{"id":2635,"date":"2020-02-18T09:02:52","date_gmt":"2020-02-18T09:02:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2635"},"modified":"2020-06-22T10:56:33","modified_gmt":"2020-06-22T10:56:33","slug":"volume-iv-issue-ii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iv-issue-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume IV Issue II"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2635\" class=\"elementor elementor-2635 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5141ce9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5141ce9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5141f40\" data-id=\"5141f40\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514209d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514209d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: The Re Entry Policy Implementation in Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Catherine Barmao Kiptanui Tarus &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 01-07<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5142166 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5142166\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5142306\" data-id=\"5142306\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5142453 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5142453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Studies reveal that educating girls have a multiplier effects that would benefit the family, society and nation at large and that it is the driving force behind any strong economy and a prerequisite for social and economic growth. However, in an effort to reduce the socio- economic impact of this phenomenon in young women who find themselves in teenage motherhood, the Kenyan government introduced the re-entry policy that made it possible for girls to re-enter school and start their education from where they stopped prior to pregnancy. It is in the light of this that, the study sought to establish ways of de stigmatizing teenage motherhood by implementing the re entry policy in public secondary schools in Eldoret West Sub County. The study was guided by the social integration theory on student retention in schools. The study adopted pragmatic world view, a mixed method research design utilizing both qualitative and quantitative approach and employed stratified sampling, simple random and purposive sampling as its sampling techniques. The research instruments for the study were questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and was summarized using frequencies, percentages andtables. The findings revealed that, teenage pregnancy and motherhood is one of the major impediment to the educational success of girls in sub Saharan Africa however, the implementation re-entry policy of teenage mothers in Eldoret West Sub County was partially successful since there were presence of teenage mothers in school though in small numbers compared to those who dropped out due pregnancy.The study recommended that all stakeholders to be educated about the policy and the Ministry of Education (MOE) to establish monitoring and evaluation tools in order identify areas in the policy that need to be reviewed and improved for effective implementation. The study would provide important empirical basis for stimulating deliberate effort by the schools, education policy makers, curriculum developers and parents towards greater concern with regard to the implementation of re-entry policy on teenage mothers in schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-07\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 16 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Catherine Barmao Kiptanui Tarus<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUasin Gishu County Assembly, P.O Box 72-30100, Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ahikire,J. &amp; Madanda, A.(2011). A Survey on Re-Entry of Pregnant Girls in Primary and Secondary Schools in Uganda. Women and Gender Studies. Makerere University\r\n[2] Bhana, D., Morrel, R., Shefer, T., &amp; Sisa, N. (2010). South African teachers&#8217; responses to teenage pregnancy and teenage mothers in schools. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 12 (8).\r\n[3] Brook, R., &amp; Goldstein, S. (2001). Raising resilient Children: Fostering strength, hope, and optimism in your child. New York: MC Graw-Hill Publishing Company.\r\n[4] Chege, F. N., &amp; Sifuna, D. N. (2006). Girls\u2019 and women\u2019s education in Kenya: Genderperspectives and trends. Nairobi: UNESCO, 165.\r\n[5] Chigona A &amp; Chetty R. (2008). \u2018Teen mothers and schooling: lacunae and challenges. South African Journal of Education, 28.\r\n[6] Chilisa, B. (2002). National Policies on Pregnancy in Education systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Botswana. Gender and Education,14(1).\r\n[7] Clowes, L. D\u2019Amant, T &amp; Nkani, V. (2012). School principals and their responses to the rights and needs of pregnant and parenting learners. In D. Bhana &amp; T. Shefer (Eds.), Books and babies: Pregnancy and young parents in schools. Cape Town: HSRC Press.\r\n[8] Earle, J. (1990). Counselor\/Advocates: Keeping Pregnant and Parenting Teens in School. Alexander, VA: National Association of State Boards of Education.\r\n[9] Elimu Yetu Coalition. (2003). Gender and education: The challenges of educating girls in Kenya. Elimu Yetu coalition and Oxfam.\r\n[10] Fergusson, D. M. &amp; Woodward, L. J. (2001). Teenage pregnancy and female educational underachievement: a prospective study of a New Zealand birth cohort. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62.\r\n[11] Flanagan, A., Lince, N., Durao de Menezes, I &amp; Mdlopane, L. (2013). Teen Pregnancy in South Africa: A Literature Review Examining Contributing Factors and Unique Interventions. Ibis Reproductive Health.\r\n[12] Grant, M.J &amp; Hallman, K.K. (2008). Pregnancy-related School Dropout and Prior School Performance in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 39(4).\r\n[13] Hubbard, D. (2009). Realising the right to education for all: School policy on learner pregnancy in Namibia. In O. C. Ruppel (Eds.), Children\u2019s rights in Namibia. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia.\r\n[14] Jewkes, R., Morrell, R &amp; Christofides, N. (2009). Empowering Teenagers to Prevent Pregnancy: Lessons from South Africa. Culture, Health &amp; Sexuality, 11(7).\r\n[15] Kane, E. (2004). Girls&#8217; education in Africa: What do we know about strategies that work? Washington. D C: World Bank.\r\n[16] Lloyd, C. &amp; Mensch, B. S. (2008). &#8220;Marriage and Childbirth as Factors in Dropping out from School: An Analysis of DHS Data from Sub-Saharan Africa.&#8221; Population Studies, 62 (1).\r\n[17] Macleod, C. (1999). Teenage pregnancy and its negative consequences: Review of SA research Part 1. South African Journal of Psychology,29(1).\r\n[18] Maluwa-Banda, D. (2004). Gender sensitive educational policy and practice: The case of Malawi. Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2003\/4. Paris: UNESCO.\r\n[19] Mashishi, N &amp; Makoelle, T. (2014). Inclusion or Exclusion Ramifications of Teenage Pregnancy: A Comparative Analysis of Namibia and South African Schools Pregnancy Policies. Doi:10.5901\/mjss, 5 (14).\r\n[20] Morrell, R., Bhana, D &amp; Shefer, T. (2012). Books and Babies: Pregnancy and Young Parents in Schools. Cape Town: HSRC Press.\r\n[21] Muganda-Onyando, R., &amp; Omondi, M. (2008). Down the Drain: Counting the Costs of Teenage Pregnancy and School Dropout in Kenya. Nairobi: Centre for the Study of Adolescence.\r\n[22] Mwansa, A. (2011). Re-entry to School after Giving Birth: An Evaluation of the Process used to Design and Implement Policy in Zambia. The Institute of Education. University of London, UK.\r\n[23] Nemutanzhela, T.S. (2007). Traumatic experience of Teenage Pregnancy by married Men: A challenge to Pastoral Care. Thesis for Masters in Practical Theology. Pretoria: University of Pretoria.\r\n[24] Nyambura, M. (2000). Regional Ministerial consultation on closing the gender gap in education: Curbing drop out. Uganda: Kenyatta University.\r\n[25] Omwancha, K. M. (2012).The implementation of an educational re-entry policy for girls after teenage pregnancy. A case study of public secondary schools in the Kuria District. A Doctor of Philosophy in Education thesis. Victoria University of Wellington.\r\n[26] Panday, S., Makiwane, M., Ranchod, C., &amp; Letsoalo, T. (2009). Teenage Pregnancy in South Africa \u2013 With a Specific Focus on School-Going Learners. Child, Youth, Family and Social Development, Human Sciences Research Council. Pretoria: Department of Basic Education.\r\n[27] Pillow, W. (2004). Unfit subjects: Educational policy and the teen mother. Routledge. Falmer. New York.\r\n[28] Qand\u2019elihle G. S. Simelane, N &amp; Thuli P. M. (2013). An Assessment of the Implementation of the Re-Entry policy For Girls in Six Countries Swaziland School Practices and Implications for Policy Development in the Country.\r\n[29] Runhare, T., &amp; Vandeyar, S. (2012). Perceptions of policy duty bearers on the inclusive education policy for pregnant teenagers in South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 31(1).\r\n[30] Schultz, K. (2001). Constructing failure, Narrating success: Rethinking the \u201cproblem\u201d of teen pregnancy. Teachers College Record, 103 (4).\r\n[31] Sethosa, G. S. (2007). Teenage Pregnancies as a Management Issue in Township Schools in George. A Masters Dissertation. Faculty of Education at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University.\r\n[32] Stapleton, H. (2010). Surviving teenage motherhood. Myths and realities. New York. Palgrave Macmillan.\r\n[33] Stephens, S. A., Wolf, W. C., &amp; Batten, S. T. (2003). Strengthening school-based programs for teen parents: Challenges and solutions. Prevention Researcher, 10(3).\r\n[34] UNESCO (2010). EFA Global Monitoring Report 2010, Reaching the Marginalized. Paris: UNESCO.Washington DC.