{"id":2550,"date":"2019-12-14T05:10:21","date_gmt":"2019-12-14T05:10:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2550"},"modified":"2020-01-25T01:21:15","modified_gmt":"2020-01-25T01:21:15","slug":"volume-iii-issue-xii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iii-issue-xii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume III Issue XII"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2550\" class=\"elementor elementor-2550 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70be78b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70be78b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70beb73\" data-id=\"70beb73\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70bede8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70bede8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Marriage: It Can Be A Bless or Hidden Curse of Their Life! A Criminological Study on Husbands\u2019 Influence for the Culpability of Women Prisoners (Special reference to <i>Welikada Women\u2019s prison<\/i>)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Wijewardhana BVN, Rajaneththige S &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 01-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70bef62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70bef62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70bf26b\" data-id=\"70bf26b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70bf4fe elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70bf4fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Within the causes of family relationships both males and females maintain specific tasks and positions based on the gender perspectives since the historic epoch in Sri Lanka. According to sociologists, the tasks are merely divided on gender based decisions. Child births, socialization, fulfill husbands\u2019\u2019 needs, and manage the economy with series of other vigorous activities of the family unit to be fulfilled by the married woman. In this context family disputes were unavoidable when challenges occurred due to ineffective control of family matters. Owing to changes occurred in the society transformation of the role and tasks of women too, were happened resulting that women represent comparatively to the men in the current labour market. The continuation of uninterrupted family system within the said composition is still a task coming under the purview of women. Married women are accustomed to perform the tasks within the family units while accomplishing the status of male-female gender aspirations.<br \/>\r\nWomen who are enduring penalties being imprisoners in contradictory to their bestowed tasks and status based on the gender related matters at domestic level, this study attempts to emphasize the causes affected them to be guilty on some offenses and also to analyze whether influences were there or not from their husbands, if so, in what nature and which form of influences was the problem to be determined through this research. Accordingly, 63 married women prisoners were selected from different age categories and from mixed religious backgrounds. The research was launched through discussions, using questionnaire, observations, and case studies and via focused group discussions, too. The investigations revealed that 79.66% of informants were in the opinion that main cause behind their offensiveness was the muddles involved by their husbands. It was also disclosed that husbands\u2019 direct involvement on drug related actions, abusing women, murder, theft and burglary were candidly affected them to face the current situation. The research findings endorsed the need of mandatory as well as socially adapted amendments targeted on the family system which could endorse an intelligible community that ensures healthy relationship between husband and wife and within the family units.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wijewardhana BVN<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer in Criminology, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rajaneththige S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer in Criminology, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Covington, S. (1998). Women in Prison: Approaches in the Treatment of Our Most Invisible Population. [ebook] Newyork: Haworth press. Available at: http:\/\/www.centerforgenderandjustice.org\/assets\/files\/15.pdf [Accessed 8 Aug. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[2]. Crewe, B., Hulley, S. and Wright, S. (2017). The Gendered Pains Of Life Imprisonment. [ebook] Available at: https:\/\/watermark.silverchair.com\/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[3]. Dehart, D. (2005). Pathways to Prison: Impact of Victimization in the Lives of Incarcerated Women. [ebook] Available at: https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/208383.pdf [Accessed 8 Aug. 2018].(Department of Census and Statistics 2016)<br \/>\r\n[4]. Delgado, K. J. (2011). The Impact of Incarceration on Families: A Summary of the Literature. Available at: http:\/\/corescholar.libraries.wright.edu\/psych_student\/5 [Accessed 7 Aug. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kilroy, D. (2016). Women in Prison in Australia. [ebook] Available at: https:\/\/njca.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/12\/Kilroy-Debbie-Women-in-Prison-in-Australia-paper.pdf [Accessed 7 Aug. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[6]. Panel Reform International (2008). Women in prison: incarcerated in a man\u2019s world. [ebook] Available at: https:\/\/www.penalreform.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/brf-03-2008-women-in-prison-en.pdf [Accessed 7 Aug. 2018].<br \/>\r\n[7]. Reichert, J., &amp; Bostwick, L. (2010). Post-traumatic stress disorder and victimization among female prisoners in Illinois. llinois Criminal Justice Information Authority Retrieved from http:\/\/www.saferfoundation.org\/files\/documents\/PTSD_Female_Prisoners_Report_1110.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). SAMHSA National Action Plan on Seclusion and Restraint, Revised and Adopted May 2003. Retrieved March 25, 2011, from http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/seclusion\/sr_handout.aspx.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Wijewardhana BVN ,A study on the influence of urban physical milieu on women\u2019s involvement on substances: Case studies of female imprisoners in Welikada Prison, In Colombo, Sri Lanka International Journal of Academic Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4197 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.academicsjournal.com Volume 3; Issue 5; September 2018; Page No. 194-200 http:\/\/www.academicjournal.in\/archives\/2018\/vol3\/issue5<br \/>\r\n[10]. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. (2006) Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Retrieved from http:\/\/bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/mhppji.pdf.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Wijewardhana BVN, Rajaneththige S &#8220;Marriage: It Can Be A Bless or Hidden Curse of Their Life! A Criminological Study on Husbands\u2019 Influence for the Culpability of Women Prisoners (Special reference to <i>Welikada Women\u2019s prison<\/i>)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.01-08 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/01-08.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/01-08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/marriage-it-can-be-a-bless-or-hidden-curse-of-their-life-a-criminological-study-on-husbands-influence-for-the-culpability-of-women-prisoners-special-reference-to-welikada-womens\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Marriage: It Can Be A Bless or Hidden Curse of Their Life! A Criminological Study on Husbands\u2019 Influence for the Culpability of Women Prisoners (Special reference to <i>Welikada Women\u2019s prison<\/i>)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70c9590 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"70c9590\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70c9761 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70c9761\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70cd07d\" data-id=\"70cd07d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cd31c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70cd31c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70cd448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70cd448\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70cd741\" data-id=\"70cd741\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cd990 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70cd990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Modern Challenges faced by banking sector of Pakistan Evidence from: the First Micro Finance Bank, JS Bank and BankIslami Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Saad Bashir, Zain Saeed Qureshi, Hamza Saeed Qureshi, Batool Fatima Qureshi &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 09-11<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70cdae0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70cdae0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70cdd8e\" data-id=\"70cdd8e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70cdfc0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70cdfc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to identify the problems and issues related to banking industry of Pakistan. We have focused on three banks that are specialize in their own field. We adopted the qualitative approach and developed a questionnaire to measure the responses of respondents on a likert scale. The banking history goes way back to Babylonian era. But in Pakistan the very first Pakistani bank is State bank of Pakistan. Pakistan\u2019s banking history is quite diversified. From privatization to nationalization and then again privatization. In Pakistan banking industry is one most growing and innovative industry. Banks plays an important role in an economy. Bank are the financial institution that are regulated and monitored by State bank of Pakistan and channelize the depositor money. This report has focused on issues faced by commercial banks, microfinance institutions and Islamic banks.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-11\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Saad Bashir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMS Scholar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zain Saeed Qureshi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMS Scholar, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hamza Saeed Qureshi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Batool Fatima Qureshi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nNust Business School, Islamabad, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Dr. Nanik, Dr. Khoso, M Bachal and Faiz M. Shaikh, Ethical issues in commercial banks in Pakistan: Australian Journal of Business and management research Vol. 1<br \/>\r\n[2]. M. Shaukat Malik, Ali Malik, Controversies that make Islamic bank controversial: an analysis of issues and challenges. American journal of social and management sciences<br \/>\r\n[3]. R. Vaidyanathan, Asset-Liability management: issues and trends in Indian Context,ASCI Journal of management 29(1) 39-48<br \/>\r\n[4]. M. Khalid Bashir and M. Masood Azeem, agriculture credit in Pakistan: constraints and options,Pakistan Journal of life and sciences, Pak.j.lifesos.sci. (2008), 6(1): 47-49<br \/>\r\n[5]. Marian Mocana, Simona Rusa, Anca Draghicia, Larisa Ivascua, Attila Turi, Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility Practices on The Banking Industry in Romania, Procedia Economics and Finance 23 (2015) 712 \u2013 716<br \/>\r\n[6]. Aijaz Ahmed Shaikh, Syed Mir Muhammad Shah, Auto Teller Machine (ATM) Fraud \u2013 Case Study of a CommercialBank in Pakistan, International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 7, No. 22 (2012).<br \/>\r\n[7]. Dr. Aurangzeb, Contributions of Banking Sector. In Economic Growth: A Case of Pakistan,Economics and Finance Review Vol. 2(6) pp. 45 \u2013 54, August, 2012.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Saad Bashir, Zain Saeed Qureshi, Hamza Saeed Qureshi, Batool Fatima Qureshi &#8220;Modern Challenges faced by banking sector of Pakistan Evidence from: the First Micro Finance Bank, JS Bank and BankIslami Pakistan &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.09-11 December 2019\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/09-11.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/09-11.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/modern-challenges-faced-by-banking-sector-of-pakistan-evidence-from-the-first-micro-finance-bank-js-bank-and-bankislami-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Modern Challenges faced by banking sector of Pakistan Evidence from: the First Micro Finance Bank, JS Bank and BankIslami Pakistan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70d709f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"70d709f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70d7265 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70d7265\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ea34c\" data-id=\"70ea34c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ea5bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70ea5bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70ea6e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70ea6e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70eaa97\" data-id=\"70eaa97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70eacca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70eacca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70eadda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70eadda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70eb062\" data-id=\"70eb062\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70eb281 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70eb281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70eb38f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70eb38f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70eb619\" data-id=\"70eb619\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70eb823 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70eb823\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70eb923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70eb923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ebc42\" data-id=\"70ebc42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ebecb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70ebecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70ec00b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70ec00b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ec2eb\" data-id=\"70ec2eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70ec554 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70ec554\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70ec6c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70ec6c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70ec9d7\" data-id=\"70ec9d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70f269f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"70f269f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Users\u2019 Discernment in Lagos Megacity: Lesson from Primero Transport Service<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Ibrahim-Adedeji K.B; Badmus A.A.; Eniolawun, O. S.; Hassan, Y.O. &#8211; December 2019 &#8211; Page No.: 12-16\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-70f28bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"70f28bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-70f2c63\" data-id=\"70f2c63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70f2f10 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"70f2f10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examines Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) users\u2019 perspicacity in Lagos, Nigeria along Ikorodu-Mile12 Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) corridor in order to guide, provide information for policies and decision makers during policies formulation. This study assesses the socio-economic character of passengers using the primer transport service along Ikorodu-Mile 12 BRT corridor; analysed the travel behavior of commuters using the primero transport service in the study area and examine the commuters\u2019 perspicacity and expectation on the level of service quality provided by Primero Transport Service. A total of three hundred ninety-four (394) commuters (one commuter per bus) who go back and forth through the buses were sampled. Perception and expectation about service were asked. The result of factor analysis found that commuters were satisfy with the service offer by Primero, physical appearance, level of clean, mode of operation and level of service deliver by Primero transport services.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 12-16\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim-Adedeji K.B<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Badmus A.A.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Eniolawun, O. S.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hassan, Y.O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPost-graduate Student, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Lagos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Anderson, W. S., Baggett, L. S., &amp; Widener, S. K. (2007). The Impact of Service Operations Failures on Customer Satisfaction: Evidence on how Failures and Their Source Affect What Matters to Customers. Working paper. SSRN. doi:975832<br \/>\r\n[2]. Adam, B. F. Boxma, I. J. &amp; Resing, J. A. C. (2001). Queuing models with multiple waiting lines queuing systems, 37, 65-9<br \/>\r\n[3]. Asubonteng, P., McCleary, K,J. &amp;Swan, J.E. (1996) SERVQUAL Revisited: A Critical Review of Service Quality. The Journal of Services Marketing. Volume, 10, Issue 6, pp62-81.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Andreassen, T. W. (1995). (Dis) satisfaction with public services: the case of public transportation. Journal of Services Marketing, 9(5), 30-41.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Arris-Panagiotis, K. (2009). Measuring Customer Satisfaction in Public. T.E.I. of Larissa, Greece: Department of Project Management.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Beira, G., &amp; Cabral, J. A. (2007). Understanding attitudes towards public transport and private car: A qualitative study. Transport Policy, 14(6), 478\u2013489.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Bielen, F., &amp; Demoulin, N. (2007). Waiting time influence on the satisfaction-loyalty relationship in services. Managing Service Quality, 17(2), 174-193.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Bergman, B. and Klefsjo, B. (1994). Quality from Customer Needs to Customer Satisfaction. London: McGraw-Hill<br \/>\r\n[9]. Cavana, R. Y., &amp; Corbett, L. M. (2007). Developing zones of tolerance for managing passenger rail service quality. International Journal of Quality &amp; Reliability Management,, 24(1), 7-31.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Cohen, B. (2004). Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts. WorldDevelopment, 32(1), 23-51.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Dziekan, K., &amp; Kottenhoff, K. (2007). Dynamic at-stop real-time information displays for public transport: effects on customers Transportation Research Part A. Policy and Practice, 41(6), 489\u2013501.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Edvardsson, B. (1998). Techniques Causes of customer dissatisfaction \u2013studies of public transport by the critical-incident method. Managing Service Quality, 8(3), 189\u201397.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Gandy, M. (2006). Planning, Anti-planning and the Infrastructure Crisis Facing Metropolitan Lagos. Urban Studies, 43(2), 371\u2013396<br \/>\r\n[14]. Goldstein, S.D (2009). Improve Customer Satisfaction Through Dedicated Service Channels. The Journal of Applied Business and Economics. Volume. 9, Issue. 1; p. 11 (11 pages)<br \/>\r\n[15]. Gopal, G., &amp; Cline, S. (2007). Driving towards sustainable profitability: transportation service providers and customer relationship management. Supply Chain Management. An International Journal, 12(2), 85-87.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Grigoroudis, E., &amp; Siskos, Y. (2002). Preference disaggregation for measuring and analyzing customer satisfaction: The MUSA method. European Journal of Operational Research, 143(1), 148\u201370.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Grigoroudis, E., &amp; Siskos, Y. (2004). A survey of customer satisfaction barometers: Some results from the transportation-communications sectors. European Journal of Operational Research, 152(2), .334-53.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Grigoroudis, E., Politis, Y., &amp; Siskos, Y. (2002). Satisfaction benchmarking and customer classification: An application to the branches of a banking organization. International Transactions in Operational Reasearch, 9(5), 599-18.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Maria M, O., Yannis, T., &amp; Georgia, A. (2007). Estimation of Satisfied Customers in Public Transport Systems: A New Methodological Approach. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 46(1), 63-72.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Hira D.S &amp; .Gupta, P.K. (2004). Simulation and Queuing Theory Operation Research, (S Chand and company ltd, New Delhi, India,<br \/>\r\n[21]. Markus, F., &amp; Margareta, F. (2008). Perceived Satisfaction with Public Transport Service in Nine European Cities. Journal of the Transportation Research Forum, 47(3), 93\u2010103.<br \/>\r\n[22]. Maxwell, A. P., &amp; Thobeleni, M. (2013). Customers\u2019 expectations and perceptions of service Quality: The case of pick n pay supermarket stores in Pietermaritzburg area, South Africa. International Journal of Research In Social Sciences, 3(1), 96-104.<br \/>\r\n[23]. Nazia, N. (2012). Customer Expectations of Service Quality: A Study on Private Banks of Bangladesh. World Review of Business Research, 2(4), 172 \u2013 186.<br \/>\r\n[24]. Rabiul, I., Mohammed S., C., Mohammad, S. S., &amp; Salauddin, A. (2014). Measuring customer\u2019s satisfaction on bus transportation. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 6(1), 34-41. doi:10.3844\/ajebasp.2014.34.41<br \/>\r\n[25]. Randheer, K., AL-Motawa, A. A., &amp; Prince, V. J. (2011). Measuring Commuters\u2019 Perception on Service Quality Using SERVQUAL in Public Transportation. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 3(1), 21-34.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Ryan Berry (2006), Queuing Theory,<br \/>\r\n[27]. REED, R. R. (August 1973). Market Segmentation Development for Public Transportation. Stanford University, Industrial Engineering. Califonia: Stanford University Department of Industrial Engineering.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Thompson, K., &amp; Schofield, P. (2007). An investigation of the relationship between public transport performance and destination satisfaction. Journal of Transport Geography, 15(2), 136\u2013144.<br \/>\r\n[29]. Tran, T., &amp; B., K. H. (2005). Managing for excellence in public transportation. Management research news. Management research news, 28(11\/12), 154-63.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Tyrinopoulos, Y., &amp; Antoniou, C. (2008). Public transit user satisfaction: Variability and policy implications. Transport Policy, 15(4), 260-272.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Taha, H. A. (1976). Operation research. An Introductory 2nd Edition, (Macmillan, New York,)<br \/>\r\n[32]. Parasuraman, A, Zeithaml, V.A, and Berry, L.L. (1985). A Conceptual Model of Service Quality and Its Implications for Future Research. Journal of Marketing. Volume 49, Issue 4. pp 41-50.<br \/>\r\n[33]. Wall, G. a. (2007). Improving bus service quality and information in Winchester. Transport Policy, 14(2), 165\u2013179.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ibrahim-Adedeji K.B; Badmus A.A.; Eniolawun, O. S.; Hassan, Y.O. &#8220;Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Users\u2019 Discernment in Lagos Megacity: Lesson from Primero Transport Service&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.12-16 December 2019 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/12-16.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/12-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/bus-rapid-transit-brt-users-discernment-in-lagos-megacity-lesson-from-primero-transport-service\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Users\u2019 Discernment in Lagos Megacity: Lesson from Primero Transport Service<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71008ca elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71008ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7100a44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7100a44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7100cde\" data-id=\"7100cde\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7100f07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7100f07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71091d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71091d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7109628\" data-id=\"7109628\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71098a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71098a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71099e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71099e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7109cb8\" data-id=\"7109cb8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7109f9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7109f9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-710a0de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"710a0de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-710a3ad\" data-id=\"710a3ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710a5e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"710a5e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-710a700 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"710a700\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-710a9cb\" data-id=\"710a9cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710ac15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"710ac15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-710ad36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"710ad36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-710b025\" data-id=\"710b025\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710b268 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"710b268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Role of Managerial Competency on Information and Communication Technology, Access to Finance, Innovation and Agricultural Performance in Nigeria A Pilot Study<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p>Abubakar Mayaki, Prof Madya, Dr Kadzrina Abdul Kadir, Dr Emy Ezura A Jalil &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 17-21\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-710b3dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"710b3dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-710b6e4\" data-id=\"710b6e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-710b986 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"710b986\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this paper is to examine a few samples of data on the role of managerial competency on information and communication technology, access to finance, innovation on agricultural performance of small and medium farmers in Nigeria. Hence, to determine the reliability and validity of the instruments the Cronbach alpha was used. The SPSS version 25 was employed to analyze the few data collected from the small and medium farmers. The result revealed that the instruments are sufficiently reliable because all the Cronbach alpha of the instruments exceed the minimum tolerable level of .70.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 17-21\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Mayaki<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nOthman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof Madya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nOthman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Kadzrina Abdul Kadir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nOthman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Emy Ezura A Jalil<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nOthman Yeop Abdullah Graduate School of Business, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Adeola, O., &amp; Ikpesu, F. (2016). An empirical investigation of the impact of bank lending on agricultural output in Nigeria\u202f: a &#8230; an empirical investigation of the impact of in Nigeria\u202f: a Vector autoregressive (VAR) approach. In Proceedings of the Australia-Middle East Conference on Business and Social Sciences (pp. 1\u201313).<br \/>\r\n[2]. Afful, C. F., Hejkrl\u00edk, J., &amp; Doucha, T. (2015). Rural banking in Ghana and its impact on rural farmers. Case study of the Birim South District, Ghana. Asian Social Science, 11(25), 101\u2013110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ass.v11n25p101<br \/>\r\n[3]. Ahmad, N., Jan, I., Ullah, S., &amp; Pervez, S. (2015). Impact of agricultural credit on wheat productivity in District Jhang, Pakistan. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 31(1), 65\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/em<br \/>\r\n[4]. Aker, J. C., &amp; Fafchamps, M. (2015). Mobile phone coverage and producer markets: Evidence fromwest Africa. World Bank Economic Review, 29(2), 262\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/wber\/lhu006<br \/>\r\n[5]. Alreck, P. L., &amp; Settle, R. B. (1995). The survey research handbook: Guidelines and strategies for conducting a survey: (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Alston, J. M., &amp; Pardey, P. G. (2016). Antipodean agricultural and resource economics at 60: agricultural innovation. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 60(4), 1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-8489.12162<br \/>\r\n[7]. Andersen, A. D. (2015). A functions approach to innovation system building in Brazil. Innovation and Development, 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/2157930X.2014.996855<br \/>\r\n[8]. Aonngernthayakorn, K., &amp; Pongquan, S. (2017). Determinants of rice farmers\u2019 utilization of agricultural information in central Thailand. Journal of Agricultural and Food Information, 18(1), 25\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10496505.2016.1247001<br \/>\r\n[9]. Ayaz, S., &amp; Hussain, Z. (2011). Impact of institutional credit on production efficiency of farming sector: A case study of District Faisalabad. Pakistan Economics and Social Review, 49(2), 149\u2013162.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Baron, R. M., &amp; Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173\u20131182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173<br \/>\r\n[11]. Bhavani, P., Chakravarthi, V., Roy, P. S., Joshi, P. K., &amp; Chandrasekar, K. (2017). Long-term agricultural performance and climate variability for drought assessment: a regional study from Telangana and Andhra Pradesh states, India. 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Information Processing in Agriculture, 3(1), 17\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.inpa.2015.11.002<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abubakar Mayaki, Prof Madya, Dr Kadzrina Abdul Kadir, Dr Emy Ezura A Jalil &#8220;The Role of Managerial Competency on Information and Communication Technology, Access to Finance, Innovation and Agricultural Performance in Nigeria A Pilot Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.17-21 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/17-21.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/17-21.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-role-of-managerial-competency-on-information-and-communication-technology-access-to-finance-innovation-and-agricultural-performance-in-nigeria-a-pilot-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Role of Managerial Competency on Information and Communication Technology, Access to Finance, Innovation and Agricultural Performance in Nigeria A Pilot Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7112188 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7112188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7112287 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7112287\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-711241e\" data-id=\"711241e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7112555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7112555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71125e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71125e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-711273f\" data-id=\"711273f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7112852 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7112852\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71128e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71128e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7112a2d\" data-id=\"7112a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7112b46 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7112b46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7112bc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7112bc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7112d19\" data-id=\"7112d19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7112e25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7112e25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7112eab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7112eab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7112ffc\" data-id=\"7112ffc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7113110 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7113110\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71131b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71131b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7113327\" data-id=\"7113327\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7113444 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7113444\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Attitudes of Non-Muslims on Islamic Financial Institutions: A Study based on Sungawila Area in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>S. Safrin &amp; Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Nairoos &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 22-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71134e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71134e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71138ac\" data-id=\"71138ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7113a51 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7113a51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Islamic financial institutions initially established to full-filled for the needs of not only Muslims but also non-Muslims. The number of non-Muslims involved in Islamic financial institutions is increasing. The institutions desirous of entering into this nascent field in Sri Lanka are required to know the aspirations and motivations of non-Muslims with respect to interest-free Financial Services. The main objective of this research is to identify the attitudes of non-Muslims on Islamic Financial Institutions a study based on Sungawila area. For this purpose, a representative sample of 150 respondents is surveyed with the help of a structured questionnaire developed for this purpose. The data for this study was analyzed using SPSS 20.0 multiple statistical adapted to confirm the theoretical evidence. We also attempt to measures the knowledge, intention to use and demographic factors regarding Islamic financial institutions as well as the factors which influence non-Muslims of Sungawila area in Islamic financing. The finding of the research shows majority of the non-Muslims are not expected to view Islamic Financial Institutions are only for Muslims&#8217; obligations on other hand they are less aware about Islamic financial concept, product, services and features. Further most of the non-Muslims are expected to see should open up more branches and facilities of Islamic Financial Institutions. It is recommended that Islamic financial institutions should open up more branches and facilities and Lack of understanding about Islamic financial institutions products and services thus they should advertise among non-Muslims.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 22-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. Safrin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBA (Hons) in Islamic Banking &amp; Finance, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Nairoos<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Islamic Studies, FIA, South Eastern University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Abbasi, 2012,The tendency of customers toward the acceptance of IB in Bahawalpur region Pakistan, Research journal of finance and accounting, vol.3 (3), pp. 39-51.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Abdul, Ghafoorawa and MalihaAzhareuropean, 2014,Consumer behavior toward Islamic banking in Pakistan. Journal of accounting audition and finance research. Vol.2, No.9, pp.42-65.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Abdullah,Sidek and Adnan, 2012,Perception of non-Muslims customers towards Islamic banks in Malaysi, International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(11).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Aftab, 2013,Incorporating attitudes towards halal banking in an integrated services quality, satisfaction, trust and loyalty model in online Islamic banking context. International journal of bank marketing. Vol.31, no. 1, pp. 6-23<br \/>\r\n[5]. Ahasanul, Jamil and Ahmad, 2009,Islamic Banking: Customer Perception and its Prospect on Bank Product Selection towards Malaysian Customer Perspectives. 5th International Islamic Finance Conference.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Faziro, 1986,How do attitudes guide behavior? handbook of motivation and cognition: foundations of social behavior. The Guilford press. New York. NY.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Haron, Ahmad and Planisek, 1994,Bank Patronage Factors of Muslims and Non-Muslims Customers, International Journal of Bank Marketing, 12(1), 32 \u2013 40.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Jumani and Siddiqui, 2012,Perception of Non-Muslims customers toward Islamic Banking.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Marikar, 2015, Islamic Banking: An alternate approach to finance. Azeez Foundation. Sri Lanka.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Mark Loo, 2010,Attitudes and perception toward Islamic banking among Muslimsandnon-Muslims in Malaysia. International journal of arts and sciences. Vol.3 (13), pp.453-485.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Omar and Rahim, 2016,Perception of Non-Muslims towards Islamic Banking Revisited: SEM Approach, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(1), 139.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Schiffman, and kanuk, 2000,Consumer behavior: new services quality and its implications for future research. Prentice hall, journal of marketing, vol. 49-50.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sohail, Hamza, Ilyas and Azeem, 2014, Perception of individual consumers toward Islamic banking products and services in pakistan, Perception, 5.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Tehseen Ahmad, 2015,Predicting the Customers&#8217; Attitude towards Islamic Banking, Euro-Asian Journal of Economics and Finance, Vol.3, Issue.1, pp.53 63.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Yousuf, 2013,Effects of religiosity on consumer attitudes toward Islamic bankingin Egypt. International Journal of Bank Marketing.Vol.33, Issue 6, pp. 786 -807.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">S. Safrin &amp; Mohamed Haniffa Mohamed Nairoos &#8220;Attitudes of Non-Muslims on Islamic Financial Institutions: A Study based on Sungawila Area in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.22-27 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/22-27.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/22-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/attitudes-of-non-muslims-on-islamic-financial-institutions-a-study-based-on-sungawila-area-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Attitudes of Non-Muslims on Islamic Financial Institutions: A Study based on Sungawila Area in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712253c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"712253c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7122630 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7122630\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71227d7\" data-id=\"71227d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712290e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"712290e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71229b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71229b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7122b1c\" data-id=\"7122b1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7122c34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7122c34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7122cd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7122cd6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7122e20\" data-id=\"7122e20\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7122f3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7122f3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7122fe2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7122fe2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-712313c\" data-id=\"712313c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7123252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7123252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71232f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71232f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7123447\" data-id=\"7123447\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7123555 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7123555\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71235f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71235f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-712374e\" data-id=\"712374e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712385d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"712385d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71238fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71238fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7123a4d\" data-id=\"7123a4d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7123b56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7123b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7123bfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7123bfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7123d43\" data-id=\"7123d43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7123e56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7123e56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7123ef2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7123ef2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7124040\" data-id=\"7124040\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7124145 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7124145\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71241e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71241e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7124350\" data-id=\"7124350\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7124462 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7124462\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Exploring the Application, Dimensionality and Factor Structure of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale among Local Government Employees in Lagos, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ikenna Jennifer Amaka, Siti Noormi Alias and Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 28-35<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7124501 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7124501\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7127213\" data-id=\"7127213\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71273c7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71273c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Previous studies have observed a paradigm shift in the debate concerning the dimensionality of organizational citizenship behavior. Building on organizational citizenship behavior literature, the present study in intends to validate the dimensionality of the organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) scale developed by Smith et al., (1983) who proposed a 2 dimensional16-item instrument. Data was collected through a survey questionnaire using systematic random sampling technique to employees of local government in Lagos State, Nigeria. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered and 393 valid responses were obtained over a period of 4-weeks. Factor analysis and reliability analysis were conducted to confirm that the instrument is valid within the context of local government employees. The implication of this current study is that OCB scale developed by smith et al., (1983) has revealed two-dimensional structures comprising of; altruism and generalized compliance. The instrument was found to be valid and reliable scale for OCB measurement among employees of public organization, particularly Local Government employees in Lagos, Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-35\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 18 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ikenna Jennifer Amaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Professional Development &amp; Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Siti Noormi Alias<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Professional Development &amp; Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Professional Development &amp; Continuing Education, Faculty of Educational Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Awang, Z. (2014). Validating the Measurement Model\u202f: Cfa. In Hand Book of SEM (2nd ed., pp. 54\u201373). MPWS Rich Resources.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Awang, Z. (2015). SEM made simple: A guide to learning Structural Equation Modeling. Structural Equation Modelling using amos grafic.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bartholomew, D., Knott, M., &amp; Moustaki, I. (2011). Latent Variable Models and Factor Analysis: A Unified Approach: 3rd Edition. Latent Variable Models and Factor Analysis: A Unified Approach: 3rd Edition. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119970583<br \/>\r\n[4]. Bateman, T. S., &amp; Organ, D. W. (1983). Job Satisfaction and the Good Soldier: The Relationship Between Affect and Employee &#8221;Citizenship&#8221;. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 587\u2013595. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/255908<br \/>\r\n[5]. Farooqui, M. R. (2012). Measuring Organizational Citizenship Behavior ( OCB ) as a Consequence of Organizational Climate ( OC ). Asian Journal of Business Management, 4(3), 294\u2013302. http:\/\/doi.org\/www.maxwellsci.com\/print\/ajbm\/v4-294-302.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6]. Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using Spss. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Gie Yong, A., &amp; Pearce, S. (2013). A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Factor Analysis: Focusing on Exploratory Factor Analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79\u201394.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Glinska-Newes, A., &amp; Szostek, D. (2018). ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIORS IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR *. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 17(1), 45\u201358. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.4467\/24498939IJCM.18.003.8382<br \/>\r\n[9]. Harvey, J., Bolino, M. C., &amp; Kelemen, T. K. (2018). Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the 21 st Century\u202f: How Might Going the Extra Mile Look Different at the Start of the New Millennium\u202f? Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the 21st Century\u202f: How Might Going the Extra Mile Look Different at the St. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 36(July). http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/S0742-730120180000036002<br \/>\r\n[10]. Khan, H., Yasir, M., Mohd Yusof, H., Mohammad Saleem, M., &amp; Khan, N. U. (2017). A REVIEW OF THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR. City University Research Journal, (2013), 81\u201387.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Kvitne, M. B. (2017). Development of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and the Effect of Psychological Contract Fulfillment.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Lo, M.-C., &amp; Ramayah, T. (2009). Dimensionality of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in a Multicultural Society: The Case of Malaysia. International Business Research, 2(1), 48\u201355. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ibr.v2n1p48<br \/>\r\n[13]. Mmopelwa, G., Kgathi, D. L., &amp; Molefhe, L. (2007). Tourists \u2019 perceptions and their willingness to pay for park fees\u202f: A case study of self-drive tourists and clients for mobile tour operators in Moremi Game Reserve , Botswana. Tourism Management, 28, 1044\u20131056. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tourman.2006.08.014<br \/>\r\n[14]. Mohammad, J., Habib, F. Q., &amp; Zakaria, S. (2010). ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR AND COMMITMENT\u202f: DO AGE AND TENURE MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE\u202f? BMQR, 1(3).<br \/>\r\n[15]. Tabachnick, B. G., &amp; Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ikenna Jennifer Amaka, Siti Noormi Alias and Mohd Ashraff Mohd Anuar &#8220;Exploring the Application, Dimensionality and Factor Structure of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Scale among Local Government Employees in Lagos, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.28-35 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/28-35.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/28-35.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712826b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"712826b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7128f6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7128f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7129011 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7129011\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7129162\" data-id=\"7129162\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7129271 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7129271\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7129311 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7129311\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7129465\" data-id=\"7129465\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-712956f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"712956f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7129614 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7129614\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7129781\" data-id=\"7129781\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7129897 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7129897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Hope and Positive Development in the Third Decade of Life. A Theoretical Perspective on Tertiary Education Students in Cameroon<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Akom Delbert Afumbom- December 2019 Page No.: 36-41<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7129933 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7129933\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7129aad\" data-id=\"7129aad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713e8cf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"713e8cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">University is relatively considered a stressful moment in the life of students due to numerous academic workloads and academic activities. The situation is further aggravated by the fact that some university students are in emerging adulthood, a developmental period which is psychologically fraught with uncertainty, instability and identity issues among others. Added to these, the context of most universities like Cameroon which is marred with political, economic and social turbulence common to other developing societies in the sub Saharan region makes life unbearable. Looking at the challenges that confront tertiary education students in the third decade of life, increases possibilities of fears that they will founder thus narrowing the route to a blossomed transition into adulthood and through the university from home into the world of work. However, observations reveal that some have remained hopeful as they continuously believe in themselves and their worth. As such, they have resiliently shrugged off the vast burden placed on them by the adult society as they struggle intentionally with continuous efforts to succeed. Being hopeful and self-efficacy beliefs are observed to be some of the effective drivers that pull emerging adults through the storms of university transition thus facilitating positive development into subsequent life stages. Unfortunately just a paucity of literature albeit theoretically actually narrates via scholarly corridors the monumental successes recorded by students as they sail flourishingly through university in the midst of storms an in the third decade of life. This paper examines and addresses the foregoing through the lenses of some theories.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 36-41\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akom Delbert Afumbom<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, University of Buea, Cameroon<br \/>\r\nUniversity of Buea, P.O.Box 63 Buea, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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(2002).Motivational beliefs, values, and goals.Annual Review of Psychology, 53(1), 109-132. doi: 10.1146\/annurev. psych. 53.100901.135153 117<br \/>\r\n[7]. Erny, P (1973).Childhood and Cosmos: The Social Psychology of the Black African Child Dimensions of the Black intellectual experience. Black Orpheus Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Grotberg. E.H. ( 1999). Tapping your inner strength: How to find the resilience to deal with anything. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Haimovitz, K., Wormington, S. V., &amp; Corpus, J. H. (2011). Dangerous mindsets: How beliefs about intelligence predict motivational change. Learning and individual differences.Elsevier, 21(6), 747-752. doi:10.1016\/j.lindf.2011.09.002.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Hayenga, A. O., &amp; Corpus, J. H. (2010). Profiles of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: A person-centered approach to motivation and achievement in middle school. Motivation and Emotion, 34(4), 371-383.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Howard, S., Dryden, J., &amp; Johnson, B. 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A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning.Journal of Educational Psychology, 81(3), 329.Retrieved from http:\/\/anitacrawley.net\/Articles\/ZimmermanSocCog.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akom Delbert Afumbom, &#8220;Hope and Positive Development in the Third Decade of Life. A Theoretical Perspective on Tertiary Education Students in Cameroon&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.36-41 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/36-41.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/36-41.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/hope-and-positive-development-in-the-third-decade-of-life-a-theoretical-perspective-on-tertiary-education-students-in-cameroon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Hope and Positive Development in the Third Decade of Life. A Theoretical Perspective on Tertiary Education Students in Cameroon<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713fa72 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"713fa72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7140475\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7140518 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7140518\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7140668\" data-id=\"7140668\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7140a74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7140a74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7140b16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7140b16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7140ef2\" data-id=\"7140ef2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141038 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7141038\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71410f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71410f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714135e\" data-id=\"714135e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7141498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cross-Sectional Study of Minutiae Patterns in Bini Ethnic Group of Southern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John Nwolim Paul, Deborah Abosede Akinola, Oja-Alumehe Favour Erezih &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 19-22<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7141543 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7141543\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7141a88\" data-id=\"7141a88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7141c03 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7141c03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background: This study was aimed at evaluating the minutiae patterns in of Bini ethnic group of Southern Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional with volunteers age ranging from 18-60 years. For the purpose of this study, an individual was considered to be a Nigeria of a particular ethnic group if the parents and four grandparents are of the same ethnic group.<br \/>\r\nMaterials and Methods: Purposive sampling method was used for the study. The selection and collection of required parameters relied on informed consent of volunteer subjects. This was done by giving them a copy of the informed consent letter which was signed and dated. A total of 400 subjects (Males 225, Females 175) were recruited for the study. The fingerprints were obtained using print scanner (Hp G3110 Photo scanner) following Oghenemavwe and Osaat (2015) improvised model.<br \/>\r\nResults and Discussion: Distribution of total digital patterns in Bini showed that on the left hand they had the following: Ridge Ending 4399(17.1%), Ridge Crossing 2335 (9.0%), Bridge 1979(7.7%), Lake 2077(8.1%), Bifurcation 5283(20.5%), Double Bifurcation 2021 (7.8%), Dot 2015 (7.8%), Trifurcation 1938 (7.5%), Opposed Bifurcation 2029 (7.9%), Island 1723 (6.6%), while on the right hand the distributions were: Ridge Ending 4415 (17.2%), Ridge Crossing 2323 (9.0%), Bridge 1999(7.7%), Lake 2065(8.0%), Bifurcation 5303(20.6%), Double Bifurcation 2005 (7.7%), Dot 2025 (7.8%), Trifurcation 1915 (7.4%), Opposed Bifurcation 2044 (7.9%), Island 1709 (6.7%).<br \/>\r\nConclusion: The descriptive cross-sectional study of minutiae pattern has revealed the following trend of patterns: Bifurcation 5283 (20.5%) &gt; Ridge ending 4399(17.1%) &gt; Ridge crossing 2335 (9.0%) on the left whereas on the right hand thus: Bifurcation 5303(20.6%) &gt; Ridge ending 4415 (17.2%) &gt; Ridge crossing 2323 (9.0%). This trend is in line with the stated trends for Africa, this study provides a baseline data on level 2 patterns or minutiae for the Bini people of Southern Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 19-22\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John Nwolim Paul<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deborah Abosede Akinola<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oja-Alumehe Favour Erezih<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Akingbade, A. M., Saalu, L. C., Akunna, G. G., Anderson, L. E., Olusolade, F. S. (2014). Finger and palmar dermatoglyphic study among the Yorubas in Jos, Nigeria. Annals of Bioanthropology, 2(2):49-53.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Ali, IA. and Aboul EH. (2014) Impact of Some Biometric Modalities on Forensic Science, Computational Intelligence in Digital Forensics: Forensic Investigation and Applications Studies in Computational Intelligence. 555:47-62.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bhardwaj, N., Bhardwaj, P., Tewari, V., Siddiqui, M. S. (2015). Dermatoglyphics analysis of fingertip and palmar print patterns of obese children. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health, 4: 946-949.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Arquimbau R., Esteban E., Fananas L., 1993. Finger dermatoglyphics in Delta de l&#8217;Ebre: a Mediterranean population, AnthropologischerAnzeiger, 51:267-274.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Forrrest, T. (1994) The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise. Illustrated Edition. Edinburgh University Press. 272.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Paul, J.N., Oladipo, G.S., Oghenemavwe, L.E. (2019). Investigation of Prevalence Pattern of Axial Triradii in the Ikwerres\u2019, Binis\u2019 and Igbos\u2019. Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research 4(10): 349-354.<br \/>\r\n[7]. JohnNwolim Paul, ChizinduAkubudikeAlikor, Chinyere O. Ndu-Akinla, Chikwuogwo W. Paul. (2019). Comparison of Paul\u2019s Index across the Ikwerre, Bini and Igbo Ethnic Groups of Southern Nigeria: An Ancestral Investigation. Scholars Academic Journal of Bioscience 7(11): 435-438<br \/>\r\n[8]. Paul, C.W.and Paul, J.N. (2017). Gender Variation Studies in Dermatoglyphic Patterns (Level 2 Details) of the Ikwerre Ethnic Group in Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 19(2): 2231-2919.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Paul, J. N, Amadi M. A. Ogbilikana P. S. (2018a). Review of Dermatoglyphic Studies at Level 2 in Nigerian Indigenous Populations. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International. 4(6):535-537.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Paul, J. N. Amadi M. A. (2018), Systematic Methodological Approach in Dermatoglyphics at Level 2. Scholar Bulletin. 4(6):531-534.<br \/>\r\n[11]. KrzysztofKryszczuk, Andrzej Drygajlo and Patrice Morier. (2008). Extraction of Level 2 and Level 3 Features for Fragmentary Fingerprint Comparison. EPFL. 3:45-47.