myanmar\/<br \/>\r\n[25].\tTri-nation pipeline envisaged (2017, March 6). The Telegraph. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.telegraphindia.com\/1170306\/jsp\/business\/story_139183.jsp<br \/>\r\n[26].\tUNSC, neighbours off to Rakhine next week (April 26, 2018). The Myanmar Times. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.mmtimes.com\/news\/unsc-neighbours-rakhine-next-week.html<br \/>\r\n[27].\tUS official appreciates Bangladesh\u2019s role in addressing Rohingya crisis (2018, July 25). The Daily Star. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thedailystar.net\/country\/us-official-appreciates-bangladeshs-role-addressing-rohingya-crisis-1610785<br \/>\r\n[28].\tWho are Rohingya Muslims and why govt wants to deport 40,000 of them? (2017, August 10). India Today. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.indiatoday.in\/india\/story\/rohingy-muslim-india-myanmar-deportation-1029075-2017-08-10<br \/>\r\n[29].\tZaman, M (2019, 19 January). Rohingya crisis: Issues and challenges that have emerged. Inter Press Service. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ipsnews.net\/2019\/01\/rohingya-crisis-issues-challenges-emerged\/<br \/>\r\n[30].\tZhou, L. (2017, November 19). China lays out three-point plan to ease Rohingya crisis. South China Morning Post. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/diplomacy-defence\/article\/2120607\/china-lays-out-three-point-plan-ease-rohingya-crisis<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mahfujur Rahman, Md. Saifullah Akon &#8220;Geopolitical Economy of Myanmar and the Role of Great Powers in Rohingya Crisis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.385-390 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/385-390.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/385-390.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/geopolitical-economy-of-myanmar-and-the-role-of-great-powers-in-rohingya-crisis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geopolitical Economy of Myanmar and the Role of Great Powers in Rohingya Crisis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92484d2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"92484d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92485f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92485f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-924878b\" data-id=\"924878b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92488ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92488ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9248976 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9248976\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9248b18\" data-id=\"9248b18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9248c49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9248c49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9248cef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9248cef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9248e50\" data-id=\"9248e50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9248f5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9248f5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9249002 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9249002\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-924917c\" data-id=\"924917c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9249290 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9249290\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Personnel Management: Implications for the Effectiveness of the School System<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Judith Nonye Agunwa Ph.D, Valentine Joseph Owan, Mercy Bassey Ekpe &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 391-395<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9249338 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9249338\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92494f3\" data-id=\"92494f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9249684 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9249684\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper takes a qualitative view of the administration of personnel management function and its implication for the school. In this paper, the meaning of personnel management, various personnel management functions of educational managers and their implication for the effectiveness of the school system were discussed. The paper concluded that personnel management is inevitable to the school system because it is as important as the establishment of the school itself. The need for personnel to be managed in the school, cannot be over-emphasized. Every educational manager should understand that the benefits of personnel management functions are dependent on the implementation of these functions during the staffing process. Therefore, efforts should be made to perform these functions discussed in this paper. If adhered to, it can lead any school to success in terms of goal attainment and increased productivity. It was recommended among several others that educational managers should set clear standards that specify what is acceptable in the organization as well as the guidelines for performing tasks. This will ensure that every worker understands what is expected of them.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 391-395\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 October 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Judith Nonye Agunwa Ph.D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Planning, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Valentine Joseph Owan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Planning, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mercy Bassey Ekpe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Administration and Planning, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/391-395.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/personnel-management-implications-for-the-effectiveness-of-the-school-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Personnel Management: Implications for the Effectiveness of the School System<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925412a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"925412a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-925421d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"925421d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92543c6\" data-id=\"92543c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92544fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92544fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92545ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92545ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9254718\" data-id=\"9254718\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9254846 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9254846\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92548f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92548f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9254a53\" data-id=\"9254a53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9254b6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9254b6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9254c0e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9254c0e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9254d84\" data-id=\"9254d84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9254e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9254e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Transformation in Public Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Huduma Kenya Centres<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Felistus Kinyanjui and Irene Waithaka &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 396-405<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9254f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9254f44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92550e1\" data-id=\"92550e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925521a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"925521a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Huduma is a Kiswahili word for service, as such it has been appropriately been adopted to represent the government\u2019s readiness to avail itself in terms of service to the citizens in the most easily accessible way through use of technology to reach all corners of the republic. The Huduma Kenya programme aims to transform Public Service Delivery by providing citizens access to various Public Services and information from One-Stop-Shop citizen centered service centres and through integrated technology platforms. Huduma centres operate from what were previously Kenya Post and Tele-communication offices located countrywide thus easing accessibility and affordability of public services.   Huduma Kenya is an approach that is reforming service delivery in Kenya. It is interactive, integrated, vertical and horizontal as it brings on board to one stop services from different departments, ministries and agencies of both county and national governments.  The huduma programme presents a shift in paradigm from the centralization to devolution and getting services closer to the clients, the citizens of Kenya. Institutional reform is emphatic on accountability, transparency and trust. It has received local and international awards to its attempt to transform public service delivery to a majority and satisfaction of many in Kenya and abroad.  At a practical level the successes of huduma Kenya can be replicated across the globe as a means to achieve best practices in the public sector yet have an angle of PPE as is the case in Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 396-405\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felistus Kinyanjui <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irene Waithaka <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History, Kenyatta University, P.O Box 43844, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAduda &#038; Ohaga, M. (2004) Information and Communication Technology Policy: Kenya , in strengthening national information and communication technology policy in africa: governance, equity and institutional issues. Nairobi African Technology Policy Studies Network .<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAngawa M.D W.(2010), Kenya Marks Promulgation of New Constitution 27 August 2010, Retrieved  July 24, 2015 from<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/www.kenyaelections.com\/2010\/08\/kenya-marks-promulgation-of-new-constitution-27-august-2010\/<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarkan, J.D. &#038; Chege, M. (1989). Decentralizing the State: District Focus and the Politics Of Reallocation in Kenya , 27 Journal of Modern African Studies.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBowman, Warigia, \u2018Governance, Technology and the Search for Modernity in Kenya\u2019 William and Mary Policy Review, 1. 87.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tEtta, F.(2005).  Policymaking: The New Development El Dorado, in, At the Crossroads: ICT Policymaking In East Africa. East African Educational Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGitelson, S (1977). Policy Options for Small States: Kenya and<br \/>\r\nTanzania. Studies in Comparative International Development.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKANU (1963). The Manifesto. Government of Kenya.<br \/>\r\nKihanya, J.N. &#038; Oloo, L.M. (2004). KICTAnet, Rapporteurs Notes and Report: Kenya National ICT Visioning Workshop, Norfolk Hotel, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKlopp, J.M. (2001).Ethnic Clashes and Winning Elections: The Case of Kenya&#8217;s Electoral Despotism, 35 Canadian J. of Afr. Studs. 473- 477.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMinistry of Planning and National Development (2003). Republic of Kenya, Economic Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation: 2003-2007. GOK.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMulunda, L. (2005). Board&#8217;s Sacking Puts Telecoms Into a Spin. E. AFR. STANDARD.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNew African Magazine (2012).  Forgetting The \u2018Big Man Syndrome\u2019. Retrieved on July 29, 2015 from<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/newafricanmagazine.com\/forgetting-the-big-man\/syndrome\/<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNcube Mthuli and Ondiege Peter Silicon Kenya: Harnessing ICT Innovations for Economic Development African Development Bank.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNgaru Sarah Wanjiru and Wafula Moses Kimani \u2018Factors Influencing the Choice of Huduma Centers\u2019 Services:A Case Study of Mombasa Huduma Centre\u2019, International Journal of Scientific and Research,, Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2015.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSiambi, W. (2008).  Introduction of ICT in the Public Service Commission of Kenya For Service  Delivery: Experience and Challenges. Canadian International Development Agency<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Felistus Kinyanjui and Irene Waithaka &#8220;Transformation in Public Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Huduma Kenya Centres&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.396-405 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/396-405.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/396-405.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/transformation-in-public-service-delivery-in-kenya-a-case-of-huduma-kenya-centres\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Transformation in Public Service Delivery in Kenya: A Case of Huduma Kenya Centres<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925e8d2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"925e8d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-925ea81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"925ea81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-925ed4a\" data-id=\"925ed4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925ef7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"925ef7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-925f0ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"925f0ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-925f38a\" data-id=\"925f38a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925f5c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"925f5c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-925f717 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"925f717\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-925f9de\" data-id=\"925f9de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-925fc1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"925fc1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-925fd6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"925fd6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9260052\" data-id=\"9260052\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9260280 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9260280\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Addressing Elearning Issues: National Policy Considerations<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hannah A. Tanye, Isaac Asampana, Albert A. Akanferi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 406-413<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92603c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92603c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92606c0\" data-id=\"92606c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9260954 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9260954\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Enrollment into tertiary education has increased over the years. To be able to deliver effective distance learning, e-learning delivery mode is adopted to supplement the face-to-face meeting with the distance learning students.  Subsequently, a number of institutions are practicing e-learning in their teaching and learning activities.  Most institutions have implemented learning management system. There is little collaboration between e-learning practicing institutions.The study determine dissues that should be considered in policy to enhance quality eLearning, and National Commission for Tertiary Education (NCTE) role in collaborating these institutions.  The theoretical perspective is interpretive and the methodology used was qualitative.  Data was collected using semi structured interview. The study found that there should be a state body put in place for e-learning accreditation, copyright, confidentiality of information, integrity, and availability and that these issues must all be indicated in policy.  Collaboration of e-learning practising institutions must be initiated at the national level.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 406-413\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hannah A. Tanye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Information Technology Studies, University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Isaac Asampana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Information Technology Studies, University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albert A. Akanferi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Information Technology Studies, University of Professional Studies, Accra, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tSEND-Ghana, &#8220;2018 budget SEND- Ghana assessment points out serious concerns. ,&#8221; SEND Ghana, Accra, Ghana2017, Available: https:\/\/www.myjoyonline.com\/news\/2017\/november-17th\/2018-budget-send-ghanas-assessment-points-out-serious-concerns.php.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tNCTE, &#8220;2013 Budget,&#8221; 2013.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tJ. Tilak, &#8220;Global trends in funding higher education.,&#8221; International Higher Education, no. 42, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tNCTE, &#8220;2014 Budget,&#8221; 2014.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tA.-M. C. report, &#8220;Meeting the Challenges of Education in the Twenty-First Century. ,&#8221; 2013, Available: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.gh\/assets\/media\/docs\/ Challenges1Educational%20Reforms%28Jophus%29.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tM. Duwiejua and O. Edigheji, &#8220;Higher Education Convening Ghana: Communique\u2019 on Tertiary Education Policy Dialogue in Ghana. ,&#8221; 2013.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tD. Matthews, &#8220;Ghana\u2019s higher education sector seeks coherent national policies,&#8221; ed, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tH. Elletson and A. Mackinnon, &#8220;eLearning Africa Report, (2012, 2013 ,&#038; 2014). ,&#8221; 2014, Available: http:\/\/www.paynamibia.org\/documents\/eLearningAfrica_Report_2013_EN_WEB.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tNCTE, &#8220;1995, 1996, 2013 Annual Reports,&#8221; Ministry of Education, Accra, Ghana, Accra, Ghana2013.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tP. O. Hardt and P. A. Misit\u00e9, &#8220;Effective Online Teaching and Learning: A question of alignment.,&#8221; Journal of Excellence in e-learning, vol. 1, no. 2, 2008.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tP. Guiney, &#8220;Government and sector-level tertiary e-learning initiatives: ,&#8221; 2014, Available: http:\/\/www.educationcounts.govt.nz\/publications\/ict\/14708.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tC. Dondi and M. Moretti, &#8220;Elearning Quality in European Universities: Different Approaches for Different Purposes. ,&#8221; 2007.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tA. Ali, M. Fadzil, and A. Kaur, &#8220;Open and distance education in Malaysia.,&#8221; 2006.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tA. R. Ahmad, A. Farley, and M. Naidoo, &#8220;An examination of the implementation federal government strategic plans in Malaysian public universities. ,&#8221; International Journal of Business and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 15, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tS. Keil and A. Brown, &#8220;Distance Education Policy Standards:  A Review of Regional and National Accrediting Organizations in the United States.,&#8221; Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration., 2014.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tE. Borokhovski et al., &#8220;An extended systematic review of Canadian policy documents on e-Learning: What we\u2019re doing and not doing.,&#8221; Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology\/La revue canadienne de l\u2019apprentissage et de la technologie, vol. 37, no. 3, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tA. Nenkova and L. Vanderwende, &#8220;The impact of frequency on summarization.,&#8221; Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, Tech. Rep., 2005.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tK. Hong and A. Nenkova, &#8220;Improving the estimation of word importance for news multi-document summarization. ,&#8221; in The 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014, pp. 712-721.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tJ. Sauro, &#8220;Types of Qualitative Methods. ,&#8221; 2015.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tT. Adali, &#8220;Accreditation in e-learning: North Cyprus higher education case. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,&#8221; vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 2077-2080., 2009.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tA. S. Elameer and R. M. Idrus, &#8220;National E-Learning Strategy to Enhance and Enrich the Iraqi Universities. ,&#8221; 2011.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tS. E. Brownell and K. D. Tanner, &#8220;Barriers to faculty pedagogical change: Lack of training, time, incentives, and\u2026 tensions with professional identity?. ,&#8221; CBE-Life Sciences Education, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 339-346, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tK. Durah, A. Alraddadi, O. Alzubi, and B. Alzubi, &#8220;Strategic Elearning. Global Journal of Computer Science and Technology, ,&#8221; vol. 11, no. 2, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tO. Darkwa, &#8220;Presentation On \u201cStrengthening Higher Education Systems in Ghana.,&#8221; 2013.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tT. Bates, &#8220;National strategies for e-learning in post-secondary education and training, Fundamentals of Educational Planning &#8221; 2001.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hannah A. Tanye, Isaac Asampana, Albert A. Akanferi &#8220;Addressing Elearning Issues: National Policy Considerations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.406-413 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/406-413.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/406-413.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/addressing-elearning-issues-national-policy-considerations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Addressing Elearning Issues: National Policy Considerations<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926af76 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"926af76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-926b140 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"926b140\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-926b404\" data-id=\"926b404\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926b63e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"926b63e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-926b7a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"926b7a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-926ba4c\" data-id=\"926ba4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-926bc8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"926bc8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-926bdec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"926bdec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9274a63\" data-id=\"9274a63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9274cf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9274cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9274e59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9274e59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9275161\" data-id=\"9275161\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9275393 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9275393\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Competition on Performance of Enterprises: A Literature Review<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Maryam A. Koko, Nasiru Liman Zuru &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 414-416<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92754f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92754f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92757d6\" data-id=\"92757d6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9275a48 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9275a48\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of competition on performance of enterprises. Specifically, the relationship between competition and performance of enterprises. Based on the review of the literature and past studies, the findings of this study suggest that, competition have a negative effect on the performance of enterprises.  The implication is that,  enterprises should be aware that competition in the industry effect their organisational performance therefore, these enterprises  should focus on good business practices to be able to cope with the competition in the industry in order not only to improve their performance but also to sustain their success.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 414-416\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maryam A. Koko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Management Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nasiru Liman Zuru <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Management Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbu Kasim, N. A., Minai, B., &#038; Chun, L. S. (1989). Performance measures in Malaysia- The state of the art. Malaysia Management Review, 24(3).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBluedorn, A. C., Johnson, R. A., Cartwright, D. K., &#038; Barringer, B. R. (1994). The interface and conver- gence of the strategic management and organi- zational environment domains. Journal of Management, 20.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCull, R., Demirg\u00fc\u00e7-kunt, A., &#038; Morduch, J. (2011). Microfinance Tradeoffs\u202f: Regulation, Competition, and Financing. The Handbook of Microfinance, (September), 141-. https:\/\/doi.org\/citeulike-article-id:13936360<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDoyle, P. (1994). Marketing management and strategy. New York: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDrucker, P. (1977). People and performance. Routledge. Retrieved from http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&#038;lr=&#038;id=i3OlqZ3U-IIC&#038;pgis=1<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDuncan, R. B. (1972). Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environmental uncertainty. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17(3).<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGalbraith, C., &#038; Schendel, D. (1983). An empirical analysis of strategy types. Strategic Management Journal1, 4.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGwasi, N., &#038; Ngambi, M. T. (2014). Competition and Performance of Microfinance Institutions in Cameroon. International Journal of Research In Social Sciences, 3(8), 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2029568<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., &#038; Sarstedt, M. (2014). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). London: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHashim, M. K. (2008). Strategic management: Text and cases. Singapore: Thomson Learning.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLenz, R. T. (1980). Strategic capability: A concept and framework for analysis. The Academy of Management Journal, 5.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMiller, D., &#038; Friesen, P. (1983). Strategy-making and enviroment. Strategic Management Journal, 4, 221\u2013235.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMoradi, M., Velashani, M. A. B., &#038; Omidfar, M. (2017). Corporate governance, product market competition and firm performance: evidence from Iran. Humanomics, 33(1), 33\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/H-04-2014-0037<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMustafa, A., &#038; Saat, M. (2013). Microfinance institutions performance measurement: introducing a new performance measurement framework. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(11).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNash, J. C. (1993). We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. New York: Columbia University Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tNkundabanyanga, S. K., Akankunda, B., Nalukenge, I., &#038; Tusiime, I. (2017). The impact of financial management practices and competitive advantage on the loan performance of Enterprises . International Journal of Social Economics, 44(1).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNthigah, P. M., Iravo, M., &#038; Kihoro, J. (2014). Influence Of Competitor \u2019 s Marketing Experience On Choice Of Strategic Response Of Multinational Corporations In Kenya, 2(3), 1\u201314.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOyewobi, L. O., Windapo, A. O., &#038; Rotimi, J. O. B. (2016). Environment, competitive strategy, and organizational characteristics: A path analytic model of construction organizations\u2019 performance in South Africa. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 33(3).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPorter, M. (1980). Competitive strategy. New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tRobinson, R. B. J. (1982). The importance of \u201coutsiders\u201d in small firm strategic planning. Academy of Management Journal, 25(1).<br \/>\r\n[21].\tThomasa, J. R., &#038; Kumara, J. (2016). Social performance and sustainability of Indian microfinance institutions: an interrogation. Journal of Sustainable Finance &#038; Investment, 22(1).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Maryam A. Koko, Nasiru Liman Zuru  &#8220;Influence of Competition on Performance of Enterprises: A Literature Review&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.414-416 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/414-416.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/414-416.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-competition-on-performance-of-enterprises-a-literature-review\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Competition on Performance of Enterprises: A Literature Review<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-927fde1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"927fde1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-927ffb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"927ffb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92802d3\" data-id=\"92802d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9280520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9280520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9280691 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9280691\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9280956\" data-id=\"9280956\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9280b98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9280b98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9280cfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9280cfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9280ffb\" data-id=\"9280ffb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9281243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9281243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategic Planning and Performance of Enterprises in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Maryam A. Koko, Nasiru Liman Zuru &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 417-420<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92813a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92813a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92816aa\" data-id=\"92816aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-928192c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"928192c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Regardless of the relevance and applicability of strategic planning practice to business organisation, the literature indicates very few studies have attempted to investigate the effect of strategic planning practice on the performance of enterprises mainly the relationship between strategic planning practice and performance of entrepreneurs. The literature suggests that there is not only limited information on the strategic planning practice of Enterprises but also little research in this important area of study. By using structural questionnaires, the data for the study were collected from 52 Enterprises. The findings of the study indicate a significant positive relationship between strategic planning practice and performance of Enterprises. The result of the study seems to demonstrate that the practice of strategic planning in Enterprises will not only be to improve their financial performance but also to increase its non-performance as well.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 417-420\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Maryam A. Koko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Management Sciences, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nasiru Liman Zuru<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Management Sciences, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbraham, H., &#038; Balogun, I. . (2012). Performance of microfinance institutions in Nigeria\u202f: an appraisal of self-reporting institutions to mix market. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(15), 32\u201350.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAmoo, Z. ., &#038; Kolawole, I. O. (2015). Contributions of microfinance banks to small and medium scale entrepreneurial development in Nigeria ( A case study of Lagos state ). Journal of Banking and Finance, 6(9), 35\u201339.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAugustine, D., Wheat, C. O., Jones, K. S., Baraldi, M., &#038; Malgwi, C. A. (2016). Gender diversity within the workforce in the microfinance industry in Africa: Economic performance and sustainability. Canadian Journal of Academic Sciences.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAuka, D. O., &#038; Langat, J. C. (2016). Effects of strategic planning on performance of medium sized enterprises in Nakuru Town. International Review of Management and Business Research, 5(1), 188\u2013204.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChinasa, W. E. (2015). Constraints to women entrepreneurs \u2019 access to microfinance in Bayelsa state, Nigeria. 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Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 15(11).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNash, J. C. (1993). We Eat the Mines and the Mines Eat Us: Dependency and Exploitation in Bolivian Tin Mines. New York: Columbia University Press.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOkafor, I. G. (2016). Microfinance banks activities and standard of living in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Finance, 7(1), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9790\/5933-07110111<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPaul, G. D., &#038; Emesuanwu Catherine Ebelechukwu, S. Y. (2015). Impact of corporate governance on financial performance of microfinance banks in north central Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education, 2(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5901\/mjss.2014.v5n15p93<br \/>\r\n[20].\tPawliczek, A., &#038; Kozel, R. (2015). On the strategic planning, innovation activities and economic performance of industrial companies, 20(1), 16\u201325.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tPearce, J. A., &#038; Robinson, R. B. (1994). Strategic management. Formulation, Implementation, and Control.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRezamand, E., Zeinali, S., &#038; Asadi, M. (2015). Effects of Entrepreneurial Strategic Planning Dimensions on Organizational Performance &#038; Mitigation of Environmental Uncertainty ( Case Study\u202f: Food Industries- Shiraz City ), 8(1).<br \/>\r\n[23].\tRidwan, M. S. (2015). Strategic planning practices. Faculty of Business and Law School of Management, 93(96). Retrieved from http:\/\/eprints.soton.ac.uk\/158357\/<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSolomon, E., Juliana, I., &#038; Antonia, A. I. (2016). Analysis of the effects of microfinance banks loans on the livelihood of small-holder farmers in Delta state , Nigeria. Economics Affairs, 61(3), 381\u2013390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5958\/0976-4666.2016.00049.8<br \/>\r\n[25].\tTadele, H., &#038; Rao, P. M. S. (2014). Corporate governance and ethical issues in microfinance institutions (Enterprises ) &#8211; A study of microfinance crises in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Business Management &#038; Social Sciences Research, 3(1).<br \/>\r\n[26].\tTaiwo, J. N., Agwu, M. E., Aregan, A. I., &#038; Ikpefan, O. A. (2016). Microfinance and poverty alleviation in Southwest Nigeria: Empirical evidence. International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, 3(4), 256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3126\/ijssm.v3i4.15960<br \/>\r\n[27].\tThomasa, J. R., &#038; Kumara, J. (2016). Social performance and sustainability of Indian microfinance institutions: an interrogation. Journal of Sustainable Finance &#038; Investment, 22(1).<br \/>\r\n[28].\tUmar, M., Tanveer, Z., Aslam, S., &#038; Sajid, M. (2012). Impact of capital structure on firms \u2019 financial performance\u202f: evidence from Pakistan. Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, 3(9), 1\u201313.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Maryam A. Koko, Nasiru Liman Zuru &#8220;Strategic Planning and Performance of Enterprises in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.417-420 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/417-420.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/417-420.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategic-planning-and-performance-of-enterprises-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategic Planning and Performance of Enterprises in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92905b7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"92905b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 421-432<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-929cf89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"929cf89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-929d2cd\" data-id=\"929d2cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-929d5ae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"929d5ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY<br \/>\r\nIn Clemens Greiner\u2019s article on \u201cGuns, land and voters: Cattle rustling and the politics of boundary(re)making in Northern Kenya\u201d, it is evident that competition for natural resources in Baringo Plains (Anderson, 2002) is one of the main factors for the protracted conflicts between the Tugen and Pokot communities (Greiner, 2013). Consequently, Emma Elfversson in her conference paper underscores the role of religion in conflicts by saying, \u201cThe importance of religion and prayers in building support for, and sustaining, peace should not be underestimated\u2026 ( Elfversson, September,2014.p23).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 421-432\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Daniel Rotich Kandagor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Religious Studies, Kisii University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles C Moindi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Religious Studies, Kisii University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdedeji, A. (1981). Comprehending and Mastering African Conflicts. London: Zed Books.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAgarwal, B. (1997). Environmental action, gender equity and women\u2019s participation. Development and Change, 28, 1\u201344.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAnderson, J.; Gauthier, M; Thomas, G.; Wondolleck, J. (1996). Setting the stage. Presented at the Global e-Conference on Addressing Natural Resource Conflict Through Community Forestry, (Jan\u2013Apr 1996). Forests, Trees and People Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAnderson. M &#038; Olson, L. (2003), Confronting War: critical lessons for peace practitioners. Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, collaborative for development Action.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tArticle 2007-2008 Kenyan Crisis.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAscerlad, H. (1992). Environment and democracy. Instituto Brasileiro de Analisis Sociais Economicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAshoka (2009): http:\/\/www.changemakers.net\/en-us\/node\/21222<br \/>\r\n[8].\tAyling, R.; Kelly, K. (1997). Dealing with conflict: natural resources and dispute resolution. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 76(3), 182\u2013185.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBarkan J., (ed.) (1995). Beyond Capitalism vs. Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBasedau, Matthias and Tim C. Wegenast. (2009). Natural resources and civil war in Sub-Saharan Africa: A combined quantitative and comparative perspective.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBBC News- Kenya: Tana River clashes leaves dozens dead<br \/>\r\n[12].\tBerman, N.M Couttenier, D. Rohner and M Thoenig (2014), \u201cThis mine is mine! How minerals fuel conflicts in Africa\u201d. OxCarre Research Paper.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tBingham, G. (1986). Resolving environmental disputes: a decade of experience. Donnely and Sons, Harrisonburg, VA, USA.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBorrini \u2013 Feyerabend, G (1996), Collaborative Management of protested areas: tailoring the approach to the context, Tiland, Switzerland, IUCN.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tBrown, L.D. (1983). Managing conflict at organizational interfaces. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, USA.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tBuckles, D. (ed). (1999), Cultivating peace: conflict and collaboration in natural resource management. Ottawa, Outario, Canada, International development research centre and World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tCastro, A.P.; Ettenger, K. (1996). Indigenous knowledge and conflict management: exploring local perspectives and mechanisms for dealing with community forest disputes. Presented at the Global e-Conference on Addressing Natural Resource Conflict Through Community Forestry, (Jan\u2013Apr 1996). Forests, Trees and People Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tCastro, AP &#038; Ettenger, K. (1997), Indigenous knowledge and conflict management: Exploring local perspectives and mechanisms for dealing with community forestry dispute. In FAO complication of discussion papers made to the electronic conferences on addressing natural resource conflicts through community Forestry, Volume I, PP 141 \u2013 164. Rome, FAO.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tCastro, AP &#038; Nielsen, E. (2001), Indigenous People and Co-management: Implications for conflict Management. Environmental Science and Policy, 4(4-5): 229.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tChappell A, Agnew CT.(2004).Modelling climate change in West African Sahel rainfall (1931\u201390) as an artifact of changing station locations. International Journal of Climatology24: 547\u2013554.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tChevalier, J.; Buckles, D. (1995). A land without gods: process theory, maldevelopment and the Mexican Nahuas. Zed Books, London, UK.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tChristiansen, Rev. Drew, S.J.. &#8220;Catholic Peacemaking: From Pacem in terris to Centesimusannus.&#8221;(2001).3.http:\/\/www.restorativejustice.org\/resources\/docs\/christiansen\/download) link as of: 3\/6\/06.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tCooksey, B., David Court, and Ben Makau, \u201cEducation for Self-Reliance and Harambee\u201d<br \/>\r\n[24].\tDaily Nation, (August 20, 2015), Using children and heifers for peace North Rift style.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tEberlee, J. 1999. Alternative approaches to managing conflict over natural resources. IDRC Reports, 278, 1\u20135.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tEnough Project &#038; BBC October 31st 2013<br \/>\r\n[27].\tFAO.  (2003), Natural resource conflict Management case studies Rome.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tFAO. (1999), The Participatory Process for supporting collaborative management of natural resources: An overview. Rome.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tFAO. (2000), Natural resource conflict management by V. Matiru, Rome.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tFAO. (2002), Community-based forest resource conflict management: A training package, Rome.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tFor a brief biography of Christiansen, go to: (http:\/\/www.americamagazine.org\/PR-050506.htm). For a brief outline of Catholic Social Teaching and its principles refer to: United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. &#8220;Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teaching.&#8221; (1999).   link as of: 3\/6\/06.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tGecaga M.G. (2002). \u201cThe Impact of War on Africa Women\u201d In Getui, M.N. &#038; Ayanga. H. (eds) PP. 53 \u2013 70.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tHadley J, Pastoralist cosmology: The organizing framework for indigenous conflict resolution in the Horn of Africa Eastern Mennonite University: VA, USA, (1997)<br \/>\r\n[34].\tHassan, Yusuf Fadi and Gray, R, (2002) Religion and conflict in Sudan, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tHaugerud, A. (1995). The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya. Cambridge: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tHomer-Dixon, T.; Blitt, J. (1998). Ecoviolence: links among environment, population, and security. Rowman &#038; Littlefield, Lanham, MD, USA.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tIrin Africa\/ Kenya: clashes, elections and land \u2013 church keeps watch in Molo \/Kenya  conflicts\/governance Refugees \/IDPs<br \/>\r\n[38].\tJaega, R. N. (1988). Survey Methods in Educational Research. Washington D.C: Brooking Institution Press.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tJoseph V. Montville (2001). \u201cReligion and Peacemaking\u201d, in Raymond G. Helmick, S.J, and Rodney L.Peterson eds., Forgiveness and Reconciliation: Religion, Public Policy and Conflict Transformation. USA: Templeton Foundation Press.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tKahumbi, Newton Maina (2004). Women Religious leaders as actors in ethnic conflict management and resolution in Nakuru and Uasingishu districts, Kenya. 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In Muruga G.R. (ed) Pg 108 \u2013 193.<br \/>\r\n[48].\tMkutu K, &#038; Morani M, (2001). \u201cThe role of civic leaders in the mitigation of cattle rustling and small arms: The case study of Laikipia and Samburu\u201d. (African peace Forum: Nairobi,<br \/>\r\n[49].\tMkutu K, (2000). \u201cBanditry, cattle rustling and the increase of small arms, the case of Baragoi Division of Samburu District\u201d, Arusha report African Peace Forum: Nairobi,<br \/>\r\n[50].\tMoore, C. (1996). The mediation process; practical strategies for resolving conflict. 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Leveling the playing field: promoting authentic and equitable dialogue under inequitable conditions. Presented at the Global e-Conference on Addressing Natural Resource Conflict Through Community Forestry, (Jan\u2013Apr 1996.) Forests, Trees and People Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.