\r\n[35] Wanda, P. (2006). Teen Pregnancy and Education, Politics of Knowledge, Research, and Practice. Educational Policy,20 (1).\r\n[36] Wekesa, A.N. (2010).Bending the private-public gender norms; Negotiating schooling for young mothers from low income households in Kenya.MA thesis.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Catherine Barmao Kiptanui Tarus &#8220;De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: The Re Entry Policy Implementation in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.01-07 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/01-07.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/01-07.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/de-stigmatizing-teenage-motherhood-the-re-entry-policy-implementation-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">De-Stigmatizing Teenage Motherhood: The Re Entry Policy Implementation in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5143e1b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5143e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5143f16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5143f16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51440aa\" data-id=\"51440aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51441dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51441dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5144263 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5144263\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51443bb\" data-id=\"51443bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51444c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51444c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-514456e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"514456e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51446cf\" data-id=\"51446cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51447e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51447e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Evaluation of Child Friendly School Programs In Junior High School 16 Bandar Lampung <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Indah Ayu Mutiya, Sowiyah, Irawan Suntoro &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 08-10<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5144887 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5144887\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51449f5\" data-id=\"51449f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5144b1e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5144b1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed to describe the context of planning child-friendly school programs related to situations or backgrounds that affect indirectly. Child-friendly school program inputs related to the quality of inputs that can directly support achievement. The process of the program is the implementation of various activities, approaches, and methods which supports the success of the child-friendly school. The products produced are the implementation of child-friendly school programs in Junior High School 16 Bandar Lampung. The method used in this research is qualitative with a phenomenological design. The informants were the school principal, deputy headmaster in the curriculum, student affairs, facilities and infrastructure, teachers, students, guardians of students, security guards, school guards. The results showed that the context of planning child-friendly school programs was to prevent violence against children and other school members, creating relationships between quality school members,etc. The input determines the facilities and infrastructure carried out so that the facilities and infrastructure needs could be effectively and efficiently. The process of implementing were done by the teachers, staffs and security program approaches through daily communication. The product was the results achieved in the organization of child-friendly school programs. They were the attitudes \/ behaviors of students towards teachers, security guards, staff, and peers that demonstrated the principle of child-friendly schools. Students were always polite by greeting and shaking hands with teachers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 08-10\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Indah Ayu Mutiya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sowiyah<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irawan Suntoro<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Al-Fandi, Haryanto. 2011. Desain Pembelajaran Yang Demokratis &amp; Humanis. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media.\r\n[2] Furqon, Hidayatullah Muhammad. 2010. Guru Sejati: Membangun Insan Berkarakter Kuat dan Cerdas. Surakarta:Yuma Pustaka\r\n[3] Kristanto, Andri. 2011. Perancangan Sistem Informasi Dan Aplikasinya. Yogyakarta: Gava Media\r\n[4] Moleong, J. Lexy. 2017. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya\r\n[5] Ngadiyo.2013.\u201dHomeschooling, Melejitkan Potensi Anak.\u201d Majalah Embun, Edisi 49-V-Rajab 1434.Mei 2013, hlm 18.\r\n[6] Undang-undang RI Nomor 10 tahun 2012 tentang KonvensiHak Anak (KHA)\r\n[7] Undang-undang Nomor 20 tahun 2003tentangSisdiknas\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Indah Ayu Mutiya, Sowiyah, Irawan Suntoro &#8220;Evaluation of Child Friendly School Programs In Junior High School 16 Bandar Lampung &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.08-10 February 2020\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/08-10.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/08-10.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/evaluation-of-child-friendly-school-programs-in-junior-high-school-16-bandar-lampung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Evaluation of Child Friendly School Programs In Junior High School 16 Bandar Lampung <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51458aa elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"51458aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5145996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5145996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5145b10\" data-id=\"5145b10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5145c29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5145c29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5145cae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5145cae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5148be0\" data-id=\"5148be0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5148dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5148dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5148e7d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5148e7d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5149004\" data-id=\"5149004\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51491f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51491f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5149292 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5149292\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51493fd\" data-id=\"51493fd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514952a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514952a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51495bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51495bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5149715\" data-id=\"5149715\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514982f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514982f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-514c601 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"514c601\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-514cdd4\" data-id=\"514cdd4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514cf7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514cf7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-514d1fb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"514d1fb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-514d54e\" data-id=\"514d54e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-514d6d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"514d6d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Do School Facilities in Eswatini Consumer Sciences Supports Quality Education?<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dumisa Celumusa Mabuza, Dlalisile Cynthia Dlamini &#8211; February 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 11-16<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-514d7af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"514d7af\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51505c0\" data-id=\"51505c0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-515075d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"515075d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is the anchor of every successful society, this study intended to find out the impact of school facilities on quality education in Eswatini high schools. A strong link exists between the school facilities, the learning process and quality education. A mixed method research design was employed to study Consumer Science teachers\u2019 perceptions school facilities as determinat for quality education in Eswatini. Hence, this article looks at the impact of school facilities on quality education. Random sampling and purposive sampling were used to select respondents for this study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect quantitative and qualitative data. Means and standard deviations through SPSS were used for data analyses. This article reveals that teachers face challenges in thriving for quality education. The study reveals that improvement of school facilities is key to responding to the challenges faced by teachers in the provision of quality education. Therefore, the ministry of education, businesses, organizations and all involved entities should provide enough funding to improve school facilities leading to better student outcomes of quality education.