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Fournier NA. and Ross AH. (2015). Sex, Ancestral, and Pattern Type Variation of Fingerprint Minutiae: A Forensic Perspective on Anthropological Dermatoglyphics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 160(4):625-632.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Segura-Wang M. and Barrantes R. (2009) Dermatoglyphic traits of six Chibcha-speaking Amerindians of Costa Rica, and an assessment of the genetic affinities among populations. International Journal of Tropical Biology, 57 (1): 357-369.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Namouchi, I. (2011) Anthropological significance of dermatoglyphic trait variation: an intra-Tunisian population analysis. International Journal of Modern Anthropology, 4: 12 \u2013 27.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Luna F., and Pons J. (1987) The dermatoglyphics of the eastern Andalusia. International Journal of Anthropology, 2 (2): 183- 190.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Loesch, D. (1979) Genetical studies of the palmar and sole patterns and some dermatoglyphic measurements in Twins. Annals of Human Genetics, 43:37-53.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Lemza, SV. and Galaktionov, O.K. (1982) Sole dermatoglyphics in the Forest Nentsy, Nganasans, and Chukchi: Dermatoglyphic distances. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57(3):245-52.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Karmakar B., Malkin I. and Kobyliansky E. (2009) Genetic Determinants of 22 Quantitative Dermatoglyphic Traits in the Chuvashian Population of Russia: Complex Segregation Analysis. The Open Anthropology Journal, 2(2): 64-73.<br \/>\r\n[19]. Karmakar, B.,Yakovenko. K., and Kobyliansky, E. (2002) Dermatoglyphic sexual dimorphism:Finger and palmar qualitative characteristics in five endogamous populations of West Bengal, India. AnthropologischerAnzeiger, 60(3):273-292.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Igbigbi P.S. and Msamati B.C. (1999) Palmar and digital dermatoglyphic patterns in Malawian subjects. East African Medical Journal, 76: 668-671.<br \/>\r\n[21]. Mbaka, G., Ejiwunmi A., Alabi, O., Olatayo, T. (2016) Digital dermatoglyphic variation and migratory pattern of ethnic Liberians. Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 6(3): 416\u2013421<br \/>\r\n[22]. Oghenemavwe EL and Osaat RS. (2015) An Improvise Easy Digital Method for Palmar andPlantar Dermatoglyphics. Bioscience and Bioengineering. 1(3):85-89.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John Nwolim Paul, Deborah Abosede Akinola, Oja-Alumehe Favour Erezih &#8220;Cross-Sectional Study of Minutiae Patterns in Bini Ethnic Group of Southern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.6 issue 12, pp.19-22 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-12\/19-22.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-6-issue-12\/19-22.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/cross-sectional-study-of-minutiae-patterns-in-bini-ethnic-group-of-southern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Cross-Sectional Study of Minutiae Patterns in Bini Ethnic Group of Southern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7142ab4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7142ab4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7142ba1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7142ba1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7142d2d\" data-id=\"7142d2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7142e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7142e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7142f03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7142f03\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714305a\" data-id=\"714305a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7143166 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7143166\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-714320e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"714320e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-714335a\" data-id=\"714335a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7143474 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7143474\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7143512 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7143512\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7143660\" data-id=\"7143660\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7150c70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7150c70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7150d60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7150d60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7150ef8\" data-id=\"7150ef8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715101c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715101c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71510ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71510ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7151220\" data-id=\"7151220\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715133c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715133c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71513de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71513de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715155f\" data-id=\"715155f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71516a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71516a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Vision 20:2020 Agricultural Policy and Food Production in Nigeria, 2007-2015<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ofozoba Chinonso Anthony &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 42-64<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7151771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7151771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71519a1\" data-id=\"71519a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7151b7b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7151b7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study set out to examine the implementation of the vision 20:2020 agricultural policy by the Federal Government and its effect on food production in Nigeria between 2007 and 2015. The qualitative method of data collection and analysis and the Marxian instrumentalist theory were adopted for the study. The study established that the implementation of the Vision 20:2020 did not effectively improve and modernize production systems in Nigeria between 2007 and 2015. Again, the implementation of Vision 20:2020 did not impact effectively on the production of tubers, grains and livestock in Nigeria between 2007 and 2015. The \u201cimproved seed projects\u201d, Agricultural Credit Support Scheme (ACSS) as well as Commercial Agricultural Credit Scheme (CACS), and some stated subsidy packages (including that of acquisition of tractors, fast yielding crops, etc) could not be accessed by most farmers. Irrigation and efficient extension schemes, as well as use of highly disease resistant livestock campaign were not implemented. Adequate funds were not released for agricultural research institutes thus leading to low adaptability to modern farming techniques. Worse still, rural farmers lacked information on modern farming techniques, as monies meant for farmers\u2019 enlightenment programmes were embezzled. Therefore, production of tubers, grains and livestock has either declined from 129947000 tons in 2006 (i.e. prior to implementation period) or recorded insignificant increases subsequently as against the policy goal of 100 percent increase in production. The study recommended that the government should match the Vision 20:2020 agricultural policy with commensurate funding and corrupt practices must also be checked at the level of policy implementation so as to achieve good result. The government should also advance workable strategy of attracting meaningful contribution from the private sector under the public-private partnership (PPP) framework.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 42-64\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 21 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ofozoba Chinonso Anthony<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam, Anambra State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\nBooks<br \/>\r\n[1]. 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President\u2019s address delivered at 34th Annual Conference of Nigeria Statistical Association held in Owerri from 22nd-24th Sept, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[45]. Aremn, AA. 2009. The Role of Planning Research and Statistics (PRS) in the implementation of the Seven Point Agenda. In Nigeria Statistical Association annual Conference Proceedings 12-14th August 2009, Gusau, Zamfara State.<br \/>\r\n[46]. Ragasa, C., Babu, S., Abdullahi, A.S. and Abubakar, B.Y. (2010) \u201cStrengthening Innovation Capacity of Nigerian Agricultural Research Organizations,\u201d IFPRI Discussion Paper 01050, December, International Food Policy Research Institute.<br \/>\r\n[47]. Sakariyawo O. S., Bugaje S. M., Kuta D. D., Magashi A. I., Ubale A. S. (2000) &#8220;Food security in Nigeria&#8221;, Paper presented at the conference of young agricultural specialists: which took place between 22nd July &#8211; 5th August at the People&#8217;s Friendship University of Russia, Moscow.<br \/>\r\n[48]. Tewe, O.T. And Bakanga, M. (2001) \u201cPost-Harvest Technologies in Nigeria\u2019s Livestock Industry: Status, Challenges And Capacities,\u201d A Presentation At The Gfar \u2013 Gipht Workshop, 17 \u2013 21 September, Entebbe Uganda.<br \/>\r\nInternet Materials<br \/>\r\n[49]. Adeyinka, S.S. and Vollrath, D. (2013) \u201cComprehensive Food Security And Vulnerability Analysis: Nigeria,\u201d NSSP Working Paper 24, August. Accessed on September 2, from: http:\/\/www.agrodep.org\/aggregator\/sources\/10<br \/>\r\n[50]. Azih, N (2008) \u201cA Background Analysis of the Nigerian Agricultural Sector\u201d Accessed on 13\/08\/2013, from: http:\/\/www.oxfamnocib.org<br \/>\r\n[51]. Okonjo-Iweala, N. and P. Osafo-Kwaako, 2007. Nigeria&#8217;s economic reforms: Progress and challenges. http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/papers\/2007\/0323globaleconomics_okonjo-iweala.aspx.<br \/>\r\n[52]. Onyekakeyah, L., 2008. Vision 2020 and seven-point agenda: Any connection Guardian. http:\/\/www.nigerianmuse.com\/20080819051159zg\/nigeria-watch\/vision-2020-and-seven-point-agenda-any-connection-by-luke-onyekakeyah\/<br \/>\r\n[53]. Fagbenro, O.A. and Adebayo, O.T. (2005) \u201cA review of the Animal and Aquafeed Industries in Nigeria, FAO Corporate Document Depository, accessed on August 25, 2013, from: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/008\/a0042e\/a0042e05.htm#TopOfPage<br \/>\r\n[54]. Nwanze, KF. 2010. Smallholder Farmers can Feed the World. Sunday Independent pIV Oct. 24.<br \/>\r\n[55]. Obi, T.U. (2004) \u201cSymposium: Emerging And Re-Emerging Livestock Diseases,\u201d National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, 80th Anniversary Proceedings. Accessed online on September 1, 2013, from: http:\/\/www.nvri.gov.ng\/Images\/Proceedings%20of%20the%20NVRI%2080th%20Anniversary.pdf<br \/>\r\n[56]. Sun, Y. (2009). \u201cResearch Method Week 6: Qualitative Research\u201d Retrieved from https:\/\/www. msu.edu\/~sunyayen\/document\/method\/Method-week6.pdfon 3\/07\/2012.<br \/>\r\nMagazines and Newspapers<br \/>\r\n[57]. Abdulhamid, Y., 2008. Nigeria: Vision 2020 and NPC. Daily Trust, a Nigeria Daily Newspaper, August 5. http:\/\/allafrica.com\/stories\/200808050705.html<br \/>\r\n[58]. Adesina, A. (2011) \u201cNigeria\u2019s Agriculture and Food Security in Nigeria,\u201d Thisday, August 15<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ofozoba Chinonso Anthony, &#8220;Implementation of Vision 20:2020 Agricultural Policy and Food Production in Nigeria, 2007-2015&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.42-64 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/42-64.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7152aea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7152c01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7152c01\" 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7154306\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715448e\" data-id=\"715448e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71545ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71545ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7154656 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7154656\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71547b7\" data-id=\"71547b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71548c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71548c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7154971 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7154971\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7154abf\" data-id=\"7154abf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7154be7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7154be7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7154c87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7154c87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7154e12\" data-id=\"7154e12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7154f32 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7154f32\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7154fd3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7154fd3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7155143\" data-id=\"7155143\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7155256 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7155256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Collaboration and Commercialization of University and Industry in Public Universities in South East, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Uzonwune, Jovita Onyinye &amp; G.G. Kpee (Ph.D.)- December 2019 Page No.: 65-71<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71552fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71552fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7155466\" data-id=\"7155466\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7155596 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7155596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated collaboration and commercialization of university and industry in public universities in south east, Nigeria. Two research questions and two null hypotheses guided the study. This study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population for the study is two thousand, three hundred and seventy-three (2373). This is made up of 668 administrative staff and 1705 Chief Executive Officers. The study was a descriptive survey design. The sample size was 894 (467 administrative staff and 427 CEOs). The sample was drawn through multistage sampling procedure using cluster and disproportionate stratified random sampling techniques. Collaboration and Commercialization in University-Industry Questionnaire (CCUIQ) was used for data collection. Face and content validities were ensured by experts. Internal consistency through Cronbach alpha gave reliability coefficient of 0.89 for CCUIQ. Mean, standard deviation and z-test were used for data analysis. It was found among others that the ways collaborative training programmes can contribute to funding of universities are: industrial funding of training programmes for staff of universities. Moreso, the ways commercialization of research from universities to industries contributes to university funding are through: sale of research findings; sale of intellectual property right; licensing of intellectual property (patent licensing); payment of royalties and Sell of products of technologies developed by industries. The universities should develop functional websites where they can advertise and market their research findings; intellectual property and sell of products of technologies to industries. The university should always sign a memorandum of understanding with any industry of interest on the modus operandi in order not to have a bridge of contract.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 65-71\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uzonwune, Jovita Onyinye <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.G. Kpee (Ph.D.)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Alison, L. (2008). Academic tenure and conservative philosophy.Higher Education Quarterly, 41 (1), 25-59.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Altbach, M. T. (1998). Managing the flow of technology. Oxford: MIT Press.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open Innovation: The New imperative for creating and profiting from new technology. Harvard: Harvard Business School Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Derek, B. (2003). Universities in the market place. New Jersey: PrincetonUniversity Press.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Hagedoorn, J., Link, A. N., &amp;Vonortas, N.S. (2000).Research partnerships.Research Policy, 29(4-5) 567-586.<br \/>\r\n[6]. John, O. &amp; Parson, J. (2004). University \u2013industry partnership: Meeting the challenges of the 21st Century. Journal of Technology Transfer, 26 255-268.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Moeliodihardjo, B. Y., Soemardi, B. W., Brodjonegoro, S. S. &amp;Hatakenaka, S. (2012). University, Industry and Government partnership: Its present and future challenges in Indonesia. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences 52, 307-316.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Nelson, R. R. (2006). National Innovation Systems: A comparative analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Nwabueze, A.I. &amp; Onyenandu, N.A. (2015).The Influence of Staff Professional Development Programmes on University Delivery System in Abia State.Journal of Education in Developing Area (JEDA). 23(1), 289-302.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Othman, R. &amp; Omar, A. F. (2011). University and industry collaboration: towards a successful and sustainable partnership. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 575\u2013579.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Perkmann, M., &amp; Walsh, K. (2008).Engaging the scholar: Three types of academic consulting and their impact on Universities and industry, Research Policy, 37, 1184-1191.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Santoro, M. D. (2000). The institutionalization of knowledge transfer activities within industry-university collaborative ventures. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 17, 299-319.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sugandhavanija, P., Sukchai, S., Ketjoy,N., &amp;Klongboonjit, S. (2010). Determination of Effective University \u2013Industry Joint Research for Photovoltaic Technology Transfer(UIJRPTT) in Thailand. Renewable Energy, 36, 600-607.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Thursby, J., Fuller, A., &amp;Thursby, M. (2009). US faculty patenting: inside and outside the university. Research Policy, 38 (1), 14\u201325.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Uche, C.M. &amp; Ahunanya, S (2011). Commercialization of universities inventions: Benefits and challenges in Southern States of Nigeria. International Journal of Education Research, International Journal of Education Research,<br \/>\r\n[16]. Worgu, O.N. (2017). Pathway to funding entrepreneurial universities in Rivers State.Unpublished Masters Dissertation, University of Port Harcourt<br \/>\r\n[17]. Yusuf, A. K. (2012). An appraisal of research in Nigeria\u2019s university sector.JORIND, 10 (2), 321-329.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Uzonwune, Jovita Onyinye &amp; G.G. Kpee (Ph.D.) &#8220;Collaboration and Commercialization of University and Industry in Public Universities in South East, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.65-71 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/65-71.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/65-71.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/collaboration-and-commercialization-of-university-and-industry-in-public-universities-in-south-east-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Collaboration and Commercialization of University and Industry in Public Universities in South East, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715641d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"715641d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7156511 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7156511\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71566ab\" data-id=\"71566ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71567d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71567d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715687c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715687c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71569cb\" data-id=\"71569cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7156ae3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7156ae3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7156b82 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7156b82\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715970c\" data-id=\"715970c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715987a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715987a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7159943 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7159943\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7159ab9\" data-id=\"7159ab9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7159bd3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7159bd3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7159c78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7159c78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7159df5\" data-id=\"7159df5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7159f15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7159f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Product Development Strategy on Performance of Middle Level Chain Stores<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Carolyn Mwongeli Kyalo, Dr. Elishiba Murigi &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 72-74<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7159fbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7159fbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715a134\" data-id=\"715a134\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715a283 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"715a283\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to determine the influence of product development strategy on performance of middle level chain stores. The research did adopt a descriptive research design. The population of the study comprised of three middle level retail stores. The retail stores selected for this study include Uchumi, Tuskys and Naivas supermarkets. A questionnaire was used to collect data. The population of study was chain stores in Nairobi City County that are operational. This consisted of 65 respondents who are the employees of the chain stores. A census was conduct in the study. The primary data was collected by use of self-administered semi-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done by use of descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean scores and standard deviation with the aid of SPSS and presented through tables, charts, graphs, frequencies and percentages. The study established that product development strategies employed by middle level retail chain stores in Nairobi City County positively and significantly influenced their performance. It was concluded that the retail chain stores were performing except Uchumi whose financial status is still poor. Further the study concluded that the firms engaged similar strategies and shared market segments. The study recommends that the middle level retail chain stores need to improve their branding, packing and perceived new product development through rebranding to enhance their sales performance. The study recommends that the firms need to regulate their pricing strategy to avoid plunging them to negative performance. The study recommends further that the firms need to enhance employment of the promotional mix to advertise their products and improve their sales.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 72-74 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Carolyn Mwongeli Kyalo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Elishiba Murigi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Anyika, E. N. (2010). Challenges of implementing sustainable health care delivery in Nigeria under environmental uncertainty. Journal of Hospital Administration, 3(6), 113-125.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Bernard, A. B., &amp; Koerte, P. (2010). Strategic responses to multiple dimensions of low- cost country competition (Working Paper No. 2008-43). Dartmouth, NH: Tuck School of Business<br \/>\r\n[3]. Chung, D. S., Jung, H. W., Baek, S. J., &amp; Lee, H. O. (2008). The Impacts of Strategic Orientation and HRM Systems on Firm Performance. Journal of International Business Strategy, 8(2).<br \/>\r\n[4]. Covin, J. G., Green, K. M., &amp; Slevin, D. P. (2006). Strategic process effects on the entrepreneurial orientation\u2013sales growth rate relationship. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 30(1), 57 &#8211; 81.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Kotler, P. &amp; Armstrong, G. (2013). Principles of Marketing. 14th edition. Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex, England. Pearson Education<br \/>\r\n[6]. Kotler, P. &amp; Keller, KL. (2009). Marketing management, 13th ed, Prentice Hall, Pearson. International Edition, 59-60.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Lui, G. J., Shah, R., &amp; Schroeder, R. G. (2011). Linking work design to mass customization: A socio-technical systems perspective. Journal of Retailing, 37(4), 519\u2013 545<br \/>\r\n[8]. Masika. M., (2012). Retail Marketing Strategies Adopted by Commercial Banks in Kenya: Unpublished MBA Research Projcct, Universily Of Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[9]. Mohammad A. H, Wang, A., &amp; Sunayya, B. (2012). Investigating on Tourists satisfaction: An empirical study on East Lake. European journal of business and management, 4(7), 21 \u2013 32<br \/>\r\n[10]. Ndinda, R. (2012). An Exploratory Report of Sales Promotion Management. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 6(3), 65 &#8211; 75.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Neven, D., &amp; Reardon, T. (2005). The rapid rise of supermarkets in Kenya Impact on the fresh fruits and vegetables supply system. Nairobi: Michigan State University and Kenya Agricultural Research Institute.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Palmer, M. R. (2000). Implementing Marketing Strategies Successfully; A paper presented at the XII world productivity congress, San Jose.CA.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Salah S. H. &amp; Craft, S. H. (2005). Linking global market segmentation decisions with strategic positioning options. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 22(2), 81 \u2013 89<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Carolyn Mwongeli Kyalo, Dr. Elishiba Murigi &#8220;Influence of Product Development Strategy on Performance of Middle Level Chain Stores&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.72-74 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/72-74.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/72-74.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-product-development-strategy-on-performance-of-middle-level-chain-stores\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Product Development Strategy on Performance of Middle Level Chain Stores<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b0f3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"715b0f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b1de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b1de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b370\" data-id=\"715b370\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b49e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715b49e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b545 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b545\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b6a5\" data-id=\"715b6a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715b7b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715b7b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715b858 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715b858\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715b9ad\" data-id=\"715b9ad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715bac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715bac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715bb67 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715bb67\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715bce1\" data-id=\"715bce1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-715bdec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"715bdec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-715be91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"715be91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-715bff4\" data-id=\"715bff4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7162061 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7162061\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Israeli Settlement Colonialism and Its Impact on the Identity of Palestinians in the Eastern Part of the City of Jerusalem<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>ZAHAF Djemaa, Aminurraasyid Bin Yatiban, Abd al-Fattah El-Awaisi &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 75-79<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716214b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716214b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7162307\" data-id=\"7162307\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7162452 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7162452\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The State of Israel is one of the settler states which seek to eliminate the indigenous population to acquire land to form a Jewish state. With its capital in the eastern part of the city of Jerusalem and to achieve the purpose trying to eliminate the identity of the city and the identity of its inhabitants. However, the eastern part of the city of Jerusalem that has 323,700 population is governed by international law, but the reality is very different. Israeli settlement colonialism carries out racist and inhumane policies towards Palestinians. This reflected negative impact on their societal security. This research examines the impact of Israeli colonial policies on the identity of Palestinians in the eastern part of the city of Jerusalem. This study uses both primary and secondary data. The primary data gathered from the in-depth interviews with the informants from the heterogeneous group. The secondary data contain books, journal articles, magazines, reports etc. This study finds that the identity crisis, the impact on the language, and the Palestinian relations are among the most important factors that suffered by Palestinians in the eastern part of the city of Jerusalem.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 75-79 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ZAHAF Djemaa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Excellence for Islamic Jerusalem Studies (IEIJS), University UTARA (UUM), Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aminurraasyid Bin Yatiban<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Excellence for Islamic Jerusalem Studies (IEIJS), University UTARA (UUM), Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abd al-Fattah El-Awaisi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Excellence for Islamic Jerusalem Studies (IEIJS), University UTARA (UUM), Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Agbanusi, A. (2017). How colonialism underdeveloped Nigerian indigenous languages. Mgbakoigba: Journal of African Studies, 7(1), 150-155.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Shalhoub-Kevorkian, N. (2014). Human suffering in colonial contexts: reflections from Palestine. Settler Colonial Studies, 4(3), 277-290.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Jong, A. D. (2017). Zionist hegemony, the settler colonial conquest of Palestine and the problem with conflict: a critical genealogy of the notion of binary conflict. Settler Colonial Studies, 1-20.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Shihade, M. (2015). Global Israel: Settler Colonialism, Motility, and Rupture. borderlands, 14, 1-16.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Norton, B. (2013). Identity and language learning: Extending the conversation. Multilingual matters.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Shakib, M. K. (2011). The position of language in development of colonization. Journal of Languages and Culture, 2(7), 117-123.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Shihade, M. (2016). The place of Israel in Asia: settler colonialism, mobility, memory, and identity among Palestinians in Israel. Settler Colonial Studies, 6(2), 133-141.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Farinacci, E. (2017). The Israeli-Palestinian Separation Wall and the Assemblage Theory: The Case of the Weekly Rosary at the Icon of Our Lady of the Wall. Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, 11(1), 83-110.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Cohen, M. J. (2011). Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine. Journal of Israeli History, 30(2), 115-139.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Dawson, C. (2007). A practical guide to research methods: A users friendly manual for mastering research techniques and projects. How To Books.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Glenn, H. P. (2014). Legal traditions of the world: sustainable diversity in law. Oxford University Press (UK).<br \/>\r\n[12]. Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: Methods and techniques. New Age International.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative case study research. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation, 39-54.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Qasis, A. (2014). One People United: A Deterritorialized Palestinian Identity: BADIL Survey Palestinian Youth on Identity and Social Ties-2012. BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugge Rights.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Sa\u2019di, A. H. (2002). Catastrophe, memory and identity: Al-Nakbah as a component of Palestinian identity. Israel Studies, 7(2), 175-198.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Shakib, M. K. (2011). The position of language in development of colonization. Journal of Languages and Culture, 2(7), 117-123.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">ZAHAF Djemaa, Aminurraasyid Bin Yatiban, Abd al-Fattah El-Awaisi &#8220;Israeli Settlement Colonialism and Its Impact on the Identity of Palestinians in the Eastern Part of the City of Jerusalem&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.75-79 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/75-79.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/75-79.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/israeli-settlement-colonialism-and-its-impact-on-the-identity-of-palestinians-in-the-eastern-part-of-the-city-of-jerusalem\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Israeli Settlement Colonialism and Its Impact on the Identity of Palestinians in the Eastern Part of the City of Jerusalem<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71632dc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71632dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71633d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71633d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7163573\" data-id=\"7163573\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71636a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71636a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7163750 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7163750\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71638a9\" data-id=\"71638a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71639da elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71639da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7163a80 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7163a80\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7163be2\" data-id=\"7163be2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7163cf7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7163cf7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7163da4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7163da4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7163ef7\" data-id=\"7163ef7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7164016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7164016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71640b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71640b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716421b\" data-id=\"716421b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7165fae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7165fae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71660e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71660e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71662a4\" data-id=\"71662a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71664ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71664ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71665d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71665d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7166756\" data-id=\"7166756\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7166886 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7166886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716692e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716692e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7166aa7\" data-id=\"7166aa7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7166bbf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7166bbf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Seacoast Smuggling of Rice and Economic Development in Nigeria: Assessment of 2006-2016<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abegunde, O. and Fabiyi, R. &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 80-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7166c6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7166c6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71698a4\" data-id=\"71698a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7169a6d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7169a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research investigates smuggling of rice on Nigerian seacoasts and its effects on economic development. The Lagos state and Ogun State seacoasts were used as case study. The study covers the period between 2006 and 2016.This period can relatively be considered to have recorded high rate of smuggling through Nigerian seacoasts. Both primary and secondary data were used for the research and snowball sampling technique was used to collect primary data from actual smugglers, former smugglers, and traders of smuggled goods in the studied areas. Simple percentage was used in analysing data generated from the primary sources while content utilisation was used in analysing data generated through secondary sources. Smuggling of rice was confirmed to occur on high frequency on Nigerian seacoasts between 2006 and 2016. Smuggling of items on Nigerian seacoasts increased between 2006 and 2016 due to high unemployment rate, endemic poverty in the country, individual financial greed, general economic hardship, harsh and detrimental government policies, and love for foreign goods. Seacoast smuggling in Nigeria from 2006 to 2016 negatively affects economic development through economic sabotage of local industries, threat to food security, revenue loss for the government, and health hazard to the residents. Efforts to curb smuggling especially rice on Nigerian seacoasts between 2006 and 2016 were largely ineffective. New measures and improvements on existing measures were recommended to curb smuggling of rice and other smuggled items on Nigerian seacoasts were reduction of port duties, creation of a new anti-smuggling security agency or department from the existing relevant agencies, financial motivation for anti-smuggling security agents, equipping security agents with modern equipment, creation of gainful employment for the youth, establishment youth-targeted economic empowerment programmes, training and retraining of anti-smuggling security agents, conscious fostering of international cooperation. Smuggling can be reduced to a manageable level if the government demonstrate the will and make its policies and programmes citizens oriented.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 80-86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abegunde, O.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEkiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fabiyi, R.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nEkiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. 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Available: https:\/\/m.guardian.ng\/features\/focus\/at-nigeria-borders-smuggling-remains-thriving-business\/ Accessed 23rd December, 2017<br \/>\r\n[35]. Transnational Alliance to Combat Illicit Trade, TRACIT (2019) Mapping the Impact of illicit Trade on the Sustainable Development Goals. New York: TRACIT Press<br \/>\r\n[36]. Vogel, A. (2009) Navies versus Coast Guards: Defining the Roles of African Maritime Security Forces.Africa Security Brief. (2)<br \/>\r\n[37]. Von Uexkull, E., and Shui, L. (2014) Implementing the ECOWAS Common Tariff: Challenges and Opportunities for Nigeria. The World Bank Africa Trade Practice Working Paper,5<br \/>\r\n[38]. Wajid, Z., Aziz, B., and Iqbal, Z. (2014) Smuggling Around the World: An Empirical Investigation of Causes and Indicators.Forman Journal of Economic Studies. 10 (January-December, 2014)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abegunde, O. and Fabiyi, R. &#8220;Seacoast Smuggling of Rice and Economic Development in Nigeria: Assessment of 2006-2016&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.80-86 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/80-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/80-86.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/seacoast-smuggling-of-rice-and-economic-development-in-nigeria-assessment-of-2006-2016\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Seacoast Smuggling of Rice and Economic Development in Nigeria: Assessment of 2006-2016<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716afb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716afb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716b113\" data-id=\"716b113\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716b225 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716b225\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716b2ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716b2ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716b450\" data-id=\"716b450\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716b55d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716b55d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716b5fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716b5fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716b754\" data-id=\"716b754\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716b86e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716b86e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716b90f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716b90f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716ba72\" data-id=\"716ba72\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716bb87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716bb87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-716bc33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"716bc33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-716bd81\" data-id=\"716bd81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-716bea5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"716bea5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717234b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717234b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71725a5\" data-id=\"71725a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71726f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71726f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ethnic Prejudice and the Challenges of Nation Building in Contemporary Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Mustapha Salihu, Yahaya Yakubu &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 87-90<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71727bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71727bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7172938\" data-id=\"7172938\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7172a75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7172a75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Multi ethnic societies such as Nigeria have spent a better part of their existence trying to integrate various groups in a bid to foster the actualization of a supra-national identity. The inability of the state to manage diversity in amongst other factors, upholds the prevailing prejudice and antagonism that characterizes ethnic-groups interaction. Too often ethnic-based agitations have averted meaningful efforts at national integration thereby fostering favoritism, exclusion and discrimination to mention but a few. Hence, prevailing policies and institutions aimed fostering national integration should be reviewed in lieu of their inability to attain predetermined results.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-90\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mustapha Salihu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D. Candidate, Peace, Conflict &amp; Strategic Studies, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yahaya Yakubu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPolitical Science &amp; International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]. Iwe, S.S.N. (1991). Socio-Ethical Issues in Nigeria. Obosi: Pacific Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Chike, A and Okpara, M. I (2013). Ethnic Prejudice and the Problem of Peaceful Co-existence in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 9, No. 5. Pp. 86-93.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Osaghae, E. E. (1991). A Re-examination of the Conception of Ethnicity in Africa as an Ideology of Inter-Elite Competition, African Study Monograph, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 43-60.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Ake, C. (1993). What is the Problem of Ethnicity in Africa? Transformation Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Yakubu, Y. (2017). Ethnicity, Federal Character Principle and National Development in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Nation Building and Policy Studies. Vol. 1, No. 1 &amp; 2. Pp. 7-23.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Roseberg, J. C. (1964). Political Parties and National Integration in Tropical Africa. Berkley &amp; Los Angeles: University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Ake, C. (1967). A Theory of Political Integration. Homewood: Dorsey Press.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Pratto, F, Sidanius, J and Lavin, S. (2006). Social Dominance Theory and the Dynamics of Intergroup Relations: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. European Review of Social Psychology. Vol. 17. Pp. 271-320.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Sidanius, J and Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Pratto, F, Sidanius, J and Lavin, S. (2006). Social Dominance Theory and the Dynamics of Intergroup Relations: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. European Review of Social Psychology. Vol. 17. Pp. 271-320.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Chike, A and Okpara, M. I (2013). Ethnic Prejudice and the Problem of Peaceful Co-existence in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 9, No. 5. Pp. 86-93.<br \/>\r\n[13]. Chike, A and Okpara, M. I (2013). Ethnic Prejudice and the Problem of Peaceful Co-existence in Nigeria. European Scientific Journal, Vol. 9, No. 5. Pp. 86-93.<br \/>\r\n[14]. Pratto, F, Sidanius, J and Lavin, S. (2006). Social Dominance Theory and the Dynamics of Intergroup Relations: Taking Stock and Looking Forward. European Review of Social Psychology. Vol. 17. Pp. 271-320.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Ibid.<br \/>\r\n[16]. Yakubu, Y. (2017). Ethnicity, Federal Character Principle and National Development in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation. Journal of Nation Building and Policy Studies. Vol. 1, No. 1 &amp; 2. Pp. 7-23.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Afrobarometer Online Data Analysis Tool.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mustapha Salihu, Yahaya Yakubu &#8220;Ethnic Prejudice and the Challenges of Nation Building in Contemporary Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.87-90 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/87-90.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/87-90.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/ethnic-prejudice-and-the-challenges-of-nation-building-in-contemporary-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ethnic Prejudice and the Challenges of Nation Building in Contemporary Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7178255 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7178255\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71783bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71783bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7178571\" data-id=\"7178571\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71786a4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71786a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717875e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717875e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71788be\" data-id=\"71788be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71789db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71789db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7178a7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7178a7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7178bdc\" data-id=\"7178bdc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7178ce7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7178ce7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7178d91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7178d91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7178ee1\" data-id=\"7178ee1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7178ff8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7178ff8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7179096 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7179096\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71791ec\" data-id=\"71791ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71792fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71792fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7179398 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7179398\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71794e0\" data-id=\"71794e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71795ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71795ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7179689 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7179689\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71797d0\" data-id=\"71797d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71798e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71798e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7179980 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7179980\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7179ae9\" data-id=\"7179ae9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7179bf9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7179bf9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Non-Academic Determinants Influencing Academic Performance: A Study of Services and Facilities at the University of Dhaka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Pronita Dutta &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 91-96<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7179c95 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7179c95\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7179e09\" data-id=\"7179e09\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7179f34 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7179f34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1181\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1181\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Universities are the bedrock for higher learning, creative thinking and innovation. Universities need to offer the desired infrastructure to create an enabling environment for learning, teaching and research to reach global standards in education. In Bangladesh, only a few studies have explored education quality of universities and most of these are on private ones and no study has been undertaken to assess basic infrastructural conditions in public universities, especially the Dhaka University. This paper intends to fill the gap by inquiring into the extent Dhaka University has made its physical infrastructure convenient for students and researchers and what resources are available for their learning.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 91-96\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1182\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1182\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pronita Dutta<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1183\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1183\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Ahmmed Md. Mortuza. 2013. \u2018Higher Education in Public Universities in Bangladesh\u2019, Journal of Management and Science, 3(2): 1-163;<br \/>\r\n[2]. Barbetta, P. M., Norona, K. L. and Bicard, D.F. (2005). Classroom behavior management: A dozen common mistakes and what to do instead. Preventing school failure, 49(3): 1119<br \/>\r\n[3]. Bates, J. 1996. Healthy learning. American School &amp; University 68(5), pp. 27\u201329<br \/>\r\n[4]. Chan, T. 1979. The impact of school building age on pupil achievement. Greenville, S.C.: Office of School Facilities Planning, Greenville School District. (ED191138)<br \/>\r\n[5]. Earthman, G. I., and L. Lemasters. 1998. Where children learn: A discussion of how a facility affects learning. Paper presented at the annual meeting of Virginia Educational Facility Planners. Blacksburg, Va., February. (ED419368)<br \/>\r\n[6]. ISSN 2072-7925, Well-being at school: does infrastructure matter? CELE Exchange 2011\/10 OECD 2011<br \/>\r\n[7]. J Addison, J Dancer, J Montague and P Davis, Ambient Noise Levels in University Classrooms: Detrimental to teaching and learning, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, 649-650,1999<br \/>\r\n[8]. Mary Ellen K. Davis and Lisa Janicke Hinchliffe, \u201cForeword,\u201d in The Value of Academic Libraries: A Comprehensive Research Review and Report, ed. Megan Oakleaf (Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries, 2010)<br \/>\r\n[9]. McGuffey, C. 1982. Facilities. In Improving educational standards and productivity: The research basis for policy, ed. H. Walberg. Berkeley, Calif.: McCutchan Pub. Corp.<br \/>\r\n[10]. Plumley, J. P. 1978. The impact of school building age on the academic achievements of selected fourth grade pupils in the State of Georgia. Athens, Ga.: University of Georgia.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Richard P. Keeling et al., Assessment Reconsidered: Institutional Effectiveness for Student Success(Washington, DC: International Center for Student Success &amp; Institutional Accountability, 2008)<br \/>\r\n[12]. S Ahrentzen and G W Evans, Distraction, Privacy and Classroom Design, Environment andBehaviour, 16, 4, 437-454, 1984<br \/>\r\n[13]. Sarah M. Pritchard, \u201cDetermining Quality in Academic Libraries,\u201d Library Trends44, 3 (1996): 591<br \/>\r\n[14]. Thomas F. Nelson Laird and George D. Kuh, \u201cStudent Experiences with Information Technology and Their Relationship to Other Aspects of Student Engagement,\u201d Research in Higher Education46, 2 (2005): 211\u2013233.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1184\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1184\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Pronita Dutta &#8220;Non-Academic Determinants Influencing Academic Performance: A Study of Services and Facilities at the University of Dhaka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.91-96 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/91-96.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1185\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1185\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/91-96.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1186\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1186\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/non-academic-determinants-influencing-academic-performance-a-study-of-services-and-facilities-at-the-university-of-dhaka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Non-Academic Determinants Influencing Academic Performance: A Study of Services and Facilities at the University of Dhaka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717c39a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"717c39a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717c805 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717c805\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717c95f\" data-id=\"717c95f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717ca7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"717ca7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717cb1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717cb1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717cc7d\" data-id=\"717cc7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717cd97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"717cd97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717ce3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717ce3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717cf82\" data-id=\"717cf82\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717d093 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"717d093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717d130 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717d130\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717d29b\" data-id=\"717d29b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717d3b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"717d3b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Institutional Quality and Economic Welfare Nexus: Evidence from Panel ARDL Models<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Christopher Eho Olong, Dobdinga Cletus Fonchamyo, Molem C. Sama &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 97-111<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-717d44f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"717d44f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-717d5d0\" data-id=\"717d5d0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-717d748 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"717d748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The development agenda for many African countries in the last few decades has been geared towards improving their quality of institutions and economic transformation through human development. This paper investigates the relationship between formal and informal institutional quality on human development using the Auto Regression Distribution Lag (ARDL) models. The paper makes use of secondary data collected from, Heritage Foundation, World Development Indicators, United Nations Development Program and Transparency International, from 2001 to 2018. The study reveals a long-run robust inverse relationship between institutional quality and human development with an adjustment speed of 10% for any deviation from equilibrium. The formal institutional quality (economic freedom) has a direct and significant relationship with economic welfare while informal institutional quality (corruption) has a significant inverse relationship with economic welfare. To mitigate the effect of institutional quality on human development, it is recommended that governments in African should enact laws to effectively fight corruption but should also allow some level of corruption to exist since this significantly increases entrepreneurial activity in the short-run.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 97-111\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher Eho Olong<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPh.D Student in Economics, University of Buea, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dobdinga Cletus Fonchamyo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor of Economics, Vice Dean Faculty of Economic and Management, University of Bamenda, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Molem C. Sama<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nProfessor of Economics, Vice Dean Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]. Acemoglu, D. (2003). The form of property rights: Oligarchic vs. Democratic, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, Working paper, No. 10037.<br \/>\r\n[2]. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. &amp; Robinson, S. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. Economic Review, 91(5), 1369\u20131401.<br \/>\r\n[3]. Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S. &amp; Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of long-run growth. Handbook of economic growth, 1, 385-472.<br \/>\r\n[4]. Aidt, T. (2009). Corruption, institutions, and economic development. Oxford Review of Economic Policy,25(2), 271-291.<br \/>\r\n[5]. Aidis, R., &amp;Estrin, S. (2013). Institutions, incentives and entrepreneurship. The Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 18-25.<br \/>\r\n[6]. Alhassan, A., &amp;Kilishi, A. A. (2019). Weak economic institutions in Africa: a destiny or design?.International Journal of Social Economics.<br \/>\r\n[7]. Bruinshoofd, A. (2016). Institutional quality and economic performance. Rabobank Research Economic Report, Utrecht.<br \/>\r\n[8]. Coleman, J. D. (1990). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]. Commander, S. J. &amp;Nikoloski, Z. (2010). Institutions and economic welfare: What can be explained?