<br \/>\r\n[76].\tWafula, Caroline (20 Nov. 2012) MPs accuse state of using underforce \u201cDaily Nation Retrieved 21st Nov. 2012<br \/>\r\n[77].\tWallerstein, Immanuel M. 1974. The modern world systems: Capitalists Agriculture and the origin of the European World \u2013 Economy in 16th Century. New York: Academic Press.<br \/>\r\n[78].\tWeb of Science\u00ae Times Cited: 10<br \/>\r\n[79].\tWells, Harold. (1997). \u201cTheology of reconciliation\u201d. In the reconciliation of people: Challenge to Church, Gregory Baum and Harold Wells (eds). Marknoll: Orbis Books.<br \/>\r\n[80].\tWiley Online Library<br \/>\r\n[81].\tWilliamson, (R. 1999). The international fur ban and public policy advocacy: the significance of Inuit cultural persistence. Practicing Anthropology, 21(1), 2\u20138.<br \/>\r\n[82].\tWirmark, Bo (ed). (1997). Government \u2013 NGO Relations in Preventing Violence, Transforming Conflict and Building Peace. Report from a Conference in Mariefred, Sweden, September 4-6. Peace Team Forum.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Daniel Rotich Kandagor, Charles C Moindi &#8220;Africa Inland Church (AIC) Arguments On Cattle Rustling Wars and Insecurity among The Pokot and Tugen of Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.421-432 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/421-432.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/421-432.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/africa-inland-church-aic-arguments-on-cattle-rustling-wars-and-insecurity-among-the-pokot-and-tugen-of-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Africa Inland Church (AIC) Arguments On Cattle Rustling Wars and Insecurity among The Pokot and Tugen of Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-929f721 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"929f721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-929f8eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"929f8eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-929fbca\" data-id=\"929fbca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-929fe10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"929fe10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-929ff72 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"929ff72\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92a0234\" data-id=\"92a0234\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a0474 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a0474\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92a05ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92a05ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92a08a5\" data-id=\"92a08a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a0add elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a0add\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92a0c44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92a0c44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92a0f36\" data-id=\"92a0f36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a1218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a1218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Learners\u2019 Evaluation of Task-Based Online Language Activity in a Community of Inquiry<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Zailin Shah Yusoff, Nik Aloesnita Nik Alwi, Safra Liyana Sukiman  &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 433-436<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92a13aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92a13aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92c47fd\" data-id=\"92c47fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c4aff elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"92c4aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study explored learners\u2019 evaluation of task-based online language learning. Using the Community of Inquiry framework to design the online environment, a task-based activity simulating an e-meeting was introduced to engage the learners in problem-solving and discussions to foster higher-order learning and critical discourse (Garrison, 2007). The participants of the study were 60 third year engineering students at two public technical universities in Malaysia enrolled in a workplace English language course. They were divided into teams of four in which two participants from each university made up each team. Seven teams were assigned as +Task Structure (+TS) teams while the other eight were the \u2013Task Structure (-TS) teams. The participants\u2019 perception was gauged using a learners\u2019 evaluation survey distributed via Google forms. The analyses of the findings demonstrate the potential of task-based online language learning activity when embedded in a Community of Inquiry to stimulate learners\u2019 interest in the task on top of encouraging critical and creative thinking.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 433-436\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zailin Shah Yusoff<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Language Studies, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nik Aloesnita Nik Alwi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Modern Languages, Universiti Malaysia Pahang<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Safra Liyana Sukiman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Language Studies, UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tR.D. Garrison, T. Anderson, &#038; W. Archer, \u201cCritical Inquiry in a Text-based Environment: Computer Conferencing in Higher Education\u201d. The Internet and Higher Education, 2 (2-3), 87\u2013105, 2000.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tR.D. Garrison, \u201cOnline Community of Inquiry Review: Social,  Cognitive, and Teaching Presence Issues\u201d. Journal of Asynchronous Learning networks, 11 (1), 61\u201372, 2007.J<br \/>\r\n[3].\tR. Ellis, \u201cTask-based language learning and teaching\u201d. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tS. Mackey &#038; A. Mackey (Eds.), \u201cThe Routledge Handbook of  Second Language Acquisition\u201d. London: Routledge, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tM.A. Bowles &#038; R.J. Adams, \u201cA Comparison of L2\u2013L2 and L2\u2013Heritage Learner Interactions in Spanish Language Classrooms\u201d. The Modern Language Journal, 98 (2), 497-517,  2015.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tE. Szeto, \u201cCommunity of Inquiry as an instructional approach: What effects of teaching, social and cognitive presences are there in blended synchronous learning and teaching?\u201d. Computers &#038; Education, 81, 191-201, 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zailin Shah Yusoff, Nik Aloesnita Nik Alwi, Safra Liyana Sukiman  &#8220;Learners\u2019 Evaluation of Task-Based Online Language Activity in a Community of Inquiry&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.433-436 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/433-436.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/433-436.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/learners-evaluation-of-task-based-online-language-activity-in-a-community-of-inquiry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Learners\u2019 Evaluation of Task-Based Online Language Activity in a Community of Inquiry<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c673c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"92c673c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92c6916 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92c6916\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92c6c11\" data-id=\"92c6c11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c6e63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92c6e63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92d5a98 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92d5a98\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92d5dd6\" data-id=\"92d5dd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92d5ff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92d5ff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92d6119 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92d6119\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92d6388\" data-id=\"92d6388\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92d6573 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92d6573\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92d6681 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92d6681\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92d68f8\" data-id=\"92d68f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92d6b02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92d6b02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Audit Committee Size on Risk Management. Evidence from Selected Listed Firms in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Thomas Kiptanui Tarus, Dr. Joel Tenai, Dr. Joyce Komen &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 437-443<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92d6c1c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92d6c1c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92d6eb8\" data-id=\"92d6eb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92d712e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"92d712e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of audit committee size on financial risk management of 41 listed non-financial firms from 2010-2017 in Kenya. The longitudinal research design was used while the content analysis guide was used as a tool for collecting data from audited financial reports. The binary logistic regression technique was applied and the results revealed that audit committee size had a negative and significant effect on risk management(\u03b2 = -1.17,p<0.05). Thus, the study concluded thata large audit committee size reduces hedging activities. This is supported by agency theory on conflict of interest in large audit committee size. The study recommends the reduction of audit committee size so as to increase hedging activities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 437-443\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thomas Kiptanui Tarus<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D. Student, Department of Accounting &#038; Finance, School of Business and Economics, Moi University Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joel Tenai  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, School of Business and Economics, Moi University Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Joyce Komen  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, School of Business and Economics, Moi University Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAabo, T., Hansen, M. A., &#038;Muradoglu, Y. G. (2015). Foreign Debt Usage in Non\u2010Financial Firms: a Horse Race between Operating and Accounting Exposure Hedging. European Financial Management, 21(3), 590-611.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAbdul Rahman, R., Noor, S., &#038; Ismail, T. H. (2013). Governance and risk management: Empirical evidence from Malaysia and Egypt. International Journal of Finance &#038; Banking Studies, 2(3), 21-33.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAbdullah, S. N. (2001). Characteristics of board of directors and audit committees among Malaysian listed companies in period leading to 1997 financial crisis. Akauntan Nasional, 14(10), 18-21.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAbernathy, J. L., Beyer, B., Masli, A., &#038;Stefaniak, C. M. (2015). How the source of audit committee accounting expertise influences financial reporting timeliness. Current Issues in Auditing, 9(1), P1-P9.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAldamen, H., Duncan, K., Kelly, S., McNamara, R., &#038; Nagel, S. (2012). Audit committee characteristics and firm performance during the global financial crisis. Accounting &#038; Finance, 52(4), 971-1000.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAli, M. M., Besar, S. S. N. T., &#038;Mastuki, N. A. M. (2017). Audit Committee Characteristics, Risk Management Committee and Financial Restatements. Advanced Science Letters, 23(1), 287-291.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tAllayannis, G., &#038;Ofek, E. (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives. Journal of international money and finance, 20(2), 273-296.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tAllayannis, G., Lel, U., &#038; Miller, D. P. (2012). The use of foreign currency derivatives, corporate governance, and firm value around the world. Journal of International Economics, 87(1), 65-79.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tAllison, P. D. (2014, March). Measures of fit for logistic regression. In Proceedings of the SAS Global Forum 2014 Conference (pp. 1-13).<br \/>\r\n[10].\tAl-Matari, Y. A., Al-Swidi, A. K., Fadzil, F. H. B. H., &#038; Al-Matari, E. 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Strengthening the financial reporting system: Can audit committees deliver?.International journal of auditing, 14(2), 174-210.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tBodnar, G. M., &#038;Gebhardt, G. (1999). Derivatives usage in risk management by US and German non\u2010financial firms: A comparative survey. Journal of International Financial Management &#038; Accounting, 10(3), 153-187.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tBodnar, G. M., Giambona, E., Graham, J. R., &#038; Harvey, C. R. (2014). A Guide to Corporate Risk Management. Available at SSRN 2479483.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tBrooks, C. (2019). Introductory econometrics for finance. Cambridge university press.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tCampbell, K., &#038; Vera, A. M. (2010). Female board appointments and firm valuation: Short and long-term effects. Journal of Management &#038; Governance, 14(1), 37-59.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tChaudhry, D., Mehmood, M. S., &#038;Mehmood, A. (2014). 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South-Western Cengage Learning, Canada.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Thomas Kiptanui Tarus, Dr. Joel Tenai, Dr. Joyce Komen &#8220;Effect of Audit Committee Size on Risk Management. Evidence from Selected Listed Firms in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.437-443 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/437-443.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/437-443.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-audit-committee-size-on-risk-management-evidence-from-selected-listed-firms-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Audit Committee Size on Risk Management. Evidence from Selected Listed Firms in Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e46ce elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"92e46ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92e4e11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92e4e11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92e506e\" data-id=\"92e506e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e5258 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92e5258\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92e5369 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92e5369\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92e55d2\" data-id=\"92e55d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e57be elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92e57be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92e58d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92e58d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92e5b40\" data-id=\"92e5b40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e5d23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92e5d23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teacher Motivation and O\u2019Level Students\u2019 Performance of the Selected Universal Secondary Education Schools in Masindi District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Angela Nyandera, Martin Eturu, Steven Ainebyona &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 444-463<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-92e5e59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"92e5e59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-92e60f0\" data-id=\"92e60f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e632f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"92e632f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of teachers\u2019 motivation on O\u2019Level students\u2019 performance in selected USE schools in Masindi district. The study was guided by four research objectives. The research objectives were to examine the role of teacher recognition on performance of students at \u201cO\u201d level, to determine the relationship between remuneration and students\u2019 performance, to examine the influence of reduced workload on students\u2019 performance, to examine the effect of annual salary increment on students\u2019 performance. The sample size was 108 and data was collected using questionnaires and interview guides. Analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficient and Linear Regression. Findings revealed that the government had endeavored to provide conducive working conditions in USE Schools and with these teachers were expected to be motivated to perform better and this would result into good students\u2019 performance. Findings also revealed that recognition of teachers influenced students\u2019 performance. Findings also revealed that remuneration of teachers had a big influence on students\u2019 performance. According to findings, it was also revealed that teachers\u2019 workload had influence on students\u2019 performance. A regression analysis on whether performance was influenced by recognition factors revealed a strong relationship between recognition related factors and students\u2019 performance at \u201cO\u201d level in USE schools.<br \/>\r\nAccording to the findings, teachers\u2019 annual salary increment also influenced students\u2019 performance.<br \/>\r\nThe study also concluded that recognition of teachers positively influences students\u2019 performance. A study on the relationship between teachers\u2019 motivation and students\u2019 performance should be carried out to establish the challenges which USE school administrators face in motivating teachers. Study should also be carried out to find out how motivation of teachers can be sustained. A study should also be carried out in private secondary schools in Masindi for comparative purposes.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 444-463\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Angela Nyandera <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martin Eturu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Steven Ainebyona <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAcademic performance \u2013the impact of motivation on teachers and students in some selected secondary school . (n.d.). Udi Local Government Area.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tADELABU, M. (Dec 2005). research Teacher motivation and incentives. Nigeria: unknown.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAlarm. T.M, F. S. (2011, Jan). Factors affecting teachers motivation. International Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 2(1).<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAve.PittsburghPA15213, 3. s. (2010). Teachers&#8217; Compesations. Pittisburg: Pittsburg, Public School Journal. Careen Cameron, B. T. (n.d.). Recognition without rewards.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCole, G. (1996). Managemeent Theory and Pratice. Tweed.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGitonga, D. W. (2012). Research project on influence of teachers\u2019 motivation on students \u2018performance in Kenya certificate of secondary education in public secondary schools. Imenti south district Kenya: Kenya Gazzette.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGraham, D. G. (n.d.). Public Praise. Baldon, 149.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHerzberg. (1968). One more time: How do you motivate employee?<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHutchinson, S. a. (Director). (1985). Teachers in LDC [Motion Picture].<br \/>\r\n[10].\tjohn, T. m. (2014). Motivation.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBurton, C. H. (Spring 2012). A study of motivation: How to get your employees moving, PEA Honors Thesis. Indiana: Indiana University.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKiiza, J. (2017, January 31, 11:39am). 2016 UCE results out. Performance Declines, p. 6.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKofi. O. A, P. O. 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Evaluation of the impact of teachers&#8217; renumeration on performance of students. Internal Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6, 9, 10.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tRashhed, M. I. (2017). Working Environment. Vehari Pakistan: Department of science, COMSATS Institute of Info Tech.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSilver, F. (n.d.). Motivation. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSpear (Director). (2000). Teachers in UK [Motion Picture].<br \/>\r\n[25].\t M. o. (2007, Jan). Operational Arrangements of Implemetation of Universal Secondary Education (USE). p. 7(10.1).<br \/>\r\n[26].\t M. o. (Jan 2007). Policy and operational arrangements for implementation of Universal Secondary Education (USE). Kampala: Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tT., M. (2011). Primary Source.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tTella. (2007). Intrinsic Motivation.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tUNESCO. (2006). Teachers&#8217; performance. www.indiareseacrh journals.com.<br \/>\r\n[30].\thttp:\/\/catchbox.>education>teacher Motivation<br \/>\r\n[31].\tPallegedaraAsnkha and Yamano Takashi(impacts of USE policy on secondary school enrolment<br \/>\r\n[32].\thttp:\/\/Impactteachers.com>motivated \u2013 teacher-key \u2013classroom>teacher.<br \/>\r\n[33].\thttps:\/\/www.tankonyvtar.hu>2011-0023-psychology.0300300.Scorm<br \/>\r\n[34].\thttps:\/\/simply educate .me>2015\/01\/05>Conceptual framework-guide.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tKelli Burton, spring 2012<br \/>\r\n[36].\tHtt:\/\/www.mindtool.com\/pages\/article\/new LDR 96.htm<br \/>\r\n[37].\tCircular Standing Instruction No.4 of 2019, Salary Structure for Financial year 2019\/2020 Ref PMD 80\/80\/01 dated 1\/7\/2019<br \/>\r\n[38].\tBest,J.W&#038;Kahn,J.V.(2003).Research in Education (7thed) New Delhi: Prentice \u2013Hall of India.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tMaslow,A.(1954).Motivation &#038;personaliting.NewYork:Harper and Row publishers.<br \/>\r\n[40].\tMaslow,A.(1954).A theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review 50,370-396.<br \/>\r\n[41].\tAfrican Region Human Development Working Paper Series.Uganda Post \u2013 Primary Education Sector Report .XiaoyanLiang,AfricanRegion,The world Bank ,September 2002.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Angela Nyandera, Martin Eturu, Steven Ainebyona &#8220;Teacher Motivation and O\u2019Level Students\u2019 Performance of the Selected Universal Secondary Education Schools in Masindi District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.444-463 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/444-463.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/444-463.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teacher-motivation-and-olevel-students-performance-of-the-selected-universal-secondary-education-schools-in-masindi-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teacher Motivation and O\u2019Level Students\u2019 Performance of the Selected Universal Secondary Education Schools in Masindi District<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9306d7a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9306d7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9306e8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9306e8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9307021\" data-id=\"9307021\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9307161 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9307161\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930720e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930720e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9307368\" data-id=\"9307368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9307472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9307472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930751c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930751c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9307668\" data-id=\"9307668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930777d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930777d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9307819 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9307819\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93079ae\" data-id=\"93079ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9307ae6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9307ae6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Factors hindering Geography Teachers from Designing Meaningful Pedagogical Activities in Secondary Schools, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mohamed Moses Muchiri, Kariuki Stephen Mwaniki &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 464-469<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9307b90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9307b90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9307d0a\" data-id=\"9307d0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9307e2f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9307e2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of the study was to investigate difficulties facing Geography teachers from designing meaningful pedagogical activities when teaching and learning Geography in Secondary Schools. Like any other pedagogical issue, teaching and learning of Geography in Secondary Schools faces and poses a wide range of challenges. These challenges range from expertise, technical and logistical support from the school administrative arising from the instructional established system, practices and traditions. This study was set to establish from both the school Geography teachers and department administrators whether they were aware of any challenges that existed in the teaching and learning of Geography. The study was based on Shulman, 1987, a model of knowledge growth in teaching. It adopted a descriptive cross-sectional survey targeting public Secondary Schools Geography Heads of the Department, Geography teachers and form three and form four Geography students. Data were collected using questionnaires for Geography Teachers, interview schedules for Heads of Department and an observation checklist were used to investigate the types of instructional resources used in form three (3) and form four (4) Geography lessons. On the teaching and learning process, the respondents cited many deficiencies such inadequate duration for covering the syllabus, examination-oriented programme and cheating, understaffing and lack or inadequate instructional resources. The researcher, therefore, concluded there is little or no technical and logistical support provided to the Geography Department and in particular to Geography teachers in terms of financial resources, instructional resources, and in-service programmes to facilitate proper preparation for quality instruction. It was therefore recommended, to manage emerging pedagogical technological challenges in teaching and learning of Geography in Secondary Schools, there is a need for teachers to invest adequately on computer-aided instruction. This strategy will not only promote its quality but also make it relevant to the needs of learners and teachers of Kenya and beyond.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 464-469\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Moses Muchiri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM.Ed. Social Studies, Department of Education Communication and Technology, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kariuki Stephen Mwaniki<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM.Ed. Business Studies, Department of Education Communication and Technology, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1].\tBariham, I., Ondigi, S., Kiio, M. N. and Muchiri, M. M. (n.d.). Senior High Schools\u2019 Students\u2019 Perception of Computer-Aided Instruction in North East Region of Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDAN, B. (2010). Application of the integrated approach in teaching Social Studies in Ibanda PTC and selected primary Schools in Ibanda District (pHD Thesis). Makerere University.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEducation, K. P. W. P. on, Decade, M. T. for the N., Beyond, Kamunge, J. M. A.N Moi, D. A. (1988). Report on the presidential working party on education and manpower training for the next decade and beyond. The Republic of Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tGenvieve, N. (2017). Preparation of Teacher-Trainees in Pedagogy in Kenyan Universities. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(13), 28\u201334.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKafu, P. A. (2011). Teacher Education in Kenya: Emerging issues. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 1(1), 43\u201352.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tLee, D. K. (2013). Teacher education for democracy and social justice. Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMuchiri, M. M. and Bariham, I. (n.d.). Evaluation of Geography Teachers\u2019 Preparedness in Pedagogical Approaches for an Enhanced Instructions in Secondary Schools, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tRoehrig, G. H., Kruse, R. A. and Kern, A. (2007), Teacher and school characteristics and their influence on curriculum implementation. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(7), 883\u2013907. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tea.20180<br \/>\r\n[9].\tShulman, L. E. E. S. (2012). Understand Knowledge. 15(2), 4\u201314.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tWafula J. K. (2015). Relationship between fieldwork and performance in the teaching and learning of geography in Kiminini division Trans-Nzoia County, Kenya (pHD Thesis). Kenyatta University.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tWanjohi, A. M. (2011). Development of the education system in Kenya since independence. KENPRO Online Papers Portal.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mohamed Moses Muchiri, Kariuki Stephen Mwaniki &#8220;Factors hindering Geography Teachers from Designing Meaningful Pedagogical Activities in Secondary Schools, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.464-469 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/464-469.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/464-469.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-hindering-geography-teachers-from-designing-meaningful-pedagogical-activities-in-secondary-schools-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Factors hindering Geography Teachers from Designing Meaningful Pedagogical Activities in Secondary Schools, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930995c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"930995c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9309bef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9309bef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9309eec\" data-id=\"9309eec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930a03f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930a03f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930a0f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930a0f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930a24e\" data-id=\"930a24e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930a478 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930a478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930a53d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930a53d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930a6aa\" data-id=\"930a6aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930a7c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930a7c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930a868 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930a868\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930a9db\" data-id=\"930a9db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930aae5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930aae5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Pension Decentralization Policy and Service Delivery in the Pension Unit, Ministry of Public Service, Uganda<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Moses Mukiibi, Martin Eturu &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 470-498<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930ab8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930ab8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930acf7\" data-id=\"930acf7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930ae40 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"930ae40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study was carried out in order to examine Pension decentralization Policy and Pension Service delivery in Uganda\u2019s Public Sector, The interest of the problem was that despite the Several Government reforms and policies to improve efficiency and effectiveness in Pension Service delivery, there is still delayed access to  pensions by pensioners and beneficiaries,  extortion, persistent wage shortfalls, errors and inaccuracies in the payroll, poor network systems which is sometimes on and off,  wrong pension computations, capacity gap in the processing of pension, poor interpretation of the policies concerning pension, among others<br \/>\r\nThe study therefore sought to examine Pension decentralization Policy and Pension Service delivery in Uganda\u2019s Public Sector with specific reference to Ministry of Public Service as one of the Votes which initiated the Pension decentralisation Policy. The study was conducted using a cross sectional descriptive survey design with a target sample size of 180 staff and pension clients in the various departments within the Ministry of Public Service. The study finds were that Pension Decentralization Policy in Uganda has vivid results that streamlined the pension process and therefore pensioners can easily access their pension but also the people involved in pension processing have had a better process since they can always refer to the various polices and statutes and has eliminated Ghosts on payroll.<br \/>\r\nIt was further established that the wealth of knowledge on Pension Decentralization Policy in Uganda has equipped all the stake holders in the Pension business process with Policies \/guidelines, knowledge of systems \/technology, budgets \/ Plans among others and this has greatly reduced the work overload at the Center &#8211; MoPs and that the responsible officers can process pension without much handoff.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 470-498\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses Mukiibi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka  Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martin Eturu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies and Research, Team University, Plot 446, Kabaka  Ajagara.rd. Kampala-Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBansal, A. (2016). Integrated Financial Management System (IFMS), Haryana. ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 6(1), 110-119.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBaroni, E. (2007). Pension Systems and Pension Reform in an Aging Society. An Introduction to the Debate, Arbetsrapport\/Institutet f\u00f6r Framtidsstudier, 6.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarr, N., &#038; Diamond, P. (2009). Reforming pensions: Principles, analytical errors and policy directions. International social security review, 62(2), 5-29.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBarya, J. J. B. (2009). Interrogating the right to social security and social protection in Uganda(No. 23). Human Rights and Peace Centre, Faculty of Law, Makerere University.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCharnovitz, S. (2008). The ILO Convention on Freedom of Association and Its Future in the United States. American Journal of International Law, 102(1), 90-107.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDupont, G., Hagner\u00e9, C., &#038; Touz\u00e9, V. (2003). An Assessment of Dynamic Microsimulation Models in the Analysis of Reforms to Pension Systems. Economie &#038; pr\u00e9vision, (4), 167-191.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFazekas, K., &#038; Scharle, \u00c1. (2012). From Pensions to Public Works: Hungarian employment policy from 1990 to 2010.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFlood, L. (2003, December). Can we afford the future? An evaluation of the new Swedish pension system. In International Microsimulation Conference on Population Ageing and Health: Modelling Our Future, Canberra.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tImhanlahimi, J. E., &#038; Joseph, E. (2011). Pension reform, public workers&#8217; productivity and welfare in Nigeria: lessons for some other African countries. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, 10(2).<br \/>\r\n[10].\tJeon, H., Ai, J., Sabri, M., Tariq, A., &#038; Macdonald, R. L. (2010). Learning deficits after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Neuroscience, 169(4), 1805-1814.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKabaasa, B. B. (2012). Ethical concerns in the management of retirement benefit schemes in Uganda: A case study of Kabale and Kampala Districts(Doctoral dissertation).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKalbaska, A., &#038; G\u0105tkowski, M. (2012). Eurozone sovereign contagion: Evidence from the CDS market (2005\u20132010). Journal of Economic Behavior &#038; Organization, 83(3), 657-673.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKaram, P. D., Muir, D., Pereira, J., &#038; Tuladhar, A. (2010). Macroeconomic effects of public pension reforms. IMF Working Papers, 1-63.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKernper, K. A., Sargent, R. G., Drane, J. W., Valois, R. E., &#038; Hussey, J. R. (1994). Black and white females&#8217; perceptions of ideal body size and social norms. Obesity Research, 2(2), 117-126.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKorbel, J. O., Urban, A. E., Affourtit, J. P., Godwin, B., Grubert, F., Simons, J. F.,&#038; Taillon, B. E. (2007). Paired-end mapping reveals extensive structural variation in the human genome. Science, 318(5849), 420-426.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKrejcie, Robert V., Morgan, Daryle W., \u201cDetermining Sample Size for Research Activities\u201d, Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1970<br \/>\r\n[17].\tLwanga, M. M., Munyambonera, E. F., &#038; Guloba, M. (2018). Effectiveness of the Public Payroll Decentralization Reforms in Uganda(No. 677-2018-4360).<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMinns, R. (2001). The cold war in welfare: Stock markets versus pensions. Verso.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tNaluwairo, R. (2012). Military courts and human rights: A critical analysis of the compliance of Uganda&#8217;s military justice with the right to an independent and impartial tribunal. African Human Rights Law Journal, 12(2), 448-469.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tNayar, M. G. (1978). Human rights: The United Nations and United States Foreign Policy: Introduction. Harv. Int&#8217;l. LJ, 19, 813.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tNunnally, J. C., &#038; Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Validity. Psychometric theory, 3, 99-132.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tPolit, D. F., &#038; Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing Research: Principles andMethods.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSanderson, K. (1986). \u2018A Pension to Look Forward to\u2026?\u2019: Women Civil Service Clerks in London, 1925\u20131939. In Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words(pp. 145-160). Palgrave, London<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSanderson, K. (1986). \u2018A Pension to Look Forward to\u2026?\u2019 Women Civil Service Clerks in London, 1925\u20131939. In Our Work, Our Lives, Our Words(pp. 145-160). Palgrave, London<br \/>\r\n[25].\tSargeant, M. (2009). Gender Equality and the Pensions Acts 2007\u20132008. Industrial Law Journal, 38(1), 143-148.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSekeran, U. (2003). Research methods for business. Hoboken.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tStiglitz, J. E. (1969). A re-examination of the Modigliani-Miller theorem. The American Economic Review, 59(5), 784-793.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tTanabe, Y., Calland, J. F., &#038; Schirmer, B. D. (2004). Effects of peritoneal injury and endotoxin on myoelectric activity and transit. Journal of Surgical Research, 116(2), 330-336.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tWhitehouse, E. (1998). Pension reform in Britain.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moses Mukiibi, Martin Eturu &#8221; Pension Decentralization Policy and Service Delivery in the Pension Unit, Ministry of Public Service, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.470-498 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/470-498.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/470-498.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pension-decentralization-policy-and-service-delivery-in-the-pension-unit-ministry-of-public-service-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Pension Decentralization Policy and Service Delivery in the Pension Unit, Ministry of Public Service, Uganda<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930e624 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"930e624\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930e721 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930e721\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930e8d5\" data-id=\"930e8d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930ea07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930ea07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930eab5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930eab5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930ec1c\" data-id=\"930ec1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930ed37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930ed37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930ede7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930ede7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930ef3f\" data-id=\"930ef3f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930f05f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930f05f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930f107 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930f107\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930f28f\" data-id=\"930f28f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930f3bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"930f3bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Big Five Personality Traits and Job Burnout: Testing a Collectivistic Teachers\u2019 College Lecturer Sample<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Patrick Senderayi, Mqemane Tshababa, Ngonidzashe Mutanana, Clement Nyathi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 499-507<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-930f469 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"930f469\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-930f60f\" data-id=\"930f60f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-930f790 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"930f790\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to determine the relationship between Big Five personality traits and job burnout dimensions.211 lecturers from three Zimbabwean teachers\u2019 colleges were surveyed using a convenience sampling strategy. A fifty-item IPIP scale was used to map personality while the Oldenberg Burnout Inventory (OLBI-English translation) determined burnout levels on two dimensions; exhaustion and disengagement. Data were analysed using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis to identify dominant personality traits that predicted each of the dependent variables, and correlation analysis (CA) to determine the relationship between personality and dimensions in the dependent variables. With regards to burnout, regression analysis mapped extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism and agreeableness as the dominant personality traits prevalent in the Zimbabwean teachers\u2019 college lecturer sample. Furthermore, CA showed that extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness did not have any significant correlation with disengagement, while extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness had a significant negative and weak correlation with exhaustion. This suggests that lecturers who are high in extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness scores are likely to experience low levels of exhaustion. As there is currently no evidence of prior studies with a Zimbabwean teachers\u2019 college lecturer sample, this study provides useful information for future research in collectivistic cultures. This study showed a weak relationship between personality and burnout, indicating potential for further related research. Future research should develop measures with local language-appropriate translations of the five-factor model and the OLBI in order to counteract the culture difference which could have made some of the lecturers fail to comprehend the English nuances in the two measures. The convenience sample of 211 lecturers was large but non-random, and therefore not representative of the population of teachers\u2019 colleges in Zimbabwe which severely limited the generalizability of the findings of this study to other settings.  Further studies using probability sampling may generate representative samples from which the findings can be generalized.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 499-507\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Senderayi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nJoshua Mqabuko Nkomo Polytechnic, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mqemane Tshababa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPolice Staff College, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ngonidzashe Mutanana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nWomen\u2019s University in Africa, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Clement Nyathi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nZimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdler, E. S., &#038; Clark, R. (2011). An invitation to social research: How it\u2019s done. (4th Ed.). Belmont: Wadsworth.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlarcon, G., Eschleman, K.J., &#038; Bowling, N.A. (2009). Relationship between personality variables and burnout. A meta-analysis. Work &#038; Stress, 23(3), 244-263.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAltbach, P.G., Reisberg, L., &#038; Rumbley, L.E. (2009). Trends in global higher education: Tracking n academic revolution. UNESCO 2009 World Conference on Higher Education, UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBakker, A.B., Demerouti, A. &#038; Sanz-Vergel, A.I. (2014). Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD\u2013R Approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behaviour, 1, 389\u2013411.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBakker, A.B., Ten Brummelhuis, L.L., Prins, J.T. &#038; Van Der Heijden, F. (2011). Applying the job demands-resources model to the work-home interface: A study among medical residents and their partners. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 79 (1), 170-180.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBakker, A.B. &#038; Demerouti, E. (2007), \u201cThe Job Demands-Resources model: state of the art\u201d, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(3), 309-28.