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 11-16\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dumisa Celumusa Mabuza<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Consumer Sciences Education and Community Development, Faculty of Consumer Sciences, University of Eswatini P. O. Luyengo, Eswatini\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dlalisile Cynthia Dlamini<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Consumer Sciences Education and Community Development, Faculty of Consumer Sciences, University of Eswatini P. O. Luyengo, Eswatini\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alvi, M., (2016).A Manual for Selecting Sampling Techniques in Research.Doctorate in Public Administration.University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.Munich Personal RePEc Archive, 70218, (2), 1-56\r\n[2] Buckley, J., Schneider M., Shang Y., (2004).Lausd school facilities and academic performance.Building Educational Success Together 1, (1), 2-12\r\n[3] Bruin, W. B., &amp; Carman K. 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Int\u2019l Journal of Advances in Chemical Engg.,&amp; Biological Sciences (IJACEBS), 3, (1): 72-77.\r\n[27] Smith, E. (2015) Are literacy skills associated with young adults\u2019 health in Africa? Evidence from Malawi. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 1, (27):124-133.\r\n[28] Taherdoost H. (2018) Sampling Methods in Research Methodology; How to Choose a Sampling Technique for Research.SSRN Electronic Journal, 5, (2):18-27.\r\n[29] Trefry J. C., Anantpadma M., Sakurai., Murin C. D., Turner H. L., Fairhurst J., Torres M., Rafique A., Yan Y., Badithe A., Yu K., Potocky T., Bixler S. L., Chance T. B., Pratt W. B., Kyratsous C. (2018) Development of Clinical-Stage Human Monoclonal Antibodies That Treat Advanced Ebola Virus Disease in Nonhuman Primates. The journal of infectious diseases, 18, (5), 612 &#8211; S626. https:\/\/doi.org 10.1093\/infdis\/jiy285\r\n[30] Uline, C., Tschannen-M., (2008). The walls speak: The interplay of quality facilities, school climate, and student achievement. Journal of Educational Administration 46 (1), 55-73.\r\n[31] UNESCO, (2017). Resources and facilities for Teaching and Learning of Mathematics and Science School http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/education\/educprog\/ste\/projects \/girls%20africa\/femsa\/femsa2.html. 9\/01\/2019\r\n[32] UNESCO, (2000).Imbokodvo manifesto quality education.World Data on Education. UNESCO IBE, Swaziland. http:\/\/www.ibe.unesco.org\/International\/ICE\/natrap\/Swaziland.pdf\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dumisa Celumusa Mabuza, Dlalisile Cynthia Dlamini &#8220;Do School Facilities in Eswatini Consumer Sciences Supports Quality Education?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.11-16 February 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/11-16.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/11-16.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/do-school-facilities-in-eswatini-consumer-sciences-supports-quality-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Do School Facilities in Eswatini Consumer Sciences Supports Quality Education?<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5151815 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5151815\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51518f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51518f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5151a6f\" data-id=\"5151a6f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5151b91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5151b91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5151c11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5151c11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5151d6b\" data-id=\"5151d6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5151e7d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5151e7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5151efc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5151efc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5152048\" data-id=\"5152048\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-515214d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"515214d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5177e92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5177e92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5178092\" data-id=\"5178092\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51781ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51781ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-517829e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"517829e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5178413\" data-id=\"5178413\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5178528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5178528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51785cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51785cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5178752\" data-id=\"5178752\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51788b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51788b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Job Performance and Organisational Commitment among the Employees: Case of K-Unity, Kiambu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Kenneth Macharia Munyua &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 17-27<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5178972 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5178972\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5178afb\" data-id=\"5178afb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5178c46 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5178c46\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Motivation is a rare commodity and organisational leaders grapple with this challenge as no one knows with certainty what really motivates employees and once motivated how it could be sustained to bring out optimum job performance and organisational belongingness in employees towards the realisation of organisation\u2019s objectives as the belief in most organisations history is that money is the most available motivator yet studies are proving otherwise: money is not the best motivator. The study took into consideration that globally organisations are cutting down on costs owing to competition and converting some of the finances to other programs and incentives to boost their staff morale and enhance productivity. The purpose of the research project was to find out the relationship between intrinsic motivation and job performance and organisational commitment among the employees with reference to K-Unity Savings and Credit Cooperative Society Ltd. Theoretical framework for the study was based on Herzberg\u2019s two-factor theory (Teck-Hong &amp; Waheed, 2011) and Lawrence and Nohria (2002) four-drive theory. The study adopted a quantitative and descriptive research design. A structured study instrument was used to collect the relevant data that adopted content, face, construct and concurrent validity while instrument reliability was addressed through a pilot survey to pre-test the questionnaire. Simple random sampling method was used to get the appropriate population size of 187 representing 93.5% of the total population while correlational and analysis of variance (NOVA) was used to find the relationship between the independent and dependent variable based on the hypotheses of the study. The findings established that intrinsic motivation and rewards contribute significantly to employees\u2019 job performance (p- value of 0.015 &lt; 0.05 and R square value of 0.032) and organisational commitment (correlation of 0.202 (20.2% and p-value of 0.006 &lt; 0.05). The study concludes that by utilising and investing in non-financial rewards, employees improve their job performance and develop organisational citizenship behaviour displayed by their commitment to the organization. The study therefore recommends that organizations invest in non-financial rewards and incentives and more studies been done to determine the role that could be played by job-related attitudes in enhancing employees\u2019 job performance and organizational commitment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 17-27\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kenneth Macharia Munyua <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ali I., Rehman K., Ali S.I., Yousaf J. &amp; Zia M. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility Influences, Employee Commitment and Organizational Performance. African Journal of Business Management, 4(12), pp.2796-2801.\r\n[2] Albeiti, M. (2015). The Role of Motivation on Employees\u2019 Performance: The Case of Victoria Commercial Bank of Kenya. Published MBA Thesis. United States International University Africa, Kenya.\r\n[3] Aworemi, J. R., Abdual-Azeez, I.A. &amp;Durowoju, S.T (2011). An Empirical Study of the Motivational Factors of Employees in Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 3(3): 227-233.\r\n[4] Abbah, M. T. (2014). Employee Motivation: The Key to Effective Organizational Management in Nigeria. Journal of Business and Management, Volume 16, Issue 4. Ver. I, pp. 01-08.\r\n[5] Ali, A., Abrar, M. &amp;Haider, J. (2012). Impact of Motivation on the Working Performance of Employees-A Case Study of Pakistan. Global Advanced Research Journal of Management and Business Studies, Vol. 1(4): pp. 126-133.\r\n[6] Arnolds, C. (2007). The Strategic Importance of Motivational Rewards for Lower-level Employees in the Manufacturing and Retailing Industries. Journal of Industrial Psychology, Vol. 33 (3): pp.15-23.\r\n[7] Ayobami, P.K. (2013). Influence of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation on Employees\u2019 Performance. Available from: http:\/\/www.ilo.org.\r\n[8] Aktar, S., Sachu, M. M. &amp; Ali, M. E. (2012). The impact of rewards on employee performance in commercial banks in Bangladesh: An empirical study. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 6 (2), 9-15.\r\n[9] Albeiti, M. (2015). The Role of Motivation on Employees\u2019 Performance: The Case of Victoria Commercial Bank of Kenya. Published MBA Thesis. United States International University Africa, Kenya.\r\n[10] Azeem, S.M. (2010). Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment among Employees in the Sultanate of Oman. Psychology, Vol. 1, 295-299.\r\n[11] Benabou, R. and Tirole, J. (2003). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Review of Economic Studies, Vol.70, 489-520.\r\n[12] Bernardin, J. and Russell, J. (1998) Human Resource Management: An Experiential Approach. USA: McGraw- Hill.\r\n[13] Cheema, F. E. A., Shujaat, S. &amp;Alam, R. (2013). Impact of Non-monetary Rewards on Employees\u2019 Motivation: a Study of Commercial Banks in Karachi. Journal of Management and Social Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 23-30.\r\n[14] Chiang, F. T. &amp;Birtch, T. A. (2012). The Performance Implications of Financial and Non-Financial Rewards: An Asian Nordic Comparison. Journal of Management Studies, Volume 49, Issue 3, pp. 538\u2013570.\r\n[15] Choong, Y-O &amp;Kee, L.W. (2011). Intrinsic Motivation and Organizational\r\nCommitment in the Malaysian Private Higher Education Institutions: An Empirical Study. 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Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 413-422.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kenneth Macharia Munyua &#8220;Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Job Performance and Organisational Commitment among the Employees: Case of K-Unity, Kiambu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.17-27 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/17-27.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/17-27.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-intrinsic-motivation-on-job-performance-and-organisational-commitment-among-the-employees-case-of-k-unity-kiambu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Intrinsic Motivation on Job Performance and Organisational Commitment among the Employees: Case of K-Unity, Kiambu County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5179ba8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5179ba8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5179c8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5179c8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5179e12\" data-id=\"5179e12\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5179f3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5179f3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5179fc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5179fc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-517a122\" data-id=\"517a122\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517a22c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517a22c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-517a2b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"517a2b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-517a3fe\" data-id=\"517a3fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517a50c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517a50c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-517a58c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"517a58c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-517a6d4\" data-id=\"517a6d4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-517a7d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"517a7d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-517a851 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"517a851\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518a886\" data-id=\"518a886\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518a9dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518a9dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518aab8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518aab8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518ac4a\" data-id=\"518ac4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518ad64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518ad64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>University Management In Making Disability Friendly Campus<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dina Agustina, Sowiyah, Deddy Hermanto Karwan &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 28-31<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518ae0a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518ae0a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518af76\" data-id=\"518af76\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518b09b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"518b09b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to analyze and describe academic program planning, facilities and infrastructure in realizing campus-friendly disabilities at UML, organizing academic programs and facilities and infrastructure in creating disability-friendly campuses in UML, implementing academic program, facilities and infrastructure in realizing campus-friendly disabilities in UML, evaluating academic programs and facilities and infrastructure in creating a disability friendly campus at UML. The method used in this study is qualitative with a phenomenological design. The informants were the rector, dean, head of the PLB study program, lecturers, and students. The results showed that planning academic programs in realizing campus-friendly disabilities has (1) structure, (2) rules of task completion, (3) plan of activities, and (4) objectives. Infrastructure planning begins with determining when the committee, needs analysis and preparation of a list of needs. Organizing academic programs to prepare knowledge or insight for all PLB students, both those with disabilities or those who are unable to enter the world of inclusion after graduating from UML.Organizing infrastructure through the stages of procurement, and controlling \/ controlling facilities and infrastructure. The implementation of the academic program implements the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, the maintenance of infrastructure is carried out by checking efforts periodically once a year to prevent damage. Evaluation of academic programs consists of several aspects as follows: 1) Evaluation of learning outcomes; 2) Cumulative achievement index every semester; 3) Final evaluation of the S1 program. The evaluation of sarpras was carried out in accordance with Law no.12\/2012 of Higher Education and the Indonesian Higher Education System regarding the characteristics of the organization of tertiary education and management of tertiary institutions where tertiary institutions have the right to non-academic autonomy (management): to improve the quality of education; principles of good university governance: (1) regulate the organization &amp; make its own decisions; (2) management of tablespoons; (3) asset management; (4) financial management.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 28-31\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dzakpasu Prince Edem<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Deddy Hermanto Karwan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Awaludin, Hamid. 2012. HAM Politik, Hukum, dan Kemunafikan Internasional. Jakarta: Buku Kompas\r\n[2] Ghafur, Saha Hanief. 2009. Manajemen Mutu, Penjaminan dan Internasionalisasi Perguruan Tinggi diIndonesia. Jakarta: UI Press.\r\n[3] Indrajit, Richardus Eko. 2013. Manajemen Perguruan Tinggi. E-Artikel Sistem dan Teknologi Informasi. No. 412\r\n[4] Moleong, Lexy J. 2014. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Rosdakarya: Bandung\r\n[5] Sugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Alfabeta: Bandung\r\n[6] Ro\u2019fah, dkk. 2010.Inklusi pada Pendidikan Tinggi: Best Practicies Pembelajaran dan Pelayanan Adaptif bagi Mahasiswa Difabel Netra, Yogyakarta: PSLD UIN Sunan Kalijaga.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dina Agustina, Sowiyah, Deddy Hermanto Karwan &#8220;University Management In Making Disability Friendly Campus&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.28-31 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/28-31.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/28-31.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/university-management-in-making-disability-friendly-campus\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">University Management In Making Disability Friendly Campus<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518c04e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"518c04e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518c14e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518c14e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518c309\" data-id=\"518c309\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518c440 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518c440\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518c4ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518c4ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518c675\" data-id=\"518c675\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518c797 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518c797\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518c841 