<br \/>\r\n[10]. De Soysa, I. &amp;J\u00fctting, J. (2007). Informal institutions and development: How they matter and what makes them change. Informal institutions. How social norms help or hinder development, 29-43.<br \/>\r\n[11]. Donges, A., Meier, J. M. A., &amp; Silva, R. (2019). The impact of institutions on innovation. Available at SSRN 2815541.<br \/>\r\n[12]. Drzeniek, M. (2015, January, 2) Why institutions matter for economic growth. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.weforum.org\/agenda\/2015\/ 01\/why-institutions-matter-for-economic-growth\/<br \/>\r\n[13]. Fat\u00e1s, A. &amp;Mihov, I. (2013). Policy Volatility, Institutions, and Economic Growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics,95(2), 362-376. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/43554391<br \/>\r\n[14]. Flachaire, E., Garc\u00eda-Pe\u00f1alosa, C. &amp;Konte, M. (2014). Political versus economic institutions in the growth process. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(1), 212-229.<br \/>\r\n[15]. Fosu, A., &amp;Mwabu, G. (2010). Human Development in Africa. UNDP-HDRO Occasional Papers, (2010\/8).<br \/>\r\n[16]. Helmke, G. &amp;Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda. Perspectives on politics, 2(4), 725-740.<br \/>\r\n[17]. Hodgson, G. M. (2006). What are institutions?.Journal of economic issues, 40(1), 1-25.<br \/>\r\n[18]. Hausmann, R. (2014, December 23) The Productivity of Trust. Retrieved from https:\/\/jewishbusinessnews.com\/2014\/12\/23\/harvard-professor-ricardo-hausmann-the-productivity-of-trust\/<br \/>\r\n[19]. Hussmanns, R. (2004). Measuring the informal economy: From employment in the informal sector to informal employment. Policy Integration Department, Bureau of Statistics, International labour Office.<br \/>\r\n[20]. Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H. &amp; Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. 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C.(2018) ECONOMIC GROWTH, ENTREPRENEURSHIP, AND INSTITUTIONS: EVIDENCE IN EMERGING COUNTRIES.<br \/>\r\n[26]. Li, W. &amp;Abiad, V. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic welfare.<br \/>\r\n[27]. Lohmann, S. (2003). Why do institutions matter? An audience\u2013cost theory of institutional commitment. Governance, 16(1), 95-110.<br \/>\r\n[28]. Malthus, T. R. (1986). An essay on the principle of population. 1798. The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus, London, Pickering &amp;Chatto Publishers, 1, 1-139.<br \/>\r\n[29]. M\u00e9nard, C., &amp; Shirley, M. M. (2014). The contribution of Douglass North to new institutional economics. Institutions, property rights, and economic growth: the legacy of Douglass North. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 11-29.<br \/>\r\n[30]. Mill, J. S. (1848). Principles of political economy, ed. J. Laurence Laughlin. New York: D. Appleton.<br \/>\r\n[31]. Nawaz, S., Iqbal, N. &amp; Khan, M. A. (2014). 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Procedia economics and finance, 38, 347-359.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christopher Eho Olong, Dobdinga Cletus Fonchamyo, Molem C. Sama &#8220;Institutional Quality and Economic Welfare Nexus: Evidence from Panel ARDL Models&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.97-111 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/97-111.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a 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href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/institutional-quality-and-economic-welfare-nexus-evidence-from-panel-ardl-models\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Institutional Quality and Economic Welfare Nexus: Evidence from Panel ARDL Models<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7185231 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7185231\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; 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elementor-element-718b660\" data-id=\"718b660\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718b775 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718b775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718b81b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718b81b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718b96c\" data-id=\"718b96c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718ba86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718ba86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718bb27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718bb27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718bc96\" data-id=\"718bc96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718bdb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718bdb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Female Students\u2019 Perceptions on Physical Education and Sport Curriculum: A Case of Two Higher Learning Institutions in Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jenet Mudekunye, Tafara Mufanechiya, Albert Mufanechiya- December 2019 Page No.: 112-119<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718be5e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718be5e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718bfcf\" data-id=\"718bfcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718c102 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"718c102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The aim of this study was to establish the influence of female students\u2019 perceptions on their participation in Physical Education and Sport (PES) in higher learning institutions of Masvingo, Zimbabwe. The study employed a qualitative case study. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used as data collection instruments. Data were presented in narrative form and analyses were done in line with the aim of the study. The sample comprised twenty female students who were purposively sampled from two institutions of   higher learning. The study disclosed that the participation of female students in PES, in institutions of higher learning was, to a larger extent, influenced by stereotypical perceptions based on socialisation backgrounds, cultural norms and beliefs based on the idea that PES is for males, not females. The study also found that perceptions about injuries, muscularity and keeping up appearances in preparation for marriage contributed to the negative perceptions about PES participation amongst female students. The study, further revealed that some female students, though a minority group, had positive perceptions on their participation in PES and believed that PES participation empowered them, improved their self-esteem and helped them to live health lifestyles. The study recommended the need for government gender policies, conventions and declarations to focus on PES programs that might help change the perceptions of female students towards the development of their athletic potential. The study also suggested that institutions of higher learning introduce sensitisation programs where parents are involved as a way of transforming those perceptions that hinder the participation of female students in PES.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 112-119\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Jenet Mudekunye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRobert Mugabe School of Education, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Tafara Mufanechiya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRobert Mugabe School of Education, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Albert Mufanechiya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nRobert Mugabe School of Education, Great Zimbabwe University, P.O. Box 1235, Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmusa, L.O., Toriola, A.L. &#038; Onyewadume, I.U. (1999). Physical Education and sport in Africa. Ibadan: LAP Publications Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAsakitikpi, A.O. (2010). Media, Sport, and Male Dominance: Analysis of Sport Presentations in a Nigerian Newspaper. In J. Shehu, Gender, Sport and Development in Africa: Cross-cultural perspectives on patterns of representation and marginalization. pp. 47-62.Dakar: CODESRIA.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAzzarito, L. (2004). Students\u2019 construction of the body in physical education. Louisiana: Louisiana State University.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAzzarito, L. &#038; Solomon, M.A. (2005). A reconceptualisation of physical education: The intersection of gender\/race\/social class. Sport, Education and Society, 10(1):25-47.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBailey, R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. Journal of School Health, 76(8):397-401.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBurns, S.M. (2002). Women across cultures: A global perspective (2nd ed.) New York: Mc Graw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCohen, L., Manion, L. &#038; Morrison, K. (2011). Research Methods in Education. (7th Ed.). London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDaimon, A. (2010). The most beautiful game or the most gender violent sport? Exploring the interface between soccer, gender and violence in Zimbabwe. In J. Shehu, Gender, Sport and Development in Africa: Cross-cultural perspectives on patterns of representation and marginalization. pp. 1-12. Dakar: CODESRIA.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tDaley, A. &#038; Buchanan, J. (1999). Acrobatic dance and physical self-perceptions in female adolescents: Some implications for physical education. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. 70(2):196-200.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDavis, P. &#038; Weaving, C. (2010). Philosophical perspectives in gender and physical activity. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tDelamont, S.(2001). Changing women, unchanged men? Sociological perspectives on gender in a post-industrial society.  Buckingham: Open University Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGorely, T. Holroyd, R. &#038; Kirk, D. (2003). Muscularity, the habitus and the social construction of gender: Towards a gender-relevant physical education. British Journal of Sociology of Education. 24(14): 429-448.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tKamtsios, S. (2010). Gender differences in elementary school children in perceived athletic competence, body attractiveness, attitudes towards exercise and participation in Physical activity. International Quarterly of Sport Science, (2) 10-18.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKapasula, J.B. (2010). FIFA world cup and the patriarchy of football spectatorship in Malawi. In J. Shehu, Gender, Sport and Development in Africa: Cross-cultural perspectives on patterns of representation and marginalization. pp. 27-46. Dakar: CODESTRIA.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tManyonganise, M. (2010). From \u2018safety\u2019 zones to public spaces: Women\u2019s participation in sport in Zimbabwe. In J. Shehu, Gender, sport and development in Africa: Cross-cultural perspectives on patterns. pp. 13-26. Dakar: CODESRIA.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMaree, K. (Ed.). (2012). First steps in research. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tShenton, A.K.(2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information 22. Northumbria University. Pp 63 -75<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSilverman, D. (2010). Doing Qualitative Research (3rd Ed.). London: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tVelija, P. &#038; Kumar, G. (2009). GCSE physical education and the embodiment of gender. Sport, Education and Society.14 (4): 383-399.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tWadesango, N., Machingambi, S., Ashu, G. &#038; Chireshe, R. (2010). Nature and effects of women\u2019s participation in sporting decision-making structures in the context of the 2010 FIFA World Cup Agenda: Empowering women for gender equity.  85: (1) 62-75<br \/>\r\n[21].\tWith-Nielsen, N. &#038; Pfister, G. (2011). Gender constructions and negotiations in physical education: Case studies. Sport, education and society. 16(5):645-664<br \/>\r\n[22].\tWitts, H. and Loots, L. (2010). Flying the mythical flag of a green and inclusive 2010 FIFA World Cup in KwaZulu-Natal. Agenda: Empowering women for gender equity. 85 (1):125-145<br \/>\r\n[23].\tYin, R.K.  (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York: Guilford Press.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jenet Mudekunye, Tafara Mufanechiya, Albert Mufanechiya, &#8220;Female Students\u2019 Perceptions on Physical Education and Sport Curriculum: A Case of Two Higher Learning Institutions in Masvingo, Zimbabwe&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.112-119 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/112-119.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/112-119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/female-students-perceptions-on-physical-education-and-sport-curriculum-a-case-of-two-higher-learning-institutions-in-masvingo-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Female Students\u2019 Perceptions on Physical Education and Sport Curriculum: A Case of Two Higher Learning Institutions in Masvingo, Zimbabwe<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718cf52 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"718cf52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718d040 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718d040\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718d1da\" data-id=\"718d1da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718d303 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718d303\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718d3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718d3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718d503\" data-id=\"718d503\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718d617 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718d617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-718d6b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"718d6b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-718d7ff\" data-id=\"718d7ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-718d909 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"718d909\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719063d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719063d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719082f\" data-id=\"719082f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7190976 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7190976\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7190a3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7190a3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7190ba3\" data-id=\"7190ba3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7190cc6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7190cc6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7190d69 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7190d69\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7190ee8\" data-id=\"7190ee8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7191004 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7191004\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Quality Education Management Scholarship Based: Study Case Study of Model Smart Exelensia Indonesia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abu Yazid Bastomi, Syaiful Bakhri, Rusmin Tumanggor &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 120-127<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71910aa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71910aa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7191222\" data-id=\"7191222\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7191351 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7191351\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">To help the lives of poor people become better by educating their children who have academic achievements, attending quality education by providing scholarships to them, scholarships are given by following the selection conducted by Mitra Dompet Dhuafa in every province in Indonesia.<br \/>\r\nThis quality education funding is fully funded by Dompet Dhuafa, covering the cost of education, accommodation, consumption, health while attending education organized by SMART Ekselensia Indonesia.<br \/>\r\nThe study was conducted descriptive descriptive method, by going to the place of education to conduct interviews with the principal, the teachers and the students&#8217; children, besides conducting a questionnaire. As well as observing students, what facilities are owned by the educational institution.<br \/>\r\nFrom the results of the research conducted there is a difference in the recruitment of students conducted by Smart Ekselensia Indonesian educational institutions, namely they recruit students through Dompet Dhuafa partners throughout Indonesia with full conditions and certain provisions come from underprivileged children and have academic achievements.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 120-127\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abu Yazid Bastomi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syaiful Bakhri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rusmin Tumanggor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Muhammadiyah Jakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArmai Arief ; \u201cReformulasi Pendidikan Islam\u201d,cetakan Pertama;  Penerbit ;CRSD, Jakarta, 2005<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAan Hasanah, \u201cPendidikan Karakter Berperspektif Islam\u201d, Cetakan Kedua, Edisi Revisi, Insan Komunika, Bandung, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tArddi Al-Maqassary , \u201cPengertian Mutu Pendidikan \u201c,http:\/\/www.e-jurnal. com\/2014\/02\/pengertian-mutu-pendidikan.html diunduh 11 oktober 2017 ; 22;25<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDeden Makbuloh, \u201cPendidikan Islam dan Sistem Penjaminan Mutu Menuju Pendidikan Berkualitas di Indonesia\u201d, Cetakan Ke-1, PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, Jakarta,2016.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tEka Prihatin Disas ;\u201dAnalisa Kebijakan Pendidikan Mengenai Pengembanga dan Peningkatan Profesi\u201d \u201chttp:\/\/ejournal.upi.edu\/index.php\/JER\/article\/view\/8251;2017<br \/>\r\n[6].\tFreddy Rangkuti,\u201dTeknik Membedah Akasus Bisnis Analisa SWOT\u201d Cetakan Keduapuluh, PT.Gramidia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2015<br \/>\r\n[7].\tFandy Tjiptono &#038; Anastasia Diana, \u201cTotal Quality Management (TQM)\u201d;edisi revisiPenerbit Andi, Yogyakarta, 2003<br \/>\r\n[8].\thttps:\/\/www.liputan6.com\/news\/read\/3492254\/may-day-30-ribu-buruh-unjuk-rasa-ke-istana-negara<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMuhaimin, Suti\u2019ah, Sugeng  Prabowo, \u201cAplikasinya dalam Penyusunan Rencana Pengembangan Sekolah Madrasah\u201d Cetakan  ke-3Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta,2011,<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMuhammad Tohir ,\u201d Pengertian pendidikan\u201d; http:\/\/www.lebahmaster.com  \/ pengertian-pendidikan\/ 2014<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMalik Zuhri : \u201cPolitik Pendidikan Nasional, Manusia Berkualitas, dan Kesejahteraan sosial, Merupakan Tiga Mata Rantai yang Tak Terputuskan\u201d;http:\/\/ejournal.kopertais4.or.id\/pantura\/index.php\/cendekia2\/article\/download\/621\/421: 2015<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMuhammad Nur1, Cut Zahri Harun2, Sakdiah Ibrahim3;\u201dManajemen Sekolah  Dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan Pada SDN Dayah Guci Kabupaten Pidie;<br \/>\r\n[13].\thttp:\/\/www.jurnal.unsyiah.ac.id\/JAP\/article\/view\/2611\/2465;2015<br \/>\r\n[14].\tKementerian Ketenagakerjaan Republil Indonesia, \u201cKesetaraan dan Non Diskriminasi di Tempat Kerja  di Indoensia\u201d, Buku Panduandan Latihan untuk Pelatih ,Jakarta, 2015<br \/>\r\n[15].\tKusno Effendi, \u201cProses dan Keterampilan Konseling\u201d Cetakan 1, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPeraturan Menteri Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2007, \u201cTentang Standar Proses Untuk Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah\u201d.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19  Tahun 2005, \u201cTentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan (SNP)\u201d<br \/>\r\n[18].\tPeraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia nomor 13 Tahun 2015 Tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2005 Tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan<br \/>\r\n[19].\tUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia  Nomor 14 Tahun 2005, \u201cTentang Guru dan Dosen\u201d<br \/>\r\n[20].\tUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia nomor 20 tentang Sisitim Pendidikan Nasional<br \/>\r\n[21].\tWahyu Kurniawati1 , Setyo Eko Atmojo2, \u201cPembelajaran Sains Bermuatan Karakter Ilmiah Dengan Alat Peraga Barang Bekas dan Asesmen Kinerja\u201d, http:\/\/ejournal.undiksha.ac.id\/index.php\/JPI\/article\/ viewFile\/8866\/6324; 18\/07\/2017;22:30<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSri sugiyarti 1) Alwi Suddin 2) Ernawati 3), \u201cPengaruh  Kepepmimpinan , Disiplin , dan Kompentensi terhadap Produktivitas Kerja  Guru dengan Loyalitas Sebagai  Variabel  Mediasi pada  SMP Negeri 4 Surakarta\u201d;http:\/\/www.e-jurnal.com\/2016\/12\/pengaruh-kepemimpinan-disiplin-dan.html ; 04\/08\/02017; 10:16<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSri Widayanti, \u201cPeran Faith   Base Organization Dalam  Pemberdayaan      Sosial -Ekonomi Masyarakat Miskin\u201d; Disertasi 2015<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRichard L.Daft, \u201cNew Era of Management, International Edition, Eleventh Edition, Nelson Education,Ltd , 2014 <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abu Yazid Bastomi, Syaiful Bakhri, Rusmin Tumanggor &#8220;Quality Education Management Scholarship Based: Study Case Study of Model Smart Exelensia Indonesia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.120-127 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/120-127.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/120-127.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/quality-education-management-scholarship-based-study-case-study-of-model-smart-exelensia-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quality Education Management Scholarship Based: Study Case Study of Model Smart Exelensia Indonesia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71921ce elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71921ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71922c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71922c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192469\" data-id=\"7192469\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7192597 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7192597\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7192638 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7192638\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192792\" data-id=\"7192792\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71928a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71928a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7192946 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7192946\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192a90\" data-id=\"7192a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7192ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7192ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7192c41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7192c41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7192d8d\" data-id=\"7192d8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7192e95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7192e95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7195a7a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7195a7a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7195cef\" data-id=\"7195cef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7195e3f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7195e3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Rheumatoid Arthrtis Education for Improving the Quality of Life Along with Multi Treatment Approaches<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Farzana Ashfaq , Sagar Pinjani, Bushra Khan, Zubia Saleem, Bushra Ejaz &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 128-133<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7195efc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7195efc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7196086\" data-id=\"7196086\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71961c5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71961c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Background:<br \/>\r\nRheumatoid arthritis is a progressive condition which can affect to person\u2019s daily routine activities due to painful movements. There is a need to work on guiding the clients related to energy conservation, life style modification along with stress management techniques. Patient\u2019s education is one of the important domain to improve the quality of life but in Pakistan there is not enough work has been done on RA education .So for the first time this study was conducted in Pakistan to work on all required domains and education guidelines of rheumatoid arthritis.<br \/>\r\nObjective:<br \/>\r\nTo improve the quality of life by using multi approaches as providing RA education to guide proper use of energy conservation and life style modification techniques as preventions of deformities, and overcome the patient\u2019s stress by using mindfulness meditation , as an initiative step in Pakistan.<br \/>\r\nMethod<br \/>\r\n50 patients were enrolled with diagnosis of RA(Rheumatoid arthritis ) .Assessment was done with FIM scoring to find out the functional limitations ,PSOM to find out the level of stress due to progressive condition , PAIN INVENTORY to observe pain nature and how it burdened to home activities  . Patient\u2019s training was started with counseling and pain management in initial three sessions, 14 total sessions were conducted including energy conservation guideline, education for proper use of joints and safety precautions, relaxationexercises guided as home program, provision of adaptive devices for kitchen activities, eating and bathing purpose to prevent further deformities and same number of meditation sessions were provided side by side with relaxation massage and exercises.<br \/>\r\nAfter completion of 24 sessions re assessment was done with the same FIM scoring, Pain inventory and PSOMscale.<br \/>\r\nResults<br \/>\r\nResults showed the marked difference in  pre and post scoring of FIM , pain inventory and  PSOM scale.<br \/>\r\nConclusion<br \/>\r\nPatient\u2019s insight and education is very important especially in progressive conditions by guiding energy conservation techniques and life style modification to lessen the chance of deformities and it is also important part to work on to overcome stress to provide quality life in physical and psychosocial both areas .<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 128-133\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Farzana Ashfaq <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sagar Pinjani <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bushra Khan <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zubia Saleem <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bushra Ejaz <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tHelewa A, Goldsmith CH, Tugwell P, Hanes B, Bombardier C, Smythe HA, Lee P. Effects of occupational therapy home service on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The Lancet. 1991 Jun 15;337(8755):1453-6.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tHammond A, Young A, Kidao R. A randomised controlled trial of occupational therapy for people with early rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2004 Jan 1;63(1):23-30.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMacedo AM, Oakley SP, Panayi GS, Kirkham BW. Functional and work outcomes improve in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who receive targeted, comprehensive occupational therapy. Arthritis Care &#038; Research: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 2009 Nov 15;61(11):1522-30.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHewlett S, Almeida C, Ambler N, Blair PS, Choy EH, Dures E, Hammond A, Hollingworth W, Kadir B, Kirwan JR, Plummer Z. Reducing arthritis fatigue impact: two-year randomised controlled trial of cognitive behavioural approaches by rheumatology teams (RAFT). Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2019 Apr 1;78(4):465-72.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tSalmon VE, Hewlett S, Walsh NE, Kirwan JR, Morris M, Urban M, Cramp F. Developing a group intervention to manage fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis through modifying physical activity. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2019 Dec;20(1):194.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tMoghadam MH, Jahanbin I, Nazarinia MA. The Effect of Educational Program on Self-efficacy of Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery. 2018 Jan;6(1):12.<br \/>\r\n[7].\taien C, Hua C, Gaujoux-Viala C, Cantagrel A, Dubremetz M, DougadosM, Fautrel B, Mariette X, Nayral N, Richez C, Saraux A. Update of French society for rheumatology recommendations for managing rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2019 Mar 1;86(2):135-50.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tErwin J, Edwards K, Woolf A, Whitcombe S, Kilty S. Better arthritis care: What training do community\u2010based health professionals need to improve their care of people with arthritis? A Delphi study. Musculoskeletal care. 2018 Mar;16(1):48-59.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tTaal E, Riemsma RP, Brus HL, Seydel ER, Rasker JJ, Wiegman O. Group education for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patient education and counseling. 1993 May 1;20(2-3):177-87.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tM\u00e4kel\u00e4inen P, Vehvil\u00e4inen\u2010Julkunen K, Pietil\u00e4 AM. Rheumatoid arthritis patient education: RA patients\u2019 experience. Journal of clinical nursing. 2009 Jul;18(14):2058-65.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBrus HL, Van De Laar MA, Taal E, Rasker JJ, Wiegman O. Effects of patient education on compliance with basic treatment regimens and health in recent onset active rheumatoid arthritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 1998 Mar 1;57(3):146-51.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tAbourazzak F, El Mansouri L, Huchet D, Lozac\u2019hmeur R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Ingels A, Chal\u00e8s G, Perdriger A. Long-term effects of therapeutic education for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2009 Dec 1;76(6):648-53.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tLindroth Y, Brattstr\u00f6m M, Bellman I, Ekestaf G, Olofsson Y, Str\u00f6mbeck B, Stenshed B, Wikstr\u00f6m I, Nilsson J\u00c5, Wollheim FA. A problem\u2010based education program for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: evaluation after three and twelve months. Arthritis &#038; Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology. 1997 Oct;10(5):325-32.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tFurst GP, Gerber LH, Smith CC, Fisher S, Shulman B. A program for improving energy conservation behaviors in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1987 Feb 1;41(2):102-11.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tHammond A, Lincoln N. The effect of a joint protection education programme for people with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical rehabilitation. 1999 Oct;13(5):392-400.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tPradhan EK, Baumgarten M, Langenberg P, Handwerger B, Gilpin AK, Magyari T, Hochberg MC, Berman BM. Effect of mindfulness\u2010based stress reduction in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Care &#038; Research. 2007 Oct 15;57(7):1134-42.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tDissanayake RK, Bertouch JV. Psychosocial interventions as adjunct therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. International journal of rheumatic diseases. 2010 Oct;13(4):324-34.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tGettings L. Psychological well\u2010being in rheumatoid arthritis: a review of the literature. Musculoskeletal care. 2010 Jun;8(2):99-106.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tDDubouloz CJ, Vallerand J, Laporte D, Ashe B, Hall M. Occupational performance modification and personal change among clients receiving rehabilitation services for rheumatoid arthritis. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal. 2008 Mar;55(1):30-8.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tL\u00fctze U, Archenholtz B. The impact of arthritis on daily life with the patient perspective in focus. Scandinavian journal of caring sciences. 2007 Mar;21(1):64-70.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Farzana Ashfaq, Sagar Pinjani, Bushra Khan, Zubia Saleem, Bushra Ejaz &#8220;Rheumatoid Arthrtis Education for Improving the Quality of Life Along with Multi Treatment Approaches&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.128-133 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/128-133.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/128-133.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/rheumatoid-arthrtis-education-for-improving-the-quality-of-life-along-with-multi-treatment-approaches\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Rheumatoid Arthrtis Education for Improving the Quality of Life Along with Multi Treatment Approaches<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719730b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"719730b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7197413 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7197413\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71975c8\" data-id=\"71975c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71976fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71976fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71977ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71977ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7197904\" data-id=\"7197904\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7197a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7197a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7197acd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7197acd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7197c28\" data-id=\"7197c28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7197d38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7197d38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7197de7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7197de7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7197f39\" data-id=\"7197f39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719804c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719804c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71980e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71980e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719825b\" data-id=\"719825b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7198378 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7198378\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Translation Technologies on the Translation Process to Give a Quality Output: A Study with Special Reference the Government Translators in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>D.G.S.P.K. Yapa, W.M. Ariyaratne- December 2019 Page No.: 134-150<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719841d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719841d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719c8cc\" data-id=\"719c8cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719cad9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"719cad9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This article discusses about translation technologies such as CAT tools, machine translation, machine aided translation, terminology management systems and termbases and how these translation technologies affect the quality of the final translation output of the translators in the government sector in Sri Lanka and the problems confronted by them in dealing with technology. The usage of translation technologies have been analyzed using previous literature. The study applies the qualitative approach to collect data. The survey covered fourteen translators in the government sector and gathered data using a semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using graphs, charts, minitab software and excel sheets to determine the relationship between translation technology and government translators. The results show that the CAT tools, machine aided translation, terminology management systems and termbases have a positive impact for the quality while machine translation negatively affect for the quality of final output of the translators. This study highlights the recent studies conducted in the field to enhance the productivity of government translators to achieve the trilingual policy of the Government.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 134-150\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>D.G.S.P.K. Yapa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages, The Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>W.M. Ariyaratne<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages, The Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tA short history of translation through the ages. (2019). Retrieved from https:\/\/marielebert.wordpress.com\/2016\/11\/02\/translation\/<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlcina, A. (2008). TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGIES: SCOPE, TOOLS AND RESOURCES. nternational Journal on Translation Studies, 79-102.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBandara, U. (2017). Restore the status of Translators!. Daily News. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.dailynews.lk\/2017\/09\/30\/features\/129855\/restore-status-translators<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBerdica, A. (n.d.). \u201cThe positive impact of technology in translation\u201d. International Conference on Linguistics, Literature and Culture, (pp. 64-75).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBrymn, A. (2008). Social Research Method, Second edition. New York: Oxford University press.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCatford, J. (1969). A Linguistic theory of translation. London etc.: Oxford Univ. Press.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHettige B., Karunananda A. s,. (2008). Web-based English to Sinhala Selected Texts Translation system. Sri Lanka Association for Artificial Intelligence (SLAAI) (pp. 26-33). Colombo: Sri Lanka Association for Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved July 7, 2019, from https:\/\/slaai.lk\/proc\/2008\/budditha.pdf<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHettige, B. (2011, January). doi:DOI: 10.13140\/RG.2.1.2330.6968<br \/>\r\n[9].\tIsoorg. (2019). ISO. Retrieved 9 July, 2019, from https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/59149.html<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMasterwordcom. (2017). MasterWord Services. Retrieved 9 July, 2019, from https:\/\/www.masterword.com\/blog\/evaluate-translation-quality\/<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNet-translatorscom. (2016). Net Translators. Retrieved 9 July, 2019, from https:\/\/www.net-translators.com\/blog\/measuring-translation-quality-a-repeatable-objective-and-accurate-methodology\/<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNewmark, P. (1987). A textbook of translation. Hemel Hempstead: Prentice-Hall International.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOrdudari, M. (2008). Good Translation: Art, Craft, or Science?. Translation Journal, 12(1). Retrieved from https:\/\/translationjournal.net\/journal\/43theory.htm<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPangeanic translations. (2019). Pangeaniccom. Retrieved 9 July, 2019, from https:\/\/www.pangeanic.com\/translation-services\/quality\/iso-translation-standards\/<br \/>\r\n[15].\tPlus, G. (2019). The History of Translations [Infographic] &#8211; Past, Present and Future. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.daytranslations.com\/blog\/2018\/11\/the-history-of-translation-past-present-and-future-12438\/<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSawant, D. D. (2015). HISTORY OF TRANSLATION.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tThe History of Translation. (2019). Retrieved from http:\/\/www.kwintessential.co.uk\/blog\/general-interesttranslation\/the-history-of-translation<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTsujii, J.-i. (1990). Machine Translation and Machine-Aided. [Translating and the computer 12: Applying Technology to the Translation Process (pp. 3-23). London: Catriona Picken. Retrieved July 8, 2019, from https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/6c40\/19a383182333726422715dd8f10034d9c2c1.pdf<br \/>\r\n[19].\tTarp, S. (2014). Reflections on the role and design of online dictionaries for specialised translation. MonTi, (6), 1-21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6035\/MonTI.2019.7.6<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">D.G.S.P.K. Yapa, W.M. Ariyaratne, &#8220;The Impact of Translation Technologies on the Translation Process to Give a Quality Output: A Study with Special Reference the Government Translators in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.134-150 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/134-150.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/134-150.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-translation-technologies-on-the-translation-process-to-give-a-quality-output-a-study-with-special-reference-the-government-translators-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Translation Technologies on the Translation Process to Give a Quality Output: A Study with Special Reference the Government Translators in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719daf3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"719daf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719dbf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719dbf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719ddb0\" data-id=\"719ddb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719ded9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719ded9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719df8c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719df8c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719e0f3\" data-id=\"719e0f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719e204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719e204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719e2a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719e2a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719e41d\" data-id=\"719e41d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719e542 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"719e542\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Forms of Local Culture in Indonesian Language Teaching Books for Foreign Speakers (BIPA)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gustia Haryati, Andayani, Atikah Anindyarini &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 151-155<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719e5e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719e5e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719e763\" data-id=\"719e763\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719e897 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"719e897\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Indonesian language is experiencing very rapid development, not only in Indonesia but also abroad. This is evidenced by a large number of foreign speakers who are interested in learning Indonesian, or what is known as BIPA, namely Indonesian for Foreign Speakers. One of the interests of foreign students coming to Indonesia is because Indonesia has a diversity of cultures. Culture is the most important factor that must be taught to foreign students. This study aims to explain and illustrate the manifestation of local culture in BIPA textbooks that are focused on textbooks namely the Indonesian Sahabatku and Keren textbooks. The form of research used is content analysis with a qualitative approach by recording symbols or messages systematically and interpretatively, the source of the data is the BIPA textbook. Data was collected using observations and in-depth interviews with several BIPA experts to support data analysis. The results of this study found that the form of local culture is an important aspect for students in the success of BIPA learning. The material presented about culture can increase students&#8217; motivation and goals in learning BIPA because learning the language of the nation is the same as learning culture in the global era.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 151-155\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gustia Haryati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andayani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atikah Anindyarini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1].\tW. I. Mukti And N. E. Wardani, \u201cMenjaga Eksistensi Bahasa Indonesia Di Era,\u201d J. Elic Educ. Lang. Int. Conf. Proc., No. 1, Pp. 911\u2013916, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tS. Isnaniah, \u201c( Re \uf002 Eksi Pada Pelaksanaan Bipa Di Ptki ) Siti Isnaniah Yang Sangat Strategis Sehingga Menjadi Negara Penting Dalam Hal Ekonomi , Politik , Asean . Pada Bulan Desember 2015 Akan Diberlakukan Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean ( Mea ) Yang Merupakan Komitmen Asean,\u201d Semin. Nas. Dan Launching Adobsi, Pp. 138\u2013141, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAndayani, \u201cIntegrasi Model Pemahaman Budaya Lokal Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing Dengan Pendekatan Integratif,\u201d Semin. Nas. Adobsi, Pp. 401\u2013406, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tK. Saddhono, \u201cCultural Elements In The Indonesian Textbooks As A Foreign Language ( Bipa ) In Indonesia,\u201d J. Islle 2017 1st Int. Semin. Lang. Lit. Educ. Vol. 2018 Conf., Vol. 2018, Pp. 126\u2013134, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tN. D. Budi Setyaningrum, \u201cBudaya Lokal Di Era Global,\u201d Ekspresi Seni, Vol. 20, No. 2, P. 102, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tS. Arumdyahsari And G. Hs, Widodo Susanto, \u201cPengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing ( Bipa ) Tingkat Madya,\u201d J. Pendidik. Teor. Penelitian, Dan Pengemb., Vol. 1, No. 5, Pp. 828\u2013834, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tRatnawati, \u201cPemelajar Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing,\u201d Vol. 21, No. 3, Pp. 367\u2013380, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tL. Nurlina And E. K. O. S. R. I. Israhayu, \u201cBipa Learning Material Development For Empowering Thailand Students \u2019 Writing Competence,\u201d Educare, Vol. 7, No. August, Pp. 57\u201366, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tM. S. Ngelu, \u201cEksistensi Bahasa Indonesia Di Mata Dunia Pada Era Mea,\u201d Semin. Nas. Pendidik. Bhs. Indones., Pp. 157\u2013160, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tK. Saddhono, \u201cIntegrating Culture In Indonesian Language Learning For Foreign Speakers At Indonesian Universities,\u201d J. Lang. Lit., Vol. Vol. 6., No. No. 2, Pp. 1\u20137, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tD. H. Sundari, \u201cMotivation In Learning Indonesian As A Foreign,\u201d J. Lang. Lit., Vol. 2, No. April, Pp. 34\u201335, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tL. J. Meleong, Metodelogi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: Pt. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tY. B. Arwansyah, S. Suwandi, And S. T. Widodo, \u201cPembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur,\u201d Pp. 915\u2013920, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tR. Ramliyana, \u201cMembangkitkan Motivasi Belajar Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing (Bipa) Melaluo Media Komik,\u201d Dialekt. J. Bahasa, Sastra, Dan Pendidik. Bhs. Dan Sastra Indones., Vol. 3, No. 1, Pp. 1\u201319, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tA. E. Prasetiyo, \u201cPengembangan Bahan Ajar Bipa Bermuatan Budaya Jawa Bagi Penutur Asing Tingkat Pemula,\u201d Pendidik. Bhs. Dan Sastra Indones. Fbs Unnes, Pp. 1\u201311, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tD. Tjaturrini, \u201cPengaruh Budaya Dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa (Asing),\u201d Proceedings, Int. Semin. Lang. Maint. Shift Iv Ed.  Balai Bhs. Provinsi Jawa Teng., Vol. 18 Novembe, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUlumuddin Arisul Dan Wismanto Agus, \u201cBahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia Ranah Sosial Budaya Bagi Penutur Asing (Bipa),\u201d J. Sasindo, Vol. 2, No. 1, Pp. 15\u201335, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tF. Pangesti And A. B. Wiranto, \u201cPengembangan Bahan Ajar Bipa Berbasis Lintas Budaya Melalui Pendekatan Kontekstualkomunikatif,\u201d J. Pendidik. Bhs., Vol. 7, No. 2, P. 342, 2018.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gustia Haryati, Andayani, Atikah Anindyarini &#8220;Forms of Local Culture in Indonesian Language Teaching Books for Foreign Speakers (BIPA)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.151-155 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/151-155.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/151-155.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/forms-of-local-culture-in-indonesian-language-teaching-books-for-foreign-speakers-bipa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Forms of Local Culture in Indonesian Language Teaching Books for Foreign Speakers (BIPA)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-719f711 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"719f711\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-719f80a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"719f80a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-719f9b4\" data-id=\"719f9b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a2689 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a2689\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a2799 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a2799\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a2970\" data-id=\"71a2970\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a2aad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a2aad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a2b66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a2b66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a2ccb\" data-id=\"71a2ccb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a2df7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a2df7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a2e9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a2e9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a3003\" data-id=\"71a3003\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a3122 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a3122\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparing Sensory Processing Abilities of age-Matched Atypical and Typical School Going Children in Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jawaria. S, Rizwana.W, Imran.A, Nighat. T- December 2019 Page No.: 156-160<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a31c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a31c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a3347\" data-id=\"71a3347\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a3485 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71a3485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in sensory processing abilities among age-matched children between ages 3 to 9 years with atypical children i.e. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) &#038; Cerebral palsy (CP), and those who are typically developing i.e. School going children in Pakistan.<br \/>\r\nMETHOD: Reported sensory processing abilities of 150 children with ASD and CP were compared to age-matched peers who were typically developing, using the Short Sensory Profile (SSP). Data was collected through the survey. Forms were distributed and then recollected from different mainstream schools to collect the data of typical children and special schools and institutions in Karachi for data collection of atypical children.<br \/>\r\nRESULTS: Data gave the clear evidence that there are more sensory issues in children with disabilities as compared to typical developing children.<br \/>\r\nCONCLUSION: The findings of the study confirm the prevalence and types of sensory processing impairments in atypical children. Further research is needed to more clearly define patterns of sensory processing problems in children with ASD and CP as well as school going children.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 156-160\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 28 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jawaria. S<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rizwana.W<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Imran.A<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nighat. T<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInstitute of Physical Medicine &#038; Rehabilitation, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tPhoebe P.P. Cheung, Andrew M.H. Siu (2009). A comparison of patterns of sensory processing in children with and without developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities; 30(6):1468\u201380.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAhn R. R., Miller, L. J., Milberger, S., &#038; McIntosh, D. N (2004). Prevalence of parents\u2019 perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children. American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 58, 287\u2013293.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBen-Sasson, Carter AS, Briggs-Gowan M. J. (2009). Sensory over-responsivity in elementary school: prevalence and social-emotional correlates. J. Abnormal Child Psychology. Jul; 37(5):705-16<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBaranek G. T (1999). Autism during infancy: A retrospective video analysis of sensory\u2010motor and social behaviors at 9\u201312 months of age. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 1999; 29, 213\u2013228.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKern, J. K., Trivedi, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., Garver, C. R., Johnson, D. G., Andrews, A. A., et al (2007) . Sensory correlations in autism. Autism. 11, 123\u2013134.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tLee M. Marcus, Wendy L. Stone (1993). Assessment of the young autistic child. Preschool Issues in Autism. 149-173<br \/>\r\n[7].\tNazir B, Butt. A, Shamoon. M, Sheikh S, Malik. M, Hashmat. N(2003). Etiology and Types of Cerebral palsy. Pak Paediatric Journal Dec; 27: 152-6.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNazish Imran, Muhammad Waqar Azeem (2014). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Perspective from Pakistan. Comprehensive Guide to Autism. http:\/\/www.springerreference.com\/docs\/html\/chapterbid\/331261.html<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGrace T. Baranek, Fabian J. David, Michele D. Poe, Wendy L. Stone, Linda R. Watson (2006). Sensory Experiences Questionnaire: discriminating sensory features in young children with autism, developmental delays, and typical development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry; 47(6): 591\u2013601.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tSanger T. D, Kukke S. N (2007). Abnormalities of tactile sensory function in children with dystonic and diplegic cerebral palsy. J Child Neurology; 22 (3):289\u201393.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tWingert J. R, Burton H., Sinclair R. J.,Brunnstrom J. E,Damiano D. L (2009). Joint-position sense and kinesthesia in cerebral palsy. Arch Physical Medicine Rehabilitation.90 (3):447\u201353.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tFisher, A., Murray, E., &#038; Bundy, A(1991).. Sensory Integration Theory and Practice. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMary AlhageKientz, Winnie Dunn (1997). A Comparison of the Performance of Children with and Without Autism on the Sensory Profile. American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 51(7): 530 &#8211; 537.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tAdamson, A., O\u2019Hare, A., &#038; Graham, C (2006). Impairments in sensory modulation in children with autistic spectrum disorder. British Journal of Occupational Therapy. 69(8), 357\u2013364.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tInmaculadaRiquelme, Pedro Montoya (2010). Developmental changes in somatosensory processing in cerebral palsy and healthy individuals. Clinical Neurophysiology; 121(8): 1314\u201320.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tChow, S. M. K (2005). The suitability of the Sensory Profile for diagnosing sensory modulation dysfunctions in Chinese children. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research. 28(2), 153-158.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tNewman, A., Greenberg, D. F., Labovitz, D. R., &#038; Suzuki, L. A. (2004). Cross-cultural adaptation of the Sensory Profile: establishing linguistic equivalency of the Hebrew version. Occupational Therapy International, 11(2), 112-130<br \/>\r\n[18].\tCooper J, Majnemer A, Rosenblatt B, Birnbaum R (1995).  The determination of sensory deficits in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Journal of Child Neurology. 10(4):300\u20139.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tCook, D (1991). The assessment process. In W. Dunn (Ed.), Pediatric occupational therapy: Facilitating effective service provision. pp. 35\u201072.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tDawson, G., &#038; Watling, R (2000). Interventions to facilitate auditory, visual, and motor integration: A review of the evidence. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. Journal of Autism Developmental Disorder. Oct;30(5):415-21.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tDunn, W (1994). Performance of typical children on the sensory profile: An item analysis, American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 48, 967\u2010974.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tSally J. Rogers, Susan Hepburn, Elizabeth Wehner (2003). Parent Reports of Sensory Symptoms in Toddlers with Autism and Those with Other Developmental Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders; 33(6): 631-42.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tJustin O&#8217;Brien, Stella Tsermentseli, Omar Cummins, Francesca Happ\u00e9, Pamela Heaton &#038; Janine Spencer (2009). Discriminating children with autism from children with learning difficulties with an adaptation of the Short Sensory Profile. Early Child Development and Care; 179(4): 383\u2013394.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tScott D. Tomchek, Winnie Dunn (2007). Sensory processing in children with and without autism: A comparative study using the Short Sensory Profile. American Journal of Occupational Therapy; 61(2): 190 &#8211; 200. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jawaria. S, Rizwana.W, Imran.A, Nighat. T &#8220;Comparing Sensory Processing Abilities of age-Matched Atypical and Typical School Going Children in Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.156-160 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/156-160.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/156-160.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a 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preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a44a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a44a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a4658\" data-id=\"71a4658\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a4fc2\" data-id=\"71a4fc2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a7c97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a7c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a7dac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a7dac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a7f91\" data-id=\"71a7f91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a80cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a80cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Drug Abuse on Students Academic Performance in Selected Senior Secondary Schools in Sokoto South Local Government, Sokoto State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Bashar Ibrahim, Fauziya Isiya Bakori, Ibrahim Labbo Abdul-Kadir, Abubakar Junaidu Jabo &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 161-167<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a8184 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a8184\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a8308\" data-id=\"71a8308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a843e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71a843e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study seeks to examine the influence of drug Abuse on students\u2019 academic performance in senior secondary schools in Sokoto south local government. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effects of the drugs as a contributing factor to poor performance by students in Sokoto south, secondary schools. Substance use among senior secondary school students predicts substance related problems in later life. The target population was 5259 respondents consisting of 10 secondary schools. The sample size was 391 respondents, made up of 3 secondary schools. The data was collected by use of questionnaires. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics after data cleaning and coding. Quantitative data was analyzed using frequency and percentages. Results of data analysis were presented using frequency distribution tables. The study established that more students were able to access drugs and more are at risk of being influenced to start using drugs. The study therefore recommends for stricter measures on addressing the supply and use of drugs, and also to provide more funds to fight and assist students who are addicts and increase the number of students who graduate as well as increase quality of education. The findings of this study should stimulate continuous debate on drug abuse in secondary schools and also provide valuable insights that the government, stakeholders, scholars and researchers can rely on their collective endeavor of addressing the challenges and making the fight against drug abuse initiative a success. The study findings hoped to provides a guidance upon which recommendations are made. It is expected that this study will lead to a better understanding to the major contributors to student\u2019s academic performance. A Drug is any product other than food or water that affects the way people feel, think, see, and behave. It is a substance that due to its chemical nature affects physical, mental and emotional functioning. It can enter the body through chewing, inhaling, smoking, drinking Or rubbing on their skin.