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBakker, A.B., Demerouti, E. &#038; Euwema, M.C. (2005), Job Resources Buffer the Impact of Job Demands on Burnout, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(2), 170-180.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBakker, A.B., Van Der Zee, .I., Lewig, K.A., &#038; Dollard, M.F. (2006). The Relationship between the Big Five Personality Factors and Burnout: A Study among  Volunteer Counselors. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(1), 31-50. DOI: 10.3200\/ SOCP.146.1.31-50.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBakker, A., Demerouti, E., &#038; Schaufeli, W. (2003). Dual processes at work in a call centre: An application of the job demands\u2013resources model. European Journal of work and organizational psychology, 12(4), 393-417.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBarrick, M.R., Mount, M.K., &#038; Judge, T.A. (2001). Personality and performance at the beginning of the new millennium: What do we know and where do we go next? International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 9, 9-30.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBasinska, B.A. &#038; Wilczek-Ruzyczka, E. (2013). The role of rewards and demands in burnout among surgical nurses. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environment Health, 26(4), 593-604. doi: 10.2478\/s13382-013-0129-8.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tBell, A. S., Rajendran, D., &#038; Theiler, S. (2012). Job Stress, Wellbeing, Work-Life Balance and Work-Life Conflict among Australian Academics. E-Journal of Applied Psychology, 8(1).<br \/>\r\n[13].\tBowen, A. (2016). Sources of Stress: Perceptions of South African TESOL Teachers. Universal Journal of Educational Research4(5), 1205-1213.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBowerman, B.L., &#038; O&#8217;Connell, R.T. (1990). Linear statistical models: An applied approach. Brooks\/Cole.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tBuitendach, J.H., Bobat, S. 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Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3(2), 254-262. doi:10.4304\/tpls.3.2.254-262.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Patrick Senderayi, Mqemane Tshababa, Ngonidzashe Mutanana, Clement Nyathi &#8220;Big Five Personality Traits and Job Burnout: Testing a Collectivistic Teachers\u2019 College Lecturer Sample&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.499-507 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/499-507.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/499-507.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/big-five-personality-traits-and-job-burnout-testing-a-collectivistic-teachers-college-lecturer-sample\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Big Five Personality Traits and Job Burnout: Testing a Collectivistic Teachers\u2019 College Lecturer Sample<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9321ffe elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9321ffe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93220f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93220f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932228f\" data-id=\"932228f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93223c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93223c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9322470 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9322470\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93225be\" data-id=\"93225be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93226d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93226d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9322776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9322776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93228c9\" data-id=\"93228c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93229d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93229d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9322a7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9322a7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9322be3\" data-id=\"9322be3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9322d02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9322d02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategy Implementation of Non-Cash Transaction Supporting Performance in the Supply Chain Responsive and National Movement in Non-Cash<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Adi Susanto1, Yulis Maulida Berniz, Haryadi, Agus Suroso, Sutarmin &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 508-513<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9322da4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9322da4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9322f13\" data-id=\"9322f13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932303f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"932303f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The responsive supply chain is the result of an interaction of partner collaborative networks, information technology and knowledge management. In a rapidly changing environment, companies must create Reviews their supply chains to be more responsive. Supply chain resistance must be supported by effective and efficient payments. An effective and efficient payment system can be made through a non-cash payment system. Despite increasing every year, Compared to ASEAN countries, non-cash transactions in the retail sector in Indonesia are still very low. This study aims to Determine and analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation and installation of non-cash payment instruments in the SME environment until the strategy is Formulated to increase of the number and frequency of non-cash transactions in Indonesia, so as to Increase the responsiveness of SME supply chains. The quality of research analysis method uses Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), External Factor Evaluation, IE Matrix, SWOT and Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). This research was conducted in two districts items, namely Banyumas Regency and Brebes Regency, Central Java. Data collection methods in this study were Secondary Data Review (SDR), Direct Observation, Interviews, questionnaires, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The results of the study provide alternative strategy recommendations: (1) Extending the area of non-cash transactions, (2) Providing incentives, (3) Improving Network Capabilities, and (4) Reducing Operational Costs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 508-513\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adi Susanto <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Peradaban, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yulis Maulida Berniz<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Peradaban, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Haryadi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agus Suroso<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sutarmin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Peradaban, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1].\tAhi, P., &#038; Searcy, C. (2013). A comparative literature analysis of definitions for green and sustainable supply chain management. Journal of Cleaner Production, 52, 329-341.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBank Indonesia (BI). 2014. Indonesian Economic Report 2014: Strengthening Stability, Accelerating Structural Reform to Strengthen Economic Fundamentals. BI. Jakarta<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBank Indonesia, July 7 and July 2013. Consumer Education (Payment Instrument) .http: \/\/www.bi.go.id\/<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBank Indonesia, 7 July 2013. Pembayaran.http System Regulation: \/\/www.bi.go.id<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMaximum 2013.Batas July Indonesia.7 Bank Interest Rate Credit Cards.http:\/\/www.bi.go.id\/<br \/>\r\n[6].\t2013.Newsletter July Indonesia.7 bank Bank Indonesia.http:\/\/www.bi.go.id\/<br \/>\r\n[7].\tChang, W., Ellinger, AE, Kim, K., &#038; Franke, GR (2016). Supply chain integration and firm financial performance: A meta-analysis of positional advantage in mediation and moderating factors. European Management Journal, 34 (3), 282-295. doi: 10.1016 \/ j.emj.2015.11.008<br \/>\r\n[8].\tChristopher, M. (2000). The agile supply chain: competing in volatile markets. Industrial Marketing Management, 29 (1), 37-44.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tChristopher, M., Peck, H., &#038; Towill, D. (2006). A taxonomy for selecting the global supply chain strategies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 17 (2), 277-287.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tCigolini, R., Cozzi, M., &#038; Perona, M. (2004). A new framework for supply chain management: conceptual models and empirical tests. International Journal of Operations &#038; Production Management, 24 (1), 7-41.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tCourtneidge, Robert. The implications of the Payment Services Directive and the Second E-Money Directive. Journal of Payments Strategy &#038; Systems. 2012 Vol. 6 Issue 3: 219-224.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGunasekaran, A., Lai, K., &#038; Edwincheng, T. (2008). Responsive supply chain: A competitive strategy in a networked economy \u2606. Omega, 36 (4), 549-564. doi: 10.1016 \/ j.omega.2006.12.002<br \/>\r\n[13].\tIndonesian Banking Development Institute, July 7, 2013. The Non Performing Loans in Credit Cards.http:\/\/www.lppi.or.id\/<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLi, S., Ragu-Nathan, B., Ragu-Nathan, T., &#038; Rao, SS (2006). The impact of supply chain management practices on competitive advantage and organizational performance. Omega, 34 (2), 107-124.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tLian Bin. Chen, Gonglian and Li Jianhua. 2014. provably secure e-cash system complete with practical and efficient tracing. International Journal of Information Security. 2014. Vol. 13 Issue 3: 271-289.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMalhotra, MK, &#038; Mackelprang, AW (2012). Are internal and external supply chain manufacturing flexibilities complementary capabilities? Journal of Operations Management, 30 (3), 180-200. doi: 10.1016 \/ j.jom.2012.01.004<br \/>\r\n[17].\tQrunfleh, S., &#038; Tarafdar, M. (2013). Lean and agile supply chain strategies and supply chain responsiveness: the role of strategic supplier partnership and postponement. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 18 (6), 571-582. doi: 10.1108 \/ scm-01-2013-0015<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adi Susanto, Yulis Maulida Berniz, Haryadi, Agus Suroso, Sutarmin &#8220;Strategy Implementation of Non-Cash Transaction Supporting Performance in the Supply Chain Responsive and National Movement in Non-Cash&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.508-513 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/508-513.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/508-513.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategy-implementation-of-non-cash-transaction-supporting-performance-in-the-supply-chain-responsive-and-national-movement-in-non-cash\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategy Implementation of Non-Cash Transaction Supporting Performance in the Supply Chain Responsive and National Movement in Non-Cash<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9323e3c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9323e3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9323f23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9323f23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93240b0\" data-id=\"93240b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93241d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93241d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932427d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932427d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93243cd\" data-id=\"93243cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93244d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93244d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9324570 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9324570\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9329da8\" data-id=\"9329da8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9329efb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9329efb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9329fbe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9329fbe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932a13c\" data-id=\"932a13c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932a25d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"932a25d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Public Policy Makers at the Crossroads: Interrogating Economic Motive of the Resurgence of Militancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>OBIKAEZE Victor Chibuike PhD, ONUOHA Basil Chijioke PhD, UDOH Ogbonnaya Nwafor PhD &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 514-522<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932a301 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932a301\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932a485\" data-id=\"932a485\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932a5bd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"932a5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite efforts made by successive administrations in Nigeria to stop militancy in the Niger Delta region, the situation has continued to remain aggravated. It is a fact that various activities of militant groups have continued to create a state of general insecurity in the region, thereby posing a monumental threat to human and national security. The study therefore, investigated factors that had contributed to resurgence of militancy in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The methodology is anchored on descriptive and historical methods, while frustration-aggression theory and greed versus grievance theory were employed as theoretical frameworks of analysis. At first, the emergence and subsequent militant activities in the region were strictly motivated as a reaction to years of perceived marginalization perpetrated by the Federal Government of Nigeria. However, the recent proliferation of militia groups and its attendant criminal activities has been largely motivated by personal quest for economic enrichment, thereby posing a colossal threat to the general public including indigenes of the Niger Delta. Both the Federal Government of Nigeria and Multinational Oil companies should desist from adopting \u2018divide and rule\u2019 strategy as an option, and adequately tackle general infrastructural decay in the region. National Assembly should come up with a legislation that can strictly prosecute any political elite funding militancy or using militants for personal political or economic gains.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 514-522\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OBIKAEZE Victor Chibuike PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Rhema University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ONUOHA Basil Chijioke PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science\/ Public Administration, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>UDOH Ogbonnaya Nwafor PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdegbami, A. (2013). Insecurity: A Threat to Human Existence and Economic Development in Nigeria, Journal of Public Policy and Administration Research, 3 (6): 8-13.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdeyeri, O. (2012). Nigerian State and the Management of Oil Minority Conflicts in the Niger Delta: A Retrospective View, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, 6(5): 97-103.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBassey, C. (2012). Oil and Conflict in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on the Politics of State Response to Armed Militancy in Nigeria, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 3(11): 77-90.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCollier, P. and Hoeffler, A. (2002). Greed and Grievance in Civil Wars. World Bank Policy Research. Working Paper 2355.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tEjibunu, T. (2007). Nigeria\u2019s Niger Delta Crisis: Root Causes of Peacelessness, EPU Research Papers, Issue 07\/07.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGarba, D. (2017). Niger Delta Militancy: Onset, Resurgence and Implications for Nigeria\u2019s Economic Development, The International Journal Of Humanities &#038; Social Studies, 5(8): 114-124.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGilbert, L.D (2010). Ethnic Militias and Conflict in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: The International Dimensions (1999-2009). PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGurr, R. (1970).Why Men Rebel. New Jersey: Preston Press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHajaig, F. (2006). Human Security and Challenges for the 21st Century, PGA 28th Annual Parliamentary Forum on Human Security December 4th \u2013 5th Tokyo, Japan.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tIbaba, S. (2005). Understanding the Niger Delta Crisis. Port Harcourt: Amethyst and Colleagues Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tIsumonah, V. (2003). The Obasanjo Administration and the Management of Niger Delta Conflicts in Nigeria, African Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies, 1(2): 210-225.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNwodo, N. (2009). From Grievance to Greed: An Analysis of Violent Conflict in Oil Bearing Communities in Nigeria. A Paper Presented in Conference on Financial and Market Adverse Shocks and Policy Response in Fragile Countries, Accra, Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNwogwugwu, N, Alao, E. and Egwuonwu, C. (2012). Militancy and Insecurity in the Niger Delta: Impact on the Inflow of Foreign Direct Investment to Nigeria, Kuwait Chapter of Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 2(1):23-37.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOkonta, I. and Oronto, D. (2001). Where Vultures Feast, Forty Years of Oil in the Niger Delta, Ibadan: Kraft Books Limited.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOkumagba, P. (2009). Ethnic Militias and Criminality in the Niger-Delta, An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 3(3): 315-330.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOronto, D., Kemedt, V. Okonta, I, &#038; Watts, M. (2003). Alienation and Militancy in the Niger Delta: A Response to CSI on Petroleum, Politics and Democracy in Nigeria. Retrieved on 30\/09\/2011 from http:\/\/www.fpil.org\/articles\/alienation_and_militancy_in_the_niger_delta_a_response_to_csis_on_petroleum_politics_and_democracy_in_nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOshewolo, S. (2011). Politics of Integration and Marginalization in a Federation: The South-South Question in Nigerian Politics, International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, 2(2): 1-15.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPaki, E. and Ebienfa, I. (2011). Militant Oil Agitation in Nigeria\u2019s Niger Delta and the Economy, International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(5): 140-145.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPegg, S. (1999). &#8220;The Cost of Doing Business: Transnational Corporations and Violence in Nigeria&#8221;. In Owabukeruyele, S. W. (2000). \u201cHydrocarbon Exploitation, Environmental Degradation and Poverty in the Niger Delta of Nigeria\u201d A Paper Presented at the Lund University LUMES Program, Lund Sweden in 2000.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSaheed, O. (2016). Kidnapping in Pre and Post Amnesty Niger Delta, Nigeria, International Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies (IJPCS), 3(2): 63-77.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSommers, M.; Mehretu, A, and Pigozzi, M. (1999). Towards Typologies of Socio-economic Marginalization: North\/South Companson. In: Jussial, H,; Majoral, R and Mutambirwa, C.c. (eds.). Marginalization in Space, Past, Present and Future: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Cultural, Social and Economic Parameters of Marginal and Critical Regions. England: Ashage Publishing Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tTantua, B. and Kamruzzaman, P. (2016). Revisiting \u2018Militancy\u2019: Examining Niger Delta Review of African Political Economy (Online) http:\/\/roape.net\/2016\/05\/06\/revisiting-militancy-examining-niger-delta\/.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tTell, (2009). 50 Years of oil in Nigeria, February 18, pp. 1-109.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">OBIKAEZE Victor Chibuike PhD, ONUOHA Basil Chijioke PhD, UDOH Ogbonnaya Nwafor PhD &#8220;Public Policy Makers at the Crossroads: Interrogating Economic Motive of the Resurgence of Militancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.514-522 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/514-522.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/514-522.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/public-policy-makers-at-the-crossroads-interrogating-economic-motive-of-the-resurgence-of-militancy-in-the-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Public Policy Makers at the Crossroads: Interrogating Economic Motive of the Resurgence of Militancy in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932b432 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"932b432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932b523 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932b523\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932b701\" data-id=\"932b701\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932b832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"932b832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932b8df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932b8df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932e389\" data-id=\"932e389\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932e5ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"932e5ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932e718 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932e718\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932e978\" data-id=\"932e978\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932eb6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"932eb6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932ec8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932ec8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932ef12\" data-id=\"932ef12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932f106 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"932f106\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> The Milestones of the Development of Public Administration as a Distinct Field of Study: A Commentary<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>H.H. Abdul &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 523-528<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-932f238 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"932f238\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-932f4b5\" data-id=\"932f4b5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-932f66f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"932f66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper examined the development of public administration as a field of study. Being an evolving area of human enterprise, it has played a significant role in governance and public service reforms in the developed and developing countries of the world. The dynamic nature of public administration indicates that government operations will continue to under go changes. The changes that will be experienced in government operations will not only transform processes but institutions where these processes will be deployed. The methodology used for this paper is the secondary data from secondary sources such as existing literature from the textbooks, journals and materials downloaded from the internet. The paper covers definition of public administration, generic functions of public administration, history of public administration, approaches and schools of administrative theory in public administration and prospects of public administration. The paper concluded that the dynamic nature of public administration has made the field worth studying because of its impact on governance and public service reforms.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 523-528\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H.H. Abdul <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement Consultant\/Trainer, The Administrative Staff College of Nigeria (ASCON), Topo-Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBourgon, J. (2007). Responsive, Responsible and Respected Government: Towards a New Public Administration Theory. International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 73, No. 1.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tCloete, J.J. ( 1967) Introduction to Public Administration, Pretoria: Van Schaik Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCoetzee, W.A.J(1988). Public Administration: Introductory Perspective. Pretoria:  Van Schaik Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tKernaghan, L.  Kenneth, M. (2005). Moving Towards the Virtual  State: Integrating  Services and Service Channels for  Citizens- Centered Delivery. International Review of Administrative Sciences 71(1).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMcCourt, W. (2013). Models of Public Service Reform: A Problem-Solving Approach. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6428. Washington D.C: The World Bank. Available from http:\/\/wwwwds.worldbank.org\/external\/default\/WDSContentServer\/WDSP\/IB\/2013\/04\/30\/000158349_20130430082936\/Rendered\/PDF\/wps6428.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6].\tOsborne, S. P. (2006). The New Public Governance? Public Management Review, vol. 8, No. 3,  Available from spp.xmu.edu.cn\/wp-content\/uploads\/&#8230;\/the-New-Public-Governance.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOsborne, S. P. (2010). The New Public Governance.London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tRobinson, M. (2015) From Old Public Administration to the New Public Service: Implications for Public Sector Reform in Developing Countries. UNDP Global Centre for Public Service Excellence Singapore<br \/>\r\n[9].\tRosenbloom, D.H. and Kravchuk, R.S(2002). Public Administration: Understanding Management , Politics and Law in the Public Sector. McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tUnited Nations(2007)Public Administration And Democratic Governance: Governments Serving Citizens.7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government Building Trust in Government. Austria.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">H.H. Abdul &#8221; The Milestones of the Development of Public Administration as a Distinct Field of Study: A Commentary&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.523-528 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/523-528.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/523-528.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-milestones-of-the-development-of-public-administration-as-a-distinct-field-of-study-a-commentary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> The Milestones of the Development of Public Administration as a Distinct Field of Study: A Commentary<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-933049e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"933049e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-933058a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"933058a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9330702\" data-id=\"9330702\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-933081f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"933081f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93308bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93308bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9330a24\" data-id=\"9330a24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9330b37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9330b37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9330bd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9330bd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9338378\" data-id=\"9338378\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9338666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9338666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93387d8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93387d8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9338b07\" data-id=\"9338b07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9338d57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9338d57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Principals\u2019 Leadership Styles and Administrative Effectiveness in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wagbara, Chinyere Dorathy (Ph.D.), Ukaigwep. C. (Ph.D.)  &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 529-535<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9338ec6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9338ec6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93391c0\" data-id=\"93391c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9339407 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9339407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the relationship between principals\u2019 leadership styles and administrative effectiveness in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. Six research questions were answered while six hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted a correlation research design. The population was made up of 8,452 teachers in 258 public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. Stratified random sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 40 senior secondary schools and 588 teachers who participated in the study. The instruments used for data collection were \u201cPrincipals\u2019 Leadership Styles Scale (PLSS) and Administrative Effectiveness Scale (APQ)\u201d. The PLSS and AES were validated with reliability indices of 0.81 and 0.80 established using Cronbach alpha. Pearson Product Moment was used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. It was found among others that: democratic, autocratic, transactional and transformational leadership styles have a strong positive relation with administrative effectiveness in public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. It was also found that laissez-faire leadership style had low relationship with administrative effectiveness among public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. It was concluded that principals\u2019 leadership styles such as democratic, autocratic, transactional and transformational leadership styles significantly influence administrative performance of public senior secondary schools in Rivers State. It was recommended among others that principals should properly use the combinations of democratic, autocratic, transactional and transformational leadership styles since they are significant in the achievement of administrative effectiveness in secondary schools in Rivers State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 529-535\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wagbara, Chinyere Dorathy (Ph.D.)  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukaigwep. C. (Ph.D.)  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBello, S., Ibi, M.B. &#038;Bukar, I.B. (2016).Principals\u2019 administrative styles and students academic performance in Taraba State secondary schools, Nigeria: Journal of Education and Practice 7(18) 62-69.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBoreh, L. (2016).Perceived influence of workforce diversity on institutional performance in secondary schools in Rivers State.Trends in Educational studies (TRES). A Journal of the Institute of Education: University of Port Harcourt 9(1-2) 226-235.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChrish, U. &#038;Abeh, U. (2016). The influence of leadership styles on organizational performance in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Resources Management, 4(4) 25 \u2013 34.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2014).National Policy of Nigeria.4thEdition.Yaba: Lagos. NERDC.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGoddey, W. (2017). Principals\u2019 leadership style and staff job performance in selected secondary schools in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. African Research Review, 11(3).115-131.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHoy, W. K. &#038;Miskel, C. G. (2013). Educational administration theory, research and practice.(9th Ed.).New York, NY McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMadu, N. P. (2014). Impact of leadership style on the performance of selected transport companies in Benue State, Nigeria. A Master\u2019s published thesis of the department of management science, faculty of business administration: University of Nigeria, Enugu campus.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNedeem, B.,Ghulam, M. M.,Naveed, S.,Muhammed, A. &#038; Shaikh, F. M. (2012). The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership styles on job satisfaction among teachers of public and private secondary schools in Lahore. International Business Research 5(2) 195 \u2013 201.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tObasi, F. N. (2005). Democratic model of school administration. Fredstary Printers &#038; Publishers. Rivers State, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tOkeke, B. S. (2007). Politics of Education: The Nigeria experience. Akwa: Nigeria: Doone Printing &#038; Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOkorie, N. C. (2012). Organisational setting of leadership. Theoretical perspectives. Totan Publishers. Owerri, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOkorie C. N. (2012). Fundamentals of educational administration and supervision. Ibadan: Heinemann educational books.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPradeep, D. D. &#038; Prabhu, N. R. V. (2011).The relationship between effective leadership and employee performance. International conference on advancements in information technology with workshop of ICBMGIPCSIT vol. 20 IACSIT Press, Singapore pp. 198-207.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tWilson, G. (2016). Teachers\u2019 challenges and job performance in Rivers State, Nigeria. Universal basic education: Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs (CUJPAI), 4(1), 52-60.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wagbara, Chinyere Dorathy (Ph.D.), Ukaigwep. C. (Ph.D.)  &#8220;Principals\u2019 Leadership Styles and Administrative Effectiveness in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.529-535 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/529-535.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/529-535.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/principals-leadership-styles-and-administrative-effectiveness-in-public-senior-secondary-schools-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Principals\u2019 Leadership Styles and Administrative Effectiveness in Public Senior Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9340774 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9340774\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9340961 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9340961\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9340c6f\" data-id=\"9340c6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9340ed4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9340ed4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9341026 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9341026\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93412f4\" data-id=\"93412f4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9341521 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9341521\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9341664 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9341664\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9341915\" data-id=\"9341915\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9341b40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9341b40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9341c7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9341c7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9341f53\" data-id=\"9341f53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9342165 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9342165\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Techno-pedagogy and Graduates\u2019 Employability in Cameroon State Universities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Apongnde Pasker (PhD) &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 536-542<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93422d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93422d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9342594\" data-id=\"9342594\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9342888 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9342888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sets to demonstrate the place of techno-pedagogy on graduates\u2019 employability in Cameroon State universities. It stems from an empirical observation according to which this 21st Century pedagogic innovation is largely neglected in the public higher education arena. It is a survey; involving the random sampling technique. Krejcie and Morgan (1970)\u2019s model was used to select 426 informants among Cameroon State university graduates, Lecturers and economic operators. Data was collected via questionnaires and the descriptive statistical and content analysis approaches were used to analyse and interpret the said data. The latter was done with the help of SPSS and Becker (1994)\u2019s Human Capital theory and Rogers (2003)\u2019s Diffusion of Innovations theory respectively. Findings revealed that techno-pedagogy greatly enhances graduates\u2019 employability in Cameroon State universities; for, according to informants, techno-pedagogy induces creativity and self-reliance (86.6%), multi-skilling and tasking (79.8%), professional excellence and productivity (95.5%) and finally, job flexibility and mobility among graduates (94.6%). The adoption of this pedagogical innovation is however marred by shortcomings at the levels of logistics, infrastructure, policies, users\u2019 skills and motivation; a situation that warrants remedial measures. In effect, some solutions for the effective adoption of techno-pedagogy in Cameroon State universities are proposed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 536-542\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Apongnde Pasker (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, University of Yaounde 1(Cameroon)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdu, E.O., &#038; Olatundun, S.A. 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(Ed.), Int\u00e9gration des Tic dans le processus enseignement-apprentissage au Cameroun (2\u00e8me \u00e9dition). Yaound\u00e9: \u00c9ditions terroirs, collection Rocare-Cameroun, pp. 13 &#8211; 53.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tUNESCO. (1998). World declaration for higher education for the 21st century: vision and action. Paper presented at World Conference on Higher Education. 9th October, 1998.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tUNESCO. (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action, Education for all: Meeting our collective commitments (adopted by the World Education Forum). Dakar: Graphoprint.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tWellman, N. (2010) The employability attributes required of new marketing graduates, Marketing Intelligence &#038; Planning, Vol. 28 Issue: 7, pp.908-930, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/02634501011086490.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tWickramasinghe, V., &#038; Pereira, L. (2010). Graduates\u2019, University Lecturers\u2019 and Employers\u2019 Perceptions towards Employability Skills. Education &#038; Training, 52, 226-244.<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1108\/00400911011037355 (Retrieved on 11\/05\/2018).<br \/>\r\n[35].\tWhite, J., &#038; al. (2008) Bud23 methylates G1575 of 18S RNA and is required for efficient nuclear export of pre-40S subunits. Mol Cell Biol 28(10):3151-61.<br \/>\r\n[36].\tWorld Bank. (2017). Annual report. Washington: IBRD.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tWyatt\u2010Smith, C., &#038;\u2009al. ed. (2014) Designing assessment for quality learning Springer (Berlin) ISBN978\u201094\u2010007\u20105901\u20105 426.<br \/>\r\n[38].\tYu, A. Y., &#038; al. (2010). Can learning be virtually boosted? An investigation of online social networking impacts. Computers &#038; Education, 55, 1494-1503.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Apongnde Pasker (PhD) &#8220;Techno-pedagogy and Graduates\u2019 Employability in Cameroon State Universities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.536-542 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/536-542.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/536-542.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/techno-pedagogy-and-graduates-employability-in-cameroon-state-universities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Techno-pedagogy and Graduates\u2019 Employability in Cameroon State Universities<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9349ace elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9349ace\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9349c71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9349c71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9349f1f\" data-id=\"9349f1f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934a17f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934a17f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-934a2aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"934a2aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-934d640\" data-id=\"934d640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934d89c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934d89c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-934da0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"934da0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-934dcd3\" data-id=\"934dcd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934df05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934df05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-934e086 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"934e086\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-934e353\" data-id=\"934e353\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934e568 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"934e568\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Factors Affecting Poor Academic Performance in Earth Geometry at School Certificate Level: A Case of Three Selected Secondary Schools in Mansa District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jason Chisenga, Justina Mulenga &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 543-552<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-934e6a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"934e6a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-934e994\" data-id=\"934e994\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-934ec04 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"934ec04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Most research in Mathematics education concentrate on factors affecting performance in mathematics in general, little research considers factors affecting performance in Earth Geometry. Thus, this study investigates factors affecting poor academic performance in earth geometry at school certificate level. This was a case of three selected secondary schools in Mansa District of Luapula province. Sixty six grade twelve pupils were randomly selected to participate in the study, and sixteen mathematics teachers were also purposively selected to form the sample population. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS (version 20), which allowed for simple frequency counts and percentages and data from interviews were analyzed thematically. The results might be so useful to policy makers, the government, teachers of mathematics, and teacher training colleges and universities in coming up with policies that enhances conducive teaching and learning of Earth Geometry. The study established that the topic had many formulae, the topic was not well taught due to teachers aiming at finishing covering the syllabus, and the topic lacked practical examples from local communities. The findings further revealed that there was need to introduce basic Earth Geometry at junior level and relevant text books needed to be supplied in schools. An implication for policy makers is that inclusion of formulae on the topic in the Examination Council of Zambia examination paper would reduce miss application of formulae.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 543-552\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jason Chisenga <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Mathematics, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia.<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Justina Mulenga<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Graduate Studies, Copperbelt University, P.O. Box 21692, Kitwe, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnderson, W. R. (1994). Bloom&#8217;s Taxonomy: A Forty-Year Retrospective, Ninety-third Year book of the National Society for the Study of Education. Chicago, IL: Lx ngman<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAtiyah, M. 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(2015).Teaching geometry to students (from five to eight years old).KonradKrainer: Na\u010faVondrov\u00e1.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tJohnson, D.W. et al (1994). The new circles of learning.Cooperative learning in the classroom.ASCD.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tJones, J. (1998). \u201cLesson planning: Towards purposeful learning and effective teaching\u201d \u201cEncuentro.Revista de Investigacion en laclase de Idiomas 10, 89-98. London: Kings College.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tJones, K. (2002). Issues in the teaching and learning of Geometry.In Haggarty, L. (Ed).Aspects of teaching secondary mathematics\u2019 perspectives and practice. London, U.K. RoutledgeFlawer, 121-139.3.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tKalejaiye, A.O. (2000). Teaching Primarily Mathematics, Hong Kong: Longman Asia Limited.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tKenya National Examination Council (K.N.E.C.).(2008). K.C.S.E Examination Report 2003.Nairobi: KNEC.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tKor, A. L. (1995).The Development and Evaluation of a logo- based Geometry Package. 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OECD programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). Retrieved on 29 June 2011 from http:\/\/www.pisa.oecd.org\/<br \/>\r\n[40].\tPolit, D., &#038;Hungler, B. (1999).Nursing Research: Principles and Methods. (6th ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott.<br \/>\r\n[41].\tRoyal Society\/ Joint Mathematical Council. (2001). Teaching and Learning Geometry 11-19. London: Royal Society\/Joint Mathematical Council.<br \/>\r\n[42].\tSchwartz, J.E. (2008). Elementary Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge: Powerful Ideas for Teachers, Washington: Pearson Education Inc.<br \/>\r\n[43].\tSlavin, R. (2003). Educational psychology: Theory and practice (7th ed).Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.<br \/>\r\n[44].\tTembo, O. F. (2013). investigate the perceptions of teachers and pupils on the factors that contributed to poor performance in Earth Geometry at school certificate level. The case of selected Secondary Schools in Copperbelt Province of Zambia. M. Ed. Thesis. Lusaka: University of Zambia.<br \/>\r\n[45].\tVan Hiele, P. M. (1959\/1986). The child&#8217;s thought and geometry. In D. Fuys, D. Geddes, &#038; R. Tishchler (Eds.), English. Translation of selected writings of Dina van Hiele-Geldof and Pierre M. van Hiele (pp. 243\u2013252).