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518c841\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518c9a0\" data-id=\"518c9a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518cb02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518cb02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518cbc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518cbc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518cd24\" data-id=\"518cd24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518ce3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518ce3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-518ceda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"518ceda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-518d02f\" data-id=\"518d02f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-518d13f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"518d13f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51999d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51999d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5199bac\" data-id=\"5199bac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5199cf1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5199cf1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5199da3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5199da3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5199f3c\" data-id=\"5199f3c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519a05b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519a05b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519a132 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519a132\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519a289\" data-id=\"519a289\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519a394 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519a394\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519a443 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519a443\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519a599\" data-id=\"519a599\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519a6a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519a6a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519a73f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519a73f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519a8ae\" data-id=\"519a8ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519a9c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519a9c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Market Based Instrument: An Alternative Means of Minimizing Municipal Solid Waste in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mu\u2019azu Audu Zanuwa, Abdu Ali, Adamu Muhammad K., Faruk Ibrahim Gaya &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 32-36<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519aa64 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519aa64\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519abc6\" data-id=\"519abc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519ad00 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"519ad00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The amount of municipal solid waste produced daily is significantly increasing in the cities of developing countries. While the capacity and effectiveness of municipalities in providing municipal solid waste services remains undesirably low. The paper examined market based instrument an alternative means of minimizing municipal solid waste (MSW)in Gombe Metropolis of Gombe state, Nigeria. The study revealed that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the population and the average mean living standard of the people. Moreover, market based instruments may be used in minimizing municipal solid waste in Gombe metropolis through the use of purchase relevant instrument, discard relevant instrument, and jointly relevant instrument. The market based instrument for minimization of municipal solid waste comprises of various service such as Collection of waste, Transportation of waste, Separation and recycling of material. The paper recommend that, awareness campaign should be intensified in order to ensure that people employed the habit of sorting their waste, so that recycling material could be reuse by the manufacturer. Also government should make provision of incentive to both producers and consumers that reduce it waste generation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 32-36\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mu\u2019azu Audu Zanuwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abdu Ali<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adamu Muhammad K.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Faruk Ibrahim Gaya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Abel, O. A. (2009). An Analysis of Solid Waste Generation in a Traditional African City: The Example of Ogbomoso, Nigeria. Environment and Urbanization, SAGE Journals, 19(2): 527- 537.\r\n[2] Bartone, A.S. (2000).The environmental dimension of urbanization in Developing countries London, mathuenen.\r\n[3] Bonhm, p (1981), Deposit Refund system: The theory and application to environmental Conservation and consumer policy, John Hopkins University press, Battimore, USA.\r\n[4] Buba, H. B. (2016) Assessment of Household Solid Waste Management in Gombe, Nigeria; A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria\r\n[5] GOSEPA. (2018). Gombe State Environmental Protection Agency (GOSEPA)\r\n[6] Guerin, K. (2003). Property right and environmental policy: A New Zealand perspective, Wellington. New Zealand: NZ Treasury.\r\n[7] Hong, R, Adams, R,Love, A. (1993). \u201cAn economic analysis of household recycling of solid waste\u201d:The case of Portland oregun\u201d, Journal of environmental economic and management,Vol.25,pp.136-146.\r\n[8] Inter-American Development Bank.(2003). Economic instruments for solid waste management: Global review and applications for Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington, D.C. Inter-American Development Bank\r\n[9] Jenkins, R.R. (1993).The economics of solid waste Reduction, Edward Elgar.UK.\r\n[10] Nabegu, A.B. (2006).Option for the organization of solid waste management in Developing Countries: The case of Kano Metropolis. Journal of Research in environmental issues 2006\/25JRES\r\n[11] Nabegu, A.B. (2008). Municipal solid waste characteristic in three Residential Zone of Kano Metropolis: implication for management. Journal of Art and social science vol.6\r\n[12] National Population Commission. (2006). Population and Housing Census of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Priority Tables (LGA) National Population Commission Volume II.\r\n[13] Oxford Dictionaries. (2018).Definition of metropolis: Retrieved on 25, May 3018\r\n[14] Pannell, D.(2001). &#8216;Harry Potter and the Pendulums of Perpetual Motion: Economic Policy Instruments for Environmental Management&#8217;. Connections &#8211; Farm Food and Resource Issues, summer.\r\n[15] Perman, R., Ma, Y., McGilvray, J. and Common, M.(2003). Natural resource and environmental economics. Pearson Education, Harlow.\r\n[16] Schubeler, R. (1996).Population, Urbanization and the environment: UK Press Ltd\r\n[17] Senkoro, D. (2003). Framework for municipal waste management in Dakar.\r\n[18] Stavins, R. N. (2000).Experience with market based environmental policy instruments, Resources for the Future Discussion Paper 0009, January 2000.\r\n[19] Thomas, H. J.A. (1998).Municipal solid waste management in Developing countries:Options. New York\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mu\u2019azu Audu Zanuwa, Abdu Ali, Adamu Muhammad K., Faruk Ibrahim Gaya &#8220;Market Based Instrument: An Alternative Means of Minimizing Municipal Solid Waste in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.32-36 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/32-36.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/32-36.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/market-based-instrument-an-alternative-means-of-minimizing-municipal-solid-waste-in-gombe-metropolis-gombe-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Market Based Instrument: An Alternative Means of Minimizing Municipal Solid Waste in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519bb8e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"519bb8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519bc7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519bc7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519be0e\" data-id=\"519be0e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519bf34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519bf34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519bfe1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519bfe1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-519c13a\" data-id=\"519c13a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-519c24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"519c24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-519c2e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"519c2e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51aeb92\" data-id=\"51aeb92\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51aee5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51aee5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51aefb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51aefb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51af266\" data-id=\"51af266\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51af48a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51af48a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51af5bf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51af5bf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51af856\" data-id=\"51af856\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51afa62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51afa62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51afb8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51afb8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51afe0f\" data-id=\"51afe0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b0015 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51b0015\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51b0154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51b0154\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51b0406\" data-id=\"51b0406\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b0609 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51b0609\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Principal\u2019s