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 161-167\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bashar Ibrahim <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fauziya Isiya Bakori<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Adult and Non-Formal Education, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibrahim Labbo Abdul-Kadir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMinistry of Science and Technology Sokoto, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Junaidu Jabo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Science, Shehu Shagari College of Education Sokoto, Nigeria                                                  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdewuya, A. 2005. Validation of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) as a screening tool \tfor alcohol-related problems among Nigerian university students. Alcohol &#038; Alcoholism, 40(6): 575-577.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAjayi, I.A. &#038; Ekundayo, H.T. 2010.Contemporary issues in educational management, Lagos, Nigeria. Bolabay Publications,<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAmin.E.M (2005) Social Science Research:Princinples ,Methodology and Conception Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBettinger, E., Slonim, R. (2007) Patience among children, Journal of Public  Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1-2), pages 343-363<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChatterji, P. and DeSimone J. (2005) Adolescent drinking and high school dropout,  NBER Working Paper 11337.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDeas, D., Riggs, D., Langenbucher, J.,Godman, M. and Brown, S. (2000) Adolescents are  not adults: development considerations in alcohol users\u201d, in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2492, 232-237.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDeSimone J. and Wolaver A. (2005) Drinking and academic performance in high  school NBER Working Paper 11035.22<br \/>\r\n[8].\tDee, T.S. and Evans, W.N. (2003) Teen drinking and educational attainment. Evidence from two-sample instrumental variables estimates, Journal of Labor 21(1), 178-209.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tDuarte, R., Escario J.J. and Molina, J.A. (2006) Marijuana consumption and school failure among Spanish students, Economics of Education Review,25, 472-481<br \/>\r\n[10].\tEissenberg T., Shihadeh A. (2009). Water pipe tobacco and cigarette smoking: direct comparison of toxicant exposure. Am. J. Prev. Med.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMclean .G.and  Ellrod,R.( 2012)  Drugs Abuse and Discipline Management in Secondary school   http\/\/:www.articledashboard.com<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNodding,A.(2010)  Behavior related inconstancies in school children in the United Kingdom http\/www.behavior.inconsistances .uk.html\/ed.Accessed 22\/4\/200<br \/>\r\n[13].\tOshodi, O.Y., Aina, O.F. &#038;Onajole, A.T. 2010. Substance use among secondary school  students in an urban setting in Nigeria: prevalence and associated factors. African Journal of Psychiatry, 1(3):52-57.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tWilliams, J, Powell, L.M and Wechsler H. (2003) Does alcohol consumption reduce human capital accumulation? Evidence from the college alcohol study, in Applied Economics 35(10), 1227-1240<br \/>\r\n[15].\tWorld Health Organization Report 2009. Management of substance abuse: Alcohol Geneva 2009 [http:\/\/www.who.org]. Retrieved, December 15, 2011.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bashar Ibrahim, Fauziya Isiya Bakori, Ibrahim Labbo Abdul-Kadir, Abubakar Junaidu Jabo &#8220;Influence of Drug Abuse on Students Academic Performance in Selected Senior Secondary Schools in Sokoto South Local Government, Sokoto State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.161-167 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/161-167.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/161-167.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-drug-abuse-on-students-academic-performance-in-selected-senior-secondary-schools-in-sokoto-south-local-government-sokoto-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Drug Abuse on Students Academic Performance in Selected Senior Secondary Schools in Sokoto South Local Government, Sokoto State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a92d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71a92d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a93c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a93c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a956c\" data-id=\"71a956c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a969e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a969e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a974b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a974b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a98a9\" data-id=\"71a98a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a99c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a99c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a9a9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a9a9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a9c13\" data-id=\"71a9c13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71a9d30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71a9d30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71a9dd1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71a9dd1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71a9f25\" data-id=\"71a9f25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71aa034 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71aa034\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71aa0d3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71aa0d3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71aa248\" data-id=\"71aa248\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71aa35f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71aa35f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Humanization Dimension in Kembara Rindu Novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fatmawati, Andayani, Raheni Suhita &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 168-174<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71aa3fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71aa3fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71aa56c\" data-id=\"71aa56c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ad25e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71ad25e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Dehumanization was allegedly being symptomatic in the midst of social life. This study aims to describe humanize the dimensions contained in the Kembara Rindu novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy. This research utilizes Kuntowijaya&#8217;s perspective of prophetic literature by using a hermeneutic approach. This research method is a qualitative method using content analysis techniques. The data source is the Kembara Rindu novel. The description of the research results, namely, the dimension of humanization in the Kembara Rindu novel consists of four aspects, namely: 1) caring; 2) honesty; 3) tolerance; and 4) maintaining brotherhood. Care is meant manifested in a sensitive attitude to the condition of others, give respect to others by apologizing, giving advice and advice to others, even to people who were not known before, helping to solve the problems of others. Honesty can be seen from the attitude of Syifa who return goods that have been found by others. Tolerance manifests in the attitude of respecting the decisions of others. Maintain brotherhood by establishing a friendship.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 168-174\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fatmawati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andayani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Raheni Suhita<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tKuntowijaya, Maklumat Sastra Profetik. Yogyakarta: Grafindo Litera Media, 2006.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tKuntowijaya, Muslim tanpa Masjid: Esai-Esai Agama, Budaya dan Politik dalam Bingkai Transendental. Yogyakarta: Mizan, 2001.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAli Syari\u2019ati, Kritik Islam atas Marxisme dan Sesat Pikir-Barat Lainnya. Bandung: Mizan, 1983.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAsep Rifki Abdul Aziz, \u201cKonsep Hominisasi dan Humanisasi Menurut Driyarkara,\u201d p. 129, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tS. Yulisetiani, \u201cDimensi profetik dalam cerpen-cerpen yanusa nugroho sebagai penguat jati diri generasi bangsa,\u201d Konf. Nas. Bhs. dan Sastra III, pp. 299\u2013304, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tM. Roqib, Prophetic Education: Kontekstualisasi Filsafat dan Budaya Profetik dalam Pendidikan. Purwokerto: STAIN Press, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAnwar Efendi, \u201cRealitas profetik dalam novel,\u201d Litera, vol. 11, no. 1, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tD. Sulaksono, B. Waluyo, and D. P. Said, \u201cProphetic Values In Post-Reform Modern JavaneseNovels,\u201d el Harakah, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 81\u201398, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tD. Indianto, \u201cVisi profetik Puisi Yang Karya Abdul Wachid B.S.,\u201d Ibda, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 158\u2013172, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tA. Efendi, \u201cPembelajaran Sastra Profetik sebagai Media Pengembangan Karakter Siswa,\u201d Cakrawala Pendidik., pp. 39\u201351, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKuntowijaya, Paradigma Islam: Interpretasi untuk Akso. Bandung: Mizan, 1991.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tNewton, Menafsirkan Teks. Semarang: IKIP Semarang Press, 1994.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tL. J. Moleong, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, Revisi. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tBungin Burhan, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Depok: Rahagrafindo Pustaka, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[15]\t dkk Hanafi, Islam dan Humanisme: Aktualisasi Humanisme Islam di Tengah Krisis Humanisme Universal. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2007.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMasbur, \u201cIntegrasi Unsur Humanisasi, Liberasi dan Transendensi dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam,\u201d Edukasi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 44\u201359, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tA Tabi\u2019in, \u201cMenumbuhkan Sikap Peduli pada Anak Melalui Interaksi Kegiatan Sosial,\u201d Ijtimaiya, vol. 1, no. 1, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tMarkas, \u201cUrgensi Sifat Jujur dalam Berbisnis,\u201d Pilar, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 163\u2013180, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tMessi dan Harapan, \u201cMenanamkan Nilai-Nilai Kejujuran di Dalam Kegiatan Madrasah Bersama (Boarding School),\u201d JMKSP, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 278\u2013290, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tB. Andayani, \u201cPentingnya Budaya Menghargai,\u201d Bul. Psikol., no. 1, pp. 1\u20138, 2002.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tH. Panjaitan, \u201cPentingnya Menghargai Orang Lain,\u201d Humaniora, vol. 5, no. 45, pp. 88\u201396, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tNajamudin, \u201cIntegrasi Unsur Humanisasi, Transendensi dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam,\u201d JIPSA, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 60\u201369, 2017.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fatmawati, Andayani, Raheni Suhita &#8220;Humanization Dimension in Kembara Rindu Novel by Habiburrahman El Shirazy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.168-174 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/168-174.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/168-174.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71aea7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71aea7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71aebd2\" data-id=\"71aebd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71aece8 elementor-widget 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71aeffb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71aeffb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71af0ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71af0ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71af218\" data-id=\"71af218\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71af32e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71af32e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Market Penetration Strategy on the Performance of Telkom Kenya Limited in Nairobi City County<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jackson Luvusi, Dr. Murigi Elishiba Muthoni &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 175-178<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71af3ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71af3ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71af53d\" data-id=\"71af53d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71af67b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71af67b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The environmental conditions of many companies have changed rapidly. This resulted to serious competition among telecommunication companies in Kenya, which caused Telkom Kenya Limited to seek for effective marketing expansion strategies that could differentiate itself from others in order to enhance its performance. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the influence of market penetration strategy on the performance of Telkom Kenya Limited in Nairobi City County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The selected target population was Telkom Kenya Limited in Nairobi Region. The total population was 75 respondents comprising of 5 marketing managers and 70 support staff. This study carried out a census of 75 respondents. Primary data was collected using questionnaires comprising of both structured and unstructured questions. Questionnaires were piloted to 10 respondents who were not included in the final study to assess the validity and reliability of the instruments. Validity was assessed using content validity and reliability was tested using Cronbach Alpha test. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation and presented using tables, figures and charts. Inferential statistics were analysed using correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study examined that market penetration strategy had a significant influence on the performance of Telkom Kenya Limited. The study concluded that Telkom Kenya takes advantage of low prices to increase product demand and increase market share through market penetration strategy. The study recommended that for effective implementation of market penetration strategy, Telkom Kenya should keep on adjusting the price to increase sales as lowering prices is an effective tactic to attract potential customers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 175-178\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 31 December 2019<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jackson Luvusi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Murigi Elishiba Muthoni <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAmbler, T., Kokkinaki, F., &#038; Puntoni, S. (2014). Assessing marketing performance: Reasons for metrics selection. Journal of Marketing Management, (20), 475 \u2013 498<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBennett, W., Lance, C., &#038; Woehr, D. (2014). Performance measurement: Current perspectives and future challenges. Oxford: Psychology Press<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBolivar-Ramos, M., Garcia-Morales, V. &#038; Garcia-Sanchez, E. (2012). Technological distinctive competencies and organizational learning: Effects on organizational innovation to improve firm performance. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 29(3), \t331 \u2013 357<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBurke, W. W., &#038; Litwin, G. H. (2012). A causal model of organizational performance \tand change. Journal of management, 18(3), 523-545<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChandola, V. K., &#038; Fu, H. (2017). Market Penetration Strategy of Smartphone Companies from China for India Market: A Multiple-case study. International Journal of Business Marketing and Management (IJBMM), 2(4), 10 -16<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDanneels, E. (2013). The Dynamics of Product Innovation and Firm Competences. \tStrategic Management Journal, 23(12), 1095-1121<br \/>\r\n[7].\tGado, N. D. (2013). Strategic choices and performance: Evidence from an ailing industry in Nigeria. Global advanced research journal of management and business studies, 3(4),  215 \u2013 228<br \/>\r\n[8].\tHassan, M. U., Qureshi, S. U., Sharif, S., &#038; Mukhtar, A. (2013). Impact of marketing \tstrategy creativity on organizational performance via marketing strategy implementation effectiveness: empirical evidence from Pakistani organizations. Middle-East. Journal of \tScientific Research, 16(2), 264-273<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKhang, T. Arumugam, V. Chong, A., &#038; Chan, F. (2010). Relationship between supply \tchain management practices and organisation performance: a case study in the Malaysian service industry. International Journal Modelling in Operations Management, 1(1), 84 -106<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKotler, P., &#038; Keller, K. L. (2012). Marketing Management. Dictionary of Marketing Communications. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781452229669.n2040<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLetangule, S. L., Letting, D., &#038; Nicholas, K. (2012). Effect of innovation strategies on performance of firms in the telecommunication sector in Kenya. International Journal of Management &#038; Business Studies, 2(3), 75-78<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLevay, P. Z., Drossinos, Y., &#038; Thiel, C. (2017). The effect of fiscal incentives on market penetration of electric vehicles: A pairwise comparison of total cost of ownership. Energy Policy, 105, 524-533<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMutuma, P. (2013). An Investigation of the Effects of Expansion Strategies on Performance of Commercial Banks in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, Kenyatta University)<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMwiti, L. K. (2011). Market penetration strategies used by Essar telecom Kenya (yu) (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNjomo, G., &#038; Margaret, O. (2016). Market Penetration Strategies and Organizational \tGrowth: A Case of Soft Drink. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 3(2), 219-227<br \/>\r\n[16].\tParmenter, D. (2015). Key performance indicators: developing, implementing, and using winning KPIs. John Wiley &#038; Sons<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSlater, S. F., &#038; Narver, J. C. (2016). Competitive strategy in the market-focused business. Journal of market-focused management, 1(2), 159-174<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTangus, D., &#038; Omar, N. (2017). Effects of Market Expansion Strategies on Performance \tof Commercial Banks in Mombasa County. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 1(2), 39-50<br \/>\r\n[19].\tWainaina, G., &#038; Oloko, M. (2016). Market Penetration Strategies and Organization Growth: A Case of Soft Drink Sector in Kenya. International Journal of Management \tand Commerce Innovations, 3(2), 219 \u2013 227<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jackson Luvusi, Dr. Murigi Elishiba Muthoni &#8220;Influence of Market Penetration Strategy on the Performance of Telkom Kenya Limited in Nairobi City County&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.175-178 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/175-178.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/175-178.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-market-penetration-strategy-on-the-performance-of-telkom-kenya-limited-in-nairobi-city-county\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Market Penetration Strategy on the Performance of Telkom Kenya Limited in Nairobi City County<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b3168 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71b3168\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b3262 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b3262\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b3417\" data-id=\"71b3417\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b354e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b354e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b35f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b35f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b3759\" data-id=\"71b3759\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b386e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b386e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b3918 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b3918\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b3a9d\" data-id=\"71b3a9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b3c10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b3c10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b3cf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b3cf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b3e9d\" data-id=\"71b3e9d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b3ff1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b3ff1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b40b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b40b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b428c\" data-id=\"71b428c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b43df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b43df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b44b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b44b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b46a6\" data-id=\"71b46a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b4819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b4819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Scientific facts in the holy Qur\u2019an (With Particular Reference to Astronomy and Embryology)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tijani Ahmad Ashimi &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 179-184<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b48f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b48f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b4ad6\" data-id=\"71b4ad6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b4c5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71b4c5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The holy Qur\u2019an, the main source of Islamic faith is a book believed by Muslims to be of completely divine origin.  Muslims believe the Quran to be the book of divine guidance revealed from God to Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of twenty-three years and view the Quran as God&#8217;s final revelation to humanity. As such, Quran has solutions to all the problems of humanity irrespective of how complex they may be and in what age they occur. It deals with all human life from cradle to death.  While some worldview highly depend on human experience to have solution for scientific knowledge, and while some religious tradition only rely on scientific method (observation, experiment, skepticism, hypothesis and theory)to obtain the knowledge of natural phenomenon, the scripture of Islam (Qur\u2019an) which is also a book of knowledge and science seems to have already proven these scientific fact for long centuries. Thus, this humble paper by adopting textual approach will examine the scientific knowledge vis-\u00e0-vis in the Qur\u2019an, with particular reference to Embryology and astronomy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 179-184\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tijani Ahmad Ashimi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Professor, Dr., Department of General Studies, Kulliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAl- Qurtubi, Jami al Bayan, Shariah Academy Publication, International Islamic University, Islamabad.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAl-Razi,  Tafsir al Kabir. Darul- Kutub, Damascuss.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tEncyclopaedia Britannica CD 99 Standard Edition \u00a9 1994-1999 Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tIbn Kathir, Tafsir of the Noble Qur\u2019an,.Daru-Salam Publication.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tIlyas, M.(ed) (2002) the Unity of Science and Religion. Kuala Lumpur: A.S. Noordeen<br \/>\r\n[6]\tJoseph Needham, (1959) A History of Embryology. Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMaurice Bucaille,(2003) The Bible, The Qur\u2019an and Science: The Holy Scriptures Examined inthe Light of Modern Knowledge. Publication House, Paris<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMoor Keith , (1986) A Scientist&#8217;s Interpretation of References to Embryology in the Quran.  Journal of the Islamic Medical Association,  vol.18, Page 15-16<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMoore, Keith L. and al-Zindani, Abdul-Majeed A.,  (1982) The Developing Human with Islamic Additions, Third Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMuzaffar Iqbal (2007). Science &#038; Islam. Greenwood Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPervez Hoodbhoy, (1991), Islam and Science, Zed Books Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tSaliba, George (1994), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tToshihiko Izutsu (1964). God and Man in the Koran. Weltansckauung. Tokyo.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tWilliam F. Campbell, (2002) The Qur\u2019an and the Bible in the light of history &#038; Science. Second Edition, Middle East Resource Centre, Aman.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tZakir Naik, (2007) Qur\u2019an and Modern Science; Compatible or Incompatible, Farid Enterprises, Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tZindani Abdul-Majeed ; and Mustafa A Ahmed  (1987),  Collection of papers that were originally presented  in the First International  Conference on Scientific Signs of the Qur&#8217;an and Sunnah, held in Islamabad, Pakistan.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tijani Ahmad Ashimi &#8220;The Scientific facts in the holy Qur\u2019an (With Particular Reference to Astronomy and Embryology)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.179-184 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/179-184.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/179-184.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-scientific-facts-in-the-holy-quran-with-particular-reference-to-astronomy-and-embryology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Scientific facts in the holy Qur\u2019an (With 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b8cda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b8cda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b8e38\" data-id=\"71b8e38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b8f55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b8f55\" 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9274\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b9313 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b9313\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b945c\" data-id=\"71b945c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9592 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9592\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b9639 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b9639\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9793\" data-id=\"71b9793\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b98b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b98b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b995a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b995a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9acc\" data-id=\"71b9acc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9be9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71b9be9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>From Cambridge Analytica to \u2018O To Ge\u2019 (Enough is Enough): The Dynamics of Political Canvassing and Elections in a Social Media Environment<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Prof. Dr. Kemal Ozden, Abubakar Rakiya Tanko &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 185-193<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71b9c97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71b9c97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71b9e1e\" data-id=\"71b9e1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71b9f6c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71b9f6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the socio-political dynamics surrounding the use of digital and social media platforms in political canvassing. Specifically, the research explored the platforms\u2019 prospects for promotion of dialogue between elected officials and the population; as well as mass voter engagement. The prospects were however observed to be marred by challenges such as the implication on political reality arising out of the spread of fake news in social media; as well as the nuances of government regulation and oversight of social media platforms and its effects on privacy and civil liberties.  These nuances were deconstructed using case studies of President Obama\u2019s use of digital platforms to bypass traditional media and engage directly with youths during the 2008 American presidential elections; Russia\u2019s influence operations via deployment of fake social media accounts to affect the outcome of  the 2016 American presidential elections; and the datamining efforts of Cambridge Analytica, the British political consulting company, in gauging perceptions towards generation of targeted messaging to affect the outcome of the same election. Other case studies explored included President Trump\u2019s use of Tweeter to shape the political narrative in his own image as well as the \u2018O to Ge\u2019 (Enough is Enough) movement in Kwara State, Nigeria &#8211; amplified to epic proportions via social media &#8211; reflected a political earthquake of seismic proportions in demystifying the Saraki political dynasty. It was concluded that while social media holds out promises of greater political engagement, it nevertheless holds greater danger to aspects of civil liberties and political reality arising from the medium\u2019s sheer ubiquity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 185-193\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Dr. Kemal Ozden<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar Rakiya Tanko<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and International Relations, Nile University of Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tChristensen, C. (1997). The Innovator\u2019s Dilemma: When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDonoghue, K. L. (2016). Social Media News as Disruptive Technology. 10th Convention Planner-2016 NEHU, Shillong, Meghalaya, 09-11 November 2016, 369 \u2013 374.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMarx, K. (1844). A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel&#8217;s Philosophy of Right. Deutsch-Franz\u00f6sische Jahrb\u00fccher.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMoghanizadeh, S. (2013). The role of social media in Iran&#8217;s Green Movement. Master of Communication Thesis. Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tNational Democratic Institute. (2019) Campaign Skills Trainers Guide. Washington: National Democratic Institute.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tNew Knowledge. (2018). SSCI Research Summary. Austin: New Knowledge.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOmotoso, D. (2019). Sunset on Saraki\u2019s Political Dynasty. The Guardian. Vol 35, No 14,756 of Thu 23 May 2019.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tPayne, R. (2013). Global Issues. New York: Pearson.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tSargent, L. T. (2009) Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis. St Louis: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tVan Dijk, J.A.G.M. (2013). Digital Democracy: Vision and Reality. Public Administration in the Information Age: Revisited\u2019, Twente: IOS- Press.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tBeauchamp, Z. (2019). Social media is rotting democracy from within. How social platforms enable far-right politicians\u2019 campaigns to undermine democracy. Date retrieved 02.6.2019 from https:\/\/www.vox.com\/policy-and-politics\/2019\/1\/22\/18177076\/social-media-facebook-far-right-authoritarian-populism.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tBender, B. (2017). Social Media and Politics: The 2016 US Presidential Election. Date retrieved 03.06.2019 from http:\/\/www.brandba.se\/blog\/social-media-and-politics-2016-election.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tBrasch, S. (2019). After Stinging Presidential Loss, Popular Vote Movement Gains Momentum In States. Date retrieved 13.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2019\/02\/24\/696827778\/after-stinging-presidential-loss-popular-vote-movement-gains-momentum-in-states.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tBritish Broadcasting Corporation. (2018). Russia &#8216;meddled in all big social media&#8217; around US election. Date retrieved 20.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/technology-46590890.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tChaffey, D. (2019). Global social media research summary 2019. Date retrieved 20.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.smartinsights.com\/social-media-marketing\/social-media-strategy\/new-global-social-media-research\/.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tGallup (2019). Presidential Approval Ratings &#8211; Donald Trump. Date retrieved 06.06.2019 from https:\/\/news.gallup.com\/poll\/203198\/presidential-approval-ratings-donald-trump.aspx.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tGire, S. (2019) The Role of Social Media in the Arab Sprin. Date retrieved 01.06.2019 from https:\/\/cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com\/sites.stedwards.edu\/dist\/e\/1882\/files\/2014\/06\/The-Role-of-Social-Media-in-the-Arab-Spring-18e8vyw.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tGylfason, T. (2011). From Crisis to Constitution. Date retrieved 01.06.2019 from https:\/\/voxeu.org\/article\/crisis-constitution-insights-iceland.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tKawu, I.M. (2019). Final Meltdown for the Saraki Hegemony. Date retrieved 10.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com\/2019\/03\/final-meltdown-for-the-saraki-hegemony.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMaciejewska, B. (2010). Canvassing Door-to-Door. Date retrieved 10.05.2019 from http:\/\/campaignhandbook.gef.eu\/canvassing-door-to-door\/.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMcCabe, D. (2018). Senate-commissioned reports show scale of Russian misinformation campaign. Date retrieved 23.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.axios.com\/senate-reports-russian-interference-2016-election-9d0daca6-1e2d-4617-9295-f8eec61c1719.html.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tMcCarthy, T. (2017). How Russia used social media to divide Americans. Date retrieved 16.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2017\/oct\/14\/russia-us-politics-social-media-facebook.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tMoatti, S. (2016). 3 Things to Watch as the Digital Side of the U.S. Presidential Campaigns Unfold. Harvard Business Review. Date retrieved 14.05.2019  from https:\/\/hbr.org\/2016\/07\/3-things-to-watch-as-the-digital-side-of-the-us-presidential-campaigns-unfold.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tOlawoyin, O. (2019). Close-Up: The genesis, arrowheads of \u201cO to ge\u201d movement that consumed Saraki in Kwara. Premium Times. Date retrieved 30.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.premiumtimesng.com\/news\/headlines\/317106-close-up-the-genesis-arrowheads-of-o-to-ge-movement-that-consumed-saraki-in-kwara.html.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tPew Research  Centre. (2019). Social Media Final. Date retrieved 23.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2018\/02\/PI_2018.03.01_Social-Media_FINAL.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tPew Research Centre. (2017). Black voter turnout fell in 2016, even as a record number of Americans cast ballots. Date retrieved 29.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2017\/05\/12\/black-voter-turnout-fell-in-2016-even-as-a-record-number-of-americans-cast-ballots\/.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tPorter, S. (2016). Clinton wins US popular vote by the widest margin of any losing presidential candidate. Date retrieved 27.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/USA\/Politics\/2016\/1222\/Clinton-wins-US-popular-vote-by-widest-margin-of-any-losing-presidential-candidate.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tSmith, K. (2019). 126 Amazing Social Media Statistics and Facts. Date retrieved 19.05.2019 from https:\/\/www.brandwatch.com\/blog\/amazing-social-media-statistics-and-facts.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tStatista. (2019). Social media and politics in the United States &#8211; Statistics &#038; Fact. Dated retrieved 01.06.2019 from https:\/\/www.statista.com\/topics\/3723\/social-media-and-politics-in-the-united-states\/.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tThe Washington Post (2019). Fact Checker. Date retrieved 06.06.2019 from https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/graphics\/politics\/trump-claims-database\/. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Prof. Dr. Kemal Ozden, Abubakar Rakiya Tanko &#8220;From Cambridge Analytica to \u2018O To Ge\u2019 (Enough is Enough): The Dynamics of Political Canvassing and Elections in a Social Media Environment&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.185-193 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/185-193.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/185-193.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/from-cambridge-analytica-to-o-to-ge-enough-is-enough-the-dynamics-of-political-canvassing-and-elections-in-a-social-media-environment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">From Cambridge Analytica to \u2018O To Ge\u2019 (Enough is Enough): The Dynamics of Political Canvassing and Elections in a Social Media Environment<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bb229 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71bb229\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bb9e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bb9e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bbb2a\" data-id=\"71bbb2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bbc45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bbc45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bbce5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bbce5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bbe31\" data-id=\"71bbe31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bbf38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bbf38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bbfde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bbfde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bc14d\" data-id=\"71bc14d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bc25a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bc25a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Symbolic Representation and Conflict Management in Africa<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Elias Nankap Lamle, Felix Ogbewe Aigbovbioisa &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 194-204<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bc2f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bc2f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bc4a5\" data-id=\"71bc4a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bc85f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71bc85f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Symbols have enabled a smooth flow of communication in precolonial Africa. It was the major means for which history was stored. Creative artistry works were used by the Africans to communicate their values and educate their people. Symbols were not just a mere aspect of African culture but the major means for which order was reached and formed the bases for enforcement where the need arose. Therefore, this work provides an explanation on symbolic representation and how it was used in time past and still being used by the indigenous Africans to manage conflict and for consensus building within the society. To this end, qualitative method was used to generate data where related literatures were reviewed to elucidate facts with conclusion and recommendations made for the benefit for further researches.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 194-204\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elias Nankap Lamle<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Conflict Management and Peace Studies, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Felix Ogbewe Aigbovbioisa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPeace and Development Studies Programme, Salem University, Lokoja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdekunle, T.K. (2013). \u201cThe Penal System and Plea Bargaining: Giving Judicial Imprimatur to Corruption\u201d. In Albert I.O, Aluko, B.A. and Isola, O.O. (eds). The Security Sector and Conflict Management in Nigeria. Ibadan: Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAddo, A.E.P. (2001). African philosophical thought and wise sayings. Retrieved from http\/\/www.wikipedia.com. Accessed 24th February, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAigbovbioisa, F.O. (2018). A Handbook of Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution. Abuja: Omenic and Company Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAjayi, A. T., &#038; Buhari, L. O. (2014). Methods of Conflict Resolution in African Traditional Society. An international multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia, 8(2), 138-157.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.4314\/afrrev.v8i2.9.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tAkin-Otiko, A. (2019). An Afro-centric Theory of Ethno-religious Crisis: Way to National Unity in Nigeria. In Bogoro, E.S, Meyer, M., and Danjibo, N.D. (eds). Readings in Peace and Conflict: Essays in Honour of Professor Isaac Olawale Albert. Ibadan: Society for Peace Studies and Practice (SPSP).<br \/>\r\n[6].\tAtubi, O.W. (2013). \u201cReligion, Ethnicity, Conflict and Democratic Institutions in Nigeria\u201d. In \u2018Gbade, I. and Falade, D.A. (eds). Socio-Political Conflicts and the Challenges of Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tBarnard, L., Crooks &#038; Paton, V.O. (2008). \u201cThe relationship between epistemological beliefs and self regulated learning skills on the online course environment\u201d. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, Vol: 4, No: 3, pp. 261-66.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tBawku conflict in Ghana. Journal of Sociological Research, 4(2), 86-104.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCalifornia Management Review\u2019 21 (2), 67 75.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tDanjibo, N.D. (2009). Islamic Fundamentalism and Sectarian Violence: The \u201cMaitatsine\u201d and \u201cBoko Haram\u201d Crises in Northern Nigeria. Retrieved from:www.ifra nigeria.org\/IMG\/pdf\/N-_D-_DANJIBO-_Islamic_Fundamentalism_and_Sectarian_Violence_The_Maitatsine_and_Boko_Haram_Crises_in_Northern_Nigeria.pdf. Accessed: 15\/04\/2014.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tEdema, P.A. and Abam, M.E. (2013). \u201cMartin Burber\u2019s Dialogue and Conflict Management in Nigeria\u201d. In Albert I.O, Aluko, B.A. and Isola, O.O. (eds). The Security Sector and Conflict Management in Nigeria. Ibadan: Peace and Conflict Studies Programme, Institute of African Studies, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tEmanuela, L. &#038; Petra, M. (2015) \u201cSymbolic-Representation-of-Gender-Intro: Complutense University of Madrid\u201d. End seminar on indigenous solutions to conflicts, Institute for Educational Research.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tFang, Z. (1996). Illustrations, text, and the child reader. What are pictures in children\u2019s storybooks for? Read.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tForero, C. et al (2013) Elections and Conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa: Somaliland, Cote D\u2019Ivoire and Kenya; Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Graduate Policy Workshop: Princeton University.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tGhana and Botswana. IPSHU English Research Report Series, 29, 33-51.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tHallpike, C.R. (1973). Functionalist Interpretations of Primitive Warfare Man (N.S.) 8, 451-72.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tHarrison, Simon. \u201cFour Types of Symbolic Conflict.\u201d Journal of the Royal Anthro\u00acpological Institute 1, no. 2 (1995): 255\u201372.doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2307\/3034688.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tHarrison, Simon. \u201cThe Politics of Resemblance: Ethnicity, Trademarks, Head-Hunting.\u201d Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 8, no. 2 (2002): 211\u201332.doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9655.00001<br \/>\r\n[19].\tHobbs, T. (1958). 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Readings in Peace and Conflict Resolution (Revised ed). Abuja: Prince Taiwo Royal Ventures.<br \/>\r\n[65].\tWilliams, I. (2011). \u201cA Philosophical Analysis of Conflict in Africa\u201d. In Albert, I.O. (ed.) Perspectives on Peace and Conflict in Africa. Ibadan: John Archers Publishers Ltd.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elias Nankap Lamle, Felix Ogbewe Aigbovbioisa &#8220;Symbolic Representation and Conflict Management in Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.194-204 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/194-204.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/194-204.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/symbolic-representation-and-conflict-management-in-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Symbolic Representation and Conflict Management in Africa<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71be82c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71be82c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71be93c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71be93c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71beae1\" data-id=\"71beae1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bec18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bec18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71becc7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71becc7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bee25\" data-id=\"71bee25\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bef66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bef66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bf00c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bf00c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bf185\" data-id=\"71bf185\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bf2a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71bf2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Use of Block Plays in Enhancing the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts and Skills in Early Childhood Education: A Study of ECD Centres in Eldoret West Sub-County, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Busienei Rose Chepketer &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 205-210<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71bf34c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71bf34c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71bf4bc\" data-id=\"71bf4bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71bf5e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71bf5e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Children have a right to receive education, and Early Childhood Education (ECDE) should be considered part of this right. An interesting challenge in the field of early education is the use of block plays in teaching and learning of children to promote thinking and learning in many areas including mathematics. Block play activities have been identified as to have a significant impact on the acquisition of mathematical concepts and skills in Early Childhood Education. The main purpose of this study was to assess the use of Block play in enhancing the acquisition of Mathematical concepts and skills in ECDE pupils in Eldoret West Sub-county, Kenya. This study was guided by Jean Piaget\u2019s theory of cognitive development in children. The study adopted the descriptive survey research design. The target population was 181 public ECDE centres with 181 ECDE mathematics teachers and 3620 ECDE pupils. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 54 public ECDE centres and 362 pupils respectively. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 54 top class mathematics teachers. The research instruments for data collection were questionnaires, observation schedule and checklist which were validated and piloted before the use. The study findings established that the variety of shapes and sizes in block play toys enables children through construction and experiment to discover the basic structure of mathematics, under geometry and spatial sense. The study recommends that the government through the Ministry of Education needs to come up with clear policy guidelines regarding play in pre-school centers and clearly define the play activities according to the developmental stages of children. The government should enhance provision of early childhood play materials to enable pre-school children develop holistically.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 205-210\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Busienei Rose Chepketer<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMoi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAhmed, A. (2010). \u201cEarly childhood special education: A strategy of enhancing the educational prospect of the young child with handicaps (FAMBARI): Kano.\u201d Journal of Education.6, (p.2).<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBose, K., Tsamaase, M., Seetso, G. (2013).\u201cTeaching of Science and Mathematics in Pre-Schools of Botswana: The Existing Practices.\u201dCreative Education, 4 (7): 43-51.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBowbly, J.(n.d) The Father of Attachment Theory.www\/childdevelopmentMedia. Com >Home>Retrieved from internet.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCharney, R., Clayton, M.K., &#038;Wood, C. (2000).Bringing Blocks Back to the Classroom.Greenfield, MA: Northeast Foundation for Children.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDolinar, K.J. (2004). Learning through Play: Curriculum and Activities for the Inclusive Classroom. Albany, NY: Delmar.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tEducation International. (2010). Early Childhood Education: A Global Scenario. A study conducted by the Education International ECE Task Force.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tEpstein, A.S. (2007). The Intentional Teacher: Choosing the Best Strategies for Young Children\u2019s Learning. Washington, DC: NAEYC.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFeuerstein, R. (2011). Beyond Smarter: Mediated Learning. New York, NY: Teachers College.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGifford, S. (2004).\u201cA new mathematics pedagogy for the early years: in search of principles for practice.\u201d International Journal of Early Years Education, 12(2), 99-115. doi:10.1080\/0966976042000225507<br \/>\r\n[10]\tGoldhaber, J. (2002). \u201cSticky to dry; red to purple: Exploring transformation with playclay.\u201d Young Children, 48 (1): 26\u201328.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGumo, A.W.M (2003) Teacher factors related to the teaching of art and craft in pre-schools in Kaloleni and Kikambala divisions in Kilifi district.Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, Kenyatta University, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tGura, P. (2002). Exploring learning: Young Children and Block Play.New York: Paul Chapman.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tHartshorn, E., Brantley, J.C. (2003). \u201cEffects of dramatic play on classroom problem-solving ability.\u201d The Journal of Educational Research, 66 (6): 243-2<br \/>\r\n[14]\tJohnson, J., Christie, J., and Wardle, F. (2004).Play, Development and Early Education. New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publisher.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Busienei Rose Chepketer &#8220;The Use of Block Plays in Enhancing the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts and Skills in Early Childhood Education: A Study of ECD Centres in Eldoret West Sub-County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.205-210 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/205-210.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/205-210.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-use-of-block-plays-in-enhancing-the-acquisition-of-mathematical-concepts-and-skills-in-early-childhood-education-a-study-of-ecd-centres-in-eldoret-west-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Use of Block Plays in Enhancing the Acquisition of Mathematical Concepts and Skills in Early Childhood Education: A Study of ECD Centres in Eldoret West Sub-County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c5cee elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71c5cee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c5df1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c5df1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c5f7e\" data-id=\"71c5f7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c60bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c60bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c616e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c616e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c62ce\" data-id=\"71c62ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c63ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c63ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c648c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c648c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c65f9\" data-id=\"71c65f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c6717 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c6717\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Lateral Transfers and Organizational Commitment of Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Graham-Douglas, Diekumo Soala and Dr. J.M.O. Gabriel &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 211-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c67c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c67c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c694b\" data-id=\"71c694b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c6a9e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71c6a9e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the lateral transfers and organizational commitment in Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt. The study adopted a cross sectional survey design. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaire. The population for the study was 131 full-time and permanent employees of five selected Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt. The sample size of 99 was determined using the Taro Yamane sample size determination formula. The reliability was achieved using the Cronbach Alpha Cofficeint with all items being above the 0.70 acceptance benchmark set by Nunnally (1970). After data cleaning, data for 87 respondents were suitable for used for data analysis. The hypotheses were tested using Spearman Rank Order Correlation Coefficient with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0. The study finding revealed that there is a significant relationship between lateral transfers and organizational commitment in Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt. The study concludes that by practicing lateral transfers, the Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt can boost the levels of their affective, normative and continuance commitment. The study thus recommends that Deposit Money Banks should seek out ways to integrate work flow and departments through lateral transfers. By such transfers, workers are exposed to the work processes and operations of related units and are able to bring alongside their expectations, previous experiences in previous roles which will enable them perform better and enjoy such change in positions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 211-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Graham-Douglas <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers, State University, Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Diekumo Soala  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers, State University, Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. J.M.O. Gabriel <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, Rivers, State University, Nkpolu- Oroworukwo, PMB 5080, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArogyaswamy, B. &#038; Simmons, R. P (1993). Value-directed management: Organizations, customers, and quality. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBal, A., Sullivan, A., &#038; Harper, J. (2014). A situated analysis of special education disproportionality for systemic change in an urban school district. Remedial and Special Education, 35(1), 3-14.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tBrown, J.S.&#038; Duguid, P. (2001). Knowledge and organization: A social practice perspective. Organization Science 12(2), 198\u2010213.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCabautan, R.T. (2002). Organizational commitment and work values: It\u2019s effect to teaching efficiency and effectiveness of intermediate mathematics teachers in selected elementary schools in Silang District I, Cavite (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Technological University of the Philippines).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDaylo, R.E. (2008). Organizational commitment of the employees of the University of San Agustin (Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, University of San Agustin).<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDessler, G. &#038; Varkkey, B. (2009). Training and development. Human resource management. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDessler, G. (2005). Employee Performance Management Principles and Practice. San Diego: State University, USA<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFaegri, T.E, Dyba, T. &#038; Dingsoyr, T. (2010). Introducing knowledge redundancy practice in software development: Experiences with job rotation in support work.Information Software Tech., 5(2), 1118-1132.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFriedrich, A., Kabst, R., Weber, W., &#038;Rodehuth, M. (1998). Functional flexibility: Merely reacting or acting strategically? Employee Relations, 20(5), 504-523.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGherardi, S. &#038; Nicolini, D. (2000). The organizational learning of safety in communities of practice. Journal of Management Inquiry, 9: 7\u201018.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGherardi, S. (1999). Learning as problem driven or learning in the face of mystery? Organization Studies, 20: 101\u2010123.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tGregersen, H.B.&#038; Black, J.S. (1993). Multiple commitments upon repatriation: The Japanese experience. Journal of Management, 22(3), 209- 230.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tHullington, K. H. (2009). Performance Management Practices. Portsmouth: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tLai,C. (2001). The relationship among job satisfaction, Organizational commitment and job performance of employees of selected Taiwanese banks in Metro Manila.(Unpublished Master\u2019s Thesis, Centro Escolar University).<br \/>\r\n[15].\tLindbeck, A.&#038; Snower, D. J. (2000). The division of labour and the market for organizations: CESifo Working papers<br \/>\r\n[16].\tMalinski, R. M. (2002). Job rotation in an academic library: Damned if you do and damned if you don&#8217;t! Library Trends, 50(4), 673-<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMadi, M., Hamilton, A., Squirrell, D., Mioulet, V., Evans, P., Lee, M.&#038; King, D. P., (2012).Rapid detection of foot and mouth disease virus using a field  portable nucleic acid extraction and real time PCR amplification platform. Veterinary Journal, 5(3), 193, 67\u201372.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tMathieu, J.E., &#038; Zajac, D.M. (1990).A review and meta- analysis of the antecedents, correlates and consequences of organizational commitment. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 171-194.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tMeyer, J.P.&#038; Allen, N.J. (1997). Commitment in the Workplace, Theory, Research and Application. California: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tMeyer, J. P.&#038; Allen, N. J. (1991).A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1, 61\u201389.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tMowday, R.T., Porter, L. W.&#038; Steers, R. (1982).Organizational Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment Absenteeism and Turnover. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tOlorunsola, R. (2000). Job rotation in academic libraries: The situation in a Nigerian university library. Library Management, 21(2), 94-98.