<br \/>\r\n[46].\tVolderman, C. (1998). How Maths work. London: Dorling Kindersley.<br \/>\r\n[47].\tWhite, C. J. (2005). Research a Practical Guide, Pretoria: Ithuthuko Investments (Publishing).<br \/>\r\n[48].\tYelon, S. L. (1996). Powerful Principles of Instruction.Lancing: ML Longman Publishers.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jason Chisenga, Justina Mulenga &#8220;Factors Affecting Poor Academic Performance in Earth Geometry at School Certificate Level: A Case of Three Selected Secondary Schools in Mansa District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.543-552 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/543-552.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/543-552.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/factors-affecting-poor-academic-performance-in-earth-geometry-at-school-certificate-level-a-case-of-three-selected-secondary-schools-in-mansa-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Factors Affecting Poor Academic Performance in Earth Geometry at School Certificate Level: A Case of Three Selected Secondary Schools in Mansa District<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9357c89 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9357c89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9357e56 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9357e56\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-935811b\" data-id=\"935811b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-935836d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"935836d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93584d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93584d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9361144\" data-id=\"9361144\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93613c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93613c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9361532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9361532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9361815\" data-id=\"9361815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9361a60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9361a60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9361bbc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9361bbc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9361e98\" data-id=\"9361e98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93620d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93620d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Principals\u2019 Review of Teachers\u2019 Records and its Influence on Teachers\u2019 Pedagogical Practices in Public Secondary Schools in Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Saleh Garba, Dr. Samuel Waweru, Dr. Ephantus M. Kaugi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 553-561<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-936222b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"936222b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9362511\" data-id=\"9362511\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9362794 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9362794\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to find out the effect of principals&#8217; review of teachers&#8217; professional records on pedagogical practices of teachers working in public secondary schools in Bauchi state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study aimed to: Examine the extent to which principals&#8217; carry out checking teachers&#8217; professional records in public secondary schools in Bauchi state. The study also investigated whether principals&#8217; review of teachers&#8217; professional records significantly predicts improvement of teachers&#8217; pedagogical practices. Finally, the study made recommendations for the promotion of principals&#8217; skills of supervising teachers\u2019 records in public secondary schools in Bauchi state, Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was employed for the study. The study used 29   principals purposively sampled and 375 teachers randomly selected from 29 public junior secondary schools in Bauchi South Senatorial District. Questionnaires of 5-point Likert scale type and documents analysis checklist were used for data collection. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the quantitative data. Simple regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis at 0.05 alpha levels. Findings of the study revealed that supervisory activities of checking teachers&#8217; lesson notes, records of work and lesson plans were not consistent by many of the principals in public secondary schools in Bauchi state of Nigeria. It was also found that most principals in public secondary schools in Bauchi state merely signed teachers&#8217; professional records without making constructive remarks. The study concluded that principals\u2019 checking of teachers&#8217; records had a statistically significant effect on teachers&#8217; pedagogical practices of teachers in public secondary schools in Bauchi state. Checking teachers&#8217; records also explained a significant proportion of teachers&#8217; pedagogical practices in public secondary schools R2=.09, F (1,373) =40.075, p<.05. The study recommended that the Ministry of Education, Bauchi state should organize in-service training for capacity building for the principals to improve upon their skills of reviewing teachers' professional records.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 553-561\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saleh Garba <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctorate Student, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Samuel Waweru <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education,   Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Ephantus M. Kaugi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Educational Management, Policy and Curriculum Studies, School of Education, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAminu, I., M., (2014, September 4) Bauchi State students poor performance. Daily Times, Nigeria. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.newsghana.com.gh\/bauchi-state-students-poor-performance-slammed\/<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAseka, M., T., W. (2016). Influence of headteachers instructional supervision practices on teachers&#8217; job performance in public primary schools in Lang&#8217;ata sub-county, Nairobi Kenya. ( M.Ed. Research University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBerhane, A., E. (2014).  Practices and challenges of instructional supervision in Asossa Zone primary schools. (M.Ed Thesis. Jimma University)<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBuregeya, N., J. (2011). Influence of headteachers&#8217; general and instructional supervisory practices on teachers&#8217; work performance in secondary schools in Entebbe Municipality, Wakiso District, Uganda. M.Ed Thesis. Bugema University, Uganda<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChapman, C. (2001). Unlocking the potential: Inspection as a mechanism for School improvement. Sage Journals, 4(3), 60-71.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCreswell, J., W. (2012). Educational research: planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research \u2014 4th ed.p. cm. Bibliographical by Pearson Education, Inc., 501 Boylston Street, Boston, MA 02116.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDoolittle, P. (1994). Teachers portfolio assessment.ERIC\/AE Digest 94. 1-2. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/280777645<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEshiwani, G.S. (1993). Education in Kenya since Independence. Nairobi: East African Education Publishers Ltd<br \/>\r\n[9].\tEnyiuche (2017). Difference between a lesson plan and lesson note.Retrieved from https:\/\/learnvercity.com\/2743\/difference-lesson-plan-lesson-note\/<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGlickman, C., D., Gordon, S., P., &#038; Ross-Gordon, J., M. (2013).The basic guide to supervision\tand instructional leadership (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHussen, M., S. (2015) The practices of instructional supervision in government preparatory schools of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional state .M.Ed  Thesis. Haramaya University.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tJeffrey, G., Vivian, S., and Susan, S., (2007) Impact of Instructional Supervision on Student achievement: Can We Make the Connection? Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), Chicago, April 13,<br \/>\r\n[13].\tJeptarus, C., S., Sr. (2014). The instructional supervisory role of principals and its&#8217; influence on students&#8217; academic achievement in public secondary schools in Nandi North district Nandi county Kenya. (Unpublished M. Ed. Thesis, Catholic University of Eastern Africa).<br \/>\r\n[14].\tJohnson, R. B. &#038; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004).Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKieleko, M., D. Kanori, E., &#038; Mugambi, M., M. (2017). Secondary School principals\u2019 workload and instructional supervision practices in Kenya: A case of Lower Yatta Sub-County, Kitui County. International Journal of Humanities Social Sciences and Education (IJHSSE) Vol. 4, Issue 2. ISSN 2349-0373 www.arcjournals.org<br \/>\r\n[16].\tKiamba, C.J. (2011). Obstacles to effective instructional supervision in public primary schools in Mbooni Division, Mbooni West District key.\t(Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis. Kenyatta University).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKotirde, I.Y., &#038; Yunos, J.B. (2014). The Supervisor&#8217;s role in Improving the Quality of Teaching and Learning in Nigeria Secondary School Education system. International Journal of Education and Research, 2(8),53-60.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tKweku, E., and Stella, B. (2018).Instructional supervisory practices of headteachers and teacher motivation in basic public schools in Anomabo education circuit. Journal of Education and e-Learning Research, 5(1): 43-50.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tLakkala, M., Ilomaki, L., &#038; Kantosalo, A. (2011). Which pedagogical practices and methods best support learning digital competences? 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(2016).The Impact of Supervision of Instruction on Teacher Effectiveness in Secondary Schools in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education &#038; Technology (IJARET)12 Vol. 3, Issue. ISSN: 2394-2975. www.ijaret.com<br \/>\r\n[25].\tOnyango, O., P. (2005). The relationship between principals\u201f management of curriculum and KCSE performance in Migori district (Unpublished M.Ed Project, University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[26].\tOrodho J. A., Wenceslas, N., Paul. O., Peter, N., W., &#038; Irene, N.  (2016). Quantitative and qualitative research methods in education and social sciences: A step by step guide to scholarly excellence. Nairobi: Kanezja Publishers &#038; Enterprises<br \/>\r\n[27].\tOsae, Joyce A. (2012) The effect of supervision on staff performance in Ga South municipal education directorate. (Master\u2019s Thesis. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Ghana).<br \/>\r\n[28].\tPaul, M., David, O.,  J., C. S. Musaazi, C., S., Joseph, O. (2016). Instructional Supervision and the Pedagogical Practices of Secondary School Teachers in Uganda. Journal of Education and Practice Vol. (7) No.3 www.iiste.org<br \/>\r\n[29].\tSalihu, A., &#038; Filibus, Y. (2015). Addressing the problem of mass examination failure in Bauchihttp:\/\/www.nigerianobservernews.com\/byline\/by-salihu-abubakarfilibus-yatai<br \/>\r\n[30].\tSekunda, P., M.(2013). Influence of principals\u2019 instructional supervision practices on students\u2019 performance in Kenya certificate of secondary examination in Trans-mara West District, Kenya. M.Ed Project, University of Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[31].\tSule, Mary Anike; Ameh, Eyiene; Egbai, Mercy, E. (2015). Instructional Supervisor Practices and Teachers\u2019 Role Effectiveness in Public Secondary Schools in Calabar South Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.  Journal of Education and Practice.  (6) No.23,     www.iiste.org<br \/>\r\n[32].\tTerrell, S. (2011). Mixed-methods research methodologies. The Qualitative Report, 17(1), 254-280. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.nova.edu\/ssss\/QR\/QR17-1\/terrell.pdf<br \/>\r\n[33].\tWanzare, Z. (2010) Instructional supervision in public secondary schools in Kenya Educational Management Administration &#038; Leadership 40(2) 188\u2013216  The sagepub.co.uk\/journals Permissions.nav<br \/>\r\n[34].\tZepeda, S. J. (2007). The principal as instructional leader: A handbook for supervisors. Larchmont, NY: Eye on Education.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tZepeda, S.J. (2010). Instructional supervision: applying tools and concepts (3rd Ed.). New York: Eye on Education.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Saleh Garba, Dr. Samuel Waweru, Dr. Ephantus M. Kaugi &#8220;Principals\u2019 Review of Teachers\u2019 Records and its Influence on Teachers\u2019 Pedagogical Practices in Public Secondary Schools in Bauchi State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.553-561 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/553-561.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/553-561.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/principals-review-of-teachers-records-and-its-influence-on-teachers-pedagogical-practices-in-public-secondary-schools-in-bauchi-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Principals\u2019 Review of Teachers\u2019 Records and its Influence on Teachers\u2019 Pedagogical Practices in Public Secondary Schools in Bauchi State, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93644e1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93644e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93646c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93646c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93649ab\" data-id=\"93649ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9364bec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9364bec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9364d53 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9364d53\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9365003\" data-id=\"9365003\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9365235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9365235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9365385 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9365385\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-936561e\" data-id=\"936561e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936583d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"936583d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9370f2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9370f2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9371124\" data-id=\"9371124\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9371267 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9371267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johansen Co-Integration Approach<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Victor O. Okoye, Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 562-569<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9371332 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9371332\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93714ce\" data-id=\"93714ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9371614 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9371614\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the impact of Foreign Direct Investment on the Nigerian economy using a quarterly time series data for the periods 2008q1 to 2018q4. The study adopted the Johansen co-integration and Vector Error Correction Model analysis. Estimates show that in the long-run, FDI is statistically significant with a positive causal relationship with economic growth at 0.1327 but statistically insignificant in the short-run. The error correction term is as expected with a negative coefficient of -1.0758 and statistically significant considering its P-value of 0.0000. The granger causality test depicts no directional causality between GDP and other independent variables but there is evidence of unidirectional causality running from FDI to TO, REEX_R to CPS, IR to REEX_R and IR to TO respectively. The study, amongst other recommendations, proffered that there should be more effective planning for FDI in the long-run to further facilitate the potentials of FDI for economic growth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 562-569\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Victor O. Okoye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Financial Studies, Department of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic Oko Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Financial Studies, Department of Banking and Finance, Federal Polytechnic Oko Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdebisi, A. (2017, January 30). FDI and Nigeria\u2019s investment climate: Challenges, prospects. The Nation. Retrieved from http:\/\/thenationonlineng.net\/fdi-nigerias-investment-climate-challenges-prospects\/<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdejemo, A. V. (2013). Foreign direct investments and manufacturing sector performance in Nigeria, (1970-2009).  Australian Journal of Business and Management Research, 3(4), 39 \u2013 56. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ajbmr.com\/files\/download\/2278fa54074e64a<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAdeleke, K. M., Olowe, S. O. &#038; Fasesin, O. O. (2014). Impact of foreign direct investment on Nigeria economic growth. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 4(8), 234 \u2013 242. Retrieved from http:\/\/hrmars.com\/hrmars_papers\/Impact_of_Foreign_Direct_Investment_on_Nigeria_Economic_Growth.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAdeleye, B. N. [CrunchEconometrix]. (2018, May 25). (Eviews 10): Estimate and interpret VECM (1) [Video file]. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yv5vwQhmH2Y<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAgada, G. O &#038; Okpe, T. J. (2012). Determination of risks of foreign investment. Journal of Economic and Social Research, 2(2). Abaci Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAghion, P. &#038; Howitt P. (1998). Endogenous growth theory, MIT press, Cambridge Massachusetts<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAkanegbu, B. N. &#038; Chizea, J. J. (2017). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 5(7), 11 \u2013 20. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.idpublications.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Full-Paper-FOREIGN-DIRECT-INVESTMENT-AND-ECONOMIC-GROWTH-IN-NIGERIA-AN-EMPIRICAL.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8]\tAlabi, K.O. (2019). The Impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth: Nigeria Experience. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 9, 372-385. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/pdf\/OJAppS_2019052715314570.pdf<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAlexander, C. (2001). Market models: A guide to financial data analysis. John Wiley &#038; Sons Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tAmadeo, K. 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(Doctoral Thesis, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.unn.edu.ng\/publications\/files\/images\/My%20Thesis%20Final%20Edition.pdf<br \/>\r\n[20]\tEY. (2014). Africa by numbers:A focus on Nigeria.Retrievedfrom http:\/\/www.ey.com\/Publication\/vwLUAssets\/EY-Nigeria-Country-Report\/$FILE\/EY-Nigeria-Country-Report.pdf<br \/>\r\n[21]\tLetto-Gillies, G. (2012). Transnational corporations and international production: Concepts, theories and effects. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tNationalBureau of Statistics (2017) Nigerian Capital Importation, Q4 2016. Retrieved from www.nigerianstat.gov.ng\/download\/506<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development. (1996). OECD benchmark definition of foreign direct investment (3rd ed.). Retrieved from https:\/\/read.oecd-ilibrary.org\/finance-and-investment\/oecd-benchmark-definition-of-foreign-direct-investment_9789264064805-en#.Whx7NjRpHIU#page1<br \/>\r\n[24]\tOguh, C. (2016, December 7). Why Nigeria no longer attract foreign direct investment. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.financialnigeria.com\/why-nigeria-no-longer-attracts-foreign-direct-investment-blog-194.html<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOkafor, V. I., Egiyi, M. A. &#038; Eyisi, A. S. (2017). Relationship between FDI, capital market and Nigerian economy. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(14), 254 &#8211; 265. Retrieved from https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/63b3\/9c00cbd69404a2481076b687c326b715798d.pdf<br \/>\r\n[26]\tOlokoyo, F. O. (2012). Foreign direct investment and economic growth: A case of Nigeria. Bvimsr\u2019s Journal of Management Research, 4(1), 1 \u2013 20. Retrieved from http:\/\/eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng\/8989\/1\/Foreign%20Direct.pdf<br \/>\r\n[27]\tOnuba, I. (2016, March 7). Investment inflow into Nigeria drops by N2.3tn. Retrieved from http:\/\/investadvocate.com.ng\/2016\/03\/07\/investment-inflow-nigeria-drops-n2-3tn\/<br \/>\r\n[28]\tOnyekwena, C. (2012). Empirical investigation of the impact of FDI on manufacturing firms and banks in Nigeria. (Doctoral Thesis, University of Portsmouth, United Kingdom). Retrieved from https:\/\/researchportal.port.ac.uk\/portal\/files\/5949563\/Thesis_pdf.pdf<br \/>\r\n[29]\tOrder, D. &#038; Fisher, L. (1993). Financial deregulation and the dynamics of money, prices and output in New Zealand and Australia. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 25(2), 273 \u2013 292.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tOvat, O. O. &#038; Antakikam, A. E. (2018). Foreign direct 1investment and economic growth in developing countries: How has Nigeria fared? IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance, 9(5), 55 \u2013 63. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.iosrjournals.org\/iosr-jef\/papers\/Vol9-Issue5\/Version-2\/H0905025563.pdf<br \/>\r\n[31]\tUNCTAD (1999), World Investment Report, UNCTAD, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tUNCTAD. (2003). World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tUNCTAD (2019). World Investment Report. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Retrieved from https:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/PublicationsLibrary\/wir2019_en.pdf<br \/>\r\n[34]\tWilem te Velde, D. (2006). Foreign direct investment and development; A historical perspective. Retrieved from the Overseas Development Institute website: https:\/\/www.odi.org\/sites\/odi.org.uk\/files\/odi-assets\/publications-opinion-files\/850.pdf<br \/>\r\n[35]\tYaqub, J.O., Adam, S. L. &#038; Jimoh, A. (2013). Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. American Academic &#038; Scholarly Research Journal, 5(1), 74 &#8211; 82.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Victor O. Okoye, Kenechukwu J. Nwisienyi &#8220;Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johansen Co-Integration Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.562-569 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/562-569.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/562-569.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/foreign-direct-investment-and-economic-growth-in-nigeria-a-johansen-co-integration-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johansen Co-Integration Approach<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9372544 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9372544\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-937263a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"937263a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93727d7\" data-id=\"93727d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9372903 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9372903\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93729b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93729b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9372b19\" data-id=\"9372b19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9372c34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9372c34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9372cd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9372cd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9372e55\" data-id=\"9372e55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9372f8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9372f8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9373036 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9373036\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93731a1\" data-id=\"93731a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93732ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93732ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Zonal Consideration and Recruitment Exercise in Nigerian Organizations: A Study of Some Selected Ministries<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Anyaoha, Okechukwu, Umeh, Nkiru Justina &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 570-574<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9373368 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9373368\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93734d4\" data-id=\"93734d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93735fe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93735fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Zonal consideration appears to be a strong factor in the recruitment of workers in the Nigeria Civil Service. This practice which seems to be a method for political leaders to gratify their supporters and party stalwarts, appears to portend danger for the Nigerian civil service. This study therefore examines the impact of zonal consideration on recruitment exercise in some Nigerian organizations. For the purpose of this study, a research hypothesis was formulated to guide the study. The study utilized the survey research design, simple random and stratified sampling techniques. A sample size of 420 Civil Servants from some selected Ministries in Imo State Civil Service was used. Data for the study were collected through questionnaire, interview and secondary sources. The data gathered were analyzed using tabular modes of presentation including frequencies and percentage, while the Chi-square (X2) was used to test the hypothesis. The findings showed that zonal consideration affected workers recruitment in Imo State Civil Service, thereby reducing the efficiency of the organizations. The study recommended that Imo State Civil Service must purge itself from the use of zonal consideration in workers recruitment and the offenders punished. The study further recommended that recruitment examination should be incorporated into recruitment exercise so as to employ the best hands, and less emphasis on the recruitment of workers based on political party loyalism because this will politicize the working environment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 570-574\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anyaoha, Okechukwu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nImo State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umeh, Nkiru Justina <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nImo State University, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbah, .I. (2007). Managing the Problems of Workers Recruitment, Ibadan: Evans Press.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdiele, M. (2010). Problems of Civil Services and Nigeria Factors, Osuni Ibex Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAfonja, B. (2008). Introductory Statistics: A Learner\u2019s Motivated Approach. Ibadan: Obi Print and Pak Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAnyaoha, O and Umeh, N. J. (2019), Primordial issues and recruitment in Imo State Civil Service, Nigeria. Global Scientific Journa,l 7 (4) 822-833<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAyoade, E. (2011). Public Administration Principles and Practice, USA: Blue Rainbow Books.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBalogun, A. C (2009) \u201cProcess of workers recruitment\u201d Ibadan: Zanders Benco Books.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBodunrin O. (2012). Problems of Civil Service, Case of the Nigerian Civil Service. African Journal of Business Management: Vol 1, No. 6 September.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDozie, O. I (2010). Manpower, Training and Utilization in Nigeria, Onitsha: Evans Press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMorris, G. (2009). Factors affecting Recruitment, USA: Hilltop Press.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMotsoeneng, R. P. (2011). Recruitment Policies and Practices in Public Sector. USA: Macrew Hile Books.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNwankwo, V. M. (2008). Human Management and Resources, London: Kogan Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOsaghe, E. (2011). The Crippled Giant: Nigerian since Independence, Ibadan: Johnbosco Publishers Company Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOsuorji, A. C and Okoro, P. A (2016), Critical appraisal of recruitment and selection in the context public service reforms in Nigeria. The Business and Management Review, 7 (3)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tYaro I., (2013), Recruitment and Selection in the Nigerian Public Service: Nature, Challenges and Way Forward. British Journal of Economics, Management &#038; Trade, 4, (7)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anyaoha, Okechukwu, Umeh, Nkiru Justina &#8220;Zonal Consideration and Recruitment Exercise in Nigerian Organizations: A Study of Some Selected Ministries&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.570-574 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/570-574.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/570-574.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/zonal-consideration-and-recruitment-exercise-in-nigerian-organizations-a-study-of-some-selected-ministries\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Zonal Consideration and Recruitment Exercise in Nigerian Organizations: A Study of Some Selected Ministries<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9379248 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9379248\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93793ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93793ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93795f2\" data-id=\"93795f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9379738 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9379738\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93797e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93797e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9379956\" data-id=\"9379956\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9379a71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9379a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9379b23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9379b23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9379c70\" data-id=\"9379c70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9379d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9379d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9379e34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9379e34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9379fa8\" data-id=\"9379fa8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-937a0c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"937a0c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Role of Health System Practice on Performance of Community Health Workers in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wachuga James Ndaraiya, Cholo Wilberforce &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 575-583<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-937a170 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"937a170\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-937a2f2\" data-id=\"937a2f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-937a43c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"937a43c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The use of community health workers has been identified as one strategy to address the growing shortage of health workers, particularly in low income countries. Evaluation of community health workers \u2018performance in general, is the focus of much attention at this time, as many countries invest in them as a strategy for the achievement of the sustainable development goals. The effectiveness of Community Health workers (CHWs) has been demonstrated in some studies for example, a CHW programme in India resulted in significant reduction of low birth weight, preterm births and neonatal sepsis. Understanding health system practice and policies context in which CHW interventions operate is an important precondition for the design of successful interventions. The implementation of the CHWs concept in Kenya is marked by unanswered questions of long term sustainability and program effectiveness. Despite the vast experience of CHWs the burden of disease continues to increase in magnitude and diversity and relatively little scientific evidence is available to answer basic questions notably the role of health system factors on the performance of CHW. The objectives of the study were to determine demographic factors in relation to CHWs Performance at level one and to assess the influence of health system practice and policy on the performance of CHWs in Lurambi sub-county. A descriptive Cross sectional design using both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods were used. Using systematic sampling, structured questionnaire was administered to a sample of 195 community health workers. Qualitative data were collected from community health management team (CHMT), clients (households) and community health extension workers (CHEWs). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to obtain frequencies, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistics were computed using regression and correlation. The majority of the participants 135 (69.2%) were females (88.7%) married, and 93.8% were Christians. Gender was statistically significant in relation to the performance of CHW in delivery of level one of health services (\u03c72=11.0; p=0. 04).All the key targets of CHWs Performance at level one rated below average in Lurambi Sub County (number of 51 households visited 40%, number of Baraza\u2019s 35%, health education 28% and referral of patients 23%) while the target of attending CHW meetings rated lowest at 19%. Financial constraints (85%), lack of supplies (82%), lack of transport (65%), inadequate support (85%) and lack of supervision were highlighted by the respondents as daily challenges.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 575-583\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wachuga James Ndaraiya <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKakamega County Public Health Office, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cholo Wilberforce <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Health; Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tDeclaration at Alma. Ata. Geneva: WHO; 1978<br \/>\r\n[2].\tWHO (2006).The global shortage of Health Workers and its impact fact sheet (April) No. 3002 World Health Organization, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tKobet K. Van Dammo W; (2004)-Barmers that need to improve Primary Health Care Service 204.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBhutta ZA, Lassi ZS, Pariyo G, Huicho L, (2010). Global experience of community health workers for delivery of health-related millennium development goals: a systematic review, country case studies.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tLehmann and Sanders (2007): World Health Organization copyright page 41.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tLehmann (2007). Community Health Workers. What do we know about them report Geneva,.Page 2. and 3.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHealth system report (2008): MOH\/HM\/S Annual Report 2008.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tCommunity Strategy Guidelines (2006). MOH Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKumsa(2011); Statistics and data interpretation for social work (electronic resource<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMugendaGitau Abel. (2008) Social Science Research Kijabe, Printing Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGarson (2006): Research Communication Reliability.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGoshi( 2002): Statistical inference in research.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tC.R.Kothari Research Methodology \u2013 Methods and Techniques 2006.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBurns and grove (2003:195) Research design.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tPeter Ngau, AsfawKumssa \u2013 Statistics and data interpretation for social work and (electronic resource) (2011).<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPolit&#038;Hungler 1989 \u2013 the process of selecting a portion of the population to represent entire population.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDevosetetal 2005 \u2013 Testing validity and reliability. Journal of nursing scholarship, vol 39 no.2. pp.155-164. De Vos.A.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPolite and Beck 2004 \u2013 Design Decisions in Research \u2013 OBSSR.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tGarson, 2006- Testing the validity and reliability of the levels of  self concept  scale in the hospital industry<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMuraleedharan 2007 \u2013 The context of Community Health Workers. The global policy of providing Primary level care.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSalmen(2002): Community Health Workers; a review of concepts, practice and policy concerns.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tNdeda Crispin, AnnahWamae(2012):Kenya Service Provision Assessment Survey 2010 &#8211; unfpa<br \/>\r\n[23].\tPariyo, Katharina Hermann ,Wim Van Damme, George W Pariyo,  Erik Schouten,   Yibeltal Assefa,  Anna Cirera and William Massavon (2006): Community Health Workers for ART in Sub-Saharan Africa: Learning from experience.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tAnde, oladepo&#038;Brieger(2004): Increasing Community Health Worker productivity and  effectiveness: a review of the influence of the work environment.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tKasejeDan C. O. Esther K.N. Sempebwa(1987):Characteristics and function at Community Health Workers.Pathogens and Global Health 81 Suppl 1(sup1):56-66<br \/>\r\n[26].\tOfusuAmaah, V. (1983). National experience in the use of Community Heath Workers. A review of current issues and problems.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tKhan  M A, Sullivan S, Khan M, Sachs S, Singh P(2011): Community Health Workers in Global Health scale and scalability.Mt Sinai J Med.:78(3):419-35. doi: 10.1002\/msj.20260<br \/>\r\n[28].\tWHO (2009): Non-randomized controlled trial journal of epidemiology and community Health 2007; 61:699-703.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tCommunity based contraceptives in Ethiopia.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tYoshitoKawakatsu ,TomohikoSugishita , Sumihisa HondaJackson Kioko (2012): Factors influencing performance of community workers in Kisumu.\u2002Primary Health Care Research &#038; Development 13(4):294-300<br \/>\r\n[31].\tPrasad and muraleedharan(2007): Outline for community Health Workers literature Review \u2013 CHW Central.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tPerez M, Findley SE, Mejia M, Martinez J (2006): The impact of community Health Workers training and programs in NYC-.J Health Care Poor Underserved.;17(1 Suppl):26-43.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tLehmann U, Sanders DKalladar(2006): Community Health Workers, what do we know about them. The State of the Evidence on Programmes, Activities, Costs an Impact on Health Outcomes of Using Community Health Workers<br \/>\r\n[34].\tBallester, (2005);Scott&#038; Wilson, (2006): Role of Community Health Workers.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tBhutta ZA, Lassi ZS, Pariyo G, Huicho L, (2010). Global experience of community health workers for delivery of health-related millennium development goals: a systematic review, country case studies<br \/>\r\n[36].\tGilson etal 1989 \u2013 the revival of Community Health Workers in National System.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wachuga James Ndaraiya, Cholo Wilberforce &#8220;Role of Health System Practice on Performance of Community Health Workers in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.575-583 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/575-583.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/575-583.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/role-of-health-system-practice-on-performance-of-community-health-workers-in-lurambi-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Role of Health System Practice on Performance of Community Health Workers in Lurambi Sub-County, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9381ed1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9381ed1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93828e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938298f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938298f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9382ad6\" data-id=\"9382ad6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9382be0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9382be0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9382c88 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9382c88\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9382dd4\" data-id=\"9382dd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9382ed8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9382ed8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9382f79 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9382f79\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93830cc\" data-id=\"93830cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93831dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93831dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9383278 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9383278\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93833e3\" data-id=\"93833e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93834fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93834fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Education Implementation Systems in Special Development Institute of Class II Bandar Lampung<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Norma Indah Pratiwi, Irwan Santoso, Dedy Hermanto Karwan &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 591-595<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93835a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93835a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938371f\" data-id=\"938371f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9383857 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9383857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nThe concept of fulfilling the right to get education and teaching for correctional students in the Special Child Guidance Institution is to carry out education and teaching as sufficient provisions to continue their lives in the community with other communities after completing the training period. The education provided also aims to provide basic abilities to students to develop their lives as individuals, community members, citizens, and members of humanity.<br \/>\r\nThe implementation of prison rights as foster citizens at the Institute for Special Development of Children requires supporting facilities and infrastructure. One of them is a place to implement the rights of tegineneng correctional students is one of the Special Child Development Institutions in the Bandar Lampung region and the only one in Lampung province, Bandar Lampung Special Class II Child Development Institution has a distinct advantage from the Other Child Special Coaching Institutions namely the Institute Special Development for Children in Bandar Lampung Class II prioritizes the issue of Education.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 591-595\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Norma Indah Pratiwi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irwan Santoso <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dedy Hermanto Karwan <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAfifuddin, Beni Ahmad Saebani. 2009, Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif, Bandung: Pustaka Setia<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFuad, Ihsan, 2005, Dasar-dasar Kependidikan, PT Hasdy Mahasatia, Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tFarid, Zainal Abidin. 2007. Hukum Pidana 1. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHamzah, Andi. 2008. Hukum Acara Pidana Indonesia. Jakarta : Sinar Grafika<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMoeljanto. 2008. Asas-Asas Hukum Pidana. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tMiles, B. Mathew dan Michael Huberman. 2014. Analisis Data Kualitatif Buku Sumber Tentang Metode-metode Baru. Jakarta: UIP.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMoleong, Lexy J. 2017. MetodePenelitianKualitatif.RemajaRosdakarya: Bandung<br \/>\r\n[8].\tPoerwadaninta, W.J.S. 1995, Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia, Balai Pustaka.Jakarta<br \/>\r\n[9].\tPriyatno, Dwijda. 2006. Sistem Peaksanaan Pidana Penjara di indonesia. Bandung : Refika Aditama Mega Prihartanti. Perananan lembaga pemasyarakatan dalam perspektifKesatuan konsep sistem peradilan pidana (studi kasus Pembinaan anak pidana di lembaga pemasyarakatan Anak kutoarjo)<br \/>\r\n[10].\tPurwanto, M. Ngalim, 2011, Ilmu Pendidikan Teoritis dan Prakti, PT Rosda, Bandung<br \/>\r\n[11].\tSoejono.1995. Kejahatan dan Penegakan Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tSoetedjo, Wagiati. 2006. Hukum Pidana Anak. Bandung : Refika Aditama<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSupeno, Hadi, 2010, Deskriminasi Anak:Transformasi Perlindungan Anak Berkonflik dengan Hukum, Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI), Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSugiyono.2010.MetodePenelitianKualitatifdanKuantitatif.Alfabeta: Bandung<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSugiyono, 2013, Metodelogi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R&#038;D. (Bandung: ALFABETA)<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSumiarni, Endang. 2003. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Anak dalam Hukum Pidana. Yogyakarta: Universitas Atma Jaya.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tWaluyo, Bambang. 2004. Pidana dan pemidanaan. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUndang Undang Dasar 1945<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pembinaan danPembimbingan Warga Binaan Pemsyarakatan<br \/>\r\n[20].\tPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1999 tentang Tata Cara Pelaksanaan HakWarga Binaan Pemasyarakatan<br \/>\r\n[21].\tPeraturan Mentri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomer 72 Tahun 2013 Tentang Pendidikan Layanan Khusus<br \/>\r\n[22].\tUndang Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 1995 Tentang Pemasyarakatan<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUndang Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 Tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional<br \/>\r\n[24].\tUndang Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 Tentang Perlindungan Anak<br \/>\r\n[25].\tUndang Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 Tentang Hak Asasi Manusia<br \/>\r\n[26].\tUndang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1997 Tentang Pengadilan Anak<br \/>\r\n[27].