Supervisory Role and Non-Teaching Staff Work Improvement in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Richard Anietie, Woyengikuru Kolubowei, Idongesit Victor Dapper- February 2020 Page No.: 37-42<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51b0730 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51b0730\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51b0a04\" data-id=\"51b0a04\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51b0c4c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"51b0c4c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8565\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8566\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8561\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the principal\u2019s supervisory role and non-teaching staff work improvement in public secondary schools in Rivers State. Two research questions and two hypotheses were formulated to guides the study. The design of the study was a descriptive survey design, and the population of the study was 552 principals that were in all the secondary schools in the 23 Local Government Areas in Rivers State. Based on this population, the sample of the study was 231 principals which were determined through a stratified random sampling technique. The sample was stratified into the male (96) and female (135), which was 48% and 58% respectively. The instrument of the study was a researcher designed questionnaire tagged \u201cPrincipal Supervisory Role Questionnaire (PSRQ)\u201d with a reliability coefficient of 0.84. Mean score and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions and a z-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. It was revealed that the principal supervisory roles that can be harnessed to ensure non-teaching staff work improvement in public secondary schools in Rivers State does not includes accountability role and hence concludes that the non-teaching staff is asset of employees that are very crucial in the smooth running of the school and hence recommended that principal and other senior members of the school should find out ways to ensure that the appropriate supervisory methods are adopted in the supervision of the non-teaching staff within the scope of their duty.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 37-42\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8562\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Richard Anietie <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Woyengikuru Kolubowei <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Idongesit Victor Dapper <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Management, Faculty of Education, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8563\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adesina, O. (2010). Some aspects of school management. Lagos: Education Institutions\r\n[2] Adeyemi, T. O (2010). Predicting students\u2019 performance in senior &amp; Junior Senior &amp; Junior Secondary Certificate Examination in Ondo State Nigeria. Humanity and Social Science Journal. 3 (1,. (26-360)\r\n[3] Agabi. J.I. (1997). Problems of educational administration in Nigeria secondary schools. Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis, University of Port Harcourt.\r\n[4] Agbakwuru, C. &amp; Itaziba, O. (2017) Motivation strategies of primary school teachers for enhancing leaning in Obia Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. Journal of Education and Society, 7(1), 1-8.\r\n[5] Agi, K.U. &amp; Adiele, E.E. (2015). Educational management. (Revised edition) Port Harcourt: harey publications.\r\n[6] Agu, E. C. (2003). Principal\u2019s personal characteristics and administration of secondary schools in Rivers State: unpublished Ph.D. Thesis University of Port Harcourt. .\r\n[7] Akiri, A.A. (2014). Teachers\u2019 career satisfaction and students\u2019 performance in Delta State public secondary schools. Journal of educational and social research. 4(1), 267-272.\r\n[8] Amah, E. (2006). Human resource management: Nigeria: amethyst &amp; colleagues publishers.\r\n[9] Austin, G. (2009). Exemplary schools and the search for effectiveness. Journal of Educational Leadership. 37 (1), 10 \u2013 14.\r\n[10] Azani, N.W. (2006). Histries in community organization. New York: Harper and Bros.\r\n[11] Bennel, P. S (2004). Secondary education in Gambia. A situation analysis with special reference to cost and funding issue. Brighton Centre for International Education, Sussex University\r\n[12] Bernard, C. &amp; Goodyear, N. (2008). Principal as a supervisor. Social science education\/Academic counseling and supervision.\r\n[13] David-West, T.M. &amp; Kaegon, L.E.S. (2017). Principles\u2019 managerial techniques as correlates of teachers\u2019 service delivery in public secondary schools in Rivers State. International Journal of Scientific Research in Education 10(3), 342-351.\r\n[14] Deeyaa, L.B &amp; Anietie, R (2019). Scalar Process Management for Leadership Effectiveness in Universities in Rivers State. Global Scientific Journal (GSJ). Vol, 7(11), 984-1004.\r\n[15] Denga, D.I. (2015). Managerial psychology in business and educational administration. (5thEdition)Calabar: Arizona\u2019s Publishers\r\n[16] Doba, F. (2005). Motivation as a correlate of teacher job involvement in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. unpublished master\u2019s thesis. university of science and technology Port Harcourt.\r\n[17] Eze, U. E. (2006). Falling standard of education. News watch Magazine, Jan 18, 2006, Pg8.\r\n[18] Ezeocha, P. A. (2000). Educational administration and planning. Enugu: Optimal Computer Solution Ltd.\r\n[19] Forstall, M. (2019, June, 11). Types of educational supervision. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theclassroom.com\/facts-5705886-types-educational-supervision.html.\r\n[20] Iroegbu, P. (2004), Ethics of the teaching profession: Paper presented at the pre- philosophy day at the UNESCO workshop held at the Lagos State University Vanguard, Lagos: 19(5587) Thursday, August 25, 26\r\n[21] Kaegon, L.E.S (1998). The relationship between principals and staff in the administration of secondary school in Rivers State. A MED Thesiss submitted to Department of Education management University of Port Harcourt\r\n[22] Lashway, L. (2009). Role of the school leaders clearing house on education policy and management. College of Education \u2013 University of Oregon\r\n[23] Leigha, M. B. (2010). Teacher supervision and inspection. Owerri: Job press\r\n[24] Lipham, U. &amp; Hoeh, O. (1990). The principalship and functions. New York: Harper and Row Publishers.\r\n[25] Mbipom, G. (2006). Educational &amp; administration planning. Calabar: University of Calabar press.\r\n[26] McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill McNamara, C. (2006), Human resource management, free Management library: copy right 1997-2006 http:\/\/www.managementhelp.org\/aboutfro\/\/subscribe.html\r\n[27] Mutua, L. (2015). Influence of motivation on job performance among secondary schools teachers\u2019 in Kinsinyagacentry sub-country, Kenya.\r\n[28] Nwakpa, P.(2019, December, 31). Problems of School Inspection\/ Supervision in Nigeria. International Journal of Research Development. Retrieved on https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;url=http:\/\/www.globalacademicgroup.com\/journals\/approaches\/Problems%2520of%2520School.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjQYef4umAhVQXhoKHY7TA4AQFjADegQIAxAB&amp;usg=AOvVaw3v9nuDjVd89yvRZgxNtpUH\r\n[29] Nwankwoala, H.N.L. (2016). Fundamental facts in educational administration and supervision. Port Harcourt: harey publication.\r\n[30] Nwiyi, G.N. (2015). The Teacher and Students in school Administration: Legal Guide. In Kalagbor, L.D. (Ed.), Education law in the context of school administration (pp. 114-125). Port Harcourt: pearl publishers.\r\n[31] Odou, S.R.M, Anietie, R &amp; Ehulonu, E.G. (2019). Agenda setting and educational policy implementation in public universities in Rivers State. World Journal of Innovative Research, Vol 7(4)39-49.\r\n[32] Ololube, P.N. (2017). Educational management, planning and supervision: model for effective implementation (2nd Edition). Port Harcourt: pearl publishers Nigeria.\r\n[33] Robert-Okah, I. (2014). Educational management in Nigeria: a functional approach (revised edition). Port Harcourt: Harey publication Nigeria.\r\n[34] Tony, F. (2013). Factors influencing motivation among the secondary school teachers in Mount Elgon district of Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8564\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8564\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Richard Anietie, Woyengikuru Kolubowei, Idongesit Victor Dapper, &#8220;Principal\u2019s Supervisory Role and Non-Teaching Staff Work Improvement in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.37-42 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/37-42.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8565\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8565\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/37-42.