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tQuevedo, E.A. (2006). Organizational commitment, administrative performance and community involvement among the public elementary school heads. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, University of Iloilo).<br \/>\r\n[24].\tRobbins, S.P. (2003). Organization Behaviour. New Jersey: Prentice Hall International Education.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tRobbins, S.P. (1996). Organizational Behaviour: Concepts, Controversies, Application. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tRowden, R. W. (2002). The relationship between workplace learning and job satisfaction in U.S. small to midsize businesses. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(4), 407-425.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tScarbrough, H. &#038; Swan, J. (2008). Project work as a locus of learning: The journey through practice. In Amin A &#038; Roberts J (eds) Community, economiccreativity and organization.  Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[28].\tSmith, K. G., Carroll, S. J.&#038; Ashford, S. J. (1995). Intra and inter-organizational cooperation: Toward a research agenda. Academic Management Journal, 38(1), 723.<br \/>\r\n[29].\tSnow, C. C., Miles, R. E &#038; Coleman, H. J. (1992). Managing 21st century network organizations. Organizational Dynamics, 21(3), 5-20.<br \/>\r\n[30].\tSoliven, M.D. (2009). Fidelity to commitment, family jewels section. The Philippine Star, 29, 4.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tTorrington, D., &#038; Hall, L. (1991).Personal management new approach. New York: Prentice Hall.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tTubman, D. (2007). Effective Organization Management Systems. New York: Harcourt College Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[33].\tUtapao, S. (2003). Morale, organizational commitment and job performance in the third infantry division, Royal Thai Army, (Unpublished Dissertation, University of Northern Philippines, Vigan City).<br \/>\r\n[34].\tWenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br \/>\r\n[35].\tXu, L.&#038; Bassham, L. (2010).Re-examination of factor structure and psychometric properties of the three-component model of organizational commitment. North American Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 297-311. Retrieved from Academic Source Premier database.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Graham-Douglas, Diekumo Soala and Dr. J.M.O. Gabriel &#8220;Lateral Transfers and Organizational Commitment of Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.211-217 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/211-217.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/211-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/lateral-transfers-and-organizational-commitment-of-deposit-money-banks-in-port-harcourt-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Lateral Transfers and Organizational Commitment of Deposit Money Banks in Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c7962 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71c7962\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c7a4e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c7a4e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c7bdf\" data-id=\"71c7bdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c7d11 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c7d11\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c7db9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c7db9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c7f1e\" data-id=\"71c7f1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71c8036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71c8036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71c80de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71c80de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c8241\" data-id=\"71c8241\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cb446 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cb446\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Dagomba, Gonja and Bulsa Political Systems and the Concept of Democracy, Myth or Reality?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dominic Alimbey Dery (Phd), Jacob Ibrahim Abdu, Adam Bawa Yussif (Phd)- December 2019 Page No.: 218-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cb554 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cb554\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cb72f\" data-id=\"71cb72f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cb886 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71cb886\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The west has always assumed the aura of supremacy when it comes to the practice of democracy. What however, will be contested is any attempt at describe Africans as new entrants to the practice of At best, democracy is no more than a system of government, but in western democracies it has acquired a sacred status, and it is taboo to question it. Democracy, which is the gravamen of this paper. This is what Bhikhu Parekh says of liberalism: Unless, we assume that liberalism represents the final truth about human beings, we cannot indiscriminately condemn societies that do not conform to it. For example, recent Archaeological findings about the existence of functional states in the pre-colonial era, point to the fact that contrary to the age old belief of Africans, these pre-colonial African states were innovative and well organized political institutions of power. States like the Ashanti kingdom, the Zulu kingdom, the Great Zimbabwe, Mapungubwe and Thulamela in South Africa. The study was basically a qualitative one. The study used an ethnographic approach; it is based on how people go about their daily lives. The study was conducted across three different districts and three different ethnic groups. A purposive sample of 50 respondents was purposively sampled, with a breakdown as follows: key informants (5) from each of the three paramountcies making (15), king makers (5) from each of the three paramountcies making (15), kings\/chiefs (5) from each of the three paramountcies making (15) and governance experts (5) all adding up to a total of fifty (50) respondents. Because the focus was on chieftaincy, we considered chiefs and king makers as the main actors in the chieftaincy institution. Data were recorded on an audio recorder and in some cases video alongside writing by the researcher. The respondents were assured that this was only to ensure that no details were left out. The key findings are as follows: chieftaincy in the three kingdoms it was revealed practised devolution of power, also decisions were taken in consultation with the chiefs in Council. Council was normally composed of \u2018trusted and wise\u2019 chiefs and finally chieftaincy allowed for participation of the ruled. These chiefs will normally create for a where local interest issues were debated and finally accepted before they were promulgated as laws.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dominic Alimbey Dery (Phd)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages and Liberal Studies, Tamale Technical University (Ghana)<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jacob Ibrahim Abdu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages and Liberal Studies, Tamale Technical University (Ghana)<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adam Bawa Yussif (Phd)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages and Liberal Studies, Tamale Technical University (Ghana)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdjei, M. O. (2001). Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Good Governance in Ghana: The Traditional Akan Socio-Political Example. An Institute of Economic Affairs Publication.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAgyeman-Duah, B., (ed.) (2008). Ghana: Governance in the Fourth Republic. Digibooks Ghana Ltd., Tema, Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tDake, M.J. (1996). Reflections on Party Politics and Impact on Democratic Development in Ghana in Drah, F. and Oquaye, M. (eds). Civil Society in Ghana. Friedrich Ebert Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDiop, C. A. (1974). The Origins of Civilization: An Afrocentric Analysis.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGyekye, K. (1996). African Cultural Values: An Introduction, Sankofa Publishing Company, Accra, Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKargbo, S.B. (2007). Sierra Leone Human Development Report. UNDP Report.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMahama, I. (2004). History of and Traditions of Dagbon. GILLBT Press.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMamdani, M. (1996). Citizens and Subject. Princeton: Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMillar, D., Aniah, R., Abatey, S., Dakora, J., Yahaya, S. (2011). Our Sciences : Indigenous Knowledge Systems of Northern Ghana.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNtsebeza, L. (1999). \u2018Democratization and Traditional Authorities in The New South Africa\u2019, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, XIX [1]: 83-93.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNtsebeza, L., (2005). Democracy Compromised. Cape Town: HSRC Press.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOyugi, W. O. (1988). Democracy Theory Practice in Africa. Kenya, Heinemann.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tParekh, B. (1993). The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy. In Prospects for Democracy.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPobee, J. S. (1979). Toward an African Theology. Nashville: Abingdon.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tPobee, J. S. (1992). Skenosis: Christian Faith In An African Context. Gweru Mambo Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSchott, R. (1977). Sources for a History of the Bulsa in Northern Ghana. Paideuma 23, 141-168.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tSimiyu, V.G. (1987). The Democratic Myth in African Traditional Societies, In Oyugi W. O. and Gitonga, A. (eds). Democratic Theory and Practice in Africa. Nairobi, Heinemann Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSirna. Z.T., (2012). Ethiopia When The Gadaa Democracy Rules in a Federal State: Bridging Indigenous Institutions of Governance to Modern Democracy.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tTrotha T. (1996). From Administrative to Civil Chieftaincy: Some Problems and Prospects of African Chieftaincy in The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, Vol. 28, 1996-Issue 37-38.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tWiredu, K. (1996). Cultural Universals and Particulars. Indiana Polis: Indiana University.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tYoder, J. (2002). \u2018\u2018Good Governance, Democratization and Traditional African Philosophy: The Example of the Kanyok of the Congo,\u2019\u2019 The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36, No. 3, 1998: 483-507.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dominic Alimbey Dery (Phd), Jacob Ibrahim Abdu, Adam Bawa Yussif (Phd) &#8220;The Dagomba, Gonja and Bulsa Political Systems and the Concept of Democracy, Myth or Reality?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.218-223 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/218-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/218-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-dagomba-gonja-and-bulsa-political-systems-and-the-concept-of-democracy-myth-or-reality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Dagomba, Gonja and Bulsa Political Systems and the Concept of Democracy, Myth or Reality? <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cc7b2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71cc7b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cc8da elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cc8da\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71ccab7\" data-id=\"71ccab7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ccc2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ccc2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cccf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cccf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cce89\" data-id=\"71cce89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ccfd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71ccfd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cd08d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cd08d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cd236\" data-id=\"71cd236\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cd388 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cd388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Social Media and Political Mobilisation in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Fasunwon Adebayo Folorunso Phd. &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 224-230<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cd438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cd438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cdfcc\" data-id=\"71cdfcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71ce1f8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71ce1f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The media is one of the key gents of political socialization. However, with the intensification of globalisation, and the embrace of culture of social media, political socialization and mobilisation has taken a new form and expression. The reach of social media transcends the traditional reach and form of the old media, with diverse consequences. Using a combination of strategy and functional theories, this study argues that the social media has become a viable and veritable tool of political mobilisation, sensitization, and socialization. The study discovered that government, activists, citizens, politicians, and political parties are able to interact and mobilize the masses, educating them on their grievances, programmes and policies through social media platforms.  However, given the uncensored information, and technological manipulations of facts disseminated globally, social media has also become an avenue for broadcasting news and ideas that have mobilized people into violent political activities. This study recommends that while the positive aspects of social media, should be embraced, accepted, and enhanced by nations of the world, there is a need to control its usage in dissemination of violent prone texts and images that may lead to social and political disorders.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-230\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fasunwon Adebayo Folorunso Phd. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science and Public Administration, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAghedo (2012  Placards as a language of civil protest in Nigeria: A systemic functional analysis of the fuel subsidy crisis. Being a paper presented at the Ist international<br \/>\r\nConference  and Chinua Achebe Lecture series of Faculty of Arts, university of Nigeria, 23-27 April 2017-2012.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAjayi, A.I, and Adesote, S.A. (2015). The New social media and consolidation for Democracy in Nigeria: Uses, Potential and Challenges. Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa. 48.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAkinnaso 2018 social media and the 2019 elections, Punch Newspaper, November 13, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAyeni Toba Paul (2019) The role of Social media in Voter sensitization in Nigeria. American Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology. 7(1). 33 . http:\/\/www,imdepub.com\/.(accessed on June 22, 2019)<br \/>\r\n[5].\tCPA 2012. The role of Social Media in modern day politics- Commonwealth Parliamentary Association www.cpahq.org.cpadocs. final plenary. (Accessed July 15, 2016)<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDumitrica, D. (2016) imagining engagement youth, social media, and electoral processes. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into Mew Media Technologies, 22(1). 35-53.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEccles, H.E (1965). Military concepts and philosophy, New Jersey: Rutgers.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tFederal Republic of Nigeria, 1999 Constitution<br \/>\r\n[9].\tFikayo Olowolagba (2019). End SARS: Nigerians react as Buhari speaks on death of Kolade Johnson, www.dailypost.ng\/2019\/04\/02.  Accessed on May 21, 2019<br \/>\r\n[10].\tFriedman L.T. (2007) The World is Flat 3.0: A brief history of the Twenty first Century. Picador.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHaralambos, M., Holborn, M. and Heald, R (2004). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives (6th edition). London: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tJohn Ume (2017) in (https:\/\/punchng.com\/endsars-0well-investigate-excesses -of-sars-reps\/) accessed on June 15, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tJohnbosco Agbakwuru 2019. https:\/\/www.vanguardngr.com.2019\/06\/breaking -buhari-okays-establishment-of-state-lg-police. (accessed June 30. 2019).<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMadueke O. Nwosu, Ogbonaya C., and Anumadu A 2017. The role of social Media in Enhancing Political Participation in Nigeria. IDOSR Journal of Arts management. Vol 2. 44-45.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNnanyelugo and Nwafor 2013. Social media and political participation in Nigeria during the 2011 General Elections: The lapses and the Lessons. Global Journal of arts , Humanities, and social Sciences 36.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOlabamiji O.M. 2014. Use and misuse of the New Media for political Communication in Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic. Developing Country Studies. 44.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tOmojuwa 2015. Social Media and Nigeria\u2019s 2015 elections: Beyond APC vs. PDP. Naij.com https:\/\/politicis .naij.com\/388515-social-media-2015-elections-omojuwa-for-naij.com.html. (accessed June 18, 2017)<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOrimisan 2012 Jan 31. Fuel Subsidy Protest and the Power to the Social Media. NBF retrieved from www.nigeriabestforum.com.(retrieved on April 12, 2018)<br \/>\r\n[19].\tRainie L, Smith A, Schlozman KL, et al. (2012) Social media, and political engagement. Pew<br \/>\r\n[20].\tInternet &#038; American Life Project. Available at: http:\/\/pewinternet.org\/~\/media\/\/Files\/\/2012\/PIP_SocialMediaAndPoliticalEngagement_PDF.pdf. (accessed on April 25, 2018)<br \/>\r\n[21].\tSahara reporter 2019. #EndSARS Movement Asks Nigerian Govt. to scrap Anti-Robbery, Anti-Cultism, Anti-Kidnapping Squads. (https:\/\/www.pulse.ng\/news\/local\/endsars-what-exactly-is the-status of SARS\/fsret-4e.(accessed June 25, 2019)<br \/>\r\n[22].\tShamsu D.A, Murtala M.A, Aliyu M and Bello I.H (2018) Social Media and Political Participation: Is Facebook Democratizing our youth in Nigeria? International operational Research in Management, Social Sciences, and Education Vol. 4(1) 108-127.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tSheedy S.C. 2011. Social media for Social Change: A case study of Social media use in 2011 Egyptian Revolution. Available at https:www.academia.edu. accessed on April 15, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tSmith A and Duggan M (2012) The state of the 2012 election \u2013 mobile politics. Pew Internet &#038; American Life Project. Available at: http:\/\/pewinternet.org\/Reports\/2012\/Election-2012 (accessed on April 13, 2018)-<br \/>\r\n[25].\tCPA 2012. The role of Social Media in modern day politics- Commonwealth Parliamentary Association www.cpahq.org.cpadocs. final plenary. (accessed on April 13, 2019)<br \/>\r\n[26].\tSolomon (2014), The evolution of Social Protest in Nigeria: The role of Social media in the \u2018#OccupyNigeria\u201d Protest. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. Vol 3(9). September. 33-39.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tStarr, Lisa; Davilla, Joanne Dr. (2009). Excessive Discussion Of Problems Between Adolescent Friends May Lead To Depression And Anxiety. Stony Brook University .<br \/>\r\n[28].\tTheocharis and Quintelier 2014, Stimulating citizenship or expanding entertainment? The effect of Facebook on adolescent participation. New Media and Society. 1-20<br \/>\r\n[29].\tTimileyin Akindahunsi 2019, social media, the new \u2018comforter\u2019 for Nigerians with heavy hearts. Punch News, www.punch .com. (accessed on June 12, 2019)<br \/>\r\n[30].\tUwalaka, Temple, Rickard, Scott, Watkins, Jerry 2012 Mobile Social Networking applications and the 2012 Occupy Nigeria protest, Journal of African Media Studies, Vol. 10, 1(1). 3-19.<br \/>\r\n[31].\tWael Ghonim (2011) (Wael Ghonim quoted in Aflbrecht Hofheinz, \u201cNextopia? Beyond Revolution 2.0. \u201cInternational Journal of Communication. 5. 14-17.<br \/>\r\n[32].\tWeimann, Gabriel; The Psychology of Mass-Mediated Terrorism; American Behavioral Scientist.Sep2008, Vol. 52 Issue 1, p69-86. 18p http:\/\/eds.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.scu.edu\/ehost\/detail\/.(accessed on 6th April. 2010)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Fasunwon Adebayo Folorunso Phd. &#8220;Social Media and Political Mobilisation in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.224-230 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/224-230.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/224-230.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/social-media-and-political-mobilisation-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Social Media and Political Mobilisation in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cf384 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71cf384\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cf480 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cf480\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cf614\" data-id=\"71cf614\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cf744 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cf744\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cf824 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cf824\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cfa13\" data-id=\"71cfa13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cfb70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cfb70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cfc3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cfc3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71cfdf1\" data-id=\"71cfdf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cff15 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71cff15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Resonating the Unheard Voice through Ammu in Arundhati Roy\u2019s <i>The God of Small Things:<\/i> A Postcolonial Feminist Study<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tasnia Talukder, Md. Aminul Haque &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 231-233<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71cffc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71cffc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d0132\" data-id=\"71d0132\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d025f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71d025f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper focuses on the mechanism of patriarchy -the cultural mindset of society as a barrier to female and social identity formation in society in Arundhati Roy\u2019s The God of Small Things through Ammu. The author from postcolonial contexts portrays female character Ammu who struggles with the normative gender identity and eventually eliminates the traditions and conventions of Victorian stereotype \u2018angel\u2019 woman to provide voices to the silenced women in her contemporary society.  Roy\u2019s protagonist Ammu suffers through the strictly rigid patriarchal norms for female power and social identity formation. Based on the postcolonial feminist perspective, this study analyzes how Ammu breaks the double \u2013bind of patriarchy and colonial legacy by voicing up her desires against all the odds of a male-dominated society and try to form her own identity  according to her preferences. Nevertheless, Ammu finally tries to confront the existing social inequalities to bring about a social change despite the post-colonial power structure of the society merely by her involvement in different issues. It further exposes the universal parameters of highly conventional society which Ammu faces as a subaltern and compels her to resonate with her unheard voice.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 231-233\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tasnia Talukder<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of English, Uttara University, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Aminul Haque<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of English, Uttara University, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbrams, M. H. (1988). A Glossary of Literary Terms. 1957. Fort Worth: Holt.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFoucault, M. (1980). Power\/knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGramsci, A., Hoare, Q., &#038; Nowell-Smith, G. (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHawthorn, J. (2000). Intertextualiiy. A Glossary of Contemporary Literary Theory, London: Arnold, 183.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tRoy, A. (2017). The God of Small Things. London: Fourth Estate.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tSpivak, G. C. (1998). Can the subaltern speak? Colbert B.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tNelson, C., &#038; Grossberg, L. (Eds.). (1988). Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. University of Illinois Press.<br \/>\r\n[8].\t(n.d.). Retrieved from https:\/\/usa.usembassy.de\/etexts\/\/democrac\/62.htm<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tasnia Talukder, Md. Aminul Haque &#8220;Resonating the Unheard Voice through Ammu in Arundhati Roy\u2019s <i>The God of Small Things:<\/i> A Postcolonial Feminist Study&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.231-233 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/231-233.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/231-233.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/resonating-the-unheard-voice-through-ammu-in-arundhati-roys-the-god-of-small-things-a-postcolonial-feminist-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Resonating the Unheard Voice through Ammu in Arundhati Roy\u2019s <i>The God of Small Things:<\/i> A Postcolonial Feminist Study<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d3f57 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71d3f57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d405c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d405c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d4201\" data-id=\"71d4201\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d4345 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d4345\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d4532 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d4532\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d488a\" data-id=\"71d488a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d49d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d49d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d4a8d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d4a8d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d516b\" data-id=\"71d516b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d52f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d52f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d53b5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d53b5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d553c\" data-id=\"71d553c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d5832 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d5832\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Improvement of Text Writing Results on Imaginary Stories about Environmental Damage with Think Talk Write Method<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Endah Wihartati, Sumarwati, Budhi Setiawan &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 234-240<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d58f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d58f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d88d7\" data-id=\"71d88d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d8abc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71d8abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The goal of learning Indonesian, especially on text writing competence, has not been achieved yet. The result of the competency test on writing an imaginary text was below score 70 of the Minimum Criteria for Completion. Therefore, action is needed to improve it. The purpose of this study was to improve the ability of imagination stories text writing about environmental damage with the Think Talk Write method. The subjects of this study were students and teachers of the Indonesian language Warga Middle School of Surakarta. This study used data collection techniques in the form of documents and tests. Data validity was conducted by data sources triangulation and method triangulation. The data analysis technique was through fixed comparative analysis and critical analysis. The results showed that the Think Talk Write method could improve the competence of writing imagination stories text about environmental damage. The step of effective learning is to form groups; explain spelling, punctuation, and linguistic characteristics; watch videos of environmental damage; record problems and think of solutions; convey the core of the story orally; determine the character of the story; create a text outline; writing text; and editing (content and language).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 234-240\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Endah Wihartati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sumarwati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Budhi Setiawan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndonesian Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tA. M. Suhara, Model Belajar Kreatif Berbasis Sains dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa. 2016.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAndayani, Problema dan Aksioma dalam Metodologi Pembelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Depublish, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tEggen P &#038; Kauchak D, Strategie and Models for Teaching Content and Thingking Skill, Sixth Edition. Boston: Pearson, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tK. Nabors, Active Learning Strategies in Classroom Teaching: Practices of Associate Degree Nurse Educators in A Southern State. Alabama: University of Alabama, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tS. S. Alwasilah, A. Chaedar &#038; Alwasilah, Pokoknya Menulis. Bandung: Kiblat Buku Utama, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tN. Naim, The Power of Writing: Mengasah Keterampilan Menulis untuk Kemajuan Hidup. Yogyakarta: Lentera Kreasindo, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tJ. A. Carroll, Acts of Teaching How to Teach Writing. Englewood: Teacher Ideas Press, 1993.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tH. D. Brown, Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approch to Language Pedagogy. San Fransisco: Pearson Longm, 2000.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tD. D. Tjahjadi, Cara-cara Terbaik untuk Mengajar Writing. Jakarta: Indeks, 2013.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tR. P. Suminar and G. Putri, \u201cThe Effectiveness of TTW (Think-Talk-Write) Strategy in Teaching Writing Descriptive Text,\u201d Acad. J. Perspect.  Educ. Lang. Lit., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 299\u2013304, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tL. Rahmah, \u201cImproving students\u2019 score in writing descriptive text through think talk write strategy,\u201d Int. J. English Educ., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 14.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tA. Shoimin, 68 Model Pembelajaran Inovatif dalam Kurikulum 2013. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tD. Gofisnovega, \u201cDescriptive Text To the Seventh Graders of Smpn 7 Surabaya the Implementation of Think-Talk-Write Strategy To Teach Writing,\u201d vol. 1, pp. 1\u20136, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tS. Supandi, S. B. Waluya, R. Rochmad, H. Suyitno, and K. Dewi, \u201cThink-talk-write model for improving students\u2019 abilities in mathematical representation,\u201d Int. J. Instr., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 77\u201390, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tM. Huda, Model-model Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Isu-isu Metodis dan Paradigmatis. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tTim Direktorat Pembinaan SMP, Panduan Penilaian oleh Pendidik dan Satuan Pendidikan Sekolah Menengah Pertama. Jakarta: Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Pertama, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tM. Ananda, R. &#038; Fadhli, Statistik Pendidikan (Teori Dan Praktik Dalam Pendidikan). Medan: CV. Widya Puspita, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tS. Suwandi, Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK) &#038; Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka, 2011.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tL. Rahmah, \u201cImproving students\u2019 score in writing descriptive text through think talk write strategy,\u201d Int. J. English Educ., vol. 6, no. 4, p. 14, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tH. Ambarsari and H. Syarif, \u201cthe Effect of Think Talk Write (Ttw) Str Ategy and Students\u2019 Reading Habit Toward Students\u2019 Writ Ing Ab Ilit Y,\u201d Proc. Sixth Int. Conf. English Lang. Teach., pp. 118\u2013125, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tN. Hidayah, \u201cPendekatan Pembelajaran Bahasa Whole Language,\u201d J. Pendidik. Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 2355\u20131925, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tSumarwati, \u201cPeningkatan Kualitas Pembelajaran Menulis melalui Penerapan Pendekatan Proses di Kelas V Sekolah Dasar,\u201d Logat, Vol. 6, No 2, Novemb. 2019, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 151\u2013167, 2019.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Endah Wihartati, Sumarwati, Budhi Setiawan &#8220;The Improvement of Text Writing Results on Imaginary Stories about Environmental Damage with Think Talk Write Method&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.234-240 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/234-240.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/234-240.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-improvement-of-text-writing-results-on-imaginary-stories-about-environmental-damage-with-think-talk-write-method\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Improvement of Text Writing Results on Imaginary Stories about Environmental Damage with Think Talk Write Method<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d9ae4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71d9ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d9bde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d9bde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71d9d85\" data-id=\"71d9d85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71d9ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71d9ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71d9f62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71d9f62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71da0ca\" data-id=\"71da0ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71da1ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71da1ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71da28a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71da28a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71da401\" data-id=\"71da401\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71da520 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71da520\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Value stream and Waste Analysis in the Tempe Production System in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Soffia Pudji Estiasih, Lulus Margiati, Tri Titut Rahayu Ningsih, Rahaju Saraswati &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 241-247<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71da5c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71da5c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71da735\" data-id=\"71da735\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71da88e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71da88e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">As Indonesia&#8217;s favorite food, Tempe-making centers can be found in almost every region. No exception in Surabaya, East Java. One of the biggest tempe centers in the City of Heroes is in the Tenggilis District. Tenggilis Kauman, an area in the east of Surabaya, has been a long time until now many of its citizens produce tempeh so that the area is known as a village of tempe. It is estimated that there are approximately 20 MSMEs (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) that produce tempe. The problem often faced by tempe entrepreneurs in Trenggilis Kauman is an inefficient production system, there is still a lot of waste and non value added activity that occurs in the tempe value chain flow. Waste waiting, defective products, excess production and inventory still occur frequently. Because of this condition, researchers conducted lean manufacturing studies and tempe business models to revitalize the small-scale Tempe Industry in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya. The purpose of this study is to identify wasteworkshop and minimize activities that have no added value to the tempe production system in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya.<br \/>\r\nThe method used in this research is Waste workshop identification, Value Stream Analysis Tool  (VALSAT) and Canvas Business Model. Waste workshopquestionnaire is used to identify the type of waste that often occurs in the process of production of tempe in the village of Tempe Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya. Value Stream analysis Toll is used to determine the mapping tool that will be used to map activities, lead time, demand, production quantities, defective products in the tempe production system. While the CANVAS business model is used to restructure the tempe business process in Trenggilis KaumanSurabaya.<br \/>\r\nBased on the workshop waste questionnaire, it is known that the most frequent waste in the tempe production system in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya is the type of waste waiting and excessive transportation activities.Based on the process activity mapping in the tempe production process above it is known that the value-added activity is 62.5 %, while the non-value added activity for the tempe production process in Trenggilis Surabaya is 37.5 %.For the tempe business model in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya, it is necessary to continuously innovate to adjust to the conditions of the Tempe business competition level both in Indonesia and in the World<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 241-247\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Soffia Pudji Estiasih<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate Program  University of WR Supratman Surabaya, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lulus Margiati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate Program  University of WR Supratman Surabaya, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tri Titut Rahayu Ningsih<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate Program  University of WR Supratman Surabaya, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rahaju Saraswati<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nIndustrial Engineering University of WR Supratman Surabaya, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsem-Bansah, C. K., Sakyi-Dawson, O., Ackah-Nyamike, E. E., Colecraft, E. K., &#038;Marquis, G. S. (2012). Enhancing backyard poultry enterprise performance in the tech man area: A value chain analysis. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 12(1), 5759-5775. [Online] Available: http:\/\/www.ajol.info\/index.php\/ajfand\/article\/view\/74830\/65428<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdriana. 2014. Innovation Business Canvas Model Pada Produk Dholpine Yang Ramah Lingkungan. Jurusan Teknik Industri. Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBask, A. H., Tinnila, M., &#038; Rajahonka, M. (2010). Matching service strategies, business models and modular business processes. Business Process Management Journal, Vol. 16 Iss 1 pp. 153 &#8211; 180 Retrieved March 5, 2015, from www.bus.iastate.edu\/NILAKANT\/MIS538\/&#8230;\/Bask%20et% 20al2010<br \/>\r\n[4]\tO&#8217;Brien, J. A., &#038; Maracas, G. M. (2011). Management Information Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill\/Irwin.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDagmar Recklies. (2001). Reckless Management Project GmbH. Germany: Dagmar Reckless.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDavid, F. (2011). Strategic Management: Concept and Cases (13th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDijk, M. v., &#038; Trienekens, J. (2011). Global Value Chain: Linking Local Producers from Developing Countries to International Markets. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press<br \/>\r\n[8]\tHermawan, Aj dan Rachel Jessica Pravitasari. 2013. Business Model Canvas (Kanvas Model Bisnis). (Retrieved from accelerate.id\/media\/Materi_13_- _Business_Model_Canvas.pdf\/ 15-02-2015)<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLiebowitz, J. &#038; Beckman, T. 2008. Moving Toward A Knowledge Management Maturity Model (K3M) for Developing Knowledge Management Strategy and Implementation Plans. In: BECERRAFERNANDEZ, I. &#038; LEIDNER, D. (eds.) Knowledge management: an evolutionary view. M.E. Sharpe<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNur Hasan, Erma Suryani&#038;RullyHendrawan, (2015).  Analysis of Soybean Production And Demand to Develop Strategic Policy of Food Self Sufficiency: A System Dynamics Framework Procedia Computer Science 72 ( 2015 ) 605 \u2013 612<br \/>\r\n[11]\tReyes, H. G., &#038; Giachetti, R. (2010). Using experts to develop a supply chain maturity model in Mexico. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 415-424<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOsterwalder, A. &#038; Pigneur, Y. (2010). Business Model Generation. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama<br \/>\r\n[13]\tOsterwalder, A., dan Pigneur, Y. 2012. Business Model Generation: Membangun Model Bisnis. Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tPearce, J., &#038; Robinson, R. (2011). Strategic Management: Formulation, Implementation, and Control (12th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tPorter, M. (1985). Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tPorter, M. (2008). Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors. New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tRota. A. International Fund for Agricultural Development (2009): Livestock Thematic Papers, Value chains, linking producers to the markets<br \/>\r\n[18]\tUnited Nation Environmental Program (2009): Poverty alleviation in Swaziland<br \/>\r\n[19]\tWalters, D., &#038; Lancaster, G. (2000). Implementing Value Strategy Through The Value Chain. Emerald.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Soffia Pudji Estiasih, Lulus Margiati, Tri Titut Rahayu Ningsih, Rahaju Saraswati &#8220;Value stream and Waste Analysis in the Tempe Production System in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.241-247 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/241-247.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/241-247.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/value-stream-and-waste-analysis-in-the-tempe-production-system-in-trenggilis-kauman-surabaya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Value stream and Waste Analysis in the Tempe Production System in Trenggilis Kauman Surabaya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e1aed elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71e1aed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e1bf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e1bf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e1d94\" data-id=\"71e1d94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e1ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e1ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e1f6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e1f6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e20c9\" data-id=\"71e20c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e21e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e21e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e2281 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e2281\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e23ec\" data-id=\"71e23ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e250a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e250a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Corporate Eco-efficiency and Financial Performance: Evidence from Guinness Nigeria Plc<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Agu, Stephen Ikechukwu; Dr. Okegbe, Theophilius Okonkwo &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 248-255<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e25ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e25ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e271d\" data-id=\"71e271d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e284e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71e284e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the interplay between corporate eco-efficiency and financial performance of Guinness Nigeria Plc. An ex \u2013post facto research design approach was adopted for the study. Using a series data for the period of seven (7) years 2011 to 2017, Guinness Nigeria Plc was studied based on the firms\u2019 position as one largest brewing companies and one of the key players in the industry. Secondary data were obtained from the annual \/sustainability reports of the company from 2011 to 2017 financial year. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested in the course of this study. Regression analysis by aid of SPSS v.21 was used to test for statistical significance and relationship between corporate eco-efficiency and financial performance. The results showed that there is significant positive relationship between energy efficiency and financial performance of Guinness Nigeria Plc.This study further revealed that there is a statistical significant and positive relationship between water utilization efficiency (WUE) and financial performance of Guinness Nigeria Plc.Finally, the result also established that there is a statistical positive and significant relationship between the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission management and financial performance of Guinness Nigeria Plc.Based on the findings, this study recommends among others; that the management of Brewers should improve energy efficiency by the use of gas-powered generators, economizers on its boilers and compressors. Brewers should consider the installation of water guns to reduce water flow rate, installation of flow meters for effective data capturing, monitoring &#038; controls. The management of CO<sub>2<\/sub> emission in Brewery firms should accommodate among others; using less fossil fuel for energy and steam generation as well as increased application of solar-powered street lighting.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 248-255\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agu, Stephen Ikechukwu; Dr. Okegbe, Theophilius Okonkwo<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgu, S.I, Udeh, F.N.P,Nwafor, G.C,and  Okolo, M.N(2019). Empirical study on the effect of  corporate eco-efficiency on the profitability of Nigerian breweries Plc, European Journal of Business and Management, 11(20):1-9.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAntonio, A., Pilar, P., Felipe, M.R &#038; Libertad, R.(2014). Eco-Efficiency: Environmental Performance vs Economic Performance, Management Studies,2(4):239-253.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBasuki1, B.(2015). Eco-Efficiency and Sustainable Development as Efforts to Produce Environmentally Friendly Product: An Exploratory Case Study, Issues in Social and Environmental Accounting, 9(3)199-218.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDobbs, S., and Van Staden, C. (2011). Motivations for corporate social and environmental  reporting: New Zealand Evidence. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.utas.edu.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0011\/188426\/Dobbs_VanStaden.pdf<br \/>\r\n[5]\tEquity Research (2014).Brewing Sector Report, Meristem. Retrieved from https:\/\/secure.arm.com.ng\/research\/EquityReports\/Brewery%20Sector%20%20update%209M%202014%20-%20The%20forgotten%20stone%20now%20the%20stumbling%20block.pdf<br \/>\r\n[6]\tEquity Research (2018).Brewing Sector Report, Meristem.Retrieved from https:\/\/secure.arm.com.ng\/research\/EquityReports\/Brewery%20Sector%20%20update%209M%202018%20-%20The%20forgotten%20stone%20now%20the%20stumbling%20block.pdf<br \/>\r\n[7]\tFaisal, M, Singh, P.P &#038; Irchhaiya, R (2012).Review on Albizia Lebbeck: a potent Herbal Drug, International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 3(5):63-68<br \/>\r\n[8]\tGalitsky,C., Worrell,E, Martin,N(2014). Energy Efficiency Opportunities in the Brewery Industry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,USA.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGuo, M., and Zhao, X. (2011). What is the impact of industrial environmental events on the quality of environmental disclosure in corporate annual reports? A longitudinal study (Master\u2019s thesis). Umea University, Sweden. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:429076\/FULLTEXT02<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMilad Abdelnabi, S.N., Hasnan, N., &#038; Hasni, O. (2011). Can the Eco- efficiency represent Corporate Environmental Performance?, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,1(14):182-187.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tSethi, S. P (1975). Dimensions of Corporate Social Performance: An Analytical Framework,California management review,17(3):58-64<br \/>\r\n[12]\tSwaen, V. (2002). Corporate social responsibility: Do managers and Consumers have the same conception of \u201cdoing good\u2019? In: 10th International Conference of the Greening of Industry Network, Goteborg, Sweden, 23-26 June 2002, pp: 1-13. Retrieved from https:\/\/gin.confex.com\/gin\/archives\/2002\/papers\/010140Swaen.pdf<br \/>\r\n[13]\tWBCSD, (2000b).Eco-efficiency: Creating More Value with Less Impact, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tWorrell, E., Galitsky,G. &#038; Martin,N. (2014).Energy efficiency opportunities in the brewery industry, scholarship, University of Califonia. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (forthcoming).retrieved at http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/2mx450cp<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Agu, Stephen Ikechukwu; Dr. Okegbe, Theophilius Okonkwo &#8220;Corporate Eco-efficiency and Financial Performance: Evidence from Guinness Nigeria Plc&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.248-255 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/248-255.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/248-255.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/corporate-eco-efficiency-and-financial-performance-evidence-from-guinness-nigeria-plc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corporate Eco-efficiency and Financial Performance: Evidence from Guinness Nigeria Plc<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e36db elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71e36db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e37bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e37bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e3950\" data-id=\"71e3950\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e3a7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e3a7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e3b1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e3b1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e735f\" data-id=\"71e735f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e7506 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e7506\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e75cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e75cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e7755\" data-id=\"71e7755\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e7873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e7873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e7924 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e7924\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e7ab4\" data-id=\"71e7ab4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e7bd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e7bd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Study on Bank Efficiency in Bangladesh: A Panel Data Analysis<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Md. Nezum Uddin &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 256-261<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e7c7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e7c7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e7df2\" data-id=\"71e7df2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e7f25 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71e7f25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research aims to assess the efficiency of commercial banks in Bangladesh using a Z score methodology where Z score (efficiency ratio) is the dependent variable constructed by the proportion of total operating expenses and net operating income of banks. Z score is regressed on some other indices. Panel data estimation technique is used from 2015 to 2017. Two models are constructed in this regard while 6(six) explanatory variables comprise in model-1 and in model-2 an additional independent variable along with previous six variables is added. According to the fashion of panel data estimation, two effect models(fixed effect and random effect) are also estimated. For both models, the random effect is found to be suitable. According to the random effect, three variables have found to be a negative effect, and three variables have observed the positive impact on the Z score in model-1. By the same token in model-2 three indices have a negative, and four indices have a positive effect on the Z score. Remarkably GDP growth rate has found a profoundly positive impact of efficiency ratio in both models.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 256-261\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md. Nezum Uddin<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssistant Professor, Department of Economics &#038; Banking, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbduh, M., Hasan, S., &#038; Pananjung, A. (2013). Efficiency and performance of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh. Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance, 30(2), 94-106.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAltman, E. I. (1968). Financial ratios, discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy. The journal of finance, 23(4), 589-609.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAltman, E. I., Danovi, A., &#038; Falini, A. (2013). Z-Score Models&#8217; application to Italian companies subject to extraordinary administration. Journal of Applied Finance (Formerly Financial Practice and Education), 23(1).<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAltman, E. I., Hartzell, J., &#038; Peck, M. (1998). Emerging market corporate bonds\u2014A scoring system Emerging market capital flows (pp. 391-400): Springer.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBank, B. (2017-2018). Annual Report (Vol. chapter 5).<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBerger, A. N., &#038; Humphrey, D. B. (1997). Efficiency of financial institutions: International survey and directions for future research. European journal of operational research, 98(2), 175-212.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBerger, A. N., Hunter, W. C., &#038; Timme, S. G. (1993). The efficiency of financial institutions: A review and preview of research past, present and future. Journal of Banking &#038; Finance, 17(2-3), 221-249.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBonin, J. P., Hasan, I., &#038; Wachtel, P. (2005). Privatization matters: Bank efficiency in transition countries. Journal of Banking &#038; Finance, 29(8-9), 2155-2178.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tChieng, J. (2013). Verifying the Validity of Altman\u2019s Z\u201d Score as a Predictor of Bank Failures in the Case of the Eurozone. Dublin, National College of Ireland.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tGrigorian, D. A., &#038; Manole, V. (2002). Determinants of commercial bank performance in transition: An application of data envelopment analysis: The World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIslam, M. A., &#038; Rana, R. H. (2017). Determinants of bank profitability for the selected private commercial banks in Bangladesh: a panel data analysis. Banks and Bank Systems, 12(3), 179-192.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRahim, S. R. M., Hassan, N. M., &#038; Zakaria, R. H. (2012). Islamic Vs. Conventional Bank Stability:\u2018A Case Study Of Malaysia\u2019. Paper presented at the Presented Paper at 7th Malaysian National Economic Conference (PERKEM VII).<br \/>\r\n[13]\t\u0158epkov\u00e1, I. (2014). Efficiency of the Czech banking sector employing the DEA window analysis approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 12, 587-596.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSherman, H. D., &#038; Gold, F. (1985). Bank branch operating efficiency: Evaluation with data envelopment analysis. Journal of Banking &#038; Finance, 9(2), 297-315.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tWozniewska, G. (2008). METHODS OF MEASURING THE EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS: AN EXAMPLE OF POLISH BANKS. Ekonomika\/Economics, 84. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md. Nezum Uddin &#8220;Study on Bank Efficiency in Bangladesh: A Panel Data Analysis&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.256-261 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/256-261.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/256-261.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/study-on-bank-efficiency-in-bangladesh-a-panel-data-analysis\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Study on Bank Efficiency in Bangladesh: A Panel Data Analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e8f1b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71e8f1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e9054 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e9054\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e91fc\" data-id=\"71e91fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e9348 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e9348\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e9402 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e9402\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e9560\" data-id=\"71e9560\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e9681 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e9681\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e9723 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71e9723\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71e9879\" data-id=\"71e9879\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71e9988 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71e9988\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71f2529 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71f2529\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f275e\" data-id=\"71f275e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f28aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71f28aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Prosperity Gospel: Social and Economic Corruption in Disguise<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 262-266<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71f2967 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71f2967\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f2aec\" data-id=\"71f2aec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f2c22 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"71f2c22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Prosperity Gospel has spread very fast from its origin to the rest of the world. However, it has done more harm than good to people involved through depriving the subjects and enriching the preachers. Basing on the fact that psychological motivation and giving sacrificially can lead to blessings, victims have increased day by day. The purpose of this paper is to empirically discuss prosperity gospel as corruption in disguise in the church. In a nutshell, the victims and the governments have failed to bring to a stop this debacle that has propagated both social and economic corruption.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 262-266\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMasinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdoyi, A.  (2012). \u201cWhy New Generation  Churches  must  be  banned  in  Nigeria.\u201d  Retrieved from www.dailypost.com.ng<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkiri M. (2018, January 2). The Prosperity Gospel: Its Concise Theology, Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved at https:\/\/www.gafcon.org\/resources\/the-prosperity-gospel-its-concise-theology-challenges-and-opportunities<br \/>\r\n[3]\tApologetics Index (July, 2016). Hermeneutics: The Eight Rules of Bibilical Interpretation. Retreived from http:\/\/www.apologeticsindex.org.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBowler, K. (2013). Blessed: A History of the American Prosperity Gospel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199827695.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tChaves, M. (2010). \u201cRain dances in the dry season: Overcoming the religious congruence fallacy.\u201d Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 49(1):1-14.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tColeman,  S.(2011).  \u2018Prosperity unbound?  