\tPedoman Penyelenggaraan Pusat Kegiatan Belajar Masyarakat (PKBM) Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Lampung<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Norma Indah Pratiwi, Irwan Santoso, Dedy Hermanto Karwan &#8220;Management of Education Implementation Systems in Special Development Institute of Class II Bandar Lampung&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.591-595 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/591-595.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/591-595.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-education-implementation-systems-in-special-development-institute-of-class-ii-bandar-lampung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Management of Education Implementation Systems in Special Development Institute of Class II Bandar Lampung<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938b044 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"938b044\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938b12e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938b12e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938b2cb\" data-id=\"938b2cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938b406 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938b406\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938b4b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938b4b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938b614\" data-id=\"938b614\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938b735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938b735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938b7d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938b7d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938b924\" data-id=\"938b924\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938ba37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938ba37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938badf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938badf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938bc4a\" data-id=\"938bc4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938bf6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938bf6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Assessment of Attitude to Marital Counselling Among the Married: A Case Study of Grace Methodist Church, Sakaman &#8211; Dansoman Circuit<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Evans Kwashie Kagbetor, Cynthia Quaye &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 596-605<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938c062 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938c062\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938c207\" data-id=\"938c207\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938c384 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"938c384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Marital counselling offers the married enrichment for a healthy marriage. The purpose of the study was to assess attitude of the married towards marital counselling. Findings of this study hopes to provide evidences for the formulation of policies regarding marital counselling in the church and facilitate the understanding of marital counselling as a tool for maintaining healthy marriages.<br \/>\r\nThe target population of this study was all married persons in Grace Methodist Church, Sakaman in the Accra Diocese. A descriptive approach was used to collect and analyze data. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 60 married persons purposively sampled. Microsoft Excel was used for the descriptive analysis while the themes and concepts in the narratives of respondents were qualitatively analyzed.<br \/>\r\nFindings of the study revealed that the attitude of the married towards marital counselling did not match their knowledge of marital counselling. Even though the married appreciated the importance of marital counselling they did not take the full advantage of its benefits because of the issue of confidentiality. Many preferred the attendance of marriage programmes to meeting a counsellor one-on-one with their issues. Also, majority followed various programmes in the media as means of enriching their marriage.<br \/>\r\nThe study recommends among other things that the attitude of the married towards marital counselling would be much improved if the church addresses the issue of confidentiality and the media is used as a tool to reach out to members on issues concerning marriage and marital counselling.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 596-605\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evans Kwashie Kagbetor <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaranatha University College, P. O. Box AN 10320, Accra-North, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cynthia Quaye <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaranatha University College, P. O. Box AN 10320, Accra-North, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdjei A., Kagbetor E. K. &#038; Steiner J. L. (2018) Techniques of counselling. Accra: Asempa\tPublishers.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdjei A., Kagbetor E. K. &#038; Steiner J. L. (2018) Ethics of counselling. Accra: Asempa\tPublishers.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAdei S. &#038; Crabbe R. (2014). How to enjoy your marriage. Accra: SmartlineLimited.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAmedahe, F. K. (2000). Lecture notes on educational research. University of Cape Coast: Cape \tCoast. (Unpublished notes).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAnim, T. M. (2018). A philosophy and psychology of marriage. Cape Coast: Edsam Printing and \tPublications Limited.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAkinade, E.A. Sokan B.O. &#038;Osareren N. (2005). An introduction to guidance &#038;\tcounselling.A \tbasic text for colleges and universities. Ibadan: Caltop\tPublications.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBest, J. W., &#038; Kahn, J.V. (1989). Research in education. (6th Ed.), Englewood Cliffs, New \tJersey: Prentice Hall-Inc.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tCollins, R. G. (2007) Christian Counselling: A Comprehensive Guide. (3rd Ed.). United State of \tAmerica: Nelson Reference &#038; Electronic Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCorey, C. (2005). Theory and practice of counselling and psychotherapy, (7thEd.), Belmont: \tThomson Learning.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tFraenkel, J. R. &#038; Wallen, N. E. (2000). How to Design and Evaluate Research in \tEducation,(4th ed.), Boston: McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKagbetor E. K. (2018). Lecture notes on management of guidance and counselling services. Maranatha University College: Sowutuom &#8211; Accra. \t(Unpublished notes).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKlufio C. A. (2003). An introduction to medical statistics and research methodology. Accra: \tWoeli Publishing Services.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKonadu, C. (Ed.). (2018). Premarital preparation &#038; counselling handbook.Accra, Ghana: Sonlife Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLeedy, P. D. (1985). Practical research. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMwiti, G., &#038;Deuk, A. (2007) Christian counselling, an African indigenous perspective. Nairobi: \tEvangel Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tNachmias, C., &#038;Nachmias, D. (1996). Research methods in the social sciences. \tGreat Britain: \tSt. Martin\u2019s Press.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOlson, D., &#038;DeFrain, H. (1994). Marriage and the family, diversity and strengths.London: \tMayfield Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOsuala, E. C. (2001). Introduction to research methodology. (2nd Ed.), Onitsha, Nigeria: African \tEEP Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPatton, M. Q. (2002). Quantitative research evolution methods (3rd Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sag Publication Inc.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tPolit, D. F., &#038;Hunglar B. P. (1998). Study guide to accompany nursing research: principles &#038;\t\tmethods. (6thEd.), Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &#038; Wilkins.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Evans Kwashie Kagbetor, Cynthia Quaye &#8220;An Assessment of Attitude to Marital Counselling Among the Married: A Case Study of Grace Methodist Church, Sakaman &#8211; Dansoman Circuit&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.596-605 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/596-605.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/596-605.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-assessment-of-attitude-to-marital-counselling-among-the-married-a-case-study-of-grace-methodist-church-sakaman-dansoman-circuit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Assessment of Attitude to Marital Counselling Among the Married: A Case Study of Grace Methodist Church, Sakaman &#8211; Dansoman Circuit<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938d7ae elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"938d7ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938d893 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938d893\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938da52\" data-id=\"938da52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938db8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938db8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938dc34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938dc34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938dd94\" data-id=\"938dd94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938deb2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938deb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938df8b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938df8b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938e0e4\" data-id=\"938e0e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938e4d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938e4d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938e5c5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938e5c5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938e777\" data-id=\"938e777\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938eba3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"938eba3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Socio-Economic Changes of Women Garment Workers in Bangladesh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Nahar Kamrun, Dr. Shelim Sheik- October 2019 Page No.: 606-613<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-938ec6e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"938ec6e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-938ee1c\" data-id=\"938ee1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-938efd8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"938efd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Garments industry is the prime economic sector in Bangladesh. Most of the GDP (Gross Development Product) carried on Garments Industry. In this industry most of the worker is women. So, women garment worker are main human resources in Bangladesh. But one problem is that, they have no standard social status in our society on the other hand they have owned social status after joining the garments industry. Basically, before joining the garments industry women have lower social status or have no status in her family, relatives, and societies. Women are deprived from control over resources, have no decision making power, no invitation in social functions, poor health service etc. But this scenario changes after joining the garments industry. In that perspective researcher applied quantitative social research methods to find out how to change social status of women garments worker. In the quantitative method researcher followed sample survey into the garments industry where women are working. Researcher found some recommendations from the women garments worker. At first they have an occupational identity which is helpful to consume social status in her family as well as in her relatives. So it is a great change for women with help of garments industry. This process is not easy because various problems hamper this changes system. Sometimes women garments worker harassed\/discriminated by her family members, relatives as well as her colleagues, staffs, owner of the garments etc. In this situation a women is helpless in her life and they need to support from her family members, friends, colleagues, staffs and owner. In this context, researcher found that women have to solve this problem without other help; it is a great social status change of women garments worker in Bangladesh. Women garments worker think that if they have regular work in garments factory as well as they get social, economic, and legal support from stakeholder (Garments Industry, Government, Media etc.) their social status changes well radically.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 606-613\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Nahar Kamrun  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Professor, Dept.of Social Work, Sheikh Borhanuddin College, 62 Nazimuddin Road , Dhaka-1000,Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Shelim Sheik <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMinistry of local Government. Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhamed, F. (2013). \u201cImproving Social Compliance in Bangladesh&#8217;s Ready-Made Garment Industry.\u201d Labor and Management in Development, PP. 1-26.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBryman. A. (2012). Social Research Methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press: New York.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tCohen, N., and Arieli, T. (2011). \u201cField Research in Conflict Environments: Methodological Challenges and Snowball Sampling.\u201d Journal of Peace Research,Vol.48, No.4, PP.423-435.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCornwall, A., and Anyidoho, N. A. (2010). \u201cIntroduction: Women&#8217;s Empowerment: Contentions and Contestations.\u201d Development Journal, Vol. 53, No.2, PP., 144-149.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tFournillier, J.B. (2012). Agency and Empowerment. Georgia State University.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHossain, N. (2012). \u201cWomen&#8217;s Empowerment Revisited: From Individual to Collective Power among the Export Sector Workers of Bangladesh.\u201d IDS Working Papers, Vol. 2012, No.389, PP. 1-40.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHossain, I. and Al-Amin, M. (2012). \u201cEmployment of Women in the Globalization of Production in the Ready-Made Garment sector of Bangladesh: Welfare or Exploitation?\u201d Empowerment, Vol. 19, Women for Women, Dhaka, Bangladesh PP. 1-16<br \/>\r\n[8]\tIslam, M. T. (2010). \u201cViolence against Women in Bangladesh: A Structural Setback to Peace and Security.\u201d Pakistan Journal of Criminology, Vol. 2, No.2, PP. 53-76.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLorber, J. (2010). Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. (4th ed.) Oxford University Press: Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tYardley, J. (2013). Report on Deadly Factory Collapse in Bangladesh Finds Widespread Blame. The New York Times.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tYunus, M., and Yamagata, T. (2012). \u201cThe Garment Industry in Bangladesh\u201d, in Fukunishi(ed.), Dynamics of the Garment Industry in Low-Income Countries: Experience of Asia and Africa (Interim Report). ChousakenyuHoukokusho, IDE-JETRO, PP. 1-26<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Nahar Kamrun, Dr. Shelim Sheik &#8220;Socio-Economic Changes of Women Garment Workers in Bangladesh&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.606-613 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/606-613.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/606-613.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/socio-economic-changes-of-women-garment-workers-in-bangladesh\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Socio-Economic Changes of Women Garment Workers in Bangladesh<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9395160 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9395160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9395260 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9395260\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939abe1\" data-id=\"939abe1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939adca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939adca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939ae9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939ae9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939b02b\" data-id=\"939b02b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939b14f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939b14f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939b207 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939b207\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939b621\" data-id=\"939b621\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939dd57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939dd57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939de30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939de30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939dfe8\" data-id=\"939dfe8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939e116 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939e116\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The United Nations Voting Result of December 21, 2017: How the United Nations is not Toothless<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Sharon Ebikebina &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 614-620<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939e1c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939e1c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939e34b\" data-id=\"939e34b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939e48a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"939e48a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper intends to analyze the historical voting of December 21, 2017 as it relates to the role and powers of the United Nations. The UN has been successful in resolving several world conflicts peacefully but in the face of these efforts the critics of the UN see her to be toothless. The Czech after the resolution of 2017 stated it abstained from the historic voting because, Czech Republic did not believe the United Nations draft resolution would contribute to the peace process. The formation of the United Nations was necessitated by the inability of the League of Nations to prevent the Second World War of 1939-1945. Thus the United Nations was primarily established in 1945 to promote world peace and to encourage cooperation among nations in the world. This paper in a historical perspective found that the United Nations has proved critics wrong through the resolution of December 21, 2017. This paper found that the declaration of December 21, 2017 is upheld with compliance despite the United States threat of withdrawal of funds to the United Nations and the threat of not any more giving aid to perceived enemies to the United States of America. The paper established that the UN in an emergency meeting of the General Assembly pronounced President Trump\u2019s December 6, 2017 declaration of Jerusalem as capital of Israel null and void. And that about 130 nations voted in support of the resolution of the United Nations. The theoretical framework used in this work is the system theory. This paper concludes that the assertion that the UN is a toothless cannot be factual especially because the result of the UN voting stands and many sovereign nations all over the world complied.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 614-620\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPort Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sharon Ebikebina<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept. of History and International Studies, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tCarr, E. H.  (1939) The Twenty Years&#8217; Crisis, In (Snyder, 2004. p.52).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tJacques, F. Cecelia, M. L. Mingst, Karen (2018) \u201cUnited Nations: International Organization\u201d      Encyclopedia Britannica.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMona, B. Sewell, C.  Iritic, P. G.  Gala, T. (2017) \u201cConflict in Jerusalem is distinctly modern. Here\u2019s the History\u201d<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMorgenthau, Hans (1948) Politics Among Nations Burchill and Linklater, 2005, p1.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tWilliam L Cleveland and Martin Bunt (2010). \u201cA History of the Middle East\u201d<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBBC News (2017) \u201cJerusalem: UN Resolution rejects Trump\u2019s Declaration\u201d December 22.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCNN News (2017) \u201cThe UN Resolution of December 21 on Jerusalem\u2019s Status\u201d December 22.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNew York Times. December 22.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tPremium Times Nigeria December 22, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tUnited Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases: General Assembly\/Plenary; Tenth Emergency Special Session, 37th Meeting. 21 December 2017. www.un.org<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Sharon Ebikebina &#8220;The United Nations Voting Result of December 21, 2017: How the United Nations is not Toothless&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.614-620 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/614-620.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/614-620.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-united-nations-voting-result-of-december-21-2017-how-the-united-nations-is-not-toothless\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The United Nations Voting Result of December 21, 2017: How the United Nations is not Toothless<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939f3b1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"939f3b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939f4a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939f4a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939f635\" data-id=\"939f635\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939f77a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939f77a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939f826 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939f826\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939f982\" data-id=\"939f982\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939fa9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939fa9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939fb46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939fb46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-939fcd0\" data-id=\"939fcd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-939fe1a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"939fe1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-939fece elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"939fece\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93a0055\" data-id=\"93a0055\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a0166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93a0166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Child Care Practices among Mothers in the Northern Region: A Study of Some Mothers of Zujung, A Suburb of Tamale<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Adam Bawa Yussif (Ph.D) &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 621-626<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93a0204 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93a0204\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93a0381\" data-id=\"93a0381\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93a04ae elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93a04ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study is about child care practices among mothers in the northern region with specific reference to mothers of Zujung (a suburb of Tamale, the northern regional capital). Using a mainly qualitative method of research, the study examined the extent to which the economic activities of the mothers in the Zujung community, affects the care for their children. The study also examined the breastfeeding patterns of the mothers, their complementary feeding practices as well as the health-seeking behaviours of the mothers when their children are sick. Among others, the study found that the child care practices of the mothers are compromised by the demands of their economic engagements. In addition, child care is informed by cultural beliefs and practices in spite of all the prescriptions of formal care. The study therefore concludes that the child care practices of the mothers of the Zujung community cannot be described in optimum terms. Some recommendations are made as a result of the findings, suggesting a way forward for the vulnerable children of Zujung as well as other children of similar socio-economic background in the northern region and other areas of Ghana.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 621-626\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adam Bawa Yussif (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Tamale Technical University, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArmar-Klemesu, M. A., Wheeler E. F., (1991). Weaning practices and their outcomes; A critical look with special reference to Ghana. Bulleting of Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 4:3-28.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAkoamuah-Boateng, A. (1997). Feeding trials with qualitative protein maize in Ghana, in Steve A. Breth (ed.), Women, Agricultural Intensification anf Household Food Security,Proceedings at the Workshop held at the Sasakawa Centre, UCC, Ghana, June 1996, Sasakawa Africa Association, Mexico City.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tArla Gruda A., (2007). Albanian middle class working mothers: formal and informal practices of child rearing. Thesis submitted to the University of Utrecht<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBahl. R., (2003). Breastfeeding and Diarrhea morbidity: Journal of Pediatrics, Vol.86. P 874-882<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGhana Statistical Service (GSS)\/Macro International Inc., Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (2008). Accra: GSS\/Calvarton (Maryland): Macro International Inc.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHuffman, S.L. and C. Combest, (1990). Role of breastfeeding in the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. Journal of Diarrhoea Disease Research,8:68-81.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMakomane G. K., (2013). Balancing work and Family, Pew Research Centre. Social and Demographic trends.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tLuther C. (1992). Recommended Length of Exclusive Breast-feeding, Age at Introduction of Complementary Foods and Weaning Dilemma. Document No.  WHO\/CDD\/EDP\/92.5, World Health Organization, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMarsh et al (2012). What influences health behavior? Learning from caregivers of young children in Vietnam. Food and nutrition bulletin 23, 119-129..<br \/>\r\n[10].\tRuel M. T., and M. Arimond (2002). Sport check observations for assessing hygiene practices: Review of experience and implications for programmes. Journal of Health, population and Nutrition 20 (1):65-78.<\/p>\r\n<p>[11].\tRoshita A., Schubert E., Whittaker M. (2012). Child care and feeding practices of urban middle class working and non-working Indonesian mothers: A qualitative study of socio-economic and cultural environment. Blackwell publishing Ltd<br \/>\r\n[12].\tThe state of world children (2008). UNICEF<br \/>\r\n[13].\tUnited Nations Children Fund (UNICEF) (1990). The state of the world\u2019s children. Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tWorld Health Organization (2001). Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding Document No. A54\/INF.DOC\/8. WHO, Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNirmale, V. and Santosh H., (2003). Indigenous Wealth of Nations, Employment News Weekly, pp-1-2.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adam Bawa Yussif (Ph.D) &#8220;Child Care Practices among Mothers in the Northern Region: A Study of Some Mothers of Zujung, A Suburb of Tamale&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.621-626 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/621-626.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/621-626.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/child-care-practices-among-mothers-in-the-northern-region-a-study-of-some-mothers-of-zujung-a-suburb-of-tamale\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Child Care Practices among Mothers in the Northern Region: A Study of Some Mothers of Zujung, A Suburb of Tamale<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b6160 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93b6160\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b6265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b6265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b63f2\" data-id=\"93b63f2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b6528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93b6528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b65fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b65fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b675f\" data-id=\"93b675f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b6893 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93b6893\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b693c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b693c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b6aa1\" data-id=\"93b6aa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b6bb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93b6bb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b6c55 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b6c55\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b6dd0\" data-id=\"93b6dd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b6ee5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93b6ee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Management Efficiency and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Omete Francis Ikapel, G.S Namusonge, M. Sakwa- October 2019 Page No.: 627-635<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b6f8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b6f8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b7117\" data-id=\"93b7117\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b7275 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93b7275\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Banks, as financial intermediaries play a significant role in the economic development of a country, by facilitating the flow of funds from surplus economic units to deficit income units. The efficiency of the intermediation function carried out by these institutions aims at ensuring stability of the financial system, and guarantee economic development. This study sought to examine the effect of financial management efficiency on financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study targeted commercial banks listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange for the period 2006 to 2017. The dependent variable of this study was financial performance, measured by the return on assets and return on Equity. The predictor variables were financial management efficiency, inferred from capital adequacy, liquidity, financial leverage and market capitalization.Bank specific, industry specific and macroeconomic factors influence banks\u2019 intermediation efficiency, thus affecting bank efficiency and performance. This study adopted the descriptive research design, which involved collection and analysis of both primary and secondary data to infer the relationship among the variables under investigation. Statistical analysis was done with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The results showed that there is a strong and positive relationship between financial performance of commercial banks proxied by return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The study rejects the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between financial management efficiency and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. We recommend that commercial banks in Kenya should adopt efficient financial management mechanisms to improve their performance. Specifically, banks should comply with capital requirements, maintain adequate and optimal liquidity, and leverage on the existing opportunities offered by technology to ensure efficiency. The results of this study are of great benefit to various stakeholders including but not limited to bankers, researchers, regulatory authorities and academicians.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 627-635\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Omete Francis Ikapel <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.S Namusonge <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nJomokenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Sakwa <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nJomokenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAcosta, Pablo &#038;Loza, Andres. (2005). Short and Long Run Determinants of Private Investment in Argentina. Journal of Applied Economics. VIII. 389-406. 10.1080\/15140326.2005.12040634.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAikaeli, J. (2008). Commercial Banks Efficiency in Tanzania: A Paper Presented in a CSAE Conference on \u201cEconomic Development in Africa\u201d Held at St. Catherine\u2019s College, Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAikaeli, J. (2008). Commercial bank efficiency in Tanzania. A paper presented at a CSAE Conference on\u2014Economic Development in Africa, held at St. Catherine&#8217;s College, Oxford, 16th \u2013 18th.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAbu Alkhail, A.M., Burghof, H., Khan, W.A., 2012. Islamic commercial banking in Europe: a cross country and inter-bank analysis of efficiency performance. International Business and Economics Research Journal, 11(6), 647 676.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tApergis, N. (2014). The long-term role of non-traditional banking in profitability and risk profiles: Evidence from a panel of U.S. banking institutions. Journal of International Money and Finance, 45, 61-73.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBeck, T. H. L. (2007). Efficiency in financial intermediation: Theory and empirical measurement. In B. Balkenhol (Ed.), Microfinance and public policy: Outreach, performance and efficiency. (pp. 21). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBeckmann, R. (2007). Profitability of Western European banking systems: Panel Evidence on structural and cyclical determinants. Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies. No. 17, 2007.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBourkhis, K. and Nabi, M.S. (2013) Islamic and Conventional Banks\u2019 Soundness during the 2007-2008 Financial Crisis. Review of Financial Economics, 22, 68-77.<br \/>\r\nhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rfe.2013.01.001<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCetorelli, C. Mandel, B. &#038;Mollineaux, L. (2012). The Evolution of Banks and Financial Intermediation: Framing the Analysis. FRBNY Economic Policy Review \/ July 2012<br \/>\r\n[10].\tChitan, G. (2012). Corporate governance and bank performance in the Romanian banking sector. Procedia Economics and Finance, 3, 549-554.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tDenizer, C.A., Din\u00e7, M., Tarimcilar, M., 2000, \u201cFinancial liberalization and bankingefficiency: Evidence from Turkey\u201d, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 27 (3), 177-195.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tEnnis, H. M., and T. Keister. (2010). \u201cOn the Fundamental Reasons forBank Fragility.\u201d Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond EconomicQuarterly 96, no. 1 (first quarter): 33-58.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tGardener, E., Molyneux, P. &#038; Nguyen-linh, H. (2012). Determinants of Efficiency in South East Asian Banking. The Service Industries Journal, 31(16), 2693-2719.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tGavila, S. &#038;Santabarbara, D. (2009). What Explains the low Profitability in Chinese Banks?<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHou, X., Wang, Q. &#038; Zhang, Q. (2014). Market structure, risk taking, and the efficiency of Chinese commercial banks. Emerging Markets Review, 20, 75\u201388.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tIkhide, S. I. (2008). Measuring operational efficiency of commercial banks in Namibia. South African Journal of economics, 76(4), 586-95. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1813-6982.2008.00214.x<br \/>\r\n[17].\tKamau, A. (2011), Intermediation efficiency and productivity of the banking sector in Kenya; Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business Vol. 1, Issue. 9, (pp.12- 26) September, October, 2011<br \/>\r\n[18].\tKamau, A.W. (2009). Efficiency in the Banking Sector: An Empirical Investigation of Commercial Banks in Kenya. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements of Nairobi University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Nairobi: University of Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[19].\tKothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods &#038; Techniques. 2nd edition. New age International Publishers, New Delhi, India.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tKosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks \u201eprofits in Greece during the period of EU Financial integration. Journal of Managerial Finance.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tLee, Y.J. &#038; Kim, D. (2013). Bank performance and its determinants in Korea. Japan and the World Economy, 27, 83-94.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tLoukoianova, E., (2008): Analysis of the Efficiency and Profitability of the Japanese Banking System, IMF Working Paper, WP\/08\/63, International Monetary Fund.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMugenda, O.M. &#038;Mugenda, A.G. (2003). Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press<br \/>\r\n[24].\tNeceur, S. (2003): \u201cThe Determinants of the Tunisian Banking Industry profitability: Panel Evidence\u201d.  [19]. www.mafhoum.com\/press6\/174E11.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tNgumi, P.M (2013) Effect of Bank Innovations On Financial Performance of Commercial Banks In Kenya, (Unpublished PhD thesis), Jomokenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology<br \/>\r\n[26].\tNguyen, M. Skully, M. &#038;Perera, S. (2012). Market power, revenue diversification and bank stability: Evidence from selected South Asian countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 22, 897-912.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tOlweny, T., Shipho, T. (2011). Effects of Sectoral Factors on the Profitability of Commercial Banks in Kenya. Economics and Finance Review, 1(5), 1-30.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tOrodho, A. J. (2003). Essentials of Educational and Social Science Research Method. Nairobi:Masola Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tSotiris Papaioannou and Sophia Dimelis, (2007), Information Technology as a Factor of Economic Development: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries, Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 16, (3), 179-194<br \/>\r\n[30].\tSologoub, D (2006). \u2015The determinants of bank interest margins and profitability: Case of Ukraine.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tSowlati T. (2001) Establishing the Practical Frontier in Data Envelopment Analysis. An unpublished PhD. Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto<br \/>\r\n[32].\tTan, Y. &#038;Floros, C. (2013). Risk, capital and efficiency in Chinese banking. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions &#038; Money, 26, 378-393.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tVu, H. &#038;Nahm, D. (2013). The determinants of profit efficiency of banks in Vietnam. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 18(4), 615 631.<br \/>\r\n[34].\tWilliams, B. (2014). Bank risk and national governance in Asia. Journal of Banking and Finance, 49, 10-26.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tWu, S. (2005) \u201cProductivity and Efficiency Analysis of Australian Banking Sector under Deregulation\u201d, ACE 05: Proceedings of the Australian Conference of Economists, Blackwell, Carlton, Vic., pp. 1-43.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Omete Francis Ikapel, G.S Namusonge, M. Sakwa &#8220;Financial Management Efficiency and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.627-635 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/627-635.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/627-635.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-management-efficiency-and-financial-performance-of-commercial-banks-listed-on-the-nairobi-securities-exchange\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Management Efficiency and Financial Performance of Commercial Banks Listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b8113 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93b8113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93b8201 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93b8201\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93b8385\" data-id=\"93b8385\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93b84b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93b84b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cab18 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cab18\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cad0a\" data-id=\"93cad0a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cae60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93cae60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93caf15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93caf15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cb07b\" data-id=\"93cb07b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cb188 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93cb188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cb234 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cb234\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cb3a4\" data-id=\"93cb3a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cb4b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93cb4b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Staff Training on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Moses Leseiyo, James Mwikya Reuben- October 2019 Page No.: 636-642<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cb556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cb556\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cb6c5\" data-id=\"93cb6c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cb80a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93cb80a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Every organization exists to achieve certain goals. These goals are achieved through the efforts of employees. It is vital for every organization to know the factors that can possibly affect performance and work towards applying these factors so that performance is enhanced. This study sought to examine the influence of staff training on performance of public universities in Kenya, a case study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus. The Herzberg\u2019s two factor theory anchored the variables of the study.  The study used a descriptive case study research design and targeted the staff working in Moi University, Nairobi Campus. The study population was 200 staff from Moi University, Nairobi Campus representative sample of 70 staff was drawn from this population using stratified random sampling. The study used questionnaire as a tool to collect the required data which was administered by the researcher. The research used statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) computer package. The data was interpreted using descriptive statistics through frequencies, percentages and regression analysis. The findings revealed and established effect of staff training on organization performance show R = 0.788 indicating a strong positive correlation and R2 = 0.621 meaning 62.1% variation in organizational performance can be explained by a unit change in staff training. Staff training remains an investment for the organization. This comes once the employees provide the required services the right way hence service delivery increases the customer\u2019s goodwill which in turn leads to better organization results in terms of achievement of targets and overall organization performance. Based on the findings of this study, it recommends that Moi University, Nairobi Campus and other public Universities needs to embark on continuous training programme for its new and old employees on the recent skills in the market.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 636-642\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses Leseiyo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Mwikya Reuben <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhmad, K. Z., &#038;Bakar, R. A. (2009).The association between training and organizational commitment among white collar workers in Malaysia.International journal of training and development, 7 (3), 166-185.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArmstrong, M., (2016).A Handbook Of Human Resource Management Practice (10th Ed). Kogan Page Limited.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChowdhury, M., Alam, Z., &#038; Ahmed, S., (2014). Understanding Employee Motivation; The case of Non-Teaching Staff of a Public University. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(6) 17-24.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tFielding, N. (2010). Mixed methods research in the real world. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(2), 127-138.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGithinji A., (2014). Effects of Training on Employee Performance: A Case Study of United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia. (Master\u2019s Thesis, United States International University, Nairobi, Kenya).<br \/>\r\n[6].\tJagero, N., Komba, H. V. &#038;Mlingi, M. D., (2012). Relationship between on the Job Training and Employee\u2019s Performance in Public Universities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2 (22), 114- 120.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKitonga, E. U. (2013) Challenges In Implementation of Strategic Plans in Public Secondary Schoold In Webuye Constituency, Bungoma County, Kenya. (Master\u2019s Thesis, Kenyatta University, Kenya)<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKothari C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International P Ltd, New Delhi, India<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKulik, C.T. and Perry, E.L. (2012). When less is more: the effect of devolution on HR\u2019s strategic role and construed image. A journal of Human Resource Management, 47 (3), 541-558<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMarchington and Wilkinson (2015).Rediscovering the Heart and Soul of People Management. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.employment-studies.co.uk\/system\/files\/resources\/files<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMenz, M. (2012). Functional Top Management Team Members: A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 38(1), 45-80.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMohammad, M.M., &#038; Al-Momany, M.O., (2015). Training and its Impact on the Performance of Employees at Jordanian Universities from the Perspective of Employees: The Case of Yarmouk University. Journal of Education and Practice,6(32) 128-140.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMugenda, O and Mugenda, A.G. (2003).Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tNafziger, J. (2011). Job Assignments, Intrinsic Motivation and Explicit Incentives.The Bonn Graduate School of Economics.The Department of Economics.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOdinga, M.J., (2010). Staff Development Programs and Job Performance of Lecturers of Moi University.(Master\u2019s Thesis, Makerere University, Kampala).<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPurcell, J. and Hutchinson, S. (2017). Front-line managers as agents in the HRM performance causal chain: theory, analysis and evidence. Human Resource Management Journal, 17 (1), 3-20.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tRobbins, P. Stephen and Decenzo A. David (2015).Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concept and Application (8th edition) Pearson: U.S.A<br \/>\r\n[18].\tShaheen, A., Naqvi, S. M. H. &#038;Khan, M. A. (2013). Employees Training and Organizational Performance: Mediation by Employees Performance. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research in Business, 5 (4), 490-503.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tShahzadi, i.,  Javed, A., Pirzada, S. S.,  Nasreen, S. &#038;Khanam, F. (2014). Impact of Employee Motivation on Employee Performance.European Journal of Business and Management ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.6, No.23, 159-167<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSingh, Y. K. (2014). Research Methodology: Techniques &#038; Trends. New Delhi, IN: APH Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTanveer, A., (2015). Impact of Training and Development on Employee Performance in Banks in Pakistan.European Journal of Training and Development Studies, 3(1) 22-44<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moses Leseiyo, James Mwikya Reuben &#8220;Influence of Staff Training on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.636-642 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/636-642.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/636-642.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-staff-training-on-performance-of-public-universities-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-moi-university-nairobi-campus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Staff Training on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cc649 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93cc649\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cc73a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cc73a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cc8b6\" data-id=\"93cc8b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cc9df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93cc9df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cca81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cca81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ccbd8\" data-id=\"93ccbd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ccce0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ccce0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ccd8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ccd8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cced5\" data-id=\"93cced5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ccfdb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93ccfdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cd077 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cd077\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93cd1dd\" data-id=\"93cd1dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93cd2f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93cd2f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study of the Utilisation of Science Mobile Laboratories: A Case of Kitwe District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Banda John, Simpemba P. &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 643-649<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93cd39f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93cd39f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d77ad\" data-id=\"93d77ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d7991 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93d7991\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to explore the utilisation levels of science mobile laboratories when teaching science practical lessons and to assess the teachers\u2019 competencies in using the mobile laboratories and the challenges they face in this practice. A survey research design was used. It target science teachers from the three zones of Kitwe District of the Copperbelt Province. Purposive sampling was used to pick the participants of the study. Questionnaires, interview schedules and observation checklist were used to collect data. The findings from the study revealed that the quality of apparatus in these laboratories are good but they are in small quantities per unit compared to the class size and this negatively affects the teaching and learning process of practical lessons. The teachers\u2019 qualification has an impact on their ability to use the laboratory units. It was established that schools had financial challenges to acquire consumables for the practical lessons. Generally the teachers find the mobile laboratory units useful.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 643-649\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Banda John<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics Education, School Post Graduate Studies, The Copperbelt University, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Simpemba P. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Physics Education, School Post Graduate Studies, The Copperbelt University, Zambiae<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbrahams, I. and Millar, R. 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Pekmez, E. \u015e. &#038; Erdal, S. \u00d6. (2005).Kuramdan Uygulamaya Deney Yoluyla Fen<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGilbert, J., (2006). Science Education in School and Proposals. London: Routledge<br \/>\r\n[9].\tHofstein, A. (1998). Practical work in science education II. In P. Fensham (Ed.), Developments and dilemmas in science education (Pp. 189-217). London: Falmer Press. Nairobi: Paulines Publications Africa.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tLandolfi, E. (2002). Novice and Experienced Science Teachers\u2019 Understanding and Uses of Practical Activities. Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, University Of Toronto. 07.06.2005, Proquest Digital Dissertations<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLeach A. J., Shelby-James T &#8230; Mora R., Swings J., (1999). Practical work in science education: recent research studies. Roskilde: Roskilde University Press<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLemke, J.L. (2008). Talking Science: Language Learning and Values.Norwood: Ablex<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMillar, R. (2010).\u2018Thinking about Practical Work in Aspects of Teaching Secondary Science<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMillar, R. (2004).The role of practical work in the teaching and learning of science. New York: University of York.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMillar, R. H. (1999).\u201cMapping\u201d the domain-varieties of practical work.In J. Leach and A. Paulsen (Eds).Practical work in science Education: Recent Research Studies (Pp. 23-29). Denmark: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Roskilde University<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRamorogo (1998) Research in Science Teaching, Vol. 53(1), pp. 60\u201364.\u2019 http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/tea.21297.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMinistry of Education, (2003).Approved and Recommended Books for Use in Zambia Schools. Curriculum Development Centre.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMuzumara,  P.M.  (2008). Becoming an Effective Science Teacher (2nd ed.).  Lusaka:  Bhuta Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMuzumara, K. (2008). Education Now Break the Cycle of Poverty. Washington: Oxford<br \/>\r\n[20].\tRamorogo, G. J. (1998). Effects of exemplary teaching and learning materials on students\u2019 performance in Biology.Unpublished doctoral thesis. Cape Town: University of Western Cape.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tRyan, M. P. (2008). Becoming a teacher of Primary Science: Integrity Theory and Practice.Vol. (9), pp. 333-350<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSandoval, W.A. (2003). Conceptual and epistemic aspects of students\u2019 scientific explanations. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 12 (1), 5-51.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSuttan, C.R., Solomon, R. and Evans, J.T. (2008).The Art of Science Teacher \u2013 Science Teacher Project:     London:     McGraw &#8211; Hill     Book   Company     (UK)     LTD.   Score:     www.score-education.org\/2projects\/\/practical-work.html<br \/>\r\n[24].\tTezcan, H. &#038; G\u00fcnay, S. (2003). LiseKimya \u00d6\u011fretiminde Laboratuvar Kullan\u0131m\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin \u00d6\u011fretmen G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri.Milli E\u011fitim, 159, 195\u2013202.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tThe Government of the Republic Of Zambia, (2006).Vision 2030.  Lusaka:  Zambia Education Publishing House.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tYildiz, E., Akpinar, E. and Ergin, O. (2016). Science Teachers\u2019 Attitudes Aims of the Science Experiments. Journal of Turkish Science Education. 3 (2) pp. 3-5.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tUNESCO, (2010).Global Report on Challenges of Teaching Science.www.unesco.org<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Banda John, Simpemba P. &#8220;A Study of the Utilisation of Science Mobile Laboratories: A Case of Kitwe District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.643-649 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/643-649.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/643-649.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-of-the-utilisation-of-science-mobile-laboratories-a-case-of-kitwe-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Study of the Utilisation of Science Mobile Laboratories: A Case of Kitwe District<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d8835 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93d8835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93d892f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93d892f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d8abe\" data-id=\"93d8abe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d8be4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93d8be4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93d8c90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93d8c90\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d8de3\" data-id=\"93d8de3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d8ef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93d8ef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93d8fe8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93d8fe8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d9250\" data-id=\"93d9250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d9458 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93d9458\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93d9576 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93d9576\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d9875\" data-id=\"93d9875\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d9a88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93d9a88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Employee Motivation on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Moses Leseiyo, Dr. Thomas Ngui (PhD) &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 650-658<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93d9bc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93d9bc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93d9e69\" data-id=\"93d9e69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e1a00 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93e1a00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Every organization exists to achieve certain goals. These goals are achieved through the efforts of employees. It is therefore, vital for every organization to know the factors that can possibly affect performance and work towards improving these factors so that performance is enhanced. The general objective of the study was to examine the influence of employee motivation on performance of public universities in Kenya, a case study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus. Specifically the study sought to determine the effect of staff training, employee remuneration and career development on performance of Moi University, Nairobi Campus. The study used a descriptive case study research design. The study population was 200 staff from Moi University; Nairobi Campus. A representative sample of 70 staff was drawn from this population using stratified random sampling. The study used questionnaire as a tool to collect the required data. The research used statistics package for social sciences (SPSS) computer package software for analysis. The data was interpreted using descriptive statistics through frequencies, percentages and regression analysis. The findings revealed that staff training offered was relevant to developing employee skills, and this was ultimately aimed at improving organizational performance. The findings also revealed that remuneration significantly influences employees\u2019 attitude that ultimately influences their performance which also improves organizational performance. The study findings also established that career development was relevant to ensure employees are advance in their careers, and this ultimately led to improved organizational performance. The study recommends that Moi University should embark on continuous training programme for the staff, provide better terms of compensation and provide an avenue for career progression.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 650-658\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moses Leseiyo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Thomas Ngui (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nManagement University of Africa, P.O Box 29677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArmstrong, M., (2016).A Handbook Of Human Resource Management Practice (10th Ed). Kogan Page Limited.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBaron, R.A (2016).Motivation and Performance. J. Management, Risk taking situation Psychometric Science, 9:461-462.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBerman, D., Bowman, F., West, B. &#038; Wart, W. (2010).The effects of perceived external prestige, ethical Institutional climate, and leader &#8211; member exchange (LMX) quality on employees\u2019 commitments and their subsequent attitudes.Personnel Review, 40(6), 761-784.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChege, K (2009). Relevant, Effective, Appropriate and Transformative Leadership in Higher Education in the 21st century.A journal of KIM School of Management. 12(6), 155-165.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChowdhury, M., Alam, Z., &#038; Ahmed, S., (2014). Understanding Employee Motivation; The case of Non-Teaching Staff of a Public University. British Journal of Marketing Studies, 2(6) 17-24.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tFielding, N. (2010). Mixed methods research in the real world. 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When less is more: the effect of devolution on HR\u2019s strategic role and construed image. A journal of Human Resource Management, 47 (3), 541-558<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMarchington and Wilkinson (2015).Rediscovering the Heart and Soul of People Management. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.employment-studies.co.uk\/system\/files\/resources\/files<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMark, L. &#038;Nzulwa, J. (2018). Effect of Career Development Programs on Employee Performance In Kenya. A Case of National Hospital Insurance Fund. International Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology ISSN 2412-0294 Vol IV Issue V, PP 693-709<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMenz, M. (2012). Functional Top Management Team Members: A Review, Synthesis, and Research Agenda. Journal of Management, 38(1), 45-80.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tMohammad, M.M., &#038; Al-Momany, M.O., (2015). Training and its Impact on the Performance of Employees at Jordanian Universities from the Perspective of Employees: The Case of Yarmouk University. Journal of Education and Practice,6(32) 128-140.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMuchai, H. W., Makokha, E. N. &#038;Namusonge G. (2018) Effects of Remuneration System on Organizational Performance of Teachers Service Commission, Kenya European Journal of Business and Management. ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol.10, No.11, 2018, 132-141<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMugenda, O and Mugenda, A.G. (2003).Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative approaches. Nairobi: Acts Press.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMukokho, A. A. (2010). The influence of Strategic Planning and performance of public universities in Kenya: A case of University of Nairobi. (Master\u2019s Dissertation, University of Nairobi, Kenya).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMuogbo, U. S. (2013). The Influence of Motivation on Employees\u2019 Performance: A Study of Some Selected Firms in Anambra State. An International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia Vol. 2 (3), S\/No 7, July, 2013: 134-151 ISSN: 2225-8590 (Print) ISSN 2227-5452 (Online)<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMwashila, H. M., (2017). The Influence of Career Development on Academic Staff Performance in Kenyan Public Universities in Coast Region (Master\u2019s Dissertation, Technical University of Mombasa).<br \/>\r\n[21].\tOdinga, M.J., (2010). Staff Development Programs and Job Performance of Lecturers of Moi University.(Master\u2019s Thesis, Makerere University, Kampala).<br \/>\r\n[22].\tOgunade, A. O. (2011). Human Capital Investment in the Developing World: An Analysis of Praxis. Schmidt Labour Research Center Seminar Series.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tOnukwufor,  O. V,  G. I. Umoh&#038; Amah, E. (2018). Career Development and Organizational Success Of Government Parastatals In Rivers State. International Journal of Advanced Academic Research | Social &#038; Management Sciences | ISSN: 2488-9849 Vol. 4, Issue 4, PP 294-319<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRasowo, A.A., (2011). Effects of Reward Systems on Employee Performance; A Case of Kenya Pipeline Company, Kisumu, Kenya. (Post Graduate Diploma Thesis, University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[25].\tRobbins, P. Stephen and Decenzo A. David (2015).Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concept and Application (8th edition) Pearson: U.S.A<br \/>\r\n[26].\tShaheen, A., Naqvi, S. M. H. &#038;Khan, M. A. (2013). Employees Training and Organizational Performance: Mediation by Employees Performance. Interdisciplinary Journal Of Contemporary Research in Business, 5 (4), 490-503.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tSingh, Y. K. (2014). Research Methodology: Techniques &#038; Trends. New Delhi, IN: APH Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tWasyonju , M.G., Kindiki, J.N., &#038; Kali J. (2012). Impact of Brain Drain on the quality of Education in Moi University, Kenya.Journal of Emerging Trends in educational Research and Policy Studies. (3), 241-24<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Moses Leseiyo, Dr. Thomas Ngui (PhD) &#8220;Influence of Employee Motivation on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.650-658 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/650-658.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/650-658.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-employee-motivation-on-performance-of-public-universities-in-kenya-a-case-study-of-moi-university-nairobi-campus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Employee Motivation on Performance of Public Universities in Kenya: A Case Study of Moi University, Nairobi Campus<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e2929 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93e2929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e2a3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e2a3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e2bfd\" data-id=\"93e2bfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e2d38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e2d38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e2de2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e2de2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e2f39\" data-id=\"93e2f39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e3043 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e3043\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e30ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e30ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e3253\" data-id=\"93e3253\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e335d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e335d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e33fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e33fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e3592\" data-id=\"93e3592\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e36c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"93e36c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges of Foreign Policy in Modern Diplomacy: The Nigerian Example<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Sharon Ebikebina &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 659-665<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93e376f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93e376f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93e38e4\" data-id=\"93e38e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93e3a12 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93e3a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Human resource makes Nigeria a big power player in diplomacy and international politics. This paper therefore examines the challenges of foreign policy in modern diplomacy with emphasis in Nigeria These identified challenges of foreign policy in Nigeria are arising from the fact that Africa is the center-piece of Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy. Government officials are decision makers who influence foreign policy but foreign policy administration in Nigeria revolve round the head of state. The nature of social groups, diversity and the degree of conflict or harmony existing in Nigeria internal environment is a determinant factor in the formulation of foreign policy. Staffing, training and funding combine as challenges that glare at the professional practice of Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy. The paper concludes that Nigerian citizens hope to see the practical results and gains of the country\u2019s center- piece diplomacy in the material improvement of their lives. The implication is that Nigeria has not benefited from her many and varied humanitarian policies towards fellow African countries. This is because the gains will help Nigerians to see the justification for the finances expended in several projects. The paper suggests that Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy should be reviewed taking into cognizance the new challenges of the globalized world order.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 659-665\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPort Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sharon Ebikebina <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDept. of History and International Studies, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAkinyerni, A.B. (1986), Welcome Address by Minister of External Affairs at the All Nigeria \tConference on Foreign Policy, held at Kuru near Jos between 5 and 7 April, 1986.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlaba, Ogunsanwo (1986) Our Friends, Their Friends, Nigeria\u2019s External Relations, 1960-1985 Alfa Communications<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBrownlie, 1.(1979), Principles of Public International Law (London. Oxford).<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDokubo, C. (2010), Nigeria\u2019s Foreign Policy in a Changing Security Environment. Challenges \tand prospects. Lagos: Nigerian Institute of International Affairs.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tEnuka, C. (2007), Public opinion and Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy In Orjiakor, N. (ed.) Salient issues in Nigerian history, culture and socio-political development. Enugu, Nigeria. John Jacobs Publishers<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEze, O. (2010), Beyond 50 years of Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy: Issues, challenges and prospects. \tLagos: Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA)<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFafowora, O. (2008), The unsung prayer: The Nigerian diplomat and the Foreign Service Financial Nigeria. July 11,2012. @: www.searchjinancialnigeriacom<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGambari, 1. (2008), From Balewa to Obasanjo: The theory and practice of Nigeria\u2019s foreign policy In Garba, J. (1991), Diplomatic soldiering Ibadan: Spectrum Books Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIdang, G. J.  (1973) Nigeria: International Politics and Foreign Policy, Uni\u00acversity of Ibadan. Ibadan University Press.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tldang. G. J. (1973), Nigeria: Internal Politics and Foreign Policy, 1960-1966. Ibadan: Ibadan \tUniversity Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tJohns, D.I. (1979), \u201cDiplomatic Exchange and Interstate Inequality in Africa: An Empirical \tAnalysis. Longman Group Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKawonishe, Dayo.(2003), \u201cSalvaging Nigerian Missions from Financial Crisis\u201d. African Journal of International Affairs and Development.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMadueke, Ojo (2009), \u201cReps to tackle decay in Nigerian Missions\u201d, Report of Madueke\u2019s to the House of Reps. Committee on Foreign Affairs at:www.nigeriabestforumcom\/index.php<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMustapha, A. (2008), Gulliver\u2019s troubles: Nigeria\u2019sforeign policy after the cold war. South Africa: University of Kwazulu Press.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tObi, E. A. (2006), Fundamentals of Nigerian foreign policy: A study on the role of national interest in foreign policy making. Onitsha: Book Point Publishers<br \/>\r\n[16].\tObioma, J. D. (2013), Nigeria\u2019s Father Christmas foreign policy: A case of unrequited love. Available at http:\/\/www.theeconomyng.com\/newsl74.html.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOlusanya, G.O. (1990),\u201dThe Challenges of the Nigerian Foreign Service\u201d, in G.O. Olusanya and R.A. Akindele (eds), The Structure and Processes of Foreign Policy Implementation in Nigeria,1960- 1990. Lagos\/Ibadan: NIIA and Vantage Publications International Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPadelford, N. J. and Lincoln, G.A. (1967), The Dynamics of International Politics. New York: The Macmillan Company.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tPalmer, N. D. and Perkins, H.C (2001), International Relations: The World Community in \tTransition. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and Distributors.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tRourke, J. (1997), International politics on the world stage. USA: Dushkin\/McGraw-HilISatow. \tE.(1979)Guide to Diplomatic Practice, 5th edition (Lord Gore Booth(ed):London.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tTyoden, S. (1989), Nigeria\u2019s political economy and foreign policy (1990-1983) Jos: University of Jos Press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Sharon Ebikebina &#8220;Challenges of Foreign Policy in Modern Diplomacy: The Nigerian Example&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.659-665 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/659-665.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/659-665.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-of-foreign-policy-in-modern-diplomacy-the-nigerian-example\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Challenges of Foreign Policy in Modern Diplomacy: The Nigerian Example<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ed31a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93ed31a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 666-674<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-93ee199 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"93ee199\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93ee358\" data-id=\"93ee358\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ee4dc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"93ee4dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Financial literacy is the ability to use knowledge and skills to manage one\u2019s financial resources effectively for life time financial security (Mandell, 1997). When applied to business enterprises, financial literacy is aimed at ensuring sustainability of business by enabling the business utilize the financial resources effectively. This study investigated the relationship between Financial Literacy and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) using Kikuubo Shopping Centre \u2013Kampala as a case study. The study was prompted by the high mortality of SMEs within their year of inauguration (Nangoli et al, 2013). The study objectives were: To investigate the relationship between financial knowledge and financial performance of SMEs; to establish the relationship between financial skills and financial performance of SMEs; to investigate the relationship between financial experience and financial performance of SMEs. Financial Performance was measured in terms of: Business survival, profitability and growth.  The study employed a co relational study design and a total of 160 respondents from SMEs owners and employees took part in the study. Data were collected using questionnaires and interview guides and both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the collected data. The study established that: a positive moderate and significant relationship exists (r=0.4799, p<0.05) between financial Knowledge and financial performance of SMEs; a positive strong and significant relationship exists (r=0.6663,p<0.05) between financial skills and financial performance of SMEs and a positive strong and significant relationship exists (r=0.6508,p<0.05) between financial experience and financial performance of SMEs. It was thus concluded that financial literacy is very key in promoting the financial performance of SMEs. The study recommends that financial literacy programs be incorporated in the various engagements of stakeholders through workshops and seminars with SMEs owners; and encouraging partnerships with financial institutions to provide customized financial literacy education to SMEs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 666-674\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>James Kizza  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics and Statistics, Kyambogo University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbiodun,E.A. &#038; Harry, E. (2016). Financial literacy and SME firm performance. International Journal of Research Studies in Management. 5 (1), 31-43.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlutu A.N.G. &#038; Uzamere, A.O., (2011). The Girl-Child and Entrepreneurial Education: A Case \tfor Economic Sustainability. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 3(3): 180-187, \tISSN: 2041-3246<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAtkinson, A. and F.Messy. (2012), \u201cMeasuring Financial Literacy: Results of the OECD\/International Network on Financial Education (INFE) Pilot Study\u201d, OECD Working Papers on Finance, Insurance and Private Pensions, No.15, OECD Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAyyagari, M., &#038; Demirguc-Kunt, S. (2005). An analysis of the relationship between TQM implementation and organizational performance: evidence from Turkish SMEs.  Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 17 (6), 829-847.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBecker, G. (1975), Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, Second edition, New York: Columbia University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBernheim, B. D., &#038; Garrett, D. M. (2003). The effects of financial education in the workplace: evidence from a survey of households. Journal of Public Economics, 87(7), 1487-1519.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBernheim, B. D., Garrett, D. M., &#038; Maki, D. M. (2001). Education and saving: The long-term \teffects of high school financial curriculum mandates. Journal of Public Economics, 80, 435-465.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBitature, P. (2010). Financial literacy should be priority to Ugandans, Daily Monitor Publishers, Kampala.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBititci, U. S., Turner, A. S., &#038; Begemann, L. (200). Integrated performance measurement systems: a development guide. International journal of operations &#038; production management, 17(5), 522-534.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tBraunstein, S. &#038; Welch, C. (2002). Financial literacy: An overview of practice, research and\t      policy. FederalmReserve Bulletin, 88, 445-457.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBryant,J.H. (2013). Economic Growth Sustainability Rooted in Financial literacy. In Practicing           Sustainability. Eds.:Madhavan,G.,Oakley,B.,Green,D.,Koon,D. and Low,P.New York: Springer.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tChetambe,H.N. &#038; Sakwa,M. (2013). Effects of financial training on financial performance of schools in Kenya: a survey of administrators of secondary schools in Trans-Nzoia County. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences. 3(10),214-220<br \/>\r\n[13].\tChristelis, T. W. (2010). Board Composition and Firm Performance: Some Canadian Evidence. Int Adv Econ Res, 16, 421\u2013422. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/s11294-010-9271-2.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tCocchetti, S.G &#038; Kharoobi .E. (2012) Reassessing the Impact of Finance on growth.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tCooperative Extension Service. (2000). The Columbia Encyclopedia, (p.9383). The Columbia University Press. Retrieved June 28, 2016, from General OneFile via Gale: http:\/\/find.galegroup.com.proxybz.lib.montana.edu\/ips\/start.do?prodId=IPS<br \/>\r\n[16].\tD\u2019Amboise, G. Gasse, Y, (2006). Performance in small firms and utilization of formal management techniques, proceeding of the Joint National meeting TIMS\/ORSA, Washington.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDeThomas, A. R. and Fredenberger, W. B. (2005). Accounting needs of very small business, CPA Journal<br \/>\r\n[18].\tDodaro, G.L. (2011). Financial Literacy: The Federal Government\u2019s role in Empowering Americans to Make Sound Financial Choices. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO).<br \/>\r\n[19].\tDrexler, A., Fischer, G., &#038; Schoar, A. (2014). Keeping it simple: Financial literacy and rules of thumb. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 6(2), 1-31.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tEsiebugie,U., Agwa,T.R. &#038; Asenge,L.E. 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Financial knowledge and financial literacy at the Household level. Michigan Retirement Research Center. University of Michigan.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tHastings, J.S., Madrian,B.C. and Skimmyyhorn,W.L.(2013). Financial Literacy, Financial Education, and Economic Outcomes. Annual Review of economics.5,347-373.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tHatega, G. (2007). SME development in Uganda. Private Sector Foundation Uganda, paper \tpresented on 14th-March, 2007, Sheraton Kampala.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tHilgert, M. A., Hogarth, J. M., &#038; Beverly, S. G. (2003). Household financial management: The \tconnection between knowledge and behavior. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 89, 309-322.http:\/\/find.galegroup.com.proxybz.lib.montana.edu\/ips\/start.do?prodId=IPS<br \/>\r\n[30].\tHung,A.A., Parker,A.M. &#038; Yoong,J. (2009). Defining and measuring financial literacy<br \/>\r\n[31].\tJoo, S., &#038; Grable, J. E. (2000). Improving employee productivity: The role of financial \tcounseling and education. 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Challenges Faced By Small and Medium Enterprises in raising Finance in Uganda. International Journal of Public Administration and Management Research (IJPAMR), Vol. 3, No 2, December, 2015. Website: http:\/\/www.rcmss.com. ISSN: 2350-2231 (Online) ISSN: 2346-7215 3(2):21-33.<br \/>\r\n[66].\tUganda Investment Authority (2014). Uganda: Development of a National Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises \t(MSMEs) Policy and Strategy, July 2007.<br \/>\r\n[67].\tUnited Nations Conference and Trade and Development UNCTAD. (2002). Proceedings of the Symposium on Modalities for Financing SMEs in \tUganda. United Nations, Print, New York and Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[68].\tVolpe, R. P., Chen, H., &#038; Liu, S. (2006). An analysis of the importance of personal finance topics and the level of knowledge possessed by working adults. Financial \tServices Review, 15, 81-99.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">James Kizza  &#8220;Financial Literacy and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.666-674 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/666-674.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/666-674.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-literacy-and-financial-performance-of-small-and-medium-enterprises-in-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Literacy and Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises in Uganda<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93ef418 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"93ef418\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 675-677<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94041ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94041ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9404336\" data-id=\"9404336\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9404459 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9404459\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to determine the relationship between school climate and the performance of teachers of Vocational High School in the city of Bandar Lampung. This study the study is quantitative. This research was Ex Post Facto. Data collection was conducted by means of interviews and questionnaires with 88 samples of 100% response level teachers. It is concluded that there is a positive relationship between school climate and teacher performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 675-677\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eka Rohmiati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irawan Suntoro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sumadi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmanza, Redi Ramdani.(2013). The Effect of Continuing Professional Development on Increasing Professional Competence of Elementary School Teachers in the Pasirwengi District. Journal of Education, 1 (1)<br \/>\r\n[2].\tHadiyanto. 2004. Finding figure Decentralized Education Management in Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Rineka Reserved<br \/>\r\n[3].\t Hoy, WK, &#038; Miskel, CG. 2008. Theory, research and practice in educational administration. Translated to Persian by: Abaszadeh S. Urmia: Urmia University pub, 2008, 88-46.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMurwati, Hesti. 2013. Influence of Teachers Professional Certification Work Motivation and Performance Se teacher at SMK Negeri Surakarta. Journal of Business and Economic Education (Bise), 1 (1).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tSagala, Syaiful. 2008. Reinventing Cultural and Educational Organization. Bandung: Alfabeta<br \/>\r\n[6].\tSugiyono(2010). Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods R &#038; D.Alfabeta.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Eka Rohmiati, Irawan Suntoro, Sumadi &#8220;The Relationship between School Climate and Teacher Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.675-677 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/675-677.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/675-677.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-relationship-between-school-climate-and-teacher-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Relationship between School Climate and Teacher Performance<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405250 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9405250\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9405337 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9405337\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94054c3\" data-id=\"94054c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9405604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94056ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94056ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9405802\" data-id=\"9405802\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940590e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"940590e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94059b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94059b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9405afd\" data-id=\"9405afd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405c08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9405c08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9405ca2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9405ca2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9405e07\" data-id=\"9405e07\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9405f10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9405f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Research on the Standard of \u201cNational Security\u201d in the U.S. Export Controls on Technologies and Analysis of Its WTO Obligations &#8211;Thinking Raised by U.S. Ban on Huawei <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Zhenyuan Guo- October 2019 Page No.: 678-693<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9405fb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9405fb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-940612b\" data-id=\"940612b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9412f07 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9412f07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">\u201cNational security\u201d is an important factor for a country to decide on export control, but its standards in practice are rarely analyzed. The case of \u201cU.S. Ban on Huawei\u201d in the United States showed that the standards of \u201cnational security\u201d in export control on technologies in the U.S has great generality and vagueness, even has become an excuse for political considerations. This paper starts with the development of U.S. export control system, on the basis of the analysis of its own legal system, combined with the \u201cnational security\u201d and cases in the U.S. foreign investment laws, trying to research the standard of \u201cnational security\u201d in the U.S. export control of technologies. Further, through the analysis of the \u201csecurity exception\u201d clause in the WTO system, the author proves that the practice of the United States in the case of \u201cHuawei ban\u201d and its attitude towards the export control of technologies has violated its WTO obligations.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 678-693\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zhenyuan Guo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLL.M. of Melbourne Law School, The University of Melbourne, Australia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Articles\/Books\/Reports\/Documents<br \/>\r\n[1].\tAlavi, Hamed and Tatsiana KHamichonak, \u2018EU and US Export Control Regimes for Dual Use Goods: An Overview of Existing Frameworks\u2019 (2017) 17 Romanian Journal of European Affairs 59<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAoi, Tamotsu, Historical Background of Export Control Development in Selected Countries and Regions (Center for Information on Security Trade Controls)<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBhala, Raj, \u2018National Security and International Trade Law: What the GATT Says, and What the United States Does\u2019 (1998) 19 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law 263<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBlewett, Daniel K, Analytical Index &#8211; 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Business 179<br \/>\r\n[32].\tSweden &#8211; Import Restrictions on Certain Footwear (No L\/4250\/Add.1, GATT, 15 March 1977)<br \/>\r\n[33].\tTipler, Christopher M, \u2018Defining \u201cNational Security\u201d: Resolving Ambiguity in the CFIUS Regulations\u2019 (2014) 35 University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Law 62<br \/>\r\n[34].\tVabulas, Felicity and Duncan Snidal, \u2018Organization without Delegation: Informal Intergovernmental Organizations (IIGOs) and the Spectrum of Intergovernmental Arrangements\u2019 (2013) 8(2) The Review of International Organizations 193<br \/>\r\n[35].\tZive, Joshua C, \u2018Unreasonable Delays: CFIUS Reviews of Energy Transactions\u2019 (2013) 3 Harvard Business Law Review 169<br \/>\r\nWeb pages\/News<br \/>\r\n[36].\tD., Palmer, \u2018U.S. Lawmakers Cheer as China Steel Firm Backs out &#8211; Reuters\u2019, Reuters (19 August 2010) https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-usa-china-trade\/u-s-lawmakers-cheer-as-china-steel-firm-backs-out-idUSTRE67I40C20100819<br \/>\r\n[37].\tDeng, Iris and Yingzhi Yang, \u2018US Ban on Huawei\u2019s 5G Technology Could Be a Blessing in Disguise for the Chinese Brand, Say PR Experts\u2019, South China Moring Post (25 February 2019) https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/big-tech\/article\/2187622\/us-ban-huaweis-5g-technology-could-be-blessing-disguise-chinese-brand<br \/>\r\n[38].\tFederal Communications Commission., \u2018Protecting Against National Security Threats to the Communications Supply Chain Through FCC Programs\u2019 (2 May 2018) https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2018\/05\/02\/2018-09090\/protecting-against-national-security-threats-to-the-communications-supply-chain-through-fcc-programs<br \/>\r\n[39].\t\u2018Federal Register: Addition of Entities to the Entity List\u2019 https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2019\/05\/21\/2019-10616\/addition-of-entities-to-the-entity-list<br \/>\r\n[40].\t\u2018Federal Register: Additions to the Entity List\u2019 https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/03\/08\/2016-05104\/additions-to-the-entity-list<br \/>\r\n[41].\t\u2018Huawei Now World\u2019s Largest Telecom Equipment-Maker &#8211; Caixin Global\u2019 https:\/\/www.caixinglobal.com\/2018-03-19\/huawei-now-worlds-largest-telecom-equipment-maker-101223256.html<br \/>\r\n[42].\t\u2018In the Matter of: Zhongxing Telecommunications Equipment Corporation ZTE Plaza, Keji Road South Hi-Tech Industrial Park Nanshan District, Shenzhen China; ZTE Kangxun Telecommunications Ltd. 2\/3 Floor, Suite A, Zte Communication Mansion Keji (S) Road Hi-New Shenzhen, 518057 China Respondent\u2019; Order Activating Suspended Denial Order Relating to Zhongxing Telecommunications Equipment Corporation and ZteKangxun Telecommunications Ltd.\u2019, Federal Register (23 April 2018) https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2018\/04\/23\/2018-08354\/in-the-matter-of-zhongxing-telecommunications-equipment-corporation-zte-plaza-keji-road-south<br \/>\r\n[43].