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8566\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8566\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/principals-supervisory-role-and-non-teaching-staff-work-improvement-in-public-secondary-schools-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Principal\u2019s Supervisory Role and Non-Teaching Staff Work Improvement in Public Secondary Schools in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c3efd elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"51c3efd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51c4771 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51c4771\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51c4a3e\" data-id=\"51c4a3e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c4c7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51c4c7f\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d52b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51d52b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51d540a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51d540a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51d56e6\" data-id=\"51d56e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d592f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51d592f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51d5a92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51d5a92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51d5d23\" data-id=\"51d5d23\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d5f6b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51d5f6b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51d60b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51d60b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51d63fb\" data-id=\"51d63fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d6636 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51d6636\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Non-Penal Policy in Prevention and Protection of Narcotics Criminal Action (A Case Study of National Narcotics Agency in North Sumatera, Indonesia)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Alvin Hamzah Nasution, Beby Suryani Fithri, Arie Kartika &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 43-48<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51d6783 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51d6783\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51d6a90\" data-id=\"51d6a90\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d6ce3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"51d6ce3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The National Narcotics Agency (BNN) of Indonesiastated that North Sumatra was in the second ranked of the high narcotics distribution based on the official government data. Hence, drugs trafficking is atthe alarming stage. Tackling crime through the Non-Penal policies were acted before the occurrence of crime when the main target is the handling of the factors causing the crime, centered on social problems or conditions which directly and indirectly can lead to narcotics crime. The problem in this study is how the Non-Penal policy in the prevention and protection of narcotics crime victims established by the BNN of North Sumatra, Indonesia and how the constraints in the implementation of Non-Penal policies as efforts to prevent and protect narcotics crime victims in BNN of North Sumatra and the efforts made BNN to overcome these obstacles.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 43-48\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Alvin Hamzah Nasution <\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beby Suryani Fithri<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Arie Kartika<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Law, Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] M. T. Makarao, Suhasril, and M. Zakky, Tindak Pidana Narkotika. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2005.\r\n[2] Sudarto, Hukum Pidana dan Perkembangan Masyarakat. Bandung: Sinar Baru, 1983.\r\n[3] B. N. Arief, Kebijakan legislatif dalam penanggulangan kejahatan dengan pidana penjara. Badan Penerbit, Universitas Diponegoro, 1996.\r\n[4] J. Ibrahim, Teori &amp; Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Malang. Bayumedia Publishing, 2008.\r\n[5] S. Soekanto, Pengantar penelitian hukum. Penerbit Universitas Indonesia (UI-Press), 2006.\r\n[6] R. Adi, Metode Penelitian Sosial dan Hukum Granit. Jakarta, 2000.\r\n[7] S. Hartono, Penelitian hukum di Indonesia pada akhir abad ke-20. Alumni, 1994.\r\n[8] M. Hatta, Kebijakan politik kriminal: Penegakan hukum dalam rangka penanggulangan kejahatan. Pustaka Pelajar, 2010.\r\n[9] M. Z. Ali, \u201cKebijakan Kriminal.\u201d Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2016.\r\n[10] A. Z. A. Farid, Hukum Pidana 1. Jakarta: Sinar Grafika, 2007.\r\n[11] W. A. Bonger, An introduction to criminology. Routledge, 2015.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Alvin Hamzah Nasution, Beby Suryani Fithri, Arie Kartika &#8220;The Non-Penal Policy in Prevention and Protection of Narcotics Criminal Action (A Case Study of National Narcotics Agency in North Sumatera, Indonesia)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.43-48 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/43-48.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/43-48.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-non-penal-policy-in-prevention-and-protection-of-narcotics-criminal-action-a-case-study-of-national-narcotics-agency-in-north-sumatera-indonesia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Non-Penal Policy in Prevention and Protection of Narcotics Criminal Action (A Case Study of National Narcotics Agency in North Sumatera, Indonesia)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e7e9b 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e86e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e86e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e884f\" data-id=\"51e884f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e895b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51e895b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e89f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e89f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e8b4c\" data-id=\"51e8b4c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e8c56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51e8c56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e8cf2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e8cf2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e8e41\" data-id=\"51e8e41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e8f4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51e8f4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e8fe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e8fe5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e912e\" data-id=\"51e912e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e9237 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51e9237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e92fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e92fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e946f\" data-id=\"51e946f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e9578 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51e9578\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Game Modification Training Methods Toward Football Performance Skills<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ali Mardius, Yuni Astuti, Andika Prajana &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 49-52<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51e961d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51e961d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51e9787\" data-id=\"51e9787\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51e98b6 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"51e98b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This research aimed tosee the effect of game modification training methods toward football performance skills. Game modification training methods can be given to the athletes in order to comprihence and describe every material training. By using the approach of game modification method, it can introduce different levels of tasks \/ exercises to be performed. This is because the modification method gave the game a different task on its level. In addition, the used of game methods could push to determine the at athlete\u2019s level for his performance in running training process.This article provided the effect of football performance skills, the mean difference = 8.136 which means football game modification skills between after and before given game modification method. Statistic t value =11.415, With db = 43 and number sig. or p-velue = 0.000 &lt;0.05 or H0 rejected. Thus, it was concluded that there were significant differences on football performance skills between before and after given game modification method.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 49-52\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ali Mardius<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Bung Hatta, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yuni Astuti<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Negeri Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Andika Prajana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibioro, F. Ebekam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nGraduate Student, Department of Social Work, UNN\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Astuti, Yuni, etc. 2019. Motivating Primary School Students With Collaborative Games To Produce Good Character Building.Asian EFL Journal Research Articles. Vol. 24 Issue No. 4.1 June 2019\r\n[2] Burghardt, G. M. (2011). Defining and recognizing play. In The Oxford handbook of the development of play.\r\n[3] Barreiros, A., C\u00f4t\u00e9, J., &amp; Fonseca, A. M. (2014). From early to adult sport success: Analysing athletes\u2019 progression in national squads. European Journal of Sport Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17461391.2012.671368.\r\n[4] Bjorklund, D. F., &amp; Brown, R. D. (1998). Physical play and cognitive development: Integrating activity, cognition, and education. Child Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06229.x.\r\n[5] Burdette, H. L., &amp; Whitaker, R. C. (2005). Resurrecting Free Play in Young Children. Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.159.1.46.\r\n[6] Bishop, J. C., Curtis, M., &amp; Opie, I. (Eds.). (2001). Play today in the primary school playground: Life, learning and creativity. Buckingham: Open university press.\r\n[7] Caicedo, J.G., Matsudo, S.M.M., &amp; Matsudo, V.K.R. (1993).Teste especifico para mensurar agilidade em futebolistas e suacorrelac \u0327a \u0303o com o desempenho no passe im situac \u0327a \u0303o real dejogo.Revista Brasileira de Ciencia e Movimento,7(2), 7 \u2013 15.