Debating the \u201cSacrificial Economy\u201d\u2019, in  L.  Oba-dia&#038; D. Wood (eds.), The economics of religion: Anthropological approaches, pp. 23\u201345, Bingley, Emerald.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDaniels, D.D. (2015). \u2018Prosperity gospel of entrepreneurship in Africa and Black America: A pragmatist Christian innovation\u2019, in A. Heuser (ed.), Pastures of plenty: Tracing religio-scapes of prosperity gospel in Africa and beyond, pp. 265\u2013277.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFreeman, D. (2012).\u2018The Pentecostal ethic and the spirit of development\u2019, in D. Freeman (ed.), Pentecostalism and development: Churches, NGOs and social change in Africa, pp. 1\u201338, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tHeuser, A. (2016). \u2018ChartingAfrican Prosperity Gospeleconomies\u2019, HTS TeologieseStudies\/Theological Studies72(1), a3823. http:\/\/dx.doi.rg\/10.4102\/hts.v72i1.3823<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKwakye, A. (2015). \u2018Encountering \u201cprosperity\u201d gospel in nineteenth cen-tury Gold Coast: Indigenous perceptions of Western missionary societies\u2019, in Andreas Heuser (ed.), Pastures of plenty: tracing religio-scapes of the prosperity gospel in Africa and beyond, pp. 217\u2013228, Peter Lang, Frankfurt.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLauterbach, K. (2016), \u2018Religious entrepreneurs in Ghana\u2019, in U. R\u00f6schenthaler &#038; D. Schulz (eds.), Cultural entrepreneurship in Africa, pp. 19\u201336, Routledge, New York.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tPew Research Center (July, 2019). A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.pewreasearch.org.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRosane K.T. (2017). \u2018Miracles in the Neo-charismaticmovement: Historical andtheological critique\u2019, Verbumet Ecclesia 38(1), a1736.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4102\/ve.v38i1.1736.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tRobbins, J. (2004). &#8220;The globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity.&#8221; Annual Review of Anthropology 33:117-143.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tRobin, R. G. (2010). Pentecostalism in America. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-35294-2.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tRosin, H. (December 2009). &#8220;Did Christianity Cause the Crash?&#8221;. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 20, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tWalton, J. L. (2009). Watch This! The Ethics and Aesthetics of Black Televangelism. NYU Press.<br \/>\r\n2002).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri &#8220;Prosperity Gospel: Social and Economic Corruption in Disguise&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.262-266 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/262-266.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/262-266.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/prosperity-gospel-social-and-economic-corruption-in-disguise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prosperity Gospel: Social and Economic Corruption in Disguise<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f3c24 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"71f3c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71f3d16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71f3d16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f3ed1\" data-id=\"71f3ed1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71f4016 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"71f4016\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71f40c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71f40c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f4232\" data-id=\"71f4232\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7200107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7200107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72001b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72001b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7200318\" data-id=\"7200318\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7200437 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7200437\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies for Social Engagement: The University of Zambia Student Unrests<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Brian Chanda Chiluba  &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 267-271<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72004e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72004e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720066c\" data-id=\"720066c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72007eb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72007eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Students in higher institutions of learning have several needs to satisfy. At that level of education, they are impatient to end their dependence and strive for autonomy, to take on responsibility in various sectors of the society. This study uses a normative approach, the study of which refers to university unrests contained in different documents including; newspaper reports, published materials and views of students. Therefore, both primary and secondary data techniques were carried out by means of online research, interviews and observations. Data analysis was qualitative. The root causes of student unrest at the University of Zambia were due to accumulation of the unsolved issues. A combination of causes and the recurrence of these cases have contributed to student\u2019s impatience. The analysis model used showed that in managing and resolving students\u2019 unrest, the involvement of university management, government and students body is pertinent. The lack of early warning mechanism to detect problems and take immediate steps as soon as the symptoms of student\u2019s unrest emerged caught the university unaware of what would happen.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 267-271\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Brian Chanda Chiluba <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe University of Zambia, School of Health Sciences<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmstrong, M. (2003). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th ed.) London: Kogan page.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCronk, K. A. (1987). Teacher \u2013 Pupil \u2013 Conflict in Secondary Schools. Basingstoke. PalmerPress.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFisher et al (2000). Working With Conflict. London: Zed Books.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMbwette T.S &#038; Ishumi, A.G (eds.).(1996). Managing University Crises. Dsm. DUP<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMkumbo, K. (2002). Management and Resolution of Violent Intra Students Conflicts<br \/>\r\n[6]\tin Institutions of Higher Learning in Tanzania. Dar-es-Salaam<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMeyer, J.P &#038; Allen N. J. (1991). A Three Part Conceptualization Commitment. Human Resource Management Review 1.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tOnigu, O. &#038; Albert, O.(eds.). (1999). Community Conflict in Nigeria: Management Resolution and Transformation. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tRamsbothan et al. (2011). Contemporary Conflict Resolution.(3rd ed.) Malden. Polity Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tZartman, I. (1989). Ripe for Resolution Conflict and Intervention in Africa.(2nd ed.). Oxford. Oxford University Press  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Brian Chanda Chiluba  &#8220;Strategies for Social Engagement: The University of Zambia Student Unrests&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.267-271 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/267-271.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/267-271.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-for-social-engagement-the-university-of-zambia-student-unrests\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategies for Social Engagement: The University of Zambia Student Unrests<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7209a18 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7209a18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7209b06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7209b06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7209c9b\" data-id=\"7209c9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7209dce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7209dce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7209e75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7209e75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7209fd6\" data-id=\"7209fd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720a0ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720a0ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720a18a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720a18a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720a2e4\" data-id=\"720a2e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720a3ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720a3ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720a49f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720a49f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720a60d\" data-id=\"720a60d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720a722 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720a722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing the Effectiveness of Voluntary Retirement among Civil Servants: The Case of Colleges of Education in Ashanti-Brong Ahafo (ASHBA) Regions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nicholas Aning Boadu, Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 272-275<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720a7d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720a7d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720a968\" data-id=\"720a968\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720aab6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"720aab6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study perused the effectiveness of voluntary retirement amongst civil servants in Colleges of   Education, within Ashanti and Brong Ahafo Regions(ASHBA). Quantitative and qualitative research approaches in the form of closed and open ended research questions were used in conducting the study.<br \/>\r\nThe research population was 200, out of which 156 respondents were purposively selected as the sample size from thirteen (13) Colleges of Education, nine (9) in Ashanti and four(4) in BrongAhafo regions respectively.<br \/>\r\nThe research unraveled that voluntary retirement is not effective amongst civil servants in Ghana. One hundred and thirty one (131) respondents, representing 84% believed voluntary retirement was not effective amongst civil servants. This is evidenced by the fact that, within the last ten(10) years, no civil servant went on voluntary retirement within the researched organizations. The researchers thus recommended that greater incentives should be put in place to entice people to go on voluntary retirement just like Malaysia that has lower cost of housing and living so that employment avenues could be engineered for the younger generation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 272-275\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicholas Aning Boadu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAg. Principal, Agogo College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAccountant, Agogo College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adam, K. (2011). Government debt and opti\u200amal monetary and fi\u200ascal poli\u200acy. European Economi\u200ac Revi\u200aew. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2010.11.003<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAhmad, I\u200a., &#038; Qayyum, A. (2008). Effect of Government Spendi\u200ang and Macro-Economi\u200ac Uncertai\u200anty on Pri\u200avate I\u200anvestment i\u200an Servi\u200aces Sector\u202f: Evi\u200adence from Paki\u200astan. European Journal of Economi\u200acs, Fi\u200anance and Admi\u200ani\u200astrati\u200ave Sci\u200aences, 11(11), 13.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAkuamoah-Boateng, H. (2013). Self-reported vi\u200asi\u200aon health status among older people i\u200an the Kassena-Nankana Di\u200astri\u200act, Ghana. Glob Health Acti\u200aon, 1(6), 1\u20137.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAntoli\u200an, P. (2010). Pri\u200avate pensi\u200aons and the fi\u200ananci\u200aal cri\u200asi\u200as: How to ensure adequate reti\u200arement i\u200ancome from DC Pensi\u200aon Plans. OECD Journal: Fi\u200ananci\u200aal Market Trends, 2009(2), 153\u2013174.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBandura, A. (1999). Soci\u200aal Cogni\u200ati\u200ave Theory\u202f: An Agenti\u200ac perspecti\u200ave. Asi\u200aan Journal of Soci\u200aal Psychology, 2(1), 21\u201341.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tCalvo, E., Haversti\u200ack, K., &#038; Sass, S. (2009). Gradual Reti\u200arement, Sense of Control, and Reti\u200arees\u2019 Happi\u200aness. Research on Agi\u200ang, 31(1), 112\u2013135. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1177\/0164027508324704<br \/>\r\n[7].\tClark, J. P. (2003). How to peer revi\u200aew a quali\u200atati\u200ave manuscri\u200apt. I\u200an F. Godlee &#038; T. Jefferson (Eds.), Peer Revi\u200aew i\u200an Health Sci\u200aences (pp. 219\u2013235). London: BMJ Books..2010.11.002<br \/>\r\n[8].\tCohen-Mansfi\u200aeld, J. (2016). An exami\u200anati\u200aon of reti\u200arement percepti\u200aons, self-mastery, and well-bei\u200ang. Research on Soci\u200aal Work Practi\u200ace.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tCreswell, J. W. (2009). Research desi\u200agn: Quali\u200atati\u200ave, quanti\u200atati\u200ave, and mi\u200axed methods approaches. Research desi\u200agn quali\u200atati\u200ave quanti\u200atati\u200ave and mi\u200axed methods approaches, 3rd Ed,.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHolcomb, T. F. (2010). Transi\u200ati\u200aoni\u200ang i\u200anto reti\u200arement as a stressful li\u200afe event. I\u200an Handbook of stressful transi\u200ati\u200aons across the li\u200afespan. (pp. 133\u2013146). https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-0748-6_7<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHua, L., &#038; Cheung, K. C. (2008). Worst allocati\u200aons of poli\u200acy li\u200ami\u200ats and deducti\u200ables. I\u200ansurance: Mathemati\u200acs and Economi\u200acs, 43(1), 93\u201398.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tI\u200abrahi\u200am, D., I\u200asa, Z. M., &#038; Ali\u200a, N. (2012). Malaysi\u200aan savi\u200angs behavi\u200aor towards reti\u200arement planni\u200ang. I\u200aACSI\u200aT Press, Si\u200angapore, 28, 102\u2013105.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tJorgensen, S. R., &#038; Henderson, G. H. (1990). Di\u200amensi\u200aons of fami\u200aly li\u200afe. 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The I\u200anfluence of I\u200anterlocked Employment\u2013Fami\u200aly Trajectori\u200aes on Reti\u200arement Ti\u200ami\u200ang. Work, Agi\u200ang and Reti\u200arement, 2(1), wav023. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1093\/workar\/wav023<br \/>\r\n[18].\tNahum-Shani\u200a, I\u200a., &#038; Bamberger, P. A. (2011). Work hours, reti\u200arement, and supporti\u200ave relati\u200aons among older adults. Journal of Organi\u200azati\u200aonal Behavi\u200aor, 32(2), 345\u2013369. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1002\/job.662<br \/>\r\n[19].\tOECD. (2013). Pensi\u200aon markets i\u200an focus. Pensi\u200aon Markets i\u200an Focus, (9), 1\u201328. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/I\u200assue 9<br \/>\r\n[20].\tOksanen, T., Vahtera, J., Westerlund, H., Pentti\u200a, J., Sj\u00f6sten, N., Vi\u200artanen, M., \u2026 Ki\u200avi\u200am\u00e4ki\u200a, M. (2011). I\u200as reti\u200arement benefi\u200aci\u200aal for mental health? anti\u200adepressant use before and after reti\u200arement. 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Towards an i\u200antegrated model of i\u200andi\u200avi\u200adual, psychosoci\u200aal, and organi\u200azati\u200aonal predi\u200actors of reti\u200arement adjustment. Journal of Vocati\u200aonal Behavi\u200aor, 75(1), 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2008.12.010<br \/>\r\n[36].\tYakobobki\u200a, P. (2007). Are you planni\u200ang and savi\u200ang for reti\u200arement? Academy.<br \/>\r\n[37].\tYang, F. (2009). Consumpti\u200aon over the li\u200afe cycle: How di\u200afferent i\u200as housi\u200ang? Revi\u200aew of Economi\u200ac Dynami\u200acs, 12(3), 423\u2013443. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1016\/j.red.2008.06.002<br \/>\r\n[38].\tYang, T. Y., &#038; Devaney, S. A. (2011). I\u200antri\u200ansi\u200ac rewards of work, future ti\u200ame perspecti\u200ave, the Economy i\u200an the future and reti\u200arement planni\u200ang. Journal of Consumer Affai\u200ars, 45(3), 419\u2013444. https:\/\/doi\u200a.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-6606.2011.01211.x<br \/>\r\n[39].\tYuh, Y., Sherman, H., &#038; Montalto, C. P. (1998). Mean and pessi\u200ami\u200asti\u200ac projecti\u200aons of reti\u200arement adequacy. Fi\u200ananci\u200aal Servi\u200aces Revi\u200aew, 7(3), 175\u2013193.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nicholas Aning Boadu, Armstrong Ephraim Awinbugri &#8220;Assessing the Effectiveness of Voluntary Retirement among Civil Servants: The Case of Colleges of Education in Ashanti-Brong Ahafo (ASHBA) Regions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.272-275 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/272-275.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/272-275.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-the-effectiveness-of-voluntary-retirement-among-civil-servants-the-case-of-colleges-of-education-in-ashanti-brong-ahafo-ashba-regions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessing the Effectiveness of Voluntary Retirement among Civil Servants: The Case of Colleges of Education in Ashanti-Brong Ahafo (ASHBA) Regions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720ea1f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"720ea1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720eb19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720eb19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720ecaf\" data-id=\"720ecaf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720ede2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720ede2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720ee89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720ee89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720efe1\" data-id=\"720efe1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720f0fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720f0fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720f199 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720f199\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720f2f0\" data-id=\"720f2f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720f401 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720f401\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720f49f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720f49f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720f60c\" data-id=\"720f60c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720f721 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"720f721\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Investigation of Academic Performance of Grade 9 Learners of Computer Studies: A Case of Chamunda Secondary School of Masaiti District, Zambia<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Beatrice Mwaba-Chiluba, Akakandelwa Akakandelwa, Brian Chanda Chiluba &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 276-282<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-720f7c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"720f7c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-720f92e\" data-id=\"720f92e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-720fac3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"720fac3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Development and teaching of Computer Studies in African secondary schools is vital if the continent is to reduce the knowledge, technological and economic gaps between itself and the rest of the world. But there had been few or no studies conducted to establish the performance of learners in Computer Studies subject so as to determine the worthiness of integrating it in school curriculum. There is a significant gap within the current bodies of research, most research does not focus on performance of learners in Computer Studies. This research aimed to fill this gap by addressing the performance of learners in Computer Studies since it was introduced in Secondary Schools in Zambia. A mixed method was adopted, using a convergent concurrent parallel design. The qualitative methods used interviews, while the quantitative used a descriptive cross sectional study. A 100 Pupils were randomly selected to respond to the questionnaire and 13 staffs that included the Head teacher and teachers teaching computer studies were interviewed, making a total sample of 113. Fewer teachers were found teaching computer studies, while the Examination Council of Zambia archives of Grade 9 results for 2015, 2016 and 2017 showed a decreasing trend in performance. The pass rate in 2015 was 56%. In 2016 the pass rate was 38%. In 2017 the pass rate was 23%. Boys performed better than girls over the years. The study revealed a third of the learners had positive perception, with a dominance of males towards. Students challenges were computer accessibility and those that never had access were (65%). These results suggested that simply increasing the educational input on computers at school may not produce the desired effect; instead, the quality of teaching also matters. Integrating computer use into effective instructional activities plays a more important role in influencing student academic performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 276-282\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beatrice Mwaba-Chiluba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akakandelwa Akakandelwa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Education, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Brian Chanda Chiluba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSchool of Health Sciences, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAdewole, A. P., Akinwale, A. T., &#038; Omokanye, B. M. (2008). A consulting information and communication technologies (IcTs) teacher model for teaching secondary school curriculum. College of Natural Sciences Proceedings, 1, 38-46.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlmekhlafi, A. G., &#038;Almeqdadi, F. A. (2010). Teachers&#8217; perceptions of technology integration in the United Arab Emirates school classrooms. Educational Technology &#038; Society, 13(1), 165\u2013175<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChiluba, B., Nkandu, E.M., Daka, C.N., Chola, M., Chongwe, G., (2017). Cardiovascular Disease Risk from Protease Inhibitors-ART for HIV: Retrospective Cohort of University Teaching Hospital, Zambia.Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research. Vol. 1, No. 4, 2017, pp. 98-103. doi: 10.11648\/j.ccr.20170104.11 (19) (PDF) Cardiovascular Disease Risk from Protease Inhibitors-ART for HIV: Retrospective Cohort of University Teaching Hospital, Zambia. Available from: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/319442935_Cardiovascular_Disease_Risk_from_Protease_InhibitorsART_for_HIV_Retrospective_Cohort_of_University_Teaching_Hospital_Zambia [accessed Apr 21 2019].<br \/>\r\n[4].\tGurevich, I., &#038;Gorev, D. (2012). Examining the impact of an integrative method of using technology on students&#8217; achievement and efficiency of computer usage and on pedagogical procedure in geometry. International Journal for Technology in Mathematics Education, 19(3), 95-104<br \/>\r\n[5].\tMorgan, C.T., 1956. An Introduction to Psychology Newyork:. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc. Grubb, P. (2000). A comparison of concept age gains in kindergarten children in traditional and twenty-first century classrooms. Dissertations\/Theses, pp. 69 Iddings, S.A., Ortman, T.L.,<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHennessy, et al. (2010). Developing use of ICT to enhance teaching and learning in East African schools: a review of the literature. Cambridge, UK and Dar es salaam, TZ: Faculty of Education, University of Cambridge and Aga Khan University Institute for Educational Development &#8211; Eastern Africa.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tTondeur, J., Van Braak, J. &#038;Valcke, M. (2006). Towards a typology of computer use in primary education. Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning, 23, 197\u2013206.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tWarschauer, M., Arada, K., &#038; Zheng, B. (2010). Laptops and inspired writing. Journal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 54(3), 221-223<br \/>\r\n[9].\tZambia Ministry of Education (2013). Revised Curriculum Framework 2013.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tZambian Ministry of Education. (2006). National ICT Policy.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHabeenzu, S. (2010). Zambia ICT Sector Performance Review 2009\/2010, \u201cTowards Evidence- based ICT Policy and Regulation Volume Two, Policy Paper 17, 2010. www.researchictafrica.net\/zambia-ict-sector-performance-review-2009\/2010.html<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMinistry of Communications and Transport. (2006).National Information and Communication Technology Policy, Lusaka: GRZ.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tChuni V, Chiluba BC, Mwango M, Nkandu EM, Shula H. (2018). An Exploration of the Knowledge ofInformal Caregivers on Ageing Related Health Conditions at Matero and Chawama Old People\u2019s Homes, Zambia. International Journal ofNeurologic Physical Therapy. Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-6. doi: 10.11648\/j.ijnpt.20180401.11<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Beatrice Mwaba-Chiluba, Akakandelwa Akakandelwa, Brian Chanda Chiluba &#8220;An Investigation of Academic Performance of Grade 9 Learners of Computer Studies: A Case of Chamunda Secondary School of Masaiti District, Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.276-282 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/276-282.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/276-282.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-investigation-of-academic-performance-of-grade-9-learners-of-computer-studies-a-case-of-chamunda-secondary-school-of-masaiti-district-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Investigation of Academic Performance of Grade 9 Learners of Computer Studies: A Case of Chamunda Secondary School of Masaiti District, Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72109aa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72109aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7210a94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7210a94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7210c1c\" data-id=\"7210c1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72176d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72176d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72177fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72177fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72179b1\" data-id=\"72179b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7217ae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7217ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7217b91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7217b91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7217cf1\" data-id=\"7217cf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7217e08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7217e08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7217ec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7217ec5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7218042\" data-id=\"7218042\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7218151 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7218151\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and Jurisdictional Issues <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Hakeem Olugbolahan Dawodu &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 283-288<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72181f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72181f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7218361\" data-id=\"7218361\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7218498 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7218498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">International Criminal Law seeks to make certain crimes punishable at the international level by bringing such crimes within the purview of international Courts or Tribunals. The international court or tribunal so created therefore assumes jurisdiction for the trial of persons accused in this regard. This jurisdiction is without prejudice to the National Courts\u2019 power to try such cases and or individual accused persons. This exercise of Jurisdiction may pose a problem even where the international court or tribunal has been vested with what is termed as jurisdictional primacy. This paper examines this issue and possible conflicts inherent in this arrangement and proffers possible solutions in resolving its consequential logjam using the ICTR set up in 1994 to try cases arising out of the crisis in that country in 1993 as a case study.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 283-288\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hakeem Olugbolahan Dawodu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of General Studies, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tThe UN Security Council  Resolution 955; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tThe UN Security Council  Resolution 827; Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY).<br \/>\r\n[3].\tThe Rwanda Genocide: 100 days of Slaughter-BBC News. Accessed at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-26875506<br \/>\r\n[4].\tRwanda Profile-Timeline-BBC News. Accessed at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-14093322<br \/>\r\n[5].\tRwanda, How The Genocide Happened. BBC News. Accessed at http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-13431486<br \/>\r\n[6].\tRwandan Genocide: the fight to bring the perpetrators to Justice. http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/apr\/02\/rwanda-genocide-fight-justice<br \/>\r\n[7].\tOffice of The Prosecutor Completion Strategy Report S\/2008\/322 (ICTR)<br \/>\r\n[8].\tThe Rome Statute of The International Criminal Court.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tBernhardt Graefrath, \u201cUniversal Criminal Jurisdiction and an International Criminal Court\u201d. 1 EJIL (1990) 67. www.iejil.org\/pdfs\/1\/1\/1146.pdf<br \/>\r\n[10].\tNeil J. Kritz et al, \u201cThe Rwanda Tribunal and its relationship to National Trials in Rwanda\u201d. The American University International Law Review, Vol 13, Issue 6, 1998, pp. 1469-1493<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOscar Solera, \u201cComplimentary Jurisdiction and International Criminal Justice\u201d. IRRC Vol 84, No 845, March 2002.  pp. 145-171.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tLinda E. Carter, \u201cThe Principle of Complimentarity and the International Criminal Court, The Role of Ne Bis in Idem\u201d, 8 SANTA CLARA J. INT\u2019L. 165 (2010).<br \/>\r\n[13].\tCedric Ryngaert, \u201cThe International Criminal  Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Fraught Relationship?, New Criminal Law Review: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Fall 2009), pp 498-512. University of California Press.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMichael P. Scharf, \u201cStatute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda\u201d. Accessed at http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/ictr\/ictr.html<br \/>\r\n[15].\tWilliam A. Schabas, \u201cGenocide Trials and Gacaca Courts\u201d, Journal of International Criminal Justice, 3 (2005) 1-17. Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tThe Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials; US Department of State, Office of The Historian. Accessed at http:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1945-1952\/nuremberg<br \/>\r\n[17].\tMaximo Langer, \u201cThe Diplomacy of Universal Jurisdiction: The Political Branches and the Transnational Prosecution of International Crimes\u201d, The American Journal of International Law, Vol.105, No. 1 (January 2011), pp 1-49. The American Society of International Law.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tOlympia Bekou and Robert Cryer, \u201cThe International Criminal Court and Universal Jurisdiction: A Close Encounter?\u201d, The  International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan., 2007), pp. 49-68. Cambridge University Press (on behalf of), British Institute of International and Comparative Law.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Hakeem Olugbolahan Dawodu &#8220;The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and Jurisdictional Issues&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.283-288 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/283-288.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/283-288.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-international-criminal-tribunal-for-rwanda-ictr-and-jurisdictional-issues\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) and Jurisdictional Issues<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72192c4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72192c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72193a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72193a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7219528\" data-id=\"7219528\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7219652 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7219652\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72196f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72196f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7219c21\" data-id=\"7219c21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7219f50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7219f50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721a210 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721a210\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721a834\" data-id=\"721a834\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721ac2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721ac2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Restructuring School Education in Rural Nigeria: Issues and Challenges<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Abdulkarim Alhaji Isa, Mohammed Lawan Bashayi, Shettima Alhaji Umar, and Ahmad Babayo &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 289-291<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721ad10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721ad10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721b0f1\" data-id=\"721b0f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721b260 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"721b260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The poor state of the rural schools and their predicament accompanied by unfavourable government education policies towards the rural area was the key factor that attract this research. Nigeria, as one of the largest economy among the African countries, is still a developing nation, this indicates the need for reforms that will bring about technological development. For Nigeria to become a developed nation there is a need for improvement in the quality of education especially in the rural areas where a large chunk of the Nigerian population resides. The schools in rural areas lack the necessary infrastructure, such as teaching aid, conducive atmosphere, qualified teachers and other necessary needs for improving this sector. This made the residence of the rural areas feel neglected and consider education as waste of time. The present study makes a cursory reading of the national policy on education and makes a comparison with what is actually happening in the rural areas by making an interview with the stakeholders and recommends an urgent need of special educational policy to be formulated, the government should modify its policy on education so as to improve education in rural areas. The colonial system of education should be abandon or modify to suit the current need for technological development everywhere.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 289-291\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdulkarim Alhaji Isa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of General Studies, Mai Idriss Alooma Polytechnic, P. M. B. 1020, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed Lawan Bashayi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Social Development, Mai Idriss Alooma Polytechnic, P. M. B. 1020, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shettima Alhaji Umar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Social Development, Mai Idriss Alooma Polytechnic, P. M. B. 1020, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ahmad Babayo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Social Development, Mai Idriss Alooma Polytechnic, P. M. B. 1020, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnyaegbu R, Christman, D.E and Jingpu, C. (2004). The Challenges of Rural Education in Nigeria: Potential Lessons from China.EJournal of Teaching and Learning inDiverse Setting.  I (2)160-174.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDike, V. (2004). The State of Education in Nigeria and the Health of the Nation. www.AfricaEconomicAnalysis.org.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tFabunmi, M. (2003). Social and Political Context of Educational Planning andAdministration, Ibadan: Distance Learning Centre, University of Ibadan, Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHaruna, M. J., &#038; Liman, B. M. (2015). Challenges Facing Educating Nigerian Child in Rural Areas: Implications for National Development. Proceeding of the 3rd Global Summit on Education GSE (E-ISBN 978-967-0792-01-1).<br \/>\r\n[5].\tIbukun, W. O., State, O., Aboluwodi, A., &#038; State, O. (2010). Nigeria\u2019s National Policy on Education and the University Curriculum in History: Implication for Nation Building. Journal of Education and Prcatice, 1(2), 9\u201317.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tFestus, E. O. (1998). Special education reform in Nigeria: prospects and challenges Special education reform in Nigeria: prospects and challenges. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 13(1), 57\u201371. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0885625980130106<br \/>\r\n[7].\tImam, H. (2012). Educational Policy in Nigeria from the Colonial Era to the Post-Independence Period. Italian Journal of Sociology of Education, 1: 181\u2013204.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKayode, E., Innocent, T.,  and Charity, R. (2015). Teacher Education and Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of Reforms, Challenges and Prospects. Education Journal, 4(3), 111\u2013122.  http:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/j.edu.20150403.14<br \/>\r\n[9].\tSerumu, I. (2015). Challenges of Implementing Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Curriculum in Delta State Colleges of Education. Journal of Educational   Research and Review, 4(5): 72\u201380.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abdulkarim Alhaji Isa, Mohammed Lawan Bashayi, Shettima Alhaji Umar, and Ahmad Babayo &#8220;Restructuring School Education in Rural Nigeria: Issues and Challenges &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.289-291 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/289-291.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/289-291.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/restructuring-school-education-in-rural-nigeria-issues-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Restructuring School Education in Rural Nigeria: Issues and Challenges <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721c06b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"721c06b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721c159 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721c159\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721c2e3\" data-id=\"721c2e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721c40b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721c40b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721c4bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721c4bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721c613\" data-id=\"721c613\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721c72a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721c72a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721c7cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721c7cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721c931\" data-id=\"721c931\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721ca3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721ca3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721cae0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721cae0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721cc46\" data-id=\"721cc46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721cd5b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"721cd5b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Mirror Therapy Techniques with Conventional Therapy to Facilitate Hand Functions and Adl`S in Post Stroke Survivor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Sana Nauman, Shankar Lal Ahuja, Nighat Tahir, Drsyed Imran &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 292-298<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-721cdf8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"721cdf8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-721cf5c\" data-id=\"721cf5c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-721d096 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"721d096\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation of the hemiplegic arm after stroke represents a major challenge especially in hand functioning and ADL training.<br \/>\r\nOBJECTIVE: To evaluate impact of Mirror therapy in Stroke patient to improve hand functioning and ADL\u2019s.<br \/>\r\nMETHOD:  Experimental study design, this study was conducted at Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, DOW University of Health Sciences.  We recruited 25 hemiplegic patients through convenience sampling techniques; inclusion criteria for present study was stroke (1 year),age30-60 both male and female, Manual muscle Test Grade at shoulder is 3,modified Ashworth scale is at +2, No severe cognitive impairment (MMSE score >24). and exclude patient with  Sensory impairment in U.E,TBI,modified Ashworth   is at 3 and 4,Visual and Auditory Impairment,Psychological\/Perceptual Disorder.  All patients were assessed by Fugal-Meyer Assessment Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) for Motor function, Functional Independence Measurement (FIM) for Activities of Daily Living (ADL\u2019s) and   Modified Ashworth scale (MAS) scale for muscles spasticity before and after the intervention. They received both conventional occupational therapy and modified mirror therapy program, followed for 12 sessions (40-45 minutes per day thrice a week). Protocol followed in modified Mirror Therapies are active range of motion exercises along with task oriented activities<br \/>\r\nRESULT: Subjects for modified Mirror Therapy group in addition to conventional therapy shows that there is a significant improvement in baseline FMA mean, standard deviation 27.4 \u00b11.13\u00b1 after treatment FMA mean, standard deviation 43.57 \u00b1 9.6 with p value 0.0001.<br \/>\r\nThere is a significant improvement in baseline FIM score from 35.9 mean, standard deviation 8.5 to FIM after treatment score to 48.92mean, 9.9 standard deviation, markedly change in the spasticity of upper limb.(P=0.025)<br \/>\r\nCONCLUSION:<br \/>\r\nModified Mirror Therapy in addition to conventional rehabilitation program was found to provide additional benefits in upper extremity motor recovery bilateral coordination and hand manipulation in stroke patients.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 292-298\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sana Nauman<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shankar Lal Ahuja<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nighat Tahir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Drsyed Imran<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tEffectiveness of mirror therapy on lower extremity motor recovery, balance and mobility in patients with acute stroke: A randomized sham-controlled pilot trial Uthra Mohan, S. Karthikbabu, K. Vijay Kumar, B. V. Suresh,1 Z. K. Misri,1 and Prof M. Chakrapani2Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013 Oct-Dec; 16(4): 634\u2013639. doi:  10.4103\/0972-2327.120496<br \/>\r\n[2]\tA review of bilateral training for upper extremity hemiparesis MARY ELLEN STOYKOV, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, ILDANIEL M. CORCOS, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, ILOCCUPATIONAL THERAPY INTERNATIONAL Occupational. Therapy Int. 16(3\u20134): 190\u2013203 (2009) Published online 10 June 2009 in Wiley Inter Science(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002\/oti.277<br \/>\r\n[3]\tACK3-Wasay Mohammad Wasay, Ismail A. Khatri&#038;SubhashKaul Stroke in South Asian countries 11 February 2014. Nature Reviews Neurology.10, 135\u2013143 (2014) doi:10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.13.Published online 11 February 2014 Available from: http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nrneurol\/journal\/v10\/n3\/full\/nrneurol.2014.13.htmlNOWLEDGEMENT:<br \/>\r\n[4]\tImmediate Effects of Mirror Therapy in Patients with Shoulder Pain and Decreased Range of Motion See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316753096<br \/>\r\n[5]\tRehabilitation of hemiparesis after stroke with a mirror Eric LewinAltschuler, Sidney B Wisdom, Lance Stone, Chris Foster, Douglas Galasko, D Mark E Llewellyn, V S Ramachandran Brain and Perception Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0109, La Jolla, CA 92093-0109 (E L Altschuler e-mail: elaltsch@sdcc3.ucsd.edu); and Department of Neurosciences, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92134, USAResearch letters<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMirror box therapy added to cognitive behavioural therapy in three chronic complex regional pain syndrome type I , Y. I. G. Vladimir; Geertzen, Jan H.B; Keizer, Doeke; van Wilgen, C. Paul Published International Journal of Rehabilitation Research Link to publication in University of Groningen\/UMCG research database<br \/>\r\n[7]\tThieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Dohle C Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.2012;CD008449. March 14, 2012. doi10.1002\/14651858.CD008449.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD008449<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMotor Recovery and Cortical Reorganization After Mirror Therapy in Chronic Stroke Patients Marian E. Michielsen, MSc Ruud W. Selles, PhD Jos N. van der Geest, PhDMartineEckhardt,MScGunesYavuzer, PhD Henk J. Stam, PhD Marion Smits, PhD Gerard M. Ribbers, PhD Johannes B.J. Bussmann, PhD<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Sana Nauman, Shankar Lal Ahuja, Nighat Tahir, Drsyed Imran &#8220;Impact of Mirror Therapy Techniques with Conventional Therapy to Facilitate Hand Functions and Adl`S in Post Stroke Survivor&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.292-298 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/292-298.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/292-298.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-mirror-therapy-techniques-with-conventional-therapy-to-facilitate-hand-functions-and-adls-in-post-stroke-survivor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Mirror Therapy Techniques with Conventional Therapy to Facilitate Hand Functions and Adl`S in Post Stroke Survivor<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7223407 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7223407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72234ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72234ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72236a3\" data-id=\"72236a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72237e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72237e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-722388f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"722388f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72239f6\" data-id=\"72239f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7223b09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7223b09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7223ba9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7223ba9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7223d06\" data-id=\"7223d06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7223e23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7223e23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7223ec5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7223ec5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7224032\" data-id=\"7224032\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7224143 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7224143\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Stakeholders\u2019 Participation on Market Development Projects Implementation in the County Government of Kisumu<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Tilla Simon Osome, Gladys Kimutai &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 299-302<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72241ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72241ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-722435a\" data-id=\"722435a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722449c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"722449c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of stakeholders\u2019 participation on market development projects implementation in the County Government of Kisumu. The study concentrated on descriptive research design with respect to research methodology. The accessible population of 400 officials who were directly linked to the implementation of projects. The researcher purposely selected respondents. The prevailing study adopted semi structured questionnaire as data collection tool. Primary data were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires that were analyzed using statistics of description and regression. The study revealed that implementation of projects was positively and significantly related to stakeholder participation. The study concludes that market management committees embraced monitoring and evaluation in their committee. Implemented projects gave the beneficiaries opportunity in benefiting directly as well as indirectly. Favourable legal framework on market development projects. The government guaranteed its support to market management committees\u2019. The study recommends that market management committees ought to embrace monitoring and evaluation in their committee. Project implementation ought to encourage shared ownership of the project. There ought to be a favourable legal framework on market development projects. The government ought to guarantee its support to market management committees\u2019.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 299-302\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tilla Simon Osome<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gladys Kimutai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbbot, J. (2004). Decentralization and Community Based Planning. PLA Notes Number 49 April 2004<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdesina, C. (2010). Globalization and the Unending Frontier: An Overview, Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective: 3(2), 1-9<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCaroline, G. M. (2017). Implementation Of Project Management Practices In Execution \tOf Electricity Power Projects By Government Agencies; A Case Of Nairobi \tCounty, Kenya. (Doctoral dissertation, MUA)<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCavaye J. M. (2001). Rural Community Development: New Challenges and Enduring Dilemmas. The Journal of Regional Policy Analysis Vol 31 No 2<br \/>\r\n[5].\tHaron, N. A., Devi, P., Hassim, S., Alias, A. H., Tahir, M. M., &#038; Harun, A. N. (2017). Project \tmanagement practice and its effects on project success in Malaysian construction \tindustry. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 291(1), 236 \u2013 \t245<br \/>\r\n[6].\tJofre, L. D. (2011). Successfully Implementing Strategic Decisions. Long Range Planning, 18, \t91-97<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKariungi, S. (2014). Determinants of Timely Completion of Projects in Kenya: A Case of Kenya \tPower and Lighting Company, Thika. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 3(2), 9 \u2013 20<br \/>\r\n[8].\tLackman, M. (2014). Controlling the project development cycle, tools for successful project \tmanagement. Journal of System Management, 2(1), 16-28<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMilosevic, D., &#038; Patanakul, P. (2014). Standardized project management may increase \tdevelopment projects success. International Journal of Project Management, 23, 181-192<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMongare, C. F. (2017). Project Management Practices and Implementation of Information Technology Projects among Selected Commercial Banks in Kenya. Master\u2019s Project, University of Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNicholas, J. M. (2015). Successful project management: a force-field analysis. Journal of \tSystem \tManagement, 2(3), 24-30<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOsoro, K. M., &#038; Owino, O. L. (2017). Effects of Implementation of Project Plans on the \tPerformance of Commercial Banks in Kenya:(A Survey of Commercial Banks in Migori Town). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19(12), 75-94.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPearce J. A. &#038; Robinson, B. R. (2016). Strategic Management: Strategy Formulation and \tImplementation, Richard D. IRWIN, INC. Homewood, Illinois 60430<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPinto, J. K. (2013). Project management: achieving competitive advantage. (2nded.). New \tJersey: Prentice Hall<br \/>\r\n[15].\tRockart, J. F. (2016). The changing role of information system executive: A critical success \tfactors perspective. Sloan Management Review, 24(1), 3-13<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSanvido, V. E. (2015). Critical success factors for construction projects. Journal of Construction \tEngineering and Management, 118(1), 94-111<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Tilla Simon Osome, Gladys Kimutai &#8220;Influence of Stakeholders\u2019 Participation on Market Development Projects Implementation in the County Government of Kisumu&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.299-302 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/299-302.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/299-302.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-stakeholders-participation-on-market-development-projects-implementation-in-the-county-government-of-kisumu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Stakeholders\u2019 Participation on Market Development Projects Implementation in the County Government of Kisumu<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7225ee5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7225ee5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7225fde elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7225fde\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7226177\" data-id=\"7226177\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722629e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"722629e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7226349 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7226349\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7226496\" data-id=\"7226496\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72265ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72265ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-722664b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"722664b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72267a0\" data-id=\"72267a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72268a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72268a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7226949 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7226949\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7226bb5\" data-id=\"7226bb5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7228ba7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7228ba7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Teaching Constraints of Indonesian as a Foreign Language in Thailand<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dian Ratna Putriningtyas D, Irawan Suntoro, Sowiyah &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 303-306<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7228cd2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7228cd2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7228e9b\" data-id=\"7228e9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7228fe4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7228fe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to describe the constraints of teaching Indonesian for Thai students in the Southeast Asian program. Data collection is done by observation and note-taking techniques and sees competent or interview involved. The data that has been obtained is then analyzed. The results of this study are presented informally or use words from the author&#8217;s description. The results of this study have constraints in linguistic and non-linguistic aspects. The results of the analysis show that non-linguistic constraints consist of problems of cultural differences between Indonesia and Thailand, environmental influences that cause disruption, and the negative impact of the Internet use, especially when students use google translation. Meanwhile, linguistic constraints include several aspects of language in Indonesian linguistic forms such as the acquisition of pronunciation, acquisition of grammar, and acquisition of vocabulary related to the first language (Thai) and second language (English).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 303-306\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nareemah Lasa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity Sebelas Maret, Indonesia   <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andayani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity Sebelas Maret, Indonesia  <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atikah Anindyarini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity Sebelas Maret, Indonesia  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tK. Saddhono, \u201cTeaching Indonesian as Foreign Language in Indonesia: Impact of Professional Managerial on Process and Student Outcomes,\u201d Publ. by Atl. Press. Adv. Econ. Bus. Manag. Res., vol. 14, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tKemdikbud, \u201cList of University Organizing of Darmasiswa Scholarship Program Academic Years 2018\/2019,\u201d Http:\/\/Darmasiswa.Kemdikbud.Go.Id\/List-Of-Darmasiswa-University\/ on 10 April 2018 at 17:00 WIB., 2018. .<br \/>\r\n[3].\tS. Widodo, \u201cBahasa Indonesia Menuju Bahasa Internasional,\u201d Http:\/\/Badanbahasa.Kemendikbud.Go.Id\/Lamanbahasa\/Artikel\/1362. Diunduh 25 September 2017., 2010. .<br \/>\r\n[4].\tA. Anwar, \u201cPeranan Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Mahasiswa Thailand,\u201d in Prosiding Senasbasa, 2018, p. Edisi 1, H.40-46.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tT. Dejpawuttikul, \u201cDevelopment and Current Situation of Bahasa Melayu and Indonesian Language Education in Thailand: with Special Reference to Higher Education .(,\u201d File:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/User\/Downloads\/Snssh-2015-1125%20(1).Pdf), 2018. .<br \/>\r\n[6].\tRonidin, \u201cKendala-Kendala Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia Di Korea Selatan,\u201d J. Arbitrer, vol. 2, no. April, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tL. Muliastuti, Bahasa Indonesia Bagi Penutur Asing: Acuan Teori Dan Pendekatan Pengajaran,. Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia, 2017.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tD. Eli, \u201cAnalysis of Indonesian Pronunciation Difficulties Faced by Thai Speakers in Bengkulu University,\u201d Lit. Crit. J., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 69\u201375, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tR. Ellis, Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1985.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tN. Prasetyowati, \u201cSome Constraints in the English Teaching \u2013 Learning Process in Elementary School ( a Case Study in SDN Guworejo 4 Sragen,\u201d Muhammadiyah University Of Surakarta, 2008.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tF. . Siregar, \u201cThe Language Attitudes of Students of English Literature and D3 English at Maranatha Christian University Toward American English, British English, and Englishes in Southeast Asia, and Their Various Contexts of Use in Indonesia,\u201d Philipp. Esl J., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 66\u201396, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tKoentjaraningrat., Introduction to Anthropology. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta, 2005.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tH. Penggabean, Problematic Approach To English Learning And Teaching: A Case in Indonesia English Language Teaching. Canada: Canadian Center Of Science And Education, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tI. A. Suyono Dan Basuki, Dasar-Dasar Pendekatan Komunikatif dan Pemahaman Kurikulum 1994 Matapelajaran Bahasa Indonesia. Malang: FPBS, 1995.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tL. T. R. Refa, \u201cIndonesian Language Learning Planning for Foreigners (Bipa) for Beginners Level,\u201d J. Gramatika Penelit. Pendidik. Bhs. Dan Sastra Indones., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 393\u2013402, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tH. &#038; A. L. Riggenbach, Promoting Oral Communication Skills in M. Celce- Murcia [Ed] Teaching English as Second Language or Foreign Language. Boston: Heinle &#038; Heinle, 2nd Edition, 1991.