\tNg, Teddy et al, \u2018Chinese Team Arrives in US for Trade War Talks under Shadow of Latest Huawei Charges\u2019, South China Morning Post (29 January 2019)<br \/>\r\n[44].\t\u2018Remarks by President Trump on United States 5G Deployment\u2019, The White House https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefings-statements\/remarks-president-trump-united-states-5g-deployment\/<br \/>\r\n[45].\tSoo, Zen, \u2018How US Went from Telecoms Leader to 5G Also-Ran without Challenger to China\u2019s Huawei\u2019, South China Morning Post (2 April 2019) https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/tech\/enterprises\/article\/3004325\/how-us-went-telecoms-leader-5g-also-ran-without-challenger-chinas<br \/>\r\n[46].\tTANAKA, AKITO, \u2018China in Pole Position for 5G Era with a Third of Key Patents\u2019, Nikkei Asian Review (3 May 2019) https:\/\/asia.nikkei.com\/Spotlight\/5G-networks\/China-in-pole-position-for-5G-era-with-a-third-of-key-patents<br \/>\r\n[47].\t\u2018Temporary General License\u2019, Federal Register (24 March 2016) https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/documents\/2016\/03\/24\/2016-06689\/temporary-general-license<br \/>\r\n[48].\tWattles, Jackie, \u2018Trump Reversed Course on Huawei. What Happens Now?\u2019, CNN Business (30 June 2019) https:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2019\/06\/29\/business\/huawei-trump-us-goods\/index.html<br \/>\r\n[49].\tWeisman, Steven R, \u2018Sale of 3Com to Huawei Is Derailed by U.S. Security Concerns\u2019, The New York Times (online at 21 February 2008) https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/02\/21\/business\/worldbusiness\/21iht3com.1.10258216.html<br \/>\r\n[50].\t\u2018Winning the Race to 5G and the Next Era of Technology Innovation in the United States\u2019 (hearing by U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Washington. D.C., Feb 6, 2019).<br \/>\r\n[51].\thttps:\/\/www.commerce.senate.gov\/public\/index.cfm\/2019\/2\/winning-the-race-to-5g-and-the-next-era-of-technology-innovation-in-the-united-states<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zhenyuan Guo &#8220;Research on the Standard of \u201cNational Security\u201d in the U.S. Export Controls on Technologies and Analysis of Its WTO Obligations &#8211;Thinking Raised by U.S. Ban on Huawei &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.678-693 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/678-693.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/678-693.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/research-on-the-standard-of-national-security-in-the-u-s-export-controls-on-technologies-and-analysis-of-its-wto-obligations-thinking-raised-by-u-s-ban-on-huawei\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Research on the Standard of \u201cNational Security\u201d in the U.S. Export Controls on Technologies and Analysis of Its WTO Obligations &#8211;Thinking Raised by U.S. Ban on Huawei<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9413eaa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9413eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9413f94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9413f94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941411f\" data-id=\"941411f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941424d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"941424d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94142ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94142ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9414446\" data-id=\"9414446\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9414555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9414555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941462b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941462b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94147a3\" data-id=\"94147a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94148cd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94148cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941496e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941496e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9414ad7\" data-id=\"9414ad7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9418319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9418319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Management of Disasters in Tanzania\u2019s Secondary Schools: Policy Formulation and dissemination, the Unanswered Questions in Overcoming Fire Disasters<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Alphonce J. Amuli- October 2019 Page No.: 694-704<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9418486 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9418486\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94186b2\" data-id=\"94186b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9418874 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9418874\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper specifically investigated how policies to manage fire disaster incidents in secondary schools are formulated and disseminated to the respective stakeholders for implementation. The study focused on answering the major research question: How are policies formulated and disseminated to stave off and deal with fire disasters in Tanzania\u2019s secondary schools? This question was divided further into two sub-questions; (1) How are stakeholders involved in the formulation of policy directives to manage fire outbreaks? (2) How are policies disseminated to secondary schools for managing fire outbreaks? The study covered three regions of Iringa, Mbeya and Kilimanjaro as well as the headquarters of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (MoEST) on Tanzania Mainland. The change management theory and qualitative research approach informed the study. Data and information were gathered from a sample of 116 respondents comprising students, teachers, heads of school, School Board Members, District Secondary Education Officers, Regional Education Officers and the Commissioner of Education. The study used focused group discussions, face-to-face interviews and documentary analysis to collect data. Results from the study show that the stakeholders at the lower levels of the MoEST were hardly involved during the policy formulation process to manage fire disasters. In fact, even documents aimed to guide and direct school on effective management of fire disasters did not reach implementers in secondary schools because of unreliable channels of communication from the ministry headquarters downwards. Thus, the policy formulation process should draw on inputs from the people affected by fire outbreaks in the relevant context and shun away from solely relying on the top-down policy formulation approach. More importantly, there should be the reliable channel of communication for disseminating in schools the policies issued by the MoEST for managing fire outbreaks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 694-704\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alphonce J. Amuli <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n(A student of PhD in Education)<br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Management and Lifelong Learning (EFMLL)<br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlphonce, N. R. (2000). Tertiary education leadership programmes in Tanzania and New Zealand: Higher education for social development. 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Challenges facing change management theories and research. Delhi Business Review, 9 (1) (January \u2013 June 2008)<br \/>\r\n[36].\tRadio Free Africa, Moto wateketeza shule ya Sunrise, Kahama on 23\/1\/2017<br \/>\r\n[37].\tSatterly, S. C. (2014). Report of relative risks of death in U.S. K-12 schools. Safe Havens International, ISBN 978-1-935029-55-7<br \/>\r\n[38].\tSchratz, M., &#038; Walker, R. (1995). Research as social change: New opportunities for qualitative research. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[39].\tSharpe, J. &#038; Kelman, I. (2011). Improving the disaster-related component of secondary school geography education in England. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 20(4), 327-343, DOI: 10.1080\/10382046.2011.619810<br \/>\r\n[40].\tShibutse, P. I., Omuterema, S., &#038; China, S. (2014). Frequency and severity of fire disasters in secondary schools in Kenya. 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London: SAGE.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alphonce J. Amuli &#8220;Management of Disasters in Tanzania\u2019s Secondary Schools: Policy Formulation and dissemination, the Unanswered Questions in Overcoming Fire Disasters&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.694-704 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/694-704.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/694-704.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/management-of-disasters-in-tanzanias-secondary-schools-policy-formulation-and-dissemination-the-unanswered-questions-in-overcoming-fire-disasters\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Management of Disasters in Tanzania\u2019s Secondary Schools: Policy Formulation and dissemination, the Unanswered Questions in Overcoming Fire Disasters<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9419840 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9419840\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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October 2019 Page No.: 705-712<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-941a5eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"941a5eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-941a784\" data-id=\"941a784\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-941a8cd elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"941a8cd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Purpose\u2014the objective of this paper is to present the economic and social upgrading dynamics of Swallows Handicraft enterprise in its production value network.<br \/>\r\nDesign\/methodology\/approach\u2014this research is basically qualitative in nature where the handicraft industries in Thanapara Swallows Development Society (TSDS), Rajshahi has been taken into consideration. Primary data of this study have been collected through Face to Face Interview and Key Informant Interview (KII) and case study method both from employers and employees. There have been also used secondary data sources.<br \/>\r\nFindings\u2014Findings indicate there is not parallel social and economic upgrading in Swallows handicraft\u2019s production vale network. A total ten dynamics has been observed both in economic and social cases. Market is extending in globally by exporting but seasonal unemployment and irregular payment of wages are also increases.<br \/>\r\nResearch limitation\/ implication\u2014the research is limited to just one industry in Rajshahi district, but there implications for all handicraft enterprises in Bangladesh to promote economic and social upgrading.<br \/>\r\nPractical implications\u2014the dynamics of economic and social upgrading in production value network requires major national and international stakeholders to look into their industries\u2019 upgrading state to ensure long term profit and sustainability of workers in these sectors in Bangladesh.<br \/>\r\nOriginality\/values\u2014the study calls for enhancing economic and social upgrading in handicraft industries in developing countries like Bangladesh.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 705-712\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arifur Rahman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD Fellow, Institute of Bangladesh Studies (IBS); University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Subrata Kumar Biswas<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Social Work; Pabna University of Science and Technology, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBarrientos, Stephanie &#038; Gereffi, Gary &#038; Rossi, Arianna., \u201cEconomic and Social Upgrading in Global Production Networks: A New Paradigm for a Changing World\u201d, International Labour Review, (2011), Vol. 150.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBernhardt T and Milberg W (2013) Does industrial upgrading generate employment and wage gains??In: Bardhan A, Jaffee D and Kroll C (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Off shoring and GlobalEmployment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, pp. 490\u2013533.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBernhardt, Thomas; Pollak, Ruth (2015) : Economic and Social Upgrading Dynamics in Global Manufacturing Value Chains: A Comparative Analysis, FIW Working Paper, No. 150, FIW &#8211; Research Centre International Economics, Vienn.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tE. Elk, \u201cThe South African Craft Sector\u201d, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, (2005).Economics 19(2): 137\u2013162.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tExtending the Neo-Schumpeterian trade model beyond technology. International Review of Applied<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGaaitzen de Vries, Quanrun Chen, Rana Hasan, and Zhigang Li, \u201cSkills and Activity Upgrading in Global Value Chains:Trends and Drivers for Asia\u201d, ADB Multi- Region Input-Output database used here and comments and discussions with participants at the ADB 2016 Key Indicators workshop in Manila, January 2016.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGEREFFI G., \u201cInternational trade and industrial upgrading in the apparel commodity chain\u201d, Journal of International Economics, (1999), Vol. 48,  pp.  37-70.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHarrod Roy F., 1939, \u201cAn Essay in Dynamic Theory\u201d. The Economic Journal, (Mar., 1939),  Vol. 49, No. 193 pp. 14-33. Blackwell Publishing for the Royal Economic Society.http:\/\/www.ids.ac.uk\/ids\/global\/pdfs\/VchNov01.pdf accessed on 30.03.2019.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tILO. 1999. Decent Work. Report of the Director-General to the 89th Session of the International Labour Conference. Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tJ Humphrey and H Schwitz, \u201cHow does insertion in global value chains affecting upgrading in industrial cluster? Regional studie, 36(9), 2002.1017-1027<br \/>\r\n[11].\tKaplinsky, R. and Morris, M., \u201c A Handbook for Value Chain Research\u201d. IDRC (2000),.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMilberg W and Houston E (2005) The high road and the low road to international competitiveness:<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMushtaq H. Khan, (2015) \u201cTechnological Upgrading in Bangladeshi Manufacturing: Governance Constraints and Policy Responses in the Ready-Made Garments Industry,\u201d https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/238620150<br \/>\r\n[14].\tNadvi K (2004) Globalisation and poverty: How can global value chain research inform the policy debate? IDS Bulletin 35(1): 20\u201330.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tPeter Knorringa and Lee J Pegler, \u201cGlobalisation, firm upgrading and impacts on labour\u201d, Economics in Social Geography, Vol. 97, No. 5, 2006, p 475.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPipkin, S., &#038; Fuentes, A. (2017). Spurred to upgrade: A review of triggers and consequences of industrial upgrading in the global value chain literature. World Development, 98, 536\u2013554. doi: 10.1016\/j.worlddev.2017.05.009<br \/>\r\n[17].\tPorter, Michael E., &#8220;Competitive Advantage&#8221;. (The Free Press. New York 1985), Ch. 1, pp 11-15.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tS Barrientos G Gereffi and A Rossi, \u201cEconomic and social upgrading in global production networks: A new paradigim for a changing world\u201d, International labour Review, 150 (3-4), 2011. 319-340.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tSamuelson, P.A., \u201cFoundations of Economic Analysis\u201d, , (Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1947),  pp. 315-317.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tSass Magdolna \u2013 Szalavetz Andrea (2014): R&#038;D-based integration and upgrading in Hungary. Acta Oeconomica, Vol. 64, Special Issue: Post-Socialist Transition in a 25-Year Perspective.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSmith, A. \u2013 Pickles, J. \u2013 Bucek, M. \u2013 P\u00e1stor, R. \u2013 Begg, B. (2014): The political economy of global production networks: regional industrial change and differential upgrading in the East European clothing industry.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tStephanie Barrientos,Gary Gereffi and  Arianna Rossi, \u201cEconomic and Social Upgrading in Gbolabl Production Networks: Developing a Framework for analysis\u201d, working paper, (July 2010) pp 210- 258<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Arifur Rahman and Subrata Kumar Biswas &#8220;State of Economic and Social Upgrading in Handicraft\u2019s Production Value Network&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.705-712 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/705-712.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/705-712.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/state-of-economic-and-social-upgrading-in-handicrafts-production-value-network\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">State of Economic and Social Upgrading in Handicraft\u2019s Production Value Network<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9426fc4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9426fc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942714d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942714d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94273e1\" data-id=\"94273e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94275d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94275d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94276ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94276ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-942793c\" data-id=\"942793c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9427b1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9427b1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9427c26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9427c26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9427e76\" data-id=\"9427e76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9428057 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9428057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-942815f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"942815f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94283c4\" data-id=\"94283c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94285b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94285b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Climate Change and Its Effects on Food Security in Africa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John, Wajim &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 713-718<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94286c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94286c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-943ea0f\" data-id=\"943ea0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-943ecbf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"943ecbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper determined climate change and its effects on food security in Africa. Climate change which is the change in average weather condition is one of the environmental drivers interacting with a food system. It will affect not only food production, but also food processing, distribution and consumption. Climate change is also among the most pressing challenges in current environmental policy. Climate change happens in different ways, ranging from increased climate variability and gradual changes in temperature and precipitation, to increased frequency and intensity of extreme events. Climate change will affect: availability of good quality water, habitats and species distribution, timing and length of growing season, distribution of agro-ecological zones, ecosystem stresses erosion by water and wind, acidification, salinization, biological degradation. Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Qualitative secondary sources of data and ecological approach of environmental sociology were used for this scholarly paper. Amongst other recommendations, it is recommended that public awareness campaign should be carried out by government and Non-governmental organizations on the impacts of climate change on humans\u2019 lives and food security.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 713-718\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John, Wajim <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, 200 Katsina-Ala Road, P.M.B 1020 Wukari, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBarange, M. &#038; Perry, R.I. (2009). Physical and ecological impacts of climate change relevant to marine and inland capture fisheries and aquaculture. In K. Cochrane, C. De Young, D. Soto &#038; T. Bahri. Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture: overview of current scientific knowledge. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 530. Rome, FAO. 212 p. (available at ftp:\/\/ftp. fao.org\/docrep\/fao\/012\/i0994e\/i0994e.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBarucha, Z. &#038; Pretty, J. (2010). The roles and values of wild foods in agricultural systems. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 365: 2913\u20132926.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tButtel, F. H. (1987). New directions in environmental sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 13: 465\u201388.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCatton, W. R. Jr. (1980) Overshoot: The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change, Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCatton, W. R. Jr. (1994) \u2018Foundations of human ecology\u2019, Sociological Perspectives, 37(1): 75\u201395.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCatton, W. R. Jr. (2002) \u2018Has the Durkheim legacy misled sociology?\u2019, in R. E. Dunlap, F. H. Buttel, P. Dickens and A. Gijswijt (eds) Sociological Theory and the Environment: Classical Foundations, Contemporary Insights, Lanham, MD: Rowman &#038; Littlefield.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCatton, W. R. Jr. and Dunlap, R. E. (1978) \u2018Environmental sociology: a new paradigm\u2019, The American Sociologist, 13: 41\u20139.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tChan, W.H., et al. (2011). Spatial distribution of ciguateric fish in the Republic of Kiribati. Chemosphere, 84(1): 117\u2013123.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCheung, W., et al.  (2010). Large-scale redistribution of maximum fisheries catch potential in the global ocean under climate change. Global Change Biology, 16,: 24\u201335.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tFood and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United  Nations. Available online at: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/hunger.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGlobal Food Security Programme. (2015). Extreme weather and resilience of the global food system. 2015. Final Project Report from the UK-US Taskforce on Extreme Weather and Global Food System Resilience. UK (available at http:\/\/www.foodsecurity.ac.uk\/assets\/pdfs\/extreme-weather-resilience-of-global-food-system.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tHertel, T.W., Burke, M.B. &#038; Lobell, D.B. (2010). The poverty implications of climate-induced crop yield changes by 2030. GTAP Working Paper No. 59 (available at http:\/\/iis-db.stanford.edu\/pubs\/22837\/ GTAP_2_2010.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHLPE. (2012a). Food security and climate change. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tHLPE. (2012b). Social protection for food security. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHLPE. (2014). Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture for food security and nutrition. A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome 2014.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tIBRD\/WB (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/ World Bank). (2010). Development and climate change (available at: http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/INTWDRS\/ Resources\/477365-1327504426766\/8389626-1327510418796\/Front-matter.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[17].\tICEM (International Centre for Environmental Management). (2013). USAID Mekong ARCC climate change impact and adaptation on livestock. Prepared for the United States Agency for International Development by ICEM.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), (2007). \u201cClimate Change 2007: Synthesis Report\u201d.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tInternational Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 2010 Global Hunger Index: Facts And Findings: Asia.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMillennium Development Goal: 2013 Progress Chart. Available www.un.org\/millenniumgoals\/pdf\/report&#8230;\/2013_progress_english.pdf<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMittal, S., and DeeptiSethi. (2009). \u201cFood Security in South Asia: Issues and Opportunities.\u201d Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relation.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tPervaiz, A., (2009). \u201cFood Security in Great Peril from Climate Change.\u201d Available online at: \\BANGLADESH Food Security in Great Peril from Climate Change &#8211; IPS ipsnews_net.mht.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUNFCCC. (2010). Handbook on vulnerability and adaptation assessment. Consultative group of experts on national communications from parties not included in Annex I to the Convention.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tUNFCCC. (2015). Synthesis report on the aggregate effect of the intended nationally determined contributions. Note by the Secretariat, 30 October 2015. FCCC\/CP\/2015\/7.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tUyttendaele, M. &#038; Hofstra, N., eds. (2015). Impacts of climate change on food safety. Food Research International. 68: 1\u2013108 (available at http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/journal\/09639969\/68).<br \/>\r\n[26].\tWorld Bank. (2002). Sustaining forests. A World Bank strategy (available at http:\/\/siteresources. worldbank.org\/INTFORESTS\/214573-1113990657527\/20632625\/Forest_Strategy_Booklet.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[27].\tWorld Bank. (2008). World Development Report 2008, Agriculture for Development, Washington, DC.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tWorld Bank. (2009). Guidance notes mainstreaming adaptation to climate change in agriculture and natural resources management projects. Note 7: evaluate adaptation via economic analysis (available at http:\/\/climatechange.worldbank.org\/content\/note-7-evaluate-adaptation-economic-analysis).<br \/>\r\n[29].\tWorld Bank. (2013). Risk and opportunity, managing risk for development. World Development Report (available at http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTNWDR2013\/ Resources\/8258024-1352909193861\/8936935-1356011448215\/8986901-1380046989056\/WDR-2014_ Complete_Report.pdf).<br \/>\r\n[30].\tWorld Food Submit in Rome (1996).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John, Wajim &#8220;Climate Change and Its Effects on Food Security in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.713-718 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/713-718.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/713-718.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/climate-change-and-its-effects-on-food-security-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Climate Change and Its Effects on Food Security in Africa<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-944051f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"944051f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9440c38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9440c38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9440e89\" data-id=\"9440e89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9441069 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9441069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-944117a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"944117a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9450e2a\" data-id=\"9450e2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-945107d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"945107d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94511b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94511b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-945142e\" data-id=\"945142e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94515fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94515fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>China-Kenya Foreign Aid Relations: Examining Its Possible Links with Kenya\u2019s Human Rights Profile<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lilian Tunai Mulati- October 2019 Page No.: 719-728<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9451707 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9451707\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9451972\" data-id=\"9451972\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9451b71 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9451b71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">While the West attaches strict guidelines, restrictions and conditionalities to its foreign aid disbursement, China has adopted a \u2018no-strings attached policy.\u2019 China\u2019s choice not to make human rights part of its engagement with Africa has made it an attractive partner to African governments who are wary of Western countries\u2019 human rights excesses. However, most of these African countries such as Sudan and Zimbabwe have been accused of serious human rights violations. Kenya has significantly shifted her preference to China since 2002 when the NARC government took over power. Although Kenya\u2019s human rights standards especially in the recent past have not been good, it has not been as gross as those of Zimbabwe and Sudan. Whereas the bilateral relations between China-Zimbabwe and China-Sudan is motivated, at least in part by poor human rights profile, the nature of China-Kenya relations has not been clearly defined. The study therefore sought to find out if we can contextually situate it among the trend that has defined the relationship between China and other African countries expressed in terms of a relation of mutual advantage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 719-728\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lilian Tunai Mulati <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlden, C., Large, D., &#038; Oliveira, R. 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New York: Syracuse University Press.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tJianping, Lu &#038; Zhixiang, W. (2005). China and the ICC. Journal of International Criminal Justice, \tVolume 3, Issue 3, , pp 608-620.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tKioko, M. (2012). \u201cA study on Chinese Economic Relations with Africa Case Study, Kenya.\u201d Prime Journal of business administration and management. Vol.2 (3). pp 485-495.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tKnack, S. (2004) \u2018Does Foreign Aid Promote Democracy?\u2019 International Studies Quarterly, Vol 48, No \t1. pp 252-266.New Jersey: Blackwell publishing company.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tKoeberle, S. (2003). \u201cShould Policy Based Lending Still Involve Conditionality.\u201d The World Bank Research Observer. Vol.18, No 2,pp 249-273.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tMancheri, A. (2011). \u201cIBSA vs BRICS: China and India Counting Africa\u201d. East Asia Forum, Economic Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tMadeley, J. (1982). Human Rights Begin with Breakfast. New York: Oxford Pergmon<br \/>\r\n[28].\tMkandawire, T &#038; Soludu, C. (1998). Our Continent Our Future: African Perspective on Structural Adjustment. Eritrea: Africa World Press.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tMutua, M. (2002). Human Rights: A political and cultural critique. Philadelphia: University of Philadelphia press.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tNeumayer, E. (2005). \u2018Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human \tRights?\u2019 The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol.49, No 6, PP. 925-953. Sage Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tNgaire, W. (2008). The Shifting Politics of Foreign Aid. International Affairs, Volume 84, Issue \t6.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tO\u2019Hanlon, M &#038; Graham, C. (1997). A Half Penny on the Federal Dollar: The Future of \tDevelopment Aid. Washington D.C: The Brookings Institution.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tOkoth \u2013Ogendo, H. W. O. 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Carr and his Critics: Responses to the Twenty Years Crisis, 1939-46. In \tM.Cox (ed), E.H Carr: A Critical Appraisal (pp 165-197). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.<br \/>\r\n[46].\tImbisi, J. (March 5, 2015). Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[47].\tJaoko, F. (April 20, 2015). Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[48].\tKiragu, S. (February 10, 2015). Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[49].\tKariuki, B. (April 15, 2015).  Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[50].\tKisiangani,  E. (February 20, 2015).  Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[51].\tProfessor Kisiangani, (March 10, 2015). Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[52].\tRespondent  X.  (February 12, 2015).  Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[53].\tRespondent Y. (March 16, 2015). Personal communication.<br \/>\r\n[54].\tWasike, R. (January 20, 2015). Personal communication.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lilian Tunai Mulati &#8220;China-Kenya Foreign Aid Relations: Examining Its Possible Links with Kenya\u2019s Human Rights Profile&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.719-728 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/719-728.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/719-728.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/china-kenya-foreign-aid-relations-examining-its-possible-links-with-kenyas-human-rights-profile\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">China-Kenya Foreign Aid Relations: Examining Its Possible Links with Kenya\u2019s Human Rights Profile<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9462515 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9462515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94627cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94627cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9462ac8\" data-id=\"9462ac8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9462d26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9462d26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9462eaa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9462eaa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-946315b\" data-id=\"946315b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9463399 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9463399\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94634ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94634ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94637ca\" data-id=\"94637ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9467900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9467900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9467ade elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9467ade\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9467e1e\" data-id=\"9467e1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9468076 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9468076\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Perception of the Causes and Modes of Transmission of Malaria Parasite among residents in Nasarawa State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Magaji J.I, Ogah T.A, and Adana M.Y &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 729-734<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94681db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94681db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94684d3\" data-id=\"94684d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9468749 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9468749\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the perception of the causes and modes of transmission of malaria parasite among residents in Nasarawa State, with the aim of determining the perception of people between climatic factors and clinically confirmed cases of malaria. Adopting the questionnaire method for analysis, it was realised that, 52.1% i.e., over half the population thinks climatic factor affects the incidences malaria, while 20.8% said no and about 27% were not too sure.\u2013 hence the analyses proved that over 74% of the sample population thinks that mosquito bites is only means through which  malaria can be transmitted, 17.5% said malaria is air bone, while the remaining proportion choose between body content (2.1%) and flies perching on food (5.8%). In conclusion, poor sanitation, dirty environment have adverse impact in the breeding, growth and development of mosquitoes and affects the incidence of malaria in Nasarawa State. Therefore, it was recommended that government and its partners should involve the people from all levels when designing strategies to combat the pandemic \u2013 since most of these people are also knowledgeable of the important facts about the disease.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 729-734\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Magaji J.I<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ogah T.A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adana M.Y<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Nasarawa State University, PMB 1022, Keffi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBhattacharya, Sumana, Sharma, C. Dhiman, R. C. and Muttra, A. P. (2006).  Climate change andmalaria in India. Current Science, 90(3): 375.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tClinton, B. (2006),  Climate Change Future and Global Warming: The World \tEconomic Forum in Davos. Retrieved from http\/\/www.madison.com1<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBinbol, N.L (2007). \u2018Climate\u2019 in Akwa V.L; Binbol N.L; Samuila K. I; Marcus N.D (Eds)<br \/>\r\n[4].\tGeographical Perspective on Nasarawa State: Keffi  Onaivi Printing &#038; Pub Co. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCraig MH, Snow RW, Sueur D: (1999)A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitol Today, 15:105-11. Confalonierl, U. \t\u201cHuman health\u201d. pp. 291 &#8211; 431. http:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/publicationsanddata\/ar4\/wg2\/en\/ch8.html.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDonald P, J.A, Bouma K.J Chaves LF (2003): The need for linking health\tcare \tseeking\tbehavior and health policy in rural Nepal. South America\tJournal of \tmedicine and public health 2006; 24: 480 \u2013 522.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEspino F, Manderson L. Acuin C. Domingo F, Ventura E (1997): Perceptions of malaria \tin a low endemic area in the Philippines: transmission and prevention of disease. \tActa Trop<br \/>\r\n1997, 63:221-239.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tIPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of  \tWorking Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental \tPanel on Climate Change Solomon, S., D. Qin, M.Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tJoseph N.S. E, Manish A. D,  Karen L, Sarah J. B, Song L, Kyra N and James C. S. \t(2007). Environmental Determinants of Infectious Disease: A Framework \tforTracking Causal Links and Guiding Public Health Research. Enviromental \tHealth Perspective. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/dx.doi.org  on 18th  March, 2014<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKoenraadt, C. J. M Gitteko A. K. Takken W. (2004). The  effects of rainfall and evapotranspiration on the temporal dynamics of Anopheles ganbrae S. S. \tand anophelesarabiensis in a Kenyan Village. Acta Tropica90(27):141 &#8211; 153.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMarcus N.D \u2018Climate\u2019 in Akwa V.L; Binbol N.L; Samuila K. I; Marcus N.D (Eds) (2007)<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGeographical Perspective on Nasarawa State: Keffi  Onaivi Printing &#038; Pub Co. Ltd<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPatil R.R; Deepa T.M. (2007). Climate change: The challenges for public health preparedness and response- An Indian case study. Indian J Occup Eniron Med;11:113 &#8211; 115.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPascual M. Cazelles B. Bouma K.J. Chaves L.F; Koelle K. (2008). Shifting patterns: malaria dynamics and rainfall variability in an African highland. Proc Bio\/Sci,275(1631):123 &#8211; 132.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRobert, J T (2002), Ahuman disease indicator for effects of recent global climate change. Proc Nat 1 Acad Sci USA  99: 12506 &#8211; 12508 Pubmed Abstract\/Publisher full text\/pubmed central full text.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tRogers and Randolph (2000). \u00abA 1951-1980 Global Land Precipitation Climatology for \tthe Evaluation of General Circulation Models\u00bb. Climate Dynamics, 7: 57 &#8211; 72.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSharma, Surya K; Tyagi P; Padhan k; Pathway A; Haque M; Nanda N; Joshi H; Biswas S; Adak T; Das B; Chauhan V. Chitnis; C. and Subbarao Sley  (2006). Epidemiology of malaria transmission in forest and plain ecotype villages in Sundargarh District, Orissa, India. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 100(10): 917 &#8211; 925.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tValicer &#038; Fava (2003). Climate Change Impacts in Different Agro-ecological Zones of WestAfrica\u201d Paper presented at the International Workshop on Adaptation to ClimateChange in West African Agriculture at Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso from 27 \u2013 30, April 2009.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tWorld Health Organization, 2008. World Malaria report (2008). Geneva world Health organization. Available: http\/\/whglibdoc.who.int\/publications\/20089789241563697engpdf(accessed1.mach2010).<br \/>\r\n[20].\tWorld Health Organization. \u201cMalaria Situation in SEAR Countries\u201d. (2006). <http:\/\/w3.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tY\u00e9 Y. Kyobutungic; Louis R.V; Saureborn R; (2007). Micro-epidemiology of plasmodium falciparum malaria; is there any difference in transmission risk between neighbouring village? Malaria J, , 6: 46<br \/>\r\n[22].\tZhou G, Minakawa N; Githeko A. K. Yan G. (2004). Association between climate variability and malaria epidemics in the east African highlands. Proc Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 101(8): 2375 &#8211; 2380.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Magaji J.I, Ogah T.A, and Adana M.Y &#8220;The Perception of the Causes and Modes of Transmission of Malaria Parasite among residents in Nasarawa State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.729-734 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/729-734.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/729-734.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-perception-of-the-causes-and-modes-of-transmission-of-malaria-parasite-among-residents-in-nasarawa-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Perception of the Causes and Modes of Transmission of Malaria Parasite among residents in Nasarawa State<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9480f13 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9480f13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9481108 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9481108\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9481416\" data-id=\"9481416\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-948165d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"948165d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94817a6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94817a6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9481a76\" data-id=\"9481a76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9481cc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9481cc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9481e35 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9481e35\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94820e7\" data-id=\"94820e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9482332 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9482332\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-948249b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"948249b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9482795\" data-id=\"9482795\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94829dd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94829dd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>China-Kenya Relations: An Analysis of Its Nature since Independence<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Lilian Tunai Mulati &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 735-743<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9482b31 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9482b31\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9482e35\" data-id=\"9482e35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-948308b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"948308b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study explored China- Kenya relations with a view of examining what defines this relationship trailing it from independence. The study used other African countries such as Zimbabwe, Sudan, and Angola as cases of illustration to ground the papers\u2019 argument. The study sought to realize the following objective: To analyze the nature of China-Kenya relations since independence. To achieve this objective, the study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained using interview guides while secondary data was obtained from library research which was subjected to critical textual analysis and interpretation to test the relevance and accuracy of the document for the purpose of the study. The obtained qualitative data was analysed thematically. The study sought to find out if we could theoretically situate China-Kenya relation among the trend that has defined the relationship between China and other African countries. Thus two variables were analyzed; foreign aid and human rights. The study adopted the Rational Choice theory to explain the Sino Kenyan relations. The study found out that China-Kenya relation since independence has been defined by prevailing global political trends. The study concludes that what is engineering the relations between the two countries partly are pull factors (attractive conditions) and the main pull factor is China\u2019s no strings attached policy. Although the study highlights the importance of China to Kenya as an important economic partner, it proposes the need to put in place measures to guarantee transparency in dealings between the two countries.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 735-743\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lilian Tunai Mulati <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of International Relations, Conflict and Strategic Studies, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlden, C., Large, D., &#038;Soares de Oliveira, R. (2008). China returns to Africa: Anatomy of an \texpansive engagement. Elcano Newsletter, (51), 20.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlden, C &#038; Davies, M. (2006).A Profile of the Operations of Chinese Multinationals in Africa.South \tAfrican Journal of International Affairs.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBarkan, O. (1999). Beyond Capitalism Versus Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania. Nairobi:  East \tAfrican Educational Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBaylis, J., &#038; Smith, S. (2011). Patricia Owens. The Globalization of World Politics: An \tIntroduction to International Relations.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBrautigam, D. (2011). The Dragon\u2019s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. United States of America: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBrautigam, D. (2008). China\u2019s Foreign Aid in Africa: What Do You Know? Brookings Institution Press.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBergsten,F. (2008).A Partnership of Equals: How Washington Should Respond to China\u2019s Economic Challenge. Foreign Affairs. Vol87, No.4, July-August 2008, pp 7-69.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBernauer, T. (2004).In Whose Interest? Pressure Group Politics, Economic Competition and Environmental Regulation.Journal of Public Policy.Cambridge Organisation.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBrown, S., &#038;Sriram, C. (2008). \u201cChina\u2019s Role in Human Rights Abuses in Africa: Clarifying Issues of Culpability in China,\u201d in Rorbert Rotberg ,ed, China into Africa: Trade, Aid andinfluence. Washington D.C: Brooklings Institution Press.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tChan-Fishel, M &#038; Lawson, R. China\u2019s Investment for Resource Swap in Africa.Springer, 2007.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tChimangeni, M. (2007).Zambia: Is China Sneaking in Deals Through the Back Door?Interpress Services.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tCopson, R. W. (2007). The United States in Africa: Bush Policy and Beyond. Zed Books.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tCoyne, C.J &#038; Ryan, M.With Friends Like These, Who Needs Enemies? Aiding the World\u2019s \tWorst \tDictators. The Independent Review, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tDraper, P., &#038;Biacuana, G. (2009). 20. Africa and the trade crisis. The Great Trade Collapse: Causes, Consequences and Prospects, 121, 181.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tDraper, P., Disenyana, T., &#038; Biacuana, G. (2010). Chinese investment in African network \tindustries: Case studies from the Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya. The Rise of \tChina and Africa: Challenges, Opportunities and Critical Interventions, 107-119.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tDikotter, F. (2010).Mao\u2019s Great Leap to Famine. New York Times, December 15, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tEasterly, P. (2003). \u2018Can foreign aid buy growth?\u2019 The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.17, No.3 (Summer, 2003), pp 23-48.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tEasterly, P. (2006)The White Man\u2019s Burden: Why the West\u2019s Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So \tMuch Ill and So Little Good. Journal of Economic Growth.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tGadzala, A. (2009). Survival of the fittest?Kenya&#8217;s jua kali and Chinese businesses. Journal of \tEastern African Studies, 3(2), 202-220.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tGertzel, C.J. (1967). The Constitutional Position of the Opposition in Kenya: Appear for Efficiency. East Africa Journal.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tGertzel, C.J. (1968). The Role of Parliament in Kenya.East African Journal.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tIvan, K.M &#038;Mingst, K. (2005). The Cold War: A New History. New York: Penguin.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tKiberenge, K. (2012). Concern as NGOs divert aid meant for starving Somalis. Standard Digital.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tKioko, M. (2012).\u201cA study on Chinese Economic Relations with Africa Case Study, Kenya.\u201dPrime Journal of business administration and management.Vol.2 (3).pp 485-495.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tKurlantzick, J. (2007). \u201cBeijing Safari: China\u2019s move into Africa and its implications for \taid, development and governance.\u201d Carnegie endowment, policy outlook N0.29.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tKurlantzick, J. (2007). Charm offensive: How China&#8217;s soft power is transforming the world. Yale \tUniversity Press.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tRothberg, R. (2008). China into Africa: Trade, aid and influence. Brookings Institution Press: Washington, D.C<br \/>\r\n[28].\tMouward, J. (2007). Oil Companies in Niger Delta Face Growing List of Dangers.International \tHerald Tribune.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tMorrissey, O. Foreign Direct Investment, Skills and Wage Inequality in East Asia.Journal of \tAsia Pacific Economy, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tMorton, A.L. (1999). A People\u2019s History of England. Lawrence &#038;Wishart.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tMcQuillen, W &#038; Swann, C. (2005).China to Surpass World Bank as Top Lender in Africa. Bloomberg, November 2005.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tOdhiambo, G. O. (2011). Higher education quality in Kenya: A critical reflection of key challenges. Quality in Higher Education, 17(3), 299-315.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tOngiri, I. (2013). Protest as Jubilee election losers and cronies picked to head parastatals. Daily \tnation.Sunday.iongiri@ ke. nationmedia. com.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Lilian Tunai Mulati &#8220;China-Kenya Relations: An Analysis of Its Nature since Independence&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.735-743 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/735-743.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/735-743.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/china-kenya-relations-an-analysis-of-its-nature-since-independence\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">China-Kenya Relations: An Analysis of Its Nature since Independence<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-948fabd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"948fabd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-948fc4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"948fc4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94900e3\" data-id=\"94900e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94904a2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94904a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9491747 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9491747\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9491c87\" data-id=\"9491c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94920cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94920cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9492274 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9492274\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94927df\" data-id=\"94927df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9492bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9492bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9492d48 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9492d48\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9493080\" data-id=\"9493080\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94932fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94932fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Image of Police in Nigeria: An Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Madume, Winston  &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 747-752<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9493463 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9493463\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9493785\" data-id=\"9493785\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9493a12 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"9493a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The police are the physical visible arm of the criminal justice system and the principal law enforcement agent in Nigeria. This paper therefore examines how the police as the chief law enforcement agent in Nigeria soil their image by the abuse of the rights of citizens in the course of performing their statutory functions.  The research found that in Nigeria, the police have in their daily functions of policing and law enforcement violated the rights of Nigerians. Other findings include the issue of lacking credibility in the police force and that due process as neglected work ethics was prevalent. Again there is the finding that the issue of police image has generated interests in the nation today and that it is observed that the police system in Nigeria as inherited at independence was militaristic. This approach to policing and law enforcement has remained so till today. In this research emphasis was placed on the fundamental rights to life, dignity and liberty as the basis for other rights which affects the image of the police during rule implementation. The research concludes that proper orientation to respect of law and strict adherence to law enforcement rules will result to a positive change to redeem the image of the Nigeria police.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 747-752\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madume, Winston <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAlemika, E.E.O. (1993) Colonialism, state and policing in Nigeria. Crime, law and social change       20:187-219.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlemika, E.E.O. (1993). Criminology, criminal justice and the philosophy of policing. In T.N. Tamuno; I.L. Bashir; E.E.O. Alemika &#038; A.O. Akano. (Eds.). Policing Nigeria past, present and future. Ikeja, Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited. 238-261<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAtoyebi, O.A. (2003). Ethnic militia groups, public security and police roles in Nigeria. A paper prepared for SASA Congress Holding on 29 June to 2 July 2003 in South Africa.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEkpeyong, R. A. 1987. Nigeria. Major criminal justice systems: a comparative survey 2nd ed. F. C.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGeorge; J.F. Stanislaw and G. G Mark. London: SAGE Publications.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tFederal Republic of Nigeria. The Nigeria 1999 constitution. Lagos : Federal Government Press<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGana, A.T. 1993. Conflict, security and policing. Policing Nigeria past present and future Nigeria Police Force.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tGaines, L. K. &#038; Kappeler, V. E. (2008). Policing in America Sixth Edition. Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender &#038; Company, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tJike, V.T.  (2003) . The Nigeria Police and the kaleidscope of manifest and latent functions. Journal of  the Nigerian Sociological Society Vol. 1, No. 2.Pp. 58-68<br \/>\r\n[10].\tLaw of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tPolice Act and Regulations (CAP359).<br \/>\r\n[12].\tObioha, E.E. (2004). Public perception of the role of Nigeria Police Force and Civil Society Based Security Operatives in urban crime management in Nigeria: a study in Onitsha, Anambra State. Ibadan: NISER Monograph series No.1. 2004.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOdekunle, F. (1981). Criminological knowledge and Nigeria\u2019s crime problem: The dilemma of social Scientists in Nigeria. Social Science and Social Policy in Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOdinkalu, C.A. (2004). When did the police become your friend? Changing roles of civil society in Promoting safety and security in Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOnoge, O.F. (1993). Social conflicts and crime control in colonial Nigeria, Policing Nigeria Past, Present and Future.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOrobator, S.E. (1993). The political and socio-economic environment of policing since 1960. Policing Nigeria past, present and future.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tThe Punch \u2018\u2019DPO for rape\u2019\u2019 Nigeria Police Watch April 19, 2014<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTell Magazine, December 31, 2001.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Chidi Eleonu, Phd, Madume, Winston  &#8220;Image of Police in Nigeria: An Introduction&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.747-752 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/747-752.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/747-752.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/image-of-police-in-nigeria-an-introduction\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Image of Police in Nigeria: An Introduction<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b632e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94b632e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94b6803 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94b6803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94b6962\" data-id=\"94b6962\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b6a84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94b6a84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94b6b26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94b6b26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94b6c87\" data-id=\"94b6c87\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b6da4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94b6da4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94b6e44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94b6e44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94b6fbf\" data-id=\"94b6fbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b70de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94b70de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i>Kamwalibai<\/i> to Home Manager: A Perspective Change<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Rima Bhavin Mistry, Dr. Rajasi Clerk- October 2019 Page No.: 753-758<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94b718e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94b718e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94b7307\" data-id=\"94b7307\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b7444 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94b7444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Domestic help services are an important avenue for employment for the illiterate and less literate. These services are inevitable and play a very important role for relieving employers from household chores, enabling them to engage in productive employment and developmental activities. These domestic help services are undergoing a vast change from unorganised work to structured work with norms and standards. This study is an attempt to find out <i>factors conducive for potential expansion of this sector in the metropolitan cities<\/i> of Gujarat. Secondary data from various sources have been used to analyse the situation and identify the scope of their development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 753-758\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rima Bhavin Mistry<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhd Scholar, Department of Labour Welfare, School of Social Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Rajasi Clerk<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDirector, University School of Social Sciences &#038; HOD, Department of Labour Welfare, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnnual Report 2017-18, Progressing Towards An Empowered India(Publication). (2018). Delhi, Delhi: Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India. doi:https:\/\/www.msde.gov.in\/assets\/images\/annual report\/Annual Report 2017-2018 (English).pdf, Retrieved on October 2018.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDWSSC \u2013 Domestic Workers Sector Skill Council. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:\/\/dwsscindia.in\/ Retrieved on September 2018.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEducational Statistics At A Glance. (n.d.). Retrieved from http:\/\/mhrd.gov.in\/sites\/upload_files\/mhrd\/files\/statistics\/ESG2016_0.pdf Retrieved on October 2018.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHarvey, L. (2001). Defining and Measuring Employability. Quality in Higher Education,7(2), 97-109. doi:10.1080\/13538320120059990<br \/>\r\n[5].\thttp:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/2011-prov-results\/paper2\/data_files\/India2\/1.%20Data%20Highlight.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6].\thttp:\/\/censusindia.gov.in\/Metadata\/Metada.htm#2k<br \/>\r\n[7].\thttp:\/\/www.censusindia.gov.in\/DigitalLibrary\/TablesSeries2001.aspx<br \/>\r\n[8].\thttps:\/\/gujaratindia.gov.in\/state-profile\/demography.htm Retrieved on August 2018.<br \/>\r\n[9].\thttps:\/\/gujecostat.gujarat.gov.in\/districthandbookcp<br \/>\r\n[10].\thttps:\/\/www.census2011.co.in\/census\/state\/gujarat.html<br \/>\r\n[11].\tIndia, Directorate Of Economics And Statistics, Government Of Gujarat. (n.d.). Socio-Economic Review 2017-2018 Gujarat State. Retrieved from https:\/\/gujecostat.gujarat.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/socio-economic-review-2017-18-part-i-iii.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12].\tIndia, Ministry of skill development and entrepreneurship, National Skill Development Corporation. (n.d.). Human Resource and Skill Requirement in the Domestic Help Sector(2013-17), (2017-22).. Retrieved October 11, 2018, from https:\/\/www.nsdcindia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Domestic-Help.pdf<br \/>\r\n[13].\tIndia, Ministry of Statistics &#038; Programme Implementation, National Sample Survey Office. (2014). Employment and Unemployment Situation in India. Delhi, Delhi: National Sample Survey Office.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tIndia, National Skill Development Corporation, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. (n.d.). Human Resource and Skill Requirements of the Unorganised Sector.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKadakia, P. M. (2016, February 21). Bai on call: How home service apps are changing domestic help market. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/more-lifestyle\/bai-on-call-how-home-service-apps-changing-the-maids-market\/story-s6zz6kmWw1aEamZ1yLxjaL.html<br \/>\r\n[16].\tLahiri, T. (2017). Maid in India stories of inequality and opportunity inside our homes. New Delhi: Aleph.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMOHAN, S. H. R. I. Y. A. (2019, February 15). The life of a maid servant in India. The Hindu Business Line. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thehindubusinessline.com\/blink\/cover\/domestic-woke-force\/article26279057.ece<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSocio-Economic Review, Gujarat State, 2017-18<br \/>\r\n[19].\tState Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved from https:\/\/gujaratindia.gov.in\/state-profile\/demography.htm<br \/>\r\n[20].\tVyas, M. (2019, April 17). More Education Means Less Employment. Times of India. Retrieved April 20, 2019, from https:\/\/m.timesofindia.com\/india\/more-education-means-less-employment\/articleshow\/68889475.cms?platform=androidutm_campaign =andapp&#038;utm_medium=referral&#038;utm_source=native_share_tray<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rima Bhavin Mistry, Dr. Rajasi Clerk &#8220;<i>Kamwalibai<\/i> to Home Manager: A Perspective Change&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.753-758 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/753-758.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/753-758.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/kamwalibai-to-home-manager-a-perspective-change\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><i>Kamwalibai<\/i> to Home Manager: A Perspective Change<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94b82e0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94b82e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94c4dc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94c4e7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94c4e7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94c5015\" data-id=\"94c5015\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c5138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94c5138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Assessment of Poverty Measures: Recent Evidences from Nigeria Household Data<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yahaya Yakubu- October 2019 Page No.: 759-766<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94c51eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94c51eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94c5362\" data-id=\"94c5362\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c54ad elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94c54ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">There has been a surge in research interest on effective measurement of household poverty as seen in the different approaches being adopted. In this vein, this study contrasts unidimensional and multidimensional measures of poverty using data from 2015-2016 General Household Survey (GHS)conducted by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The results of Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) (unidimensional) and Alkire and Foster (multidimensional) measures showed respective analogous poverty headcounts of 55% and 57%. Also, approximately 31.94% and 68.2% of the poor population (unidimensional) and 85.40% and 14.60% (multidimensional) reside in urban and rural areas, respectively. Moreover, both measures showed contributions of 81% and 19% to overall poverty for married and non-married household heads, respectively and the male-headed households contributed higher percentage to poverty than the female-headed households in both cases. With the exception of location dimension, both measures showed similar results. Thus, for a detailed analysis, using both measures might be necessary in defining the poor and identifying target programmes to aid poverty alleviation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 759-766\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adesina, M.A.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akin-Olagunju, O.A.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Salman, K.K.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdul-Mumin, A. and Shamshiry, E. 2014. Linking sustainable livelihoods to natural resources and governance: The scale of poverty in the Muslim world. Springer.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlem Y., K\u00f6hlin, G., and Stage, J. 2014. The persistence of subjective poverty in urban Ethiopia, World Development 56:51-61.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAlkire, S. and Foster, J. 2011. Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics 95(8):476-487.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAlkire, S. and Santos, M. E. 2010. Acute multidimensional poverty: A new index for developing countries. Human Development Research Paper, 2010\/2011. UNDP, USA.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAlkire, S., Conconi, A. and Seth, S. 2014. Multidimensional Poverty Index 2014: Brief methodological note and results. OPHI Multidimensional Poverty Measurement.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAnyanwu, J. C. 2013. Marital status, household size and poverty in Nigeria: Evidence from the 2009\/2010 survey data. Working Paper Series, No 180, African Development Bank, Tunis, Tunisia.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBaulch, B. and Hoddinott, J. 2000. Economic mobility and poverty dynamics in developing countries. Journal of Development Studies 36(6):1-24.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBigsten, A., Kebede, B., Shimeles, A. and Tadesse, M. 2003. Growth and poverty reduction in Ethiopia: Evidence from household panel surveys. WorldDevelopment 3(1): 87-106.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCosta, 2003. A comparison between unidimensional and multidimensional approaches to the measurement of poverty. IRISS Working Paper 2003-02, CEPS\/INSTEAD, Differdange, G.-D. Luxembourg.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDavis, P. and Baulch, B. 2011. Parallel realities: Exploring poverty dynamics using mixed methods in rural Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies 47(1):118-142.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tDercon, S. and Hoddinott, J. 2004. The Ethiopian rural household surveys: Introduction. May 3, 2004.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tDercon, S., Hoddinott, J., and Woldehanna, T. 2005. Shocks and consumption in 15 Ethiopian villages: 1999-2004. Journal of African Economies 14(4):559-585.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tDinkelman, T. 2004. How household context affects search outcomes of the unemployed in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa: A panel data analysis. South African Journal of Economics 72(3):484-521.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tDuclos, J-Y, David S. and Stephen Y. 2006. Robust multidimensional poverty comparisons. The Economic Journal 116(514): 943-68.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tDunga, S.H. 2017. A gender and marital status analysis of household income in a low-income township. StudiaUniversitatis Babes-BolyaiOeconomica 62(1):20-30.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tGibson, J. 2016. Poverty measurement: We know less than policy makers realize. Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 3(3): 430-442.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tHeshmati, A. and Rashidghalam, M. 2018. Measurement and analysis of poverty in Rwanda. East Africa Research Papers in Economics and Finance. EARP-EF No. 2018:20.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tJansen, A., Moses, M., Mujuta, S. and Yu, D. 2015. Measurements and determinants of multifaceted poverty in South Africa. Development Southern Africa 32(2): 151-169.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tLaderchi, C. R., Saith, R. and Stewart, F. 2003. Does it matter that we do not agree on the definition of poverty? A comparison of four approaches. Oxford Development Studies 31(3): 243-274.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMegbowon, E.T., 2018.  Multidimensional poverty analysis of urban and rural households in South Africa.  StudiaUniversitatisBabe\u0219-BolyaiOeconomica 63(1):3-19.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tNasri, K. and Belhadj, B. 2017. Multidimensional poverty measurement in Tunisia: Distribution of deprivations across regions. Munich Personal RePEc Archive (MPRA), 83318: 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tNational Social Investment Plan, NSIP 2018. Investing in our people: A brief on the National Social Investment Programmes in Nigeria. N-SIP Office, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tOxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (2017). South Africa country briefing, Multidimensional Poverty Index data bank. OPHI, University of Oxford. Available at: http:\/\/www.ophi.org.uk\/multidimensional-poverty-index\/mpi-country-briefings\/<br \/>\r\n[24].\tPermanyer, I., and Hussain, M.A., 2018. First order dominance techniques and multidimensional poverty indices: An empirical comparison of different approaches.   International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement137(3): 867-893. Springer.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tPosel, D. and Rogan, M. 2014. Measured as poor versus feeling poor: Comparing money-metric and subjective poverty rates in South Africa. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 1-19.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSantos, M.E. and Alkire S. 2015. Training material for producing national human development reports. MPI: Construction and analysis. Oxford: Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative. http:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/mpi_trainingmaterial_mcc_mk_clean_pdf<br \/>\r\n[27].\tStewart, F., Saith, R. and Harris-White, B. 2007. Defining Poverty in the Developing World. Palgrave Macmillan, London.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tTilman, B. and Sindu, W. 2013. Dynamics and drivers of consumption and multidimensional poverty: Evidence from rural Ethiopia.  IZA DP No. 7364.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tUnited Nations Development Programme, UNDP 2010. Human Development Report 2010. The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. UNDP, New York.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tUNDP, 2016. Human Development Report 2016. Human Development for Everyone. New York.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tWorld Bank, 2018. Poverty and shared prosperity 2018: Piecing together the poverty puzzle. Washington, DC: World Bank.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yahaya Yakubu &#8220;Comparative Assessment of Poverty Measures: Recent Evidences from Nigeria Household Data&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.759-766 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/759-766.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/759-766.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-assessment-of-poverty-measures-recent-evidences-from-nigeria-household-data\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Comparative Assessment of Poverty Measures: Recent Evidences from Nigeria Household Data<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94c62e3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94c62e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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Jayarathne &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 767-768<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94d652c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94d652c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94d684a\" data-id=\"94d684a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94d6aba elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94d6aba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1565\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1566\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Autism is a biological disorder coming from the brain that impairs people\u2019s communication and their social skills. Main objective of this study was to determine the anthropological and attitudinal issues faced by Autism patients and their families by their social groups. Descriptive cross-sectional study was selected as the research design of this research. The descriptive cross-sectional design, data was collected using following tools, Interviews \u2013 Semi structured interviews \/ Observation &#8211; Participant as observer. Research was conducted using multi sites from Western and North Western Provinces. In depth interview questionnaire guideline was used to collect information from doctors and nurses.In Attitude perspective, People have started to see in a different manner than before without their religious, cultural, ethical spectacles about these kind of medical conditions. In social and economical perspective, people have started to see in a different manner than before without their religious, cultural, ethical spectacles about these kind of medical conditions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 767-768\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S.D.Y. Jayarathne<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Anthropology, University of Sri Jayewardhanepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmerican Psychiatric Association (ed.) (2007). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. American Psychiatric Association publisher.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBauman, M.D.(1985). Histoanatomic observations of the brain in early infantile autism: Cananda: pp.173.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBearss, K., Johnson, C., &#038; Smith, T. (2015). 5 Effect of parent training vs. parent education on behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder, USA: pp154-153<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAmaral, D. G. (2017). Autism Research. Journal of Neuroscience, 10 (5): pp.10-15.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAmerican Psychiatric Association(ed.) (2013).Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Jurnal of sage, 50(10):pp.20.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCarol, C.(2015). Researchers urge greater attention to autism-related food issues, Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Journal of Editorials, 289 (1): pp.45-69. Available from: https:\/\/www.autismspeaks. org\/science\/science-news\/researchers-urge-greater-attention-autism-related-food-issues (13\/June\/2017).<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKing, B. (2015). Lower vaccination rates among families affected by autism, Seattle Children\u2019s Autism Center. Journal of Neuroscience, 10 (5): pp.10-15. Available from: https:\/\/www.autismspeaks.org\/science\/science-news\/no-mmr-autism-link-large-study-vaccinated-vs-unvaccinated-kids. (Accessed 14 June 2017).<br \/>\r\n[8].\tSandin. (2015). Large study on parent age &#038; autism finds increased risk with teen moms, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, &#038; Sweden\u2019s Karolinska Institute. Journal of Neuroscience, 10 (5): pp.36. Available from: https:\/\/www.autismspeaks. org\/ science\/science-news\/large-study-parent-age-autism-finds-increased-risk-teen-moms. (13 June 2017).<br \/>\r\n[9].\tVolkmar, F. R. (2007). Autism and Developmental Disorders. Journal of Child &#038; School Psychology, 18 (3): pp. 30.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1564\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S.D.Y. Jayarathne &#8220;Anthropological and Socio-Economic Issues Faced By Autistic Patients and Their Families&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.767-768 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/767-768.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1565\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/767-768.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1566\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/anthropological-and-socio-economic-issues-faced-by-autistic-patients-and-their-families\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Anthropological and Socio-Economic Issues Faced By Autistic Patients and Their Families<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94d852a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94d852a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94d86ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94d86ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94d898e\" data-id=\"94d898e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94d8bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94d8bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94ded37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94ded37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94def4f\" data-id=\"94def4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94df093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94df093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94df14b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94df14b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94df2b6\" data-id=\"94df2b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94df3d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94df3d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94df482 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94df482\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94df606\" data-id=\"94df606\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94df732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94df732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation: The Nigerian Sex Trafficking Industry<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yahaya Yakubu &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 769-775<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94df7ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94df7ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94df979\" data-id=\"94df979\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94dfacf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94dfacf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1565\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1566\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The incidence of trafficking in persons for commercial sexual exploitation or other forms, either within or across national borders can be said to be spurred by the desire to amass material wealth cum financial benefits on the side of the traffickers and desperation on the side of the prospective or to be victims to access a better standard of living, escape poverty, uprising, political instability, socioeconomic instability, access to gainful employment amongst other factors as the case maybe. Though trafficking is not peculiar to any single region but can be argued to be more prevalent in developing countries, where unemployment rates are usually high and living conditions are poor, incessant political crisis amongst other numerous factors. This study seeks to interrogate the interplay between neoliberal globalization both as an economic theory and a policy stance and trafficking in persons for commercial sexual exploitation, with emphasis on the Nigerian sex trafficking industry.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 769-775\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya Yakubu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPolitical Science &#038; International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBales Kelvin. (1997) \u201cDisposable People: New Slavery in Global Economy\u201d University of Califor- nia Press, pp-77.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tTola Olujuwon. (2008) \u201cCombating Trafficking in Persons: A Case Study of Nigeria\u201d Euro Journal Publication, pp, 23-65.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tFrieda M\u2019Cormack. (2011), \u201cThe Impact of Human Trafficking on People and Country\u201d Gover- nance and Social Development Research Centre, pp- 2.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tLuz Estelle Nagle. (2008), \u201cSelling Souls: The Effects of Globalization on Human Trafficking and Forced Servitude\u201d Wisconsin International Law Journal, Vol.26, pp-24.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBales Kelvin. (2005) \u201cGlobal Slavery\u201d Univer- sity of California Press, pp-32.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2010), \u201cTrafficking in Persons Report\u201d United Na- tions Press, pp- 15.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2002), United Nations Press, pp-2.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tSally Stoecker. (1998), \u201cThe Rise in Human Trafficking and the Role of Organized Crime\u201d Ame- rican University Press Massachusetts, pp-129.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFrieda M\u2019Cormack. (2012), \u201cThe Impact of Human Trafficking on People and Country\u201d Gover- nance and Social Development Research Centre, pp- 2.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2014), \u201cHuman Trafficking Report\u201d United Nations Press, pp-15.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2010) \u201cGlobal Report on Trafficking in Persons\u201d United Nations Press, pp-11.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tTola Olujuwon. (2008) \u201cCombating Trafficking in Persons: A Case Study of Nigeria\u201d Euro Journal Publication, pp, 23-65.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tDave-Odigie and Patience Chinyere. (2008) \u201cHuman Trafficking Trends in Nigeria and Strate- gies for Combating the Crime\u201d Peace Studies Jour- nal, pp-68.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tJorgen Carling. (2005) \u201cTrafficking in Women from Nigeria to Europe\u201d International Peace Insti- tute Oslo, pp, 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOsita Agbu. (2003), \u201cHuman Trafficking: The Nigerian Case\u201d West African Review Publication, pp-1.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tDave-Odigie and Patience Chinyere. (2008) \u201cHuman Trafficking Trends in Nigeria and Strate- gies for Combating the Crime\u201d Peace Studies Jour- nal, pp-68.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2010), \u201cTrafficking in Persons Report\u201d United Nations Press, pp., 3-15.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, (2009), \u201cTrafficking in Persons Report\u201d United Na- tions Press, pp., 3 -15.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tFayomi O. O. (2009), \u201cWomen Poverty and Trafficking: A Contextual Exposition of the Nige- rian Situation\u201d Journal of Management and Science, pp, 67-77.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tFayomi O. O. (2009), \u201cWomen Poverty and Trafficking: A Contextual Exposition of the Nige- rian Situation\u201d Journal of Management and Science, pp, 67-77.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tFayomi O. O. (2009), \u201cWomen Poverty and Trafficking: A Contextual Exposition of the Nige- rian Situation\u201d Journal of Management and Science, pp., 67-77.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tFrieda M\u2019Cormack. (2012), \u201cThe Impact of Human Trafficking on People and Country\u201d Gover- nance and Social Development Research Centre,  pp., 2.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tHarvey David. (2005), \u201cA Brief History of Neoliberalism\u201d New York Oxford Press, pp-1<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRaul Delgado and Humberto Marquez. (2007), \u201cNeoliberalism Globalization and Migration\u201d Black- well Publishers Limited, pp-2.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tFayomi O. O. (2009), \u201cWomen Poverty and Trafficking: A Contextual Exposition of the Nige- rian Situation\u201d Journal of Management and Science, pp. 77.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tFrieda M\u2019Cormack. (2012), \u201cThe Impact of Human Trafficking on People and Country\u201d Gover- nance and Social Development Research Centre,  pp., 2.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tFrieda M\u2019Cormack. (2012), \u201cThe Impact of Hu- man Trafficking on People and Country\u201d Gover- nance and Social Development Research Centre,  pp<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1564\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yahaya Yakubu &#8220;Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation: The Nigerian Sex Trafficking Industry&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 10, pp.769-775 October 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/769-775.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1565\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-10\/769-775.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1566\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/human-trafficking-for-commercial-sexual-exploitation-the-nigerian-sex-trafficking-industry\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Human Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation: The Nigerian Sex Trafficking Industry<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e0bab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"94e0bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e0c99 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e0c99\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94e0e3a\" data-id=\"94e0e3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e0f7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e0f7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e1026 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e1026\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94e1192\" data-id=\"94e1192\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e12ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e12ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e1358 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e1358\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94e14a9\" data-id=\"94e14a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e15c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e15c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e1660 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e1660\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94e17d0\" data-id=\"94e17d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e18e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94e18e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Road Traffic Accidents, Causes, Trends and Preventive Measures: The Case of City of Harare (2012- 2018)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr David Foya  &#8211; October 2019 Page No.: 776-792<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94e1989 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94e1989\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-94e1b28\" data-id=\"94e1b28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94e1d9a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"94e1d9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1565\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1566\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1561\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The topic of this dissertation was to establish the major causes of accidents in Zimbabwe and find out way forward. The research objectives included to establish the leading causes of road traffic accidents in the country. To examine approaches that can be adopted to reduce road accident sin Zimbabwe. Some of the research questions included what are the leading causes of accidents? What roles do different stakeholders play in reducing road traffic accidents in Zimbabwe. This study is important to various stakeholders in Zimbabwe which include government, Traffic safety Council of Zimbabwe, all road users. The researcher used mixed approaches in dealing with this challenge. Furthermore, purposive sampling was used in sampling respondents as well as random sampling for drivers. Data was collected using questionnaires and interviews. The major findings from this study shows the most accident s are caused by human error which include unlicensed driving, texting, alcohol consumption and driving while driving. In addition, failure to observe road regulations have been another major worry. The second major cause was the state of the vehicle. Most of the vehicles are not mechanically safe to be in the roads. The conclusions derived from the study are that all these factors have caused numerous deaths in the roads and it has become a major cost to insurance companies. State of the various roads is a major challenge to motorists and some roads are full of potholes which makes it dangers for motorists to drive through. In view of this, the study recommends that TSCZ besides awareness campaigns should take all drivers especially those of PSV through defensive course at the governments cost . This will give them appreciation of how to sustain road traffic safety for the public. There is need for more VID and police presence in major highways to check vehicles roadworthiness and state of drivers at any given point. Finally, government to work with all the stakeholders in the area of road traffic safety in order to come up with a lasting solution to road traffic accidents.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 776-792\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 November 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1562\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr David Foya <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNational University of Science and Technology, Department of Business Management, P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1563\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAccidental Deaths and Suicides in India \u2013 2010. National Crime Records Bureau. Ministry of Home Affairs. Government of India. [Last cited 2012 April 16]. Available from: http:\/\/www.ncrb.nic.in\/ADSI2010\/ADSI2010-full-report.pdf .<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAllwood, C. (2011). \u2018The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAmeratunga S, Hijar M, Norton R. 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