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tadrian et al. Akmajian, \u201cLinguistics (an Introduction to Language and Communication),\u201d England: The Mit Press, 2001.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dian Ratna Putriningtyas D, Irawan Suntoro, Sowiyah &#8220;The Teaching Constraints of Indonesian as a Foreign Language in Thailand&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.303-306 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/303-306.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/303-306.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-teaching-constraints-of-indonesian-as-a-foreign-language-in-thailand\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Teaching Constraints of Indonesian as a Foreign Language in Thailand<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722d90c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"722d90c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-722da0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"722da0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-722dbbb\" data-id=\"722dbbb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-722dcf3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"722dcf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7238824 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7238824\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7238a33\" data-id=\"7238a33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7238b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7238b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7238c2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7238c2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7238d89\" data-id=\"7238d89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7238eb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7238eb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7238f59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7238f59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72390da\" data-id=\"72390da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72391fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72391fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Integrated Natural Science in Junior High School\/MTs Level in Jambi City<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Delismar, M. Naswir, Evita Anggraini, Afreni Hamidah  &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 307-311<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723929e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723929e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7239410\" data-id=\"7239410\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723952f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"723952f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Integrated IPA has undertaken to SMP\/MTS. Implementation of the integrated IPA will encounter obstacles when not prepared properly. This was not only about teachers&#8217; understanding of the concepts and integrated IPA implementation strategy, but also the availability of tools and support facilities. IPA has the characteristics to be integrated fully and properly understood by all stakeholders. It explicitly integrated science teaching for SMP\/MTS carried out in an integrated manner. This means, the material taught in integrated science includes biology, physics, and chemistry is taught as one unified whole is taught through the scientific process. The research objective of reviewing the application of integrated science teaching for students of SMP\/MTs Jambi. The method used in this research is the study of literature, interview, observation, and distributing questionnaires integrated IPA implementation in 45 science teachers at SMP\/MTs Jambi. The results showed that the implementation of integrated science teaching in SMP\/MTs Jambi has been carried out but without regard to content that should have linked phisicts, chemistry, and biology in the same meeting.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 307-311\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Delismar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate, Science Education Department, University of Jambi, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Naswir<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate, Science Education Department, University of Jambi, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Evita Anggraini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate, Science Education Department, University of Jambi, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Afreni Hamidah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPostgraduate, Science Education Department, University of Jambi, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tFogarty, Robin. 1991. The Mindful School: How to Integrated The Curricula. IRI\/Skylight Publihing. Inc.: The United States of America.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tGooch, L. (2008). Overhaul science teaching: Experts \u2018integrated approach better than plain facts\u2019. South China Morning Post (Hong kong)<br \/>\r\n[3].\tKoestoro, B. (2009).Studikomparasihasilakreditasisekolah- madrasah di Indonesia. Didaktika, 10 (5), 1-13.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMinistry of National Education. (2010). Integrated Character Education in Learning in Middle School. Jakarta: Directorate of PSMP Ministry of National Education.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tOlteanu, R. L.,Dumitrescu,C., Gorghiu, G., &#038;Gorghiu, L. M. (2014).Studying  sciences through  the  integrated  science modules.EuropeanJournalofSustainableDevelopment,3(3):35-42.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tPappas, C. C. (2006). The information book genre: Its role in integrated science literacy research and practice, 41(2).<br \/>\r\n[7].\tScearce, C. 2007. Scientific Literacy.  ProQuest Discovery Guides.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tTrianto. (2010). Model pembelajaran terpadu. Surabaya: Bumi Aksara.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Delismar, M. Naswir, Evita Anggraini, Afreni Hamidah  &#8220;Implementation of Integrated Natural Science in Junior High School\/MTs Level in Jambi City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.307-311 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/307-311.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/307-311.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-integrated-natural-science-in-junior-high-school-mts-level-in-jambi-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementation of Integrated Natural Science in Junior High School\/MTs Level in Jambi City<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723a39d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"723a39d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723a483 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723a483\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723a612\" data-id=\"723a612\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723a73c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723a73c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723a7df elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723a7df\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723a93f\" data-id=\"723a93f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723aa4e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723aa4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723aaf1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723aaf1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723ac3a\" data-id=\"723ac3a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723ad76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723ad76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723ae15 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723ae15\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723af7c\" data-id=\"723af7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723b08b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723b08b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Child Friendly School Management Functions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dian Ratna Putriningtyas D, Irawan Suntoro, Sowiyah &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 312-314<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723d5f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723d5f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723d851\" data-id=\"723d851\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723d9e9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"723d9e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating child-friendly school in Junior High School 4 Metro. The method of this study used qualitative with a phenomenological design. The informants of this study were the headmaster, deputy principal in the curriculum field, deputy headmaster in student affairs, deputy headmaster in the field of Sarpras, school committees, teachers, parents, security guards, and the canteen. The data were collected by using interview techniques, observation techniques; and documentation techniques. The results of this study (1) planning for the implementation of child friendly school management functions does not have a written program but the SRA program continued to run in accordance with applicable SRA policies and curricula (2) a team organization of child-friendly school that specifically oversees all school activity processes that lead to the implementation child-friendly (3) the implementation of child friendly school management functions activities runs with the existence of synergetic directives starting from coordination (4) evaluation of child friendly school management functions to find out supporters of child-friendly school programs and inhibitors of child-friendly school programs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 312-314\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 09 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dian Ratna Putriningtyas D<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMagister of Educational Administration, FKIP Lampung University, Street. Prof. Dr. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irawan Suntoro, Sowiyah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMagister of Educational Administration, FKIP Lampung University, Street. Prof. Dr. Soemantri Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAqib, Zainal (2008). Sekolah ramah Anak. Jakarta: Yrama Widya<br \/>\r\n[2]\tDeputi, A., Hak, P., &#038; Anak, P. (2015). KebijakanPengembangan Sekolah Ramah Anak. (KPPAI, Ed.).Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tHaryanto Alfandi. (2001). Desain Pembelajaran Demokratis dan Humanis (2001st ed.). Yogyakarta: Ar- Ruzz Media.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tKristanto,Ismatul Khasananh &#038; mila Karmila, 2011. Identifikasi Model Sekolah Ramah Anak (SRA) Jenjang Satuan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Se-Kecamatan Semarang Selatan. Jurnal Peneltian PAUDIA Vol 1 (1). Juni. hal 1-12<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMoleong, J. Lexy. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Cet Ke-31. Bandung: PT. Remaja Rosdakarya.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tQosim Nanang Muhammad. (2018). Implementasi Sekolah Ramah Anak Dalam Membentuk Budaya Sekolah di SD N Geger Tegalrejo. Prosiding Konfrensi Nasional Ke-7, 353-357.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tRetno (2019). KPAI temukan 21 kasus kekerasan fisik dilingkungan pendidikan tahun 2019Oktober  31, 2019,from https:\/\/m.liputan6.com\/health\/read\/4099310\/per-oktober-kpai-temukan-21-kasus-kekerasan-fisik-di-lingkungan-pendidikan-tahun-2019<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSugiyono. (2008). Metode Penelitian Pendidikan Kuantitatif, Pendekatan Kualitatif dan R &#038; D. Bandung:Alfabet<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dian Ratna Putriningtyas D, Irawan Suntoro, Sowiyah &#8220;Implementation of Child Friendly School Management Functions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.312-314 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/312-314.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/312-314.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-child-friendly-school-management-functions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementation of Child Friendly School Management Functions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723e898 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"723e898\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723e9a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723e9a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723eb39\" data-id=\"723eb39\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723ec6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723ec6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723ed1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723ed1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723ee7f\" data-id=\"723ee7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723ef9d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723ef9d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723f03c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723f03c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723f1a8\" data-id=\"723f1a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723f2b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723f2b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723f35a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723f35a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723f4e9\" data-id=\"723f4e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723f618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"723f618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Predicting Strategic Planning on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions in North Central, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ubi, Ije Ubana, Okongo, John Nsor &#038; Arikpo, Nneoyi Nnana &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 315-321<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-723f6b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"723f6b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-723f832\" data-id=\"723f832\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-723f97c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"723f97c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study focused on Predicting Strategic Planning on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions in North Central.  Two research questions and hypotheses were adopted for the study and the adopted the descriptive survey design. Data were collected from a sample of 372 academic head of departments (HODs) from six tertiary institutions in North Central, Nigeria using a structured researchers\u2019 developed instrument titled \u201cStrategic Planning and Job Effectiveness Questionnaires (SPJEQ). Data collected were analyzed using simple regression analysis. The findings revealed that mission statement and core values can highly predict job performance in the study area. Also most institutions do not see the need for adequately accepting and working toward the attainment of the mission, vision statement and core values of the organization which in-turn promotes excellence in job performance by academic heads. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that factors related to strategic planning should be well articulated to management and staff of the tertiary institution. Also, the vision, mission statement and core value of the organization should be clearly spelt out in the organization.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 315-321\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ubi, Ije Ubana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Calabar, CRS, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okongo, John Nsor <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Calabar, CRS, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arikpo, Nneoyi Nnana<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Management, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Calabar, CRS, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAndrew, W. T. (2010). An empirical investigation of aspects of strategy formulation and implementation with large, private manufacturing companies in Kenya. Unpublished thesis. Nairobi: University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAnijaobi-Idem, G. (2001). Organizational economics, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBartkus, T.U. (2007). The Role of Commitment in Collective Action: Comparing the Organizational Behavior and Rational Choice Perspectives. Public administration review, 55, 67-79.Beathy, E. (2012).The effects of supervisory behavior on the path-goal relationship.Organizational behavior and human performance 5 (5), 277-298.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBerry, B.W., (1997). Strategic Planning Work Book for Nonprofit Organizations. Amherst, H. (Ed.), Publishers, Wilder Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBlankstein, W. (2004). Nature Via Nurture. New York: Harper Collins.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBolman, L. and Deal, T. (2005). Reframing Organizations (2nd Ed) San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBottoms, Y.P., &#038; Schmidt, D, (2010). What is management. An outline of a metatheoryBritish Journal of management, 5 (3), 289-301<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBransford, W. Brown, O.X. &#038; Cocking, S.F. (2000). The functions of the executive (30th Anniversary Edition). Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBrenaman (2002). Effective Use and Misuse of Performance Measurement: American Journal of evaluation, 19(3), 367-379.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tCarroll and Gillen (2013).Leadership theory and practice. Thousand Oaks: Stage Publications, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tCarroll, K.K. and Gillen, L.H. (2006).The General Managers. New York: The Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFells, U.P. (2000). Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial work. Academy of management review, 12(1), 38-51<br \/>\r\n[13]\tForbes, D.O. &#038;Seena, T.P. (2006).Measuring the Effectiveness of Public Involvement Approaches: TR News 220, May-June, 35-38.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tGory, D.I. (2004).Research methods in education. London; New York: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tGupta, E. (2001). \u201cWhy Measure Performance: Different Purposes Require Different Measures\u201d. Public administration review, 63(5), 586-606.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tHales, D. (2012). Path-goal theory of leadership: legacy and a reformulated theory. Journal on leadership quarterly 7 (3), 323-352.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tHill &#038; Jones, (2008). Research design: qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method approaches. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tHenri, F. (1997).An Overview of Performance Measurement\u201d. Public Management, 79(6), 2-8.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tKotter, M. (2003).Path-goal theory of leadership.Journal of contemporary business, 3 (4), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tLucas, D.K. (2004). Strategic Finance: Planning and Budgeting for Boards. Chief Executives, and Finance Officers. Washington, D.C. Association of Governing Boards of Universities and Colleges.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tMacNamara, H. (2008). Managing strategic contradictions: a top management model for managing innovation streams. Organization Science, 16(5), 522-536.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tMarch, F.I. and Simon, B. (2001).A path-gol theory of leader effectiveness.Administrative science quarterly. 16(7), 321-328.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMichael, A.L. (2008). Strategic planning for public and non profit organizations. New York Jossey Bass.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMintzberg, H. (2007). Management: inside our strange world of organizations. New York: The Free Press, 9-24.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tMintzberg, H. (2007). The Nature of Managerial Work: New York: Harper &#038; Row<br \/>\r\n[26]\tMorgan, A.A. (2004). School effectiveness and school improvement in the United Kingdom.Journal school effectiveness and school improvement 7(2), 133 \u2013 158.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tMuller, S. (2004). Handbook of Ladership: A Survey of theory and research. New York: Free Press.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tNte, U.M. (2007). Exploring corporate strategy: text and cases. London: Pearson Education.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ubi, Ije Ubana, Okongo, John Nsor &#038; Arikpo, Nneoyi Nnana &#8220;Predicting Strategic Planning on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions in North Central, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.315-321 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/315-321.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/315-321.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/predicting-strategic-planning-on-job-effectiveness-of-academic-heads-of-tertiary-institutions-in-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Predicting Strategic Planning on Job Effectiveness of Academic Heads of Tertiary Institutions in North Central, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7240bdb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7240bdb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7240cd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7240cd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7240e62\" data-id=\"7240e62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7240f96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7240f96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-724103b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"724103b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72411a1\" data-id=\"72411a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72412ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72412ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7241359 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7241359\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72414be\" data-id=\"72414be\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72415d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72415d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-724167c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"724167c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72417e7\" data-id=\"72417e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72418fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72418fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pedagogical Competencies of Teachers and Performance of Junior Secondary Students in Social Studies in Kontagora Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>IKANI Victoria Eno, EYONG, Emmanuel Ikpi PhD &#038; EJUE Helen Francis &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 322-332<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-724199d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"724199d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7241b16\" data-id=\"7241b16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7241c5c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7241c5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined Pedagogical Competencies of Teachers and Performance of Junior Secondary Students in Social Studies in Kontagora Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria. Three hypotheses were stated and tested in the study and the correlational research design was employed. The population of this study comprised of three thousand one hundred and twenty nine (3,129) lower basic I and II students and one hundred and ten (110) teachers from all the public and private secondary schools in Kontagora Local Government Area (LGA) of Niger State. The students were those that are currently in 2017\/2018 academic session. The sample size to be used for this study consists of one hundred and fifty six (156) lower basic students representing 5% of the estimated sample of all lower basic I and II Social Studies students in public and private Secondary Schools in Kontagora LGA of Niger State. The stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used for the study with two instruments were designed by the researcher for data collection namely: Teachers Assessment Form (TAF) and Lower Basic I and II Academic Performance Test (LBAPT) for the students to respond to. In order to ascertain the validity of the instruments: Teachers Assessment Form (TAF)) and the Lower Basic Academic Performance Test (LBAPT) was determined using construct and content validity: the instrument was given to three experts, two in Measurement  and Evaluation and one in Social Studies  Education from the university of Jos to scrutinize the items. The reliability of the TAF was established with split half reliability method using fifty (50) respondents drawn from the population. After the administration of the TAF the co-efficient of internal consistency was determined with split half reliability index which ranged from 0.78 to 0.93 respectively. The descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in this study and the three hypotheses were tested with Pearson\u2019s Product Moment Correlation and finding revealed that the level of competence of Social Studies teachers\u2019 in classroom assessment competence, classroom arrangement and classroom interaction competence is high. It was recommended among others that..<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 322-332\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>IKANI Victoria Eno<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Science Education, Faculty of Education University of Jos, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>EYONG, Emmanuel Ikpi PhD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCross River State University of Technology Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>EJUE Helen Francis<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDeartment of Educational Foundations, University of Calabar, Calabar, CRS, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdegbile, D.Y. (2008). The Nigeria Social Studies Programme: Retrospect and Prospects\u2019\u2019 in Social Studies: Teaching Issues and Problems. Benin City: Ethiop Publishing Corporation.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdodo S.O. (2013).  Effects of two-tier multiple choice diagnostic assessment items on students\u2019 learning outcome in basic science technology. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2 (2), 201-210.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAkinmusire, H. (2012). A survey of the teaching effectiveness and attitudes of business studies teachers. International journal of labour, education and trade unionism 3 (2), 15-21.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAkinlaja, E. (2008). Teachers\u2019 effectiveness and gender as correlates of students\u2019 academic achievement in English Language in Ondo State. African Journal of Education Research, 2 (2), 12-20.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAkiyama, D.L., &#038; Takahashi, W.T. (2005). America Unequal, New York: Rus-sell Sage.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAkomolefe, C.O. (2010). Strategies and challenges of ICT: An infrastructural development for University education in Nigeria. Retrieved from: www.herpnet.org\/revitalization of higher\/chapter%2025pdf.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBhattacharya, H.L. (2001). Computer use by teachers: Are Cuban\u2019s predictions correct. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 19, 407\u2013422.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tChan, K.W., &#038; Elliot, R. G. (2004). Relational analysis of personal epistemology and conceptions about teaching and learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 817\u2013831.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tChen, C.H., &#038;  Rovegno, O.L. (2000).  Why do teachers not practice what they believe regarding technology integration? The Journal of Educational Research, 102(1), 65\u201375.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (2013). National policy on education., Lagos, NERDC Press..<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIkem, K. and Reuben, D (2012) Repositioning Social Studies  Education for Positive National Development in Nigeria.  Nigerian Journal of Social Studies  and Civic Education 2(1), 4-6<br \/>\r\n[12]\tInyang A. &#038;Esu, Y.I. (2012). Peace Dilemma in Nigeria: A Case for a Peace Education Programme for Elementary School Children. Journal of education Policy 23 (10), 32-37.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tIrmiya, R.A (2015). Effect of inquiry method on pre-serving teachers\u2019 competence in teaching Social Studies  concepts in plateau state and Abuja Nigeria. An Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, Faculty of Education, University of Jos, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tKothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.) New Delhi: New Age International (P) Limited.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tKremer, D.R., &#038; Holla, W. (2009).  Applied Mathematical Demography (2nd ed.), New York: Springer-Verlag.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tKulkreti, M. (2004).Evaluation of Strengthening of Mathematics and Science in Secondary Education (SMASSE) Program.A Case Study of Murang&#8217;a South District, Kenya. International Journal of Education, Learning &#038; Development,  1(1),  46-60.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMoeheriono, V.H. (2009). Teacher Qualification and Students&#8217; Academic Performance in Science Mathematics and Technology Subjects in Kenya. International Journal of Education Administration and Policy Studies.7 (3), 83-89.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tMoore-Hayes and Coleen (2011). Growing Up With a Single Parent: What Hurts, What Helps, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tNaik  G. (2006). Education Management: theory and practice. Nairobi: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOgundare, S.P. (2003). Investigation\u2013oriented instructional approaches to the Nigerian Primary schools:  Social Studies, Nigerian Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2(2), 67-74.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOkam, C.C. (2002).  Readings in new developments in Nigeria education:  Issues and Insights (A collection of curriculum papers) Joss: DEKA Publications.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tOkolie, F.  (2014).Critical reading and story-mapping instructional strategies as determinants of Nigeria certificate in Education teachers classroom practices and achievement in English reading comprehension. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Ibadan.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOkolocha, R.T.,  &#038; Onyeneke, E.Y.(2013).  Evaluation of Social Studies  teaching in Nigerian schools.  Journal of Research in curriculum (JORIC), 1(2), 93-102.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tOmoifo, H.K., &#038; Urevbu, R.Y. (2007). Planning the City to Mitigate Urban Violence. In Albert, .I.O et al (eds.) Urban Management and Urban violence in Africa. 3 (5), 18-19<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOyekan, R.Y. (2000).  Relevance of Nigerian philosophy of education on national value Re-orientation:  issues and challenges for Social Studies  education. Journal of Educational Research and development, 4 (2), 156-161.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tPianta, T.Y. (2009). The Role of Cohabitation in Declining Rates of Marriage, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 53, 913\u2013927.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tPrasad, R.T. &#038; Muthiah, E.D. (2003). Teachers competence in teaching. Pendidikan Islam.Jakarta: Penerbit Bumi Angkasa.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tShulman,  R,Y, (2007). The Hidden side of the work: Teacher Knowledge Learning to teach.\tLanguage hatching 35, 1-3<br \/>\r\n[29]\tStrahan, D.G., &#038; Layell, V.  (2006). The classroom social environment and changes in adolescents\u2019 Motivation and Engagement during middle School.  American Educational Research Journal 38,437-460.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tUkeje, B.O. (2009). Education for Social reconstruction Macmillan: Lagos<br \/>\r\n[31]\tVanzetti, R.Y., &#038; Duck, U.O. (2006). Heterogeneity&#8217;s Ruses: Some Surprising Effects of Selection on Population Dynamics. The American Statistician, 39, 176\u2013185. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">IKANI Victoria Eno, EYONG, Emmanuel Ikpi PhD &#038; EJUE Helen Francis &#8220;Pedagogical Competencies of Teachers and Performance of Junior Secondary Students in Social Studies in Kontagora Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.322-332 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/322-332.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/322-332.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pedagogical-competencies-of-teachers-and-performance-of-junior-secondary-students-in-social-studies-in-kontagora-local-government-area-niger-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pedagogical Competencies of Teachers and Performance of Junior Secondary Students in Social Studies in Kontagora Local Government Area, Niger State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7242b05 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7242b05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7242c01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7242c01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7242d8b\" data-id=\"7242d8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72433de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72433de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72434b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72434b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-724363a\" data-id=\"724363a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7243758 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7243758\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7243803 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7243803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7243954\" data-id=\"7243954\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7243a6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7243a6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7243b0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7243b0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7243c7b\" data-id=\"7243c7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7243d91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7243d91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Primary School Students and Teachers\u2019 Perceptions on the Role of Teachers as Moral Role Models<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Timotheo Elinihaki &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 333-336<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7243e34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7243e34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7243fa1\" data-id=\"7243fa1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72440d0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72440d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Moral values and ethical values are mostly used interchangeably by most of the people. However, there is slight difference between the two terms. Moral values are the social, cultural and religious beliefs which tell us what is right or wrong (Encyclopedia Encarta, 2019). Moral contain rules and standards to be followed by a society or a culture as right. Certain rules or standards in one culture may be considered as right while in another may seen wrong. Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with the principles of conduct; it works as a guiding principle as to decide what is good or bad (Begley, 2017).  Ethical values are abstract and the same regardless of any culture, religion or society. Some of the ethical values are truthfulness, honesty, loyalty, respect, fairness and integrity (Binder, 2015).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 333-336\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Timotheo Elinihaki<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Open University of Tanzania Faculty of Education P.O. Box 23409, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnangisye, W. A. L. (2010). Promoting teacher ethics in colleges of teacher education in Tanzania: Practice and Challenges. African Journal of Teacher Education, 1(1), 67-77.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAnangisye, W, A, L. (2011). Why are teachers motivated to behave unprofessionally? A qualitative data based inquiry on educational stakeholders experiences in Tanzania, A Journal of Contemporary Research, 8(1), 1-23.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBegley Paul, T. &#038; Stefkovich, J. (2017). Integrating values and ethics into post secondary teaching for leadership development: Principles, Concepts and Strategies. Journal of Education Administration. Vol. 45(4), https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/095<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBetwel, O. (2013). The nature of teacher professional misconduct in Tanzaniaa public   primary schools: The case of Sumbawanga municipal and rural district. International Journal of Education, 5(1), 81-93<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBinder, L. &#038; LaPalombara, J. (2015). Crises and sequences in political development (SPD-7). Princeton University Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBoimanda, A. Y. (2004). The decline in the professional code of conduct among teachers in Tanzania public schools: Causes and implications. Unpublished M A Dissertations, University of Dar es Salaam.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCreswell, J.W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative and Mixed Approach, 3rd edition. London: Sage Publications.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tCreswell, J., W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, conducting and evaluating qualitative and quantitative research (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tFussy, D. (2012). The effectiveness of school heads in institutionalizing teacher ethics in Tanzania. Unpublished M.A Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKim, M . (2013). Cultivating teachers\u2019 morality and the pedagogy of emotional rationality, \u201cAustralian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(1), 12-26<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKlaassen, C., &#038; Maslovary, N. (2010). Moral courage and the normative professionalism of teachers. Boston: Sense Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tLickona, T. (2011). Educating for character: How our schools can teach respect and responsibility.  (2nd ed.). New York: Bantam Books.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tLindner, S. (2014). Tanzania; The overview of corruption and anticorruption. [http:\/\/www.transparency.org\/press.htm] site visited on 17\/5\/2015.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMinistry of Education and Vocational Training (2011). Public act and regulations. Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Education and Vocational Training.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tNoddings, N. (2013). Educating moral people: A caring alternative to character education. (2rd ed). New York: Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tOladipo, S. E. (2019). Moral education of the child: Whose responsibility? In Journal of Science, 20(2), 149-156.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tPantic, N., &#038; Wubbels, T. (2012). The role of teachers in inculcating moral values: Operationalisation of concepts. Journal of Beliefs and Values Studies in Religion and Education, 33(1), 55-69.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSabasi, S. M. (2011). Challenges facing government secondary school teachers in implementation of professional code of conduct in Tanzania: a case of Kilimanjaro Region. Unpublished M A Dissertation, University of Dar es Salaam.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tSanderse,  W. (2013). The meaning of role modeling in moral and character education, Journal of Moral Education, 42(1), 28-42<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSantrock, J. W. (2015). Educational psychology. (3rd ed). New York: McGraw-Hil<br \/>\r\n[21]\tZombwe, G. (2019). Who is a Teacher? Quality teachers for quality education (3rd ed.). Dar es Salaam: Haki Elimu.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Timotheo Elinihaki &#8220;Primary School Students and Teachers\u2019 Perceptions on the Role of Teachers as Moral Role Models&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.333-336 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/333-336.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/333-336.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/primary-school-students-and-teachers-perceptions-on-the-role-of-teachers-as-moral-role-models\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Primary School Students and Teachers\u2019 Perceptions on the Role of Teachers as Moral Role Models<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7244f16 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7244f16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7245013 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7245013\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72451d8\" data-id=\"72451d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245307 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7245307\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72453ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72453ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7245514\" data-id=\"7245514\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245625 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7245625\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72456c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72456c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7245813\" data-id=\"7245813\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7245929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72459c6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72459c6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7245b2b\" data-id=\"7245b2b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7245c40 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7245c40\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Students Religiosity MBI Amanatul Ummah (Sociological Studies in Nurul Ummah Islamic Boarding School Pacet Mojokerto)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Achmad Chudori, Agus Sholahuddin, Kridawati Sadhana &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 337-342<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7257a9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7257a9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7257cf9\" data-id=\"7257cf9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7257e5f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7257e5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was Employing the concept of a qualitative study which was projected to Obtain information about the form of religiosity Followed by the reasons derived from the students of the MBI (International Standardized Islamic School) AmanatulNurulUmmah in the Islamic Ummah Boarding School Pacet, Mojokerto. The Data derived in this study was in a visceral form of information through interviews, observation, documentation, and precedent references. From the study, the significant finding Showed that the form of religiosity among students both substantially and tangibly was Tirrenus through religion, social, science, motivation values the which are composed into seven keys to success and students&#8217; commitment that is obligatory to comprehend and implement to achieve the purpose of education for students MBI that is projected for the Goals of Graduates. Based on the field research, it can be concluded into two layers. First, that the form of religiosity among students substantially and tangibly MBI was Tirrenus as essential and complex. forms. Essential here means that all the substances and materials Contain religion, social, science, values,  and motivation. It also refers to the comprehensive, teaching materials given to the students. Meanwhile, the formal substance of students&#8217; religiosity was formed in implementable-Resolute finding. Implementable means that all substances and materials taught can be comprehended and implemented in a practical way. Resolute means that all materials can Achieve the main goal set. Second, the reasons of religiosity among the students culminated into the goals and benefits for creating Religious-Nationalist, Religious-Intellectual, Intellectual-Religious, and individuals. Those reasons belong to Determining and holistic reasons. Determining means that the material substance was delivered by paying attention to a certainty ideal and noble reasons for that is projected to goals and benefits. Holistic means that the formal substance was given by paying attention to the comprehensive, reasons in a form of goals and benefits, so it can Achieve the projected-Resolute allotment. As a result, if Reviews those forms and reasons of religiosity were implemented and projected Essentially as well as implementable and Able to produce religiosity roommates is complex-Resolute, the students&#8217; religiosity will tend range to be Determining and holistic. Determining means that the material substance was delivered by paying attention to a certainty ideal and noble reasons for that is projected to goals and benefits. Holistic means that the formal substance was given by paying attention to the comprehensive, reasons in a form of goals and benefits, so it can Achieve the projected-Resolute allotment. As a result, if Reviews those forms and reasons of religiosity were implemented and projected Essentially as well as implementable and Able to produce religiosity roommates is complex-Resolute, the students&#8217; religiosity will tend range to be Determining and holistic. Determining means that the material substance was delivered by paying attention to a certainty ideal and noble reasons for that is projected to goals and benefits. Holistic means that the formal substance was given by paying attention to the comprehensive, reasons in a form of goals and benefits, so it can Achieve the projected-Resolute allotment. As a result, if Reviews those forms and reasons of religiosity were implemented and projected Essentially as well as implementable and Able to produce religiosity roommates is complex-Resolute, the students&#8217; religiosity will tend range to be Determining and holistic.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 337-342\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Achmad Chudori <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctoral Program in Social Science University Merdeka Malang, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Agus Sholahuddin <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kridawati Sadhana <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tSubroto,Adi D.. 1987.OrientasiNilai Orang Jawa Serta Ciri-CiriKepribadiannya Yogyakarta: FakultasPsikologi UGM, 1987)<br \/>\r\n[2]\tDewey, John. 1964. Democracy and Education. New York: The Macmillan Company George Ritzer (1996)<br \/>\r\n[3]\tMaliki, Zainuddin, 2008, dalamkuliah \u201cSimbol-simbolAjaran Agama\u201d di Program PascasarjanaInstitut Agama Islam NegeriSunanAmpel Surabaya.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAhmadi, Abu. (1991). PsikologiBelajar. Jakarta. PT RinekaCipta.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tRitzer, George. 1992. Teori Masyarakat Modern. Ghalia Indonesia. Jakarta<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMoleong, 2010, MetodologiPenelitianKualitatif, Cet ke-16, Bandung: PT. RemajaRosdakarya.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMiles, B. Mathew dan Michael Huberman. 1992. Analisis Data KualitatifBukuSumberTentangMetode-metodeBaru. Jakarta: UIP.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tGlockdan Stark. 1996. Psychology of religion.(Needham Heigthts, Massachusetts: A Simon &#038; Schuster Comp.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Achmad Chudori, Agus Sholahuddin, Kridawati Sadhana &#8220;Students Religiosity MBI Amanatul Ummah (Sociological Studies in Nurul Ummah Islamic Boarding School Pacet Mojokerto)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.337-342 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/337-342.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/337-342.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/students-religiosity-mbi-amanatul-ummah-sociological-studies-in-nurul-ummah-islamic-boarding-school-pacet-mojokerto\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Students Religiosity MBI Amanatul Ummah (Sociological Studies in Nurul Ummah Islamic Boarding School Pacet Mojokerto)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7258caf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7258caf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7258de5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7258de5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7258f98\" data-id=\"7258f98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72590c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72590c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-725919d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"725919d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72592fb\" data-id=\"72592fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259419 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7259419\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72594bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72594bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-725961e\" data-id=\"725961e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259732 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7259732\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72597d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72597d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-725993b\" data-id=\"725993b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259a49 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7259a49\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Status of the Brackish Water Fishery in Anawasala in Kalpitiya Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>M.D.K.L.Gunathilaka &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 343-346<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7259ae5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7259ae5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7259c56\" data-id=\"7259c56\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7259d7b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7259d7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1191\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1191\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Brackish water fishery is one of the segments of the fishery industry in Sri Lanka. Lagoon environments are the most appropriate areas for brackish water fishery worldwide. Kalpitiya is well known for brackish water fishery based on Puttalam lagoon. Generally, the small-scale fishery has dominant constraints. The objective of the study is to identify the issues associated with small-scale fishery (SSF) in Anaiwasala fishing village. To fulfil the aim of the study questionnaire survey and non-structured interviews based on random sampling method was performed with visual encounter survey for one year to obtain primary data. The available literature on small-scale fishery was studied to get secondary data.MS Excel 2016 version was used to analyse the data and perform the relevant mapping. The results show the SSF in the village has different constraints. <em>Saccostrea <\/em>spp, <em>Merefrixcasta, Penaeusindicus, Scylla serrata<\/em> and <em>Epinephalu s<\/em>sp are the dominant species in the area. 16.6% of Tungusnet usage in the area is illegal. Dragnet and push net are identified illegal fishing methods while few of fishermen used secret illegal fishing methods.13% of teppam (log raft) generally carried out illegal dragnets. More than 80% of fishermen seasonally engaged in crab harvesting.80% of residents only have secondary education is a direct threat for the SSF. Unawareness has contributed to destruct associated surface ecosystems and benthic ecosystem. Non-target species catching also existed in the area. Increase of the number of fishermen and inadequate fish species population is also affected to have a standard SSF industry in Anaiwasala. To overcome the issues awareness programmes and enforcement of the legal framework should be applied in Anaiwasala fishing village for the utmost existence of SSF community.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 343-346\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1192\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1192\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M.D.K.L.Gunathilaka<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography, University of Colombo. Sri Lanka <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1193\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1193\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCreech. S (2014), Sri Lankan Blue Swimming Crab Fishery Assessment, Sri Lanka.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tDayaratne, P., O. Linden, and M.W. R. N. De Silva (Eds), (1997) The Puttalam and Mundel Lake, Sri Lanka: A study of coastal resources, their utilization, environmental issues and management options. Ambio, 24 (7-8), 391-401.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tDayaratne, P., O. Linden, and M.W. R. N. De Silva (Eds), (1997) \u2013 The Puttalam\/Mundel Estuarine System and Associated Coastal Waters. A report on environmental degradation, resource management issues and options for their solution. Colombo: NARA and NARESA, 98 pp.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDepartment of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (2013), Fisheries development and management plan of Puttalam lagoon, Sri Lanka.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGunathilaka.M.D.K.L. (2017) Environmental communication for mangrove restoration and conservation a case study in Anaiwasala fishing village in Kalpitiya, in proceedings EMURS, pp108-109.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMaheepalaet al (2016),an analysis of net income of different craft and gear combinations in the Puttalam lagoon in Sri Lanka, Proceedings of the National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency (NARA), Scientific Sessions, Sri Lanka.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMichael J. Kennish, Hans W. Paerl (2011) Coastal lagoons: critical habitats of environmental change, Taylor and Francis Group, USA.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSilva et al (2013) Lagoons of Sri Lanka: From the Origins to the Present, IWMI, Colombo, Sri Lanka.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tWeragodathenna. D (2011) Atlas of Puttalam lagoon, IUCN, Sri Lanka.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1194\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1194\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M.D.K.L.Gunathilaka &#8220;Status of the Brackish Water Fishery in Anawasala in Kalpitiya Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.343-346 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/343-346.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1195\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1195\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/343-346.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1196\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1196\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/status-of-the-brackish-water-fishery-in-anawasala-in-kalpitiya-divisional-secretariat-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Status of the Brackish Water Fishery in Anawasala in Kalpitiya Divisional Secretariat, Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7271785 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7271785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72718b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72718b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7271a61\" data-id=\"7271a61\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7271b8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7271b8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7277f21 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7277f21\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7278158\" data-id=\"7278158\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72782a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72782a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727836e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727836e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72784ca\" data-id=\"72784ca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72785f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72785f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7278698 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7278698\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7278819\" data-id=\"7278819\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7278929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7278929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Contemporary Gospel Music Debate: Transformative (Conservatives) or Confirmative (Liberals) Perspective<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 347-350<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72789d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72789d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7278b41\" data-id=\"7278b41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7278c76 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"7278c76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Music has been for long time perceived to be powerful and its impact on human beings cannot be doubted. However, Christians argue on the way gospel music is being packaged. The conservatives have held the view that gospel music should stick to the biblical standards without emulating what secular music portrays. On the contrary, the liberals feel that emulating what secular music portrays gives room to reach the people for purposes of transformation. The Purpose of this paper is to discuss the two perspectives concerning gospel music which have been a point of debate of late. To achieve this, the paper reviews the existing literature on the subject matter.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 347-350\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdedeji, F. (2007). Christian music in contemporary Africa: a re-examination of its essentials. Koers &#8211; Bulletin for Christian Scholarship.72. 10.4102\/koers.v72i1.193.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAtiemo, A. (2006). &#8216;Singing with Understanding&#8217;: the Story of Gospel Music in Ghana.Studies in World Christianity. 12. 142-163. 10.1353\/swc.2006.0009.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBonner, G..(2014). Secular Vs. Gospel \u2013 The Next Chapter. Gospel Flava.Com Magazine, Available [online] at http:\/\/www.secular-vs-gospel-the-next-chapter\/gospel-flava.com<br \/>\r\n[4]\tEllen, G. W. (1972). Music: Its Role, Qualities, and Influence. A Compilation of Materials AssembledFor the Study of the 1972Task Force on the Philosophy of Music. Silver Spring, Maryland. Retrieved from https:\/\/whiteestate.org\/legacy\/issues-music-html.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tEtcetera,(2014). \u201cNigerian Gospel Artistes are Hypocrite\u201d. GistMannia, Available [online] at http:\/\/www.gistmannia.com. Accessed on the 5\/12\/2019.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tGiselbach,B. (2018, November).Charismatic Churches: Offering a Parallel Gospel in a Post-Christian World. Retrieved from https:\/\/plainsimplefaith.com\/charismatic-churches-offering-a-parallel-gospel-in-a-post-christian-world.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKahenya, S. M. (2010). Youth perceptions about the church: a study of youth exodus from the mainstream churches to the new charismatic-evangelical churches in Nairobi, Kenya. University of Nairobi Research archive. Retrieved from http:\/\/erepository.uonbi.ac.ke:8080\/handle\/123456789\/4071<br \/>\r\n[8]\tKilmer, C. B. (1976). Sounds from Silence.Bit Enki, Berkeley, Calif., LCCN 76\u201416729.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tKrista, L. P. (2010). The Gospel According to: A Theory of Transformative Discursive Allegory. Communication StudiesVol. 61, No. 1, January\u2013March 2010, pp. 104\u2013117.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tLauritsen, M. W. (2011). \u201cSecular Mode, Sacred Message: How Contemporary Christian Musicians are Called by God to Perform\u201d. Sociology Undergraduate Research Paper 2, Available [online] at http:\/\/www.repository.stcloudstate.ed\/soc_org_research\/2 Accessed on the 27\/06\/2015.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tLauterbach, K. (2016).\u2018Religious entrepreneurs in Ghana\u2019, in U. R\u00f6schenthaler&#038; D. Schulz (eds.), Cultural entrepreneurship in Africa, pp. 19\u201336, Routledge, New York.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tReid, A. L. (2004). Raising the bar: Ministry to youth in the new millennium. Grand Rapids:Kregel Publications.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSecrest, M. (2009). Christian Music: Making Money Off of Jesus. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.wrecked.org\/arts\/christian-music-making-money-off-of-jesus. Accessed 6\/12\/2019.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tVega, A. (2012). Music sacred and profane: Exploring the use of popular music in evangelicalworship services. Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, 24(3), 365-379. Retrievedfromhttps:\/\/seu.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=http:\/\/search.proquest.com.seu.idm.oclc.org\/docview\/1270649203?accountid=43912<br \/>\r\n[15]\tVega. (2014). Popular music in evangelical worship services: Secularization, sacralization, orboth? The Catholic University of America, Religion and Culture. Dissertation Abstracts International. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/seu.idm.oclc.org\/login?url=http:\/\/search.proquest.com.seu.idm.oclc.org\/docview\/1553884089?accountid=43912.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tWallin, N., Steven, B. &#038; Merker, B. (2001). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Serah Madiiga Kitsiiri  &#8220;Contemporary Gospel Music Debate: Transformative (Conservatives) or Confirmative (Liberals) Perspective&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.347-350 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/347-350.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/347-350.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/contemporary-gospel-music-debate-transformative-conservatives-or-confirmative-liberals-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Contemporary Gospel Music Debate: Transformative (Conservatives) or Confirmative (Liberals) Perspective<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7279c91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7279c91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7279da4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7279da4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727a1ab\" data-id=\"727a1ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727a2fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727a2fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727a3ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727a3ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727a80f\" data-id=\"727a80f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727a956 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727a956\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727a9ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727a9ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727ab98\" data-id=\"727ab98\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727acc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727acc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Comparative Effectiveness of Mastery Learning and Expository Approaches in the Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nnenna Nmaji-Uba, Prof. Mkpa Agu Mkpa, Prof. Rock Eze &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 351-359<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727ad6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727ad6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727aefd\" data-id=\"727aefd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727b062 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"727b062\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study which adopted the quasi-experimental research design sought to determine if secondary school students taught some units of English language using the Mastery Learning Strategy (MLS) would perform significantly better than their counterparts taught the same lessons using the expository instructional approach. Three research questions and three hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Data were collected using a 25-item pretest, and a 25-item post-test which also served as a retention test and had a reliability index of 0.85 by Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Statistic. The Subjects were 140 senior Secondary students purposively drawn from a population of 1257 in the Local Government Area of Study. The 4 teachers received orientation two, each on the use of MLS and the expository methods as embodied in the lesson plans developed and validated for the study. After the 4 week of experimental treatment data were collected on the achievement test while the data for retention were collected 3 weeks later.<br \/>\r\nFor the research questions, means and standard deviations were used to analyze the data while Analysis of Covariance was used to analyze the data on the hypotheses. The study revealed that the experimental group taught using MLS performed significantly beer than the control group both in achievement and retention. The female students scored higher than the males in the experimental group. The implications of the study were highlighted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 351-359\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nnenna Nmaji-Uba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nInternational Secondary School, Abia State University Uturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Mkpa Agu Mkpa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Rock Eze<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Education, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBlock, J. H. (2009). Mastery Learning: Current state of the craft. Educational Leadership, 114-117.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBloom, B. S (1971). Mastery Learning. In J. H. Block, Mastery Learning: Theory and Practice (pp. 47-63). New York: Holt, Rinehart &#038; Winston.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tChimee, A. (2002). Professional Ethnics in Teaching: Towards the development of a code of practice. Cambridge Journal of Education, 203-221.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCotel, P. G., &#038; Millis, B. J. (2003). Cooperative structures in the instruction of Accounting. Issues in Accounting Education, 40-60.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCummings, C. (2002). Teaching makes a difference. Taiwan: Teaching Inc.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDanjuma, A. I.,M &#038; Usman, M.A (2013). Effect of Mastery Learning on the skill development and academic achievement of pre-service teachers. Ilorin, Kwara State: Unpublished PhD thesis of the University of Ilorin, Ilorin Kwara State Nigeria..<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDerek, R. (2006). Problem-based learning in Astrophysics. International Journal of Collaborative teaching techniques, 19 -27.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tEmelike, A. O., &#038; Grant, U.M. (2017). Gender and its influence in the ability of students to learning and collaboration in high schools. International Journal of Educational Technology, 45-57.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEric-Mawuenyega, J. O., &#038; Otuabuko, C. M. (2017). Assessment of Lecturers\u2019 Awareness of Webtools for Blended Instruction in Universities in Abia State. ABSU Journal of Educational Studies, 174-183.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tFilgona, J., Filgona, J., &#038; Linus, S. (2017). Mastery Learning Strategy and Learning Retention: Effects on Senior Secondary School Students; Achievement in Physical Geography in Ganye Educational Zone, Nigeria. Retrieved from:  www.seanticscholar.org: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Mastery-Learning-Strategy-and-Learning-Retention%3a-Filgona-Filgona\/e33381551baacc79de260fcf85fc6180ee453c<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGuskey, T.R. (2007). Closing Achievement Gaps: Revisiting Benjamin S. Blooms Learning for Mastery. Journal of Advanced Academics, 8-31.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tHarold, J. P., &#038; Sabastin, L. K. (2018).  Assessment of Student\u2019s perception of mastery learning strategies as against the traditional classroom. Journal of Computer Education Studies, 57-67.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tJegede, O. M., Alaiyemola, F., &#038; Okebukola, P. (2009). Comprehension of Computer Assisted Co-operative Learning and Individualistic Learning. American Educational Research Journal Fall, 382-392.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tKaheem, H. (2008). The importance of feedback in teaching environment. Edo Journal of Education Sciences, 41-54.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tKayode, O. O. (2014.) The Conventional Teaching Method: Contemporary Issues and Techniques for 21st Century Learners. International Journal of Teaching, Learning and Practices, 23-41.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tLubna, T., Arshad, A., &#038; Farida, J. (2017). The effects of mastery learning strategy on learning retention of secondary school students in the subject of mathematics. Journal of Educational and Practice 8(19), 23 -27.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMapesos, R. M. (2017). Classroom Issues. Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology Articles, 23 -47.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tNwachukwu, i. (2014). Fundamentals of Social Studies for Junior Secondary Schools. Owerri: Cape Publishers International Limited.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tNzewi, U. (2011). The concept of mapping instructional strategies and student\u2019s Achievement in Chemistry Education in Owerri Municipal. 41st Inaugural Lecture of the Imo state University.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tRemjai, C. B., Martin, R. B., &#038; Romiro, G. B. (2019). Chemistry Made Easy: Unraveling the Experiences of Biological Science Majors in Using a Virtual Library. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(2), 170-173.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSmith, C. O., &#038; Frank, M. D. (2017). Mastery Learning Strategy: An alternative to the ailing teaching methods available in Ohio. International Journal of Educational Technology, 15 -27.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tWambugu, P. W., &#038; Changeiywo, J. M. (2008). Effects of Mastery Learning Approach on Secondary School Students\u2019 Physics Achievement. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 293-302.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tYusuf, M. O. (2009). The Technology Enhanced Classroom: Advantages and Challenges. Journal of the Faculty of Education University of Ilorin,  47-57.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tZimmerman B.J., &#038; Dibernedetto, M. (2008). Mastery Learning and Assessment: Implication for students and teachers in an era of high-stakes testing. Psychology in the Schools, 206-216.  <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nnenna Nmaji-Uba, Prof. Mkpa Agu Mkpa, Prof. Rock Eze &#8220;Comparative Effectiveness of Mastery Learning and Expository Approaches in the Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.351-359 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/351-359.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/351-359.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/comparative-effectiveness-of-mastery-learning-and-expository-approaches-in-the-teaching-of-english-language-in-nigerian-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Comparative Effectiveness of Mastery Learning and Expository Approaches in the Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727bf5a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"727bf5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727c047 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727c047\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727c1c2\" data-id=\"727c1c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727c2ec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727c2ec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727c38b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727c38b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727c4eb\" data-id=\"727c4eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727c5ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727c5ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727c6ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727c6ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727c815\" data-id=\"727c815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727c929 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727c929\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727e73d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727e73d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727e95a\" data-id=\"727e95a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727eaba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"727eaba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Prophetism in African Christianity: A Phenomenological Study of Prophet David Owuor<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Edmond Okelloh Ogera &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 360-363<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-727eb9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"727eb9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-727ed1c\" data-id=\"727ed1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-727ee61 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"727ee61\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This is a phenomenological study of one of the largest Neo-Prophetic Movements in Kenya. This movement known as Repentance and Holiness Ministry led by renowned Prophet Dr. David Edward Owuor, which has captured the public imagination and attention in Kenya. The paper examines the stages in the phenomenological method of inquiry as espoused by James Cox, before describing and explaining the phenomenon of prophecy as propagated by prophet Owuor and his movement.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 360-363\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edmond Okelloh Ogera<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPhD in religious Studies Candidate at the Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAmanze, James, N. \u201cThe Role of Prophecy in the Growth and Expansion of Synagogue Church of All Nations.\u201d Scriptura 112, no. 1 (2013): 1\u201314.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCox, James. An Introduction to the Phenomenology of Religion. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tHameno, Nominous. \u201cProphetic Churches in Zimbabwe.\u201dKonrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, 2014. http:\/\/www.kas.de\/simbabwe\/en\/publications\/39206\/.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tKahenda, Mercy. \u201cStandard Digital News &#8211; Kenya\u202f: Six Die at Prophet David Owuor\u2019sNakuru Crusade.\u201d http:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke, 2015. http:\/\/www.standardmedia.co.ke\/article.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tNgugi, NuruNyambura. \u201cTruth Be Told: Miracles Do Happen.\u201d Truth Be Told (blog), October 5, 2012. http:\/\/nurunyambura.blogspot.com\/2012\/10\/miracles-do-happen_9496.html.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tWaanglicana. \u201cProphet Owuor.\u201d Blog, 2006. https:\/\/waanglicana.wordpress.com\/tag\/prophet-owuor\/.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tStone, Jon R., ed. Expecting Armageddon: Essential Readings in Failed Prophecy. New York: Routledge, 2000.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tTumminia, Diana, and William H. Swatos.How Prophecy Lives. BRILL, 2011.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Edmond Okelloh Ogera &#8220;Prophetism in African Christianity: A Phenomenological Study of Prophet David Owuor&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.360-363 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/360-363.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/360-363.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/prophetism-in-african-christianity-a-phenomenological-study-of-prophet-david-owuor\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Prophetism in African Christianity: A Phenomenological Study of Prophet David Owuor<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7284824 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7284824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7284930 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7284930\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7284ae9\" data-id=\"7284ae9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7284c39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7284c39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7284cfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7284cfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72ac57f\" data-id=\"72ac57f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ac6e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72ac6e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72ac7b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72ac7b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72ac92a\" data-id=\"72ac92a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72aca4c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72aca4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72acaf3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72acaf3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72acc76\" data-id=\"72acc76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72acdc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72acdc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Flood Disaster Vulnerability in North Central Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>BAMIDELE, Owemidu Femi, BADIORA, Adewumi Israel  &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 364-371<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72ace75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72ace75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72acff9\" data-id=\"72acff9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ad12f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72ad12f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The vulnerability of residents and their livelihoods to flood disaster was examined in this study.<br \/>\r\nIn order to achieve this, the study was conducted using questionnaire and field observation. The data obtained were analysed using descriptive and statistical analysis. It was revealed through findings that residents had high level of awareness of flood occurrence.  It was also revealed that flood frequency in the study area was high mainly especially in the highly espoused zones. Moreover, vulnerability to flood disaster varies significantly (p< 0.05) across the 12 selected Neighbourhoods in the study area. The Neighbourhood with the highest vulnerability was Felele (0.35), followed by Adankolo (1.35), Sabo (1.71), Rijia (2.31), Marine (2.71), and so on while GRA had the lowest (5.15) vulnerability. Although flood frequency was highest in Rijia (38.94), vulnerability in the area is only fourth highest because it has a relatively strong coping capacity (1.5) compared to Felele (1.2), Adankolo (0.8) and Sabo (0.5).To reduce the impact of floods, it is very important to identify and understand the socioeconomic, physical and environmental factors that determine people\u2019s exposure, sensitivity and ability to cope with stress or change.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 364-371\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BAMIDELE, Owemidu Femi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BADIORA, Adewumi Israel<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Urban and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAbdulsamad, M.  (2018). Spatio-temporal Analysis of Areas Vulnerable to Flooding in Ibaji Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Resources and Environment, 8(3), 91-98<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAdelekan, O.I, (2009). Vulnerability of Urban Poor Coastal Communities to Climate Change in Lagos Island, Nigeria. International Journal of Climatology, 18, pages 1273 \u2013 1284.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tAdelekan, O.I, (2010). Vulnerability of Urban Poor Coastal Communities to Flood in Lagos Island, Nigeria. International Journal of Natural Hazards, 10, pages 1203 \u2013 1214.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tAkwukwe, T. and Ogbodo, C. (2015). Spatial Analysis of Vulnerability to Flooding in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. SAGE and Open Access page. www.uksagepub.com.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tBrown, M.H. (2015). An Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Attitudes towards Climate Change among Residents of South-eastern Louisiana. M.Sc. Thesis, Environmental Science, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Louisiana.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tBrown, M.H. (2015). An Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Attitudes towards Climate Change among Residents of South-eastern Louisiana. M.Sc. Thesis, Environmental Science, Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Louisiana.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEmmanuel, A. (2016). Socio-economic impact of flooding in the Niger Delta Region. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 3(3), 369-377.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEze, N. J. Vogel, C., and Ibrahim, P.A., (2018). Assessment of Social Vulnerability of Households to Floods in Niger State. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 24, 22-34.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tField, C.B, Barros. V., Stocker, T.F, Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L and Midgley, P. M. (2017).Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 582.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGeneve, D. (2016). Environmental Risk in Marginalized Communities in Asia. Journal of Land Use Policy, 20, 25-40.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tGrothmann, T.(2017).Assessment of Drivers of Settlements Development in African Riverine Villages under Conditions of Land-use and Climate change: Case studies from Mkomazi and Keiskamma, Journal of Environment and Development, 8(2), 21-35. Hazard Mitigation, Sustainability, 7, 2015.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tIkusemanran (2017) Remote Sensing and GIS for Flood Surveillance: A Case Study of Kainji Lake Basin, New Bussa, Nigeria. Unpublished M. Tech Thesis, Department of Geography, Federal University of Technology, Minna.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tInternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Commission {IFRC} (2015). Nigeria: Flooding in Kano and Jigawa\u201d, Information Bulletin No 2\/01 (Final), available at http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/docs\/appeals\/rpts01\/ngfl01a2.pdf.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tItopa, M. (2019). Social Vulnerability to Flooding in Lokoja Metropolis. Journal of Natural Disaster Reduction, 5(3), 1-23.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tNational Emergency Management Agency, [NEMA] (2018). The 2018 Floods Situation Report. No. 1, 21st September, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tOnwuteaka, M. (2014). Vulnerability in the Coastal Areas of Nigeria. Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 20, 11-27.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tPercival, S. and Teuw, R. (2019). A Methodology for Urban Micro\u2011Scale Coastal Flood Vulnerability and Risk Assessment and Mapping. Natural Hazards (2019) 97:355\u2013377https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11069-019-03648-7<br \/>\r\n[18].\tSamuel K. J., Ologunorisa.1, E.M., Olusanya, K.A. and Yakubu, S. (2017). Post-Disaster Assessment of Riverine Communities Impacted by a Severe Flooding Event.  Ghana Journal of Geography, 9(1), 17\u201341.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tThe United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction {UNSDRI} (2008). Flood Risk Management Strategies in Developed Countries.   UNSDRI, 20.<br \/>\r\n[20].\tUN-Habitat (2015). Poverty Alleviation in Developing Countries. Environmental Change, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUN-Habitat (2018) Adaptions and Mitigating Change. United Nations Habitat Strat\u00e9gie Plan, Nairobi, Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[22].\tUN-Habitat (2019). First Session of the United Nations Habitat Assembly of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme United Nations Office Nairobi \u201cInnovation for Better Quality of Life in Cities and Communities\u201d 1st United Nations Assembly, 27 -31 1st May, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUnited Nations (2018). Household Size and Composition around the world. Population Facts. Department of Economics and Social Affairs, Population Division, No.2. Retrieved from www.unpopulation.org.<br \/>\r\n[24].\tVil\u00e9m, P., Jel\u00ednkov\u00e1, E., Kilianov\u00e1, H. and Machar, I. (2017). Analysis of Fragmentation of Selected Steppe Sites in the Pannonian Region of the Czech Republic. Acta University of Agriculture Journal, 61, 765-775.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tVincent, K. (2017). Uncertainty in Adaptive Capacity and the Importance of Scale, Global    Environmental Change, 17, 12-24.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tVincent, K.; Daly, M.; Scannell, C.; Leathes, B. (2018). What can Climate Services Learn from Theory and Practice of Co-Production? Climate. Services. 12, 48\u201358.<br \/>\r\n[27].\tWahab, B. and Ojolowo, S., (2018). Drivers and Spatial Extent of Urban Development in  Flood-Prone Areas in Metropolitan Lagos. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(2), 98-111.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BAMIDELE, Owemidu Femi, BADIORA, Adewumi Israel  &#8220;Flood Disaster Vulnerability in North Central Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.364-371 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/364-371.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/364-371.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/flood-disaster-vulnerability-in-north-central-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Flood Disaster Vulnerability in North Central Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72adf91 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72adf91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72ae07d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72ae07d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72ae3c3\" data-id=\"72ae3c3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72ae668 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72ae668\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72ae73e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72ae73e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72ae9b3\" data-id=\"72ae9b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72aebc0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72aebc0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72bddba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72bddba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72be1a5\" data-id=\"72be1a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72be46a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72be46a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72be542 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72be542\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72be70e\" data-id=\"72be70e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72be841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72be841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tradition of Peumeunab and Seumeuleung  as A Culture of The Kingdom Negeri Daya (Social Reality Study in Annual Ritual Ceremony in Jaya District, Aceh Jaya Regency)<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Teuku Minjar Nurlizai, Bambang Satriya, Kridawati Sadhana &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 372-382<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72be8fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72be8fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72beaaf\" data-id=\"72beaaf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72bebfa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72bebfa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Writing this article is to describe, among others, (1) Tradition and implementation Peumeunab Seumeuleung (2) Background and persistence of tradition Peumeunab Seumeuleung, and (3) Strategy and tradition Peumeunab Seumeuleung. This study used a qualitative approach. Collecting data using interviews and documentation. Data analysis was performed with data collection, condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Implementation of tradition and ceremony Peumeunab Seumeuleung has experienced a shift in the timing of the ceremony that was originally performed only once in a year is now twice a year with the agenda of the Government. And continued with a series of processions of the stakeholders of the Negeri Daya make pilgrimage Sultan Salatin Alaidin Riayatsyah called Poe Teumeureuhom ends with face wash with water in a jar that contained the tomb area. The social capital that high a spirit of togetherness, solidarity community support, the trust of the royal family from generation to generation as family values, responsibility role, value heritage, a sense of belonging together as a wealth of tradition \/ culture and religion, the wealth of the kingdom is still productive and manageable well.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 372-382\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teuku Minjar Nurlizai<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctoral Program Social Science, University of Merdeka Malang<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bambang Satriya  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kridawati Sadhana  <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Merdeka Malang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnwar, Yesmil &#038; Adang, (2013). Sosiologi Untuk Universitas. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBakker, Sj. J.W.M. (1984). Filsasat Kebudayaan: Sebuah Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Yayasan Kanisius.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tCoomans, Mikhail, (1987). Manusia Daya: Dahulu Sekarang Masa Depan. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHandoyo, Eko, dkk, (2015). Studi Masyarakat Indonesia. Yogyakarta: PT. Ombak<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHanum, Fauziah. (2012). Upacara Seumeuleung.Banda Aceh: Dinas Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Aceh.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKaplan, David. (2002). Teori Budaya (Terjemahan).Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKoentjaraningrat. (2004). Kebudayaan Mentalitas dan Pembangunan.Jakarta: Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[8]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. (2014).Manusia dan Kebudayaan di Indonesia.Jakarta: PT. Jambatan Gramedia.<br \/>\r\n[9]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. (2014). Sejarah Teori Antropologi.Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press).<br \/>\r\n[10]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;. (2015). Pengantar Ilmu Antropologi.Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKurdi, Muliadi. (2014). Kerajaan Daya.Banda Aceh: Lembaga Naskah Aceh (NASA).<br \/>\r\n[12]\tLombard, Denys. (2006). Kerajaan Aceh Zaman Sultan Iskandar Muda (1607-1636). Jakarta Selatan: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG).<br \/>\r\n[13]\tLiliweri, Alo, (2014). Pengantar Studi Kebudayaan. Bandung: PT. Nusa Media<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMarsden, William.(2013). Sejarah Sumatra.Depok: Komunitas Bambu.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tRitzer, George. (2014). Sosiologi Ilmu Pengetahuan Berparadigma Ganda.Depok: Rajagrafindo Persada.<br \/>\r\n[16]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;-. (2015). Teori Sosiologi Modern Edisi Ketujuh.Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tRitzer, George. Dan Smart, Barry (2015). Handbook Teori Sosial.Bandung: Nusa Media.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSoemardjan, Selo. Soemardi, Soelaeman. (1964). \u201cSetangkai Bunga Sosiologi\u201d edisi pertama, Jakarta: Yayasan Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tSpradley, James P. (1985) The Ethnographie Interview, New York: Holt, Rinhartand Winston.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSyafi\u2019i. (1996) Seni Warak Ngendhok: Kajian Fungsi Tradisi Ritual Masyarakat Semarang, Laporan Penelitian Lemlit IKIP Semarang.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSuyanto, Bagong. M. Khusna Amal. (2010). Anatomi dan Perkembangan Teori Sosial.Malang: Adiya Media Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tSuriasumantri, Jujun S. (2009) \u201cFilsafat Ilmu Sebuah Pengantar Populer\u201d  Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tSutrisno, Mudji. Hendar Putranto. (2005). Teori-teori Kebudayaan.Yogyakarta: Kanisius.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tSztompka, Piotr. (2017). Sosiologi Perubahan Sosial.Jakarta: Kencana.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Teuku Minjar Nurlizai, Bambang Satriya, Kridawati Sadhana &#8220;Tradition of Peumeunab and Seumeuleung  as A Culture of The Kingdom Negeri Daya (Social Reality Study in Annual Ritual Ceremony in Jaya District, Aceh Jaya Regency)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.372-382 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/372-382.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/372-382.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/tradition-of-peumeunab-and-seumeuleung-as-a-culture-of-the-kingdom-negeri-daya-social-reality-study-in-annual-ritual-ceremony-in-jaya-district-aceh-jaya-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Tradition of Peumeunab and Seumeuleung  as A Culture of The Kingdom Negeri Daya (Social Reality Study in Annual Ritual Ceremony in Jaya District, Aceh Jaya Regency)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72bfa70 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72bfa70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72bfb59 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72bfb59\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72bfd03\" data-id=\"72bfd03\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72bfe3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72bfe3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72bfeff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72bfeff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c011d\" data-id=\"72c011d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72c026e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72c026e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72c032c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72c032c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72c049a\" data-id=\"72c049a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cbe75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72cbe75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72cbfe6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72cbfe6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72cc1e8\" data-id=\"72cc1e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cc336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72cc336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Economic Implications of Tobacco Usage on Sustainable Development in South and West African Region<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D. &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 383-389<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72cc3e4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72cc3e4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72cc56a\" data-id=\"72cc56a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cc698 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72cc698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">National development and invariably regional development is a pre\u2013requisite to sustainable development. However, the role of youth in sustainable development in any country cannot be downplayed especially in terms of labour supply, human capital development, future revenue generation and future hope of parent as a long run return. Incidentally, substance use such as cocaine, heroin, cannabis sativa, tobacco and in the most recent psychoactive drugs like benerlyne with codeine, toilet sneezing and shisha have become so rampant among the youth with their devastating health effect such as cancer, mental illness, psychosis, tuberculosis but more importantly, the negative social behavior and even death affects development. This paper therefore, examines the economic implications of tobacco use on sustainable development in South and West African. Applying the descriptive and situational analysis, the study reveals that tobacco use as well as tobacco \u2013 related deaths is on the increase and has devastating effects on the long run in reducing human capital and loss of revenue to the economy. The study therefore recommends that an outright ban of tobacco use in public place be enforced and high taxes be imposed on tobacco and related goods in order to reduce its massive consumption by youth.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 383-389\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D. <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAnsara, D. L., Fred, A, Sunita ,K, Jason, H, and Rachel, K. (2013). Tobacco useby men and women in 49 countries with Demographic and Health Surveys. DHS Comparative Reports No.31. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tEkpu, V. U and Brown, A. K (2015) The Economic Impact of Smoking and of Reducing  Smoking Prevalence: Review of Evidence (8), 1-35<br \/>\r\n[3]\tPampel, F (2008). Tobacco use in sub-Sahara Africa: Estimates from thedemographic health surveys. Soc Sci Med.  66(8): 1772\u20131783. doi:10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.12.003<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMathers, C.D., and Loncar, D. (2006). &#8220;Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from 2002to 2030.&#8221; PloS Medicine 3(11).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMohan, P., Lando, H.A and Pannerr, S (2018). Assessment of Tobacco Consumption and  Control in India. India Journal of Clinical Medicine https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1179916118759289<br \/>\r\n[6]\tUS Department of Health and Human Services (2006) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Healthy housing reference manual. Atlanta:<br \/>\r\n[7]\tWHO (2018) WHO report on the global tobacco epidemics 2017<br \/>\r\n[8]\tWHO, (\u200e2017)\u200e. Tobacco control forsustainable development. World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia. http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/255509<br \/>\r\n[9]\tWorld Health Organization. 2011a. &#8220;WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011.&#8221; Accessed November 20, 2011. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tobacco\/global_report\/2011\/en\/ <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D. &#8220;Economic Implications of Tobacco Usage on Sustainable Development in South and West African Region&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.383-389 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/383-389.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/383-389.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/economic-implications-of-tobacco-usage-on-sustainable-development-in-south-and-west-african-region\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Economic Implications of Tobacco Usage on Sustainable Development in South and West African Region<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72cd519 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72cd519\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72cd62a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72cd62a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72cd7cd\" data-id=\"72cd7cd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d2f89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d2f89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d30b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d30b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d3270\" data-id=\"72d3270\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d33ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d33ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d3460 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d3460\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d35c6\" data-id=\"72d35c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d36e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d36e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d378e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d378e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d390a\" data-id=\"72d390a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d3a25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d3a25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Extrapolative Analysis of the Economic Implications of Tobacco Use in Central and East Africa<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D. &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 390-397<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d3ad6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d3ad6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d3c4e\" data-id=\"72d3c4e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d3d75 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72d3d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Tobacco related diseases are threat to public health all over the world, with more than 7 million deaths recorded annually. More than 6 million of those deaths are fallouts of direct tobacco consumption while about 890,000 are from passive smoking. Most of these victims, as existing studies reveals are youths. Coincidentally, the role of youths in sustainable development cannot be underestimated.  Youths are the source of the human capital that create wealth for the nation and the foundation of any sustainability. Incidentally, rampant abuse of tobacco, with its attendant health problems like cancer and most importantly the negative social behavior and death significantly affect economic growth. Given the relative significance to economic growth therefore, this paper sets out toexamine the economic implications of tobacco use on sustainable development in Central and East Africa. Applying the descriptive and situational analysis, the study reveals that tobacco use as well as tobacco \u2013 related deaths is on the increase. Hence, tobacco use stands as impediment towards achieving SDGs in sub-Saharan Africa. The study therefore recommends that high tariff be imposed on tobacco in order to discourage its massive consumption by youth so as to keep them healthy for the attainment of SDGs.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 390-397\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Oyo State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tAchia, T.N.O (2015) Tobacco use and mass media utilization in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0117219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0117219<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAkindele, O.A &#038;Akinbode, O (2017). Assessment of tobacco control efforts in three Sub-Saharan African countries. Niger Postgrad Med. J 24(1): 8.13<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAnsara, D .L., Fred, A. S. K, Jason, H &#038; Kaufmann, R ( 2013). Tobacco use bymen and women in 49 countries with demographic and health surveys. DHS Comparative Reports No.31. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ICF International.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tGuindon, G.E &#038;Boisclair, D (2003). Past, current and future trends in tobacco use. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development\/The World Bank. 13 -16<br \/>\r\n[5]\tLee, S., Ling,P. M.&#038; Glantz, S. A.(2012). The vector of the tobacco epidemic: Tobacco industry practices in low and middle-income countries. Cancer Causes Control 23(Suppl. 1):117129.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMelberg, H. O., and. Lund, K. E. (2012). Do smoke-free laws affect revenues in pubs and  restaurants? European Journal of Health Economics 13(1):93-99.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tOyewaole, B.K., Animasahun, V.J &#038; Chapman, H.J (2018). Tobacco use in Nigeria youth: A  systematic review. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0196362. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSinha, D.N., Razwan, S.A., Krishna, K.A., Khem, B.K., Mostafa, M.Z &#038; Prakash, C.G (2015). Trends of smokeless tobacco use among adults (Aged 15-49 years) in Bangladesh, Indi and Nepal. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 16(15), 6561-6568 \\<br \/>\r\n[9]\tTobacco Atlas 6th Edition for all the selected sub-Saharan African Countries in 2017<br \/>\r\n[10]\tWHO (2012).&#8221;Global Health Observatory (GHO). Tobacco consumption. Situation and trends.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tWHO (2011a). &#8220;WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2011.&#8221; Accessed November 20, 2011. http:\/\/www.who.int\/tobacco\/global_report\/2011\/en\/<br \/>\r\n[12]\tWHO (2017), World Health Statistics 2017: Monitoring health for SDGs<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">JOSEPH, Afolabi Ibikunle  Ph.D. &#8220;Extrapolative Analysis of the Economic Implications of Tobacco Use in Central and East Africa&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.390-397 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/390-397.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/390-397.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/extrapolative-analysis-of-the-economic-implications-of-tobacco-use-in-central-and-east-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Extrapolative Analysis of the Economic Implications of Tobacco Use in Central and East Africa<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d4c7e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72d4c7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d4d76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d4d76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d4f14\" data-id=\"72d4f14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d504c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d504c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d50f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d50f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d525a\" data-id=\"72d525a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d5372 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d5372\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d541e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d541e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d556f\" data-id=\"72d556f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d5690 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d5690\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d5733 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d5733\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d5ca0\" data-id=\"72d5ca0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d5e45 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d5e45\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Challenges and Strategies on Allocation of Women Enterprise Fund: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Samuel K. Mutukaa, Emily Laktabai &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 398-404<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d5f2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d5f2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d60d5\" data-id=\"72d60d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d6226 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72d6226\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Women entrepreneurship plays a critical role in economic development and in enhancing livelihoods within the family of societies in both developed and developing countries. This paper seeks to establish the contribution of women Enterprise Fund (WEF) to sustainable rural livelihoods of Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub-County. The study was guided by two research questions which include; what challenges are faced in allocation of Women enterprise fund in Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub County? What strategies can be used to ensure effective and efficient allocation of funds in Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub County? The study employed a cross sectional survey research design. It adopted simple random sampling with a target population of 360 beneficiaries of WEF projects. The study was guided by Sustainable Rural Livelihood Framework. Test-Retest technique was used to determine reliability of the instruments results. The data was collected through questionnaire method and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study established that there was the main challenges faced in allocation of WEF is Lack of security or  collateral, lengthy procedure of loan application and processing, high competition from the commercial banks, inadequate funds and fund diversion. The man strategies for effective utilization of Women Enterprise Fund are the reduction of loan disbursement grace period from 3 months to 1 month, good management of the funds by the leaders, reduction of administration fees, training programmes for the stakeholders and increase of loanable fund. The study concluded that inadequate funds; delayed in loan disbursement; lengthy procedure of loan application and processing inadequate funds; high administration cost; lack of security\/ collateral; poor infrastructure were the main challenges faced in allocation of funds. The study recommended that women enterprise fund should be increased; capacity building of women entrepreneurs enhanced, policies which will reduce the mismanagement of funds developed and improve dissemination of information.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 398-404\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 15 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel K. Mutukaa<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSouth Eastern Kenya University<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amiartuti Kusmaningtyas <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Emily Laktabai <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe Catholic University of Eastern Africa<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAddison, T. (1996) Zimbabwe: The impact of economic reform on livelihood and poverty. Manuscript, University of Warwick. Paper prepared for the seminar on \u2018Poverty in Zimbabwe\u2019 hosted by Shanduko, July 1996, Harare, Zimbabwe<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAlila, P.O., (2010).Women Street Vendors: Nairobi. Institute of Development Studies, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAlkaeli, L. (2007). Improving competitiveness for SMES to Harness Available Trade and Investment opportunities. The case of Tanzania Paper presented at the international Conference on SMES and International Trade, Dar e s salaam.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tArce, A. (2003) Value contestations in development interventions: Community Development Journal 38 (3).199-212.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAshley, C. and Carney, D. (1999).Sustainable livelihoods: Lessons from early experience. London : Department for International Development (DFID). United Kingdom.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBaumagartner, R. &#038; Hogger ( eds), (2004). In search of sustainable livelihood systems \u2013Managing resources and change. New Delhi: Sage Publications<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and capabilities: A Framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. In World Development Report.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tCrotty, M. (1998).The foundations of social research. London: Sage Publications<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEllis, F. (2000). Rural households and diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University: New York Press Inc.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tFox, W. (2004). The Quest for Sustainable Development London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGregory, N. M., David, R. and David N. W. (1992). A contribution to the Empirics of Economic .Growth, Quarterly journal of economics.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tHofstede, G. (1978). The Poverty of Management Control Philosophy. Academy of Management Review, July, 450-461.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tJosefina, C. (2007). Gender and growth Assessment creating opportunity for women. International Finance Corporation (IFC).<br \/>\r\n[14]\tJustin, Y. L. (1992). Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in china American Economic Review.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tKaag, M., Van Berkel, R., Brons, J.,de Bruijin, M.,Van Dijk, H., de Haan, L., Nooteboom, G. and Zoomers, A. (2004). Ways forward in livelihood research. In: Kald, D.; Pansters, W. and Siebers, H. (eds.): Globalization and Development. Themes and Concepts in Current research. Dordrecht, Boston, London, 49-74<br \/>\r\n[16]\tKinyanjui, M.N. (2006). Overcoming Barriers to Enterprise Growth. The experience of MSE in Rural Central Kenya, Nairobi Kenya.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tKoda, B. (1997). A gender perspective of entrepreneurship development in Tanzania in gender and Agrarian change in Tanzania edited by Ngware, S. R., Shayo, R. and Wilson, F. Dar es salaam : Dar es salaam, University Press (1996) limited.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tKombo, D. K. and Tromp, D. L. A. (2007).Proposal and Thesis Writing: An Introduction. Paulines Publications\u2019 Africa, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tKothari, C. R. (2003).Research Methodology. Wishwa Parkasha. New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tMuriungi, F.M. (2012). The challenges facing small scale women enterprise. A case of Kenya Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against women (CEDAW) 1979<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOgula, P. A (2005). Research Methods.CUEA Publications. Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tScoones, I. (1998). Sustainable rural Livelihoods: A framework for analysis, working paper No.72, Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tShankland, A. (2000). Analyzing Policy for Sustainable Livelihoods. Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex, England.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tStevenson, L. and Stage, A. (2007).Support for Growth oriented women enterprise in Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. An overview Report, ILO. Geneva.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tUNCTAD, (2003). Proceedings of the Symposium on modalities for financing SMES in Uganda, United Nations Conferences on Trade and Development. United Nations, Geneva<br \/>\r\n[26]\tWEF, (2009) .Women Enterprise Funds Strategic Plan (2009-2012), Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tWorld Bank, (1996).Understanding poverty and human resources in Zimbabwe: Changes in the 1990s and directions for the future. Human Development Group, World Bank, Washington, D.C.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tWorld Bank, (2004).  Project Appraisal Document for Micro Small and Medium enterprise competitiveness Project for Kenya. World Bank. Washington DC.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tWorld Bank, (2008).Doing Business: Women in Africa. World Bank. Washington, DC. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Samuel K. Mutukaa, Emily Laktabai &#8221; Challenges and Strategies on Allocation of Women Enterprise Fund: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.398-404 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/398-404.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/398-404.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/challenges-and-strategies-on-allocation-of-women-enterprise-fund-lessons-from-elgeyo-marakwet-east-sub-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"> Challenges and Strategies on Allocation of Women Enterprise Fund: Lessons from Elgeyo Marakwet East Sub County, Kenya<br \/>\r\n<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7093 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72d7093\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d719e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d719e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d7326\" data-id=\"72d7326\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7441 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d7441\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d74ec elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d74ec\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d7646\" data-id=\"72d7646\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d777a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d777a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d7821 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d7821\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d7998\" data-id=\"72d7998\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7aae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72d7aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Challenges of Knowledge Age and Transformational Leadership in Higher Education Institutions<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muftahu Jibirin Salihu &#8211; December 2019 Page No.: 405-409<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72d7b4f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72d7b4f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72d7cb6\" data-id=\"72d7cb6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72d7dd9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"72d7dd9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1201\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1201\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study is intended to explore the concept of \u2018challenges\u2019 in the context of workplace with specific attention to higher education institutions through the industrial era, knowledge age, and the present globalisation time. Similarly, with the philosophy that the greater the quality of leadership, the higher the possibility of an institution to overcome its challenges, this paper decides to examine how to address these challenges from the leadership point of view by theorising the various approaches of organisational transformation and organisational leadership, their characteristics, and types with a case study on how these theories, characteristics, and types can remarkably transform organisations from challenges into success and contextualise their application to higher education institutions towards a better educational system for sustainable tomorrow.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 405-409 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 January 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1202\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1202\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muftahu Jibirin Salihu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNational Higher Education Research Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1203\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1203\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBjerede, M., Atkins, K., &#038; Dede, C. (2010). Ubiquitous mobile technologies and the transformation of schooling. Educational Technology, 50(2), 3\u20137. \r\n[2]\tBennis, W. (1989). The Jossey-Bass management series. Why leaders can&#8217;t lead: The unconscious conspiracy continues. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.\r\n[3]\tBennis, W. G., &#038; Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: The strategies for taking charge. New York: Harper and Raw.\r\n[4]\tBruch, H., &#038; Sattelberger, T. (2001). Lufthansa\u2019s transformation marathon: Process of liberating and focusing change energy. Human Resource Management, 40(3), 249\u2013259.\r\n[5]\tDegenhardt, L., &#038; Duignan, P. (2010). Dancing on a shifting carpet: Reinventing traditional schooling for the 21st century (pp. 10\u201316). Camberwell, Victoria: Australian Council for Educational Research.\r\n[6]\tDrucker, P. (1994). The age of social transformation. The Atlantic Monthly, 274(5), 53\u201380.\r\n[7]\tFletcher, B. R. (1990). Organization transformation theorists and practitioners. New York: Praeger.\r\n[8]\tHargreaves, A. (1994). Changing teachers, changing times: Teacher\u2019s work and culture in the postmodern age.The Journal of Educational Thought(JET)\/Revue de la Pens\u00e9e \u00c9ducative, 30(2), 208\u2013211.\r\n[9]\tLim, A. (2011). Change management [Power point slides]. Face-to-face workshop for MEd students. Faculty of Education, SEGi College, Subang Jaya, Malaysia.\r\n[10]\tSalihu M. J (2019) Sustainable knowledge flow and innovation in higher education: The implementation of change management in universities. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development (in press)\r\n[11]\tSalihu M. J (2019).  A Conceptual Analysis of the Leadership Theories and Proposed Leadership Framework in Higher Education. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 1-6.\r\n[12]\tSenge, P. (2000). The industrial age system of education. In P. Senge, N. Cambron-McCabe, T. Lucas, N. Smith, J. Dutton,&#038; A. Kleiner (Eds.), Schools that learn: A fifth discipline resource(pp. 27\u201358). New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc.\r\n[13]\tUrsino, B.A. (2001). A systems approach to organizational transformation. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 70(10), 12\u201318. \r\n[14]\tWaddell, D. M., Cummings, T. G., &#038; Worley, C. G. (2004). Organisation development and change (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Thompson.\r\n[15]\tWeber, M. (1947).The theory of social and economic organization. Translated by A. M. Henderson &#038; P. Talcott. New York:Oxford University Press. \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1204\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1204\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muftahu Jibirin Salihu &#8220;The Challenges of Knowledge Age and Transformational Leadership in Higher Education Institutions&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.3 issue 12, pp.405-409 December 2019\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/405-409.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1205\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1205\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-3-issue-12\/405-409.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1206\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1206\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-challenges-of-knowledge-age-and-transformational-leadership-in-higher-education-institutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Challenges of Knowledge Age and Transformational Leadership in Higher Education Institutions<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72e0291 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"72e0291\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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