\r\n[8] Ellaway, A., Kirk, A., Macintyre, S., &amp; Mutrie, N. (2007). Nowhere to play? The relationship between the location of outdoor play areas and deprivation in Glasgow. Health and Place, 13(2), 557\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2006.03.005.\r\n[9] Erianti, Yuni Astuti. 2019. Relations With Foot-Eye Coordination of Shooting Football School Students. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS).Volume III, Issue VIII. August 2019.\r\n[10] Farley, T. A., Meriwether, R. A., Baker, E. T., Rice, J. C., &amp; Webber, L. S. (2008). Where do the children play? The influence of playground equipment on physical activity of children in free play. Journal of Physical Activity and Health. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1123\/jpah.5.2.319.\r\n[11] Hendry, D. T., Williams, A. M., &amp; Hodges, N. J. (2018). Coach ratings of skills and their relations to practice, play and successful transitions from youth-elite to adult-professional status in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02640414.2018.1432236\r\n[12] Kirkendall, D.R., Gruber, J.J., &amp; Johnson, R.E. (1987).Measure-ment and Evaluation for Physical Educators. Champaign, IL:Human Kinetics\r\n[13] Ro \u0308sch, D., Hodgson, R., Peterson, L.et al. (2000). Assessmentand evaluation of football performance.American Journal ofSports Medicine,28(suppl), S29 \u2013S39\r\n[14] Staiano, A. E., &amp; Calvert, S. L. (2011). Exergames for Physical Education Courses: Physical, Social, and Cognitive Benefits. Child Development Perspectives. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2011.00162.x.\r\n[15] Soares, E.A., Matsudo, V.K.R., Ferreira, M., Figueira, A.J., &amp;Leandro de Araujo, T. (1994). Relationship among agility testsin junior high soccer players. InProceedings of the XIX SimposioInternacional de Ciencias do Esporte, p. 135. Sao Caetano, SaoPaulo: Centro de Estudos do Laboratorio de Aptidao Fisica deSao Caetano do Sul.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ali Mardius, Yuni Astuti, Andika Prajana, &#8220;The Effect of Game Modification Training Methods Toward Football Performance Skills&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.49-52 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/49-52.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/49-52.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-game-modification-training-methods-toward-football-performance-skills\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Game Modification Training Methods Toward Football Performance Skills<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51ea6b6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51ea910\" data-id=\"51ea910\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51eaa41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51eaa41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eaaed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eaaed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51eac4f\" data-id=\"51eac4f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51ead58 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51ead58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eadfc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eadfc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51eaf47\" data-id=\"51eaf47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51eb04c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51eb04c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eb0e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eb0e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51eb242\" data-id=\"51eb242\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51eb350 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51eb350\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eb3ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eb3ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51eb53d\" data-id=\"51eb53d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51eb644 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51eb644\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eb6dd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eb6dd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51eb840\" data-id=\"51eb840\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51eb950 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51eb950\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Procurement Process: A Key Component in Service Delivery in Solid Waste Collection under PPP Arrangement<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>David Kamau Kariuki- February 2020 Page No.: 53-61<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51eb9ed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51eb9ed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-51ebb66\" data-id=\"51ebb66\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51ebc9b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"51ebc9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public procurement plays a very vital role in any economy. It is a vehicle that ensures that the public receives goods and services from the private sector, and also get value for money. However due to large sums of money involved it is shroud with fraud and corruption, lack of transparency and deliberate bureaucratic procedures (EACC, 2015). This study sought to establish whether procurement process affects service delivery by solid waste collecting firms under Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) arrangement in Nairobi City County (NCC),in Kenya. The study used a census method, where fifty one private companies involved in solid waste collection in NCC, were given questionnaires to answer. The main respondents in these companies were managers or supervisors since they are well equipped with policies, strategies and general operations of these companies. This ensured a reliable source of data. Sanni(2016) observed that procurement process was among the key factors affecting the operation of PPPs in different sectors of the economy. Therefore, this study aimed to establish whether procurement process does affect service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in PPP arrangement in NCC. Procurement process in this study was determined by three key indicators: transparency, political influence and bureaucracy. The results indicate that procurement process had a R2result of .267 or 26.7%, which implies that the independent variable, procurement process can explain up to 26.7% of the total variability in the dependent variable, service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC. The results confirmed the observation by Sanni (2016), that a procurement process is a key operation of PPPs. The results also showed that procurement process has a statistically significant positive influence on service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC(p-value = .000). This is less than the level of significance of 0.05. Therefore, any change in the procurement process would result in .306 times changes in service delivery by solid waste collecting firms in NCC.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 53-61\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 19 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Kamau Kariuki <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Entrepreneurship, Technology, Leadership and Management, Jomo Kenyatta University of Science and Technology, P.O BOX 62000-00200 NAIROBI, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Albrow, M. (2011). Bureaucracy: Key concept in Political Science. New York: St. Martin\u2019s Press.\r\n[2] ADB (Asian Development Bank), (2003), Enhancing the Asian Development Bank\u2019s Role in Combating money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Accessed from https:\/\/www.adb.org\/documents\/enhancing-asian-development-banks-role-combating-money-laundering-and-financing-terrorism on 20th July 2018\r\n[3] Ballard T. (2012). Transparency and public procurement. New York. UNOPS\r\n[4] Balsevich, A. Pivovarova, S.andPodkolzina, E., (2011).information transparency in public procurement: How it works in Russian regions. Moscow. Center for Institutional Studies, Higher School of Economics.\r\n[5] Basheka, B., C. (2009). Public Procurement Reforms in Africa: A tool for Effective Governance of the Public Sector and Poverty Reduction. International Handbook of Public Procurement.\r\n[6] Beke, M., Cardona, F &amp;Blomeyer, R., (2013). Political and other forms of corruption in the attribution of public procurement contracts and allocation of EU funds: extent of the phenomenon and overview of practices. Brussel\r\n[7] CGD (Centre for Global Development), (2009).Capital Loss and Corruption: The Example of Nigeria -Testimony before the House Financial Services Committee. Washington DC. CGD\r\n[8] Craig, J. and Kopits, G., (1998).Transparency in Government Operations. Washington DC. International Monetary Fund.\r\n[9] De Simone E., (2009) Fiscal discipline, transparency and fiscal governance: A structural equation model approach. Naples. University of Naples.\r\n[10] De Soto, H. (1990). The Other Path. New York, NY: Harper and Row. dellaPorta, D. and Vannucci,A. (1999) Corrupt exchanges: Actors, resources,and mechanisms of political corruption, New York. Aldine de Grutyer,\r\n[11] Dzhumashev, M., 2010. Corruption and Regulatory Burden. Department of Economics. Monash University, Australia.\r\n[12] EACC. (2015).An Evaluation of Corruption in Public Procurement: A Kenyan Experience. EACC.\r\n[13] Florini, A. (2007). The Right to Know :Transparency for an Open World. New York: Columbia University Press.\r\n[14] Gahigi, K.(2017, July 6).Barriers adds to cost of doing business. The East African. Retrieved from;http:\/\/www.theeastafrican.co.ke\/business\/Barriers-add-cost-of-doing-business\/2560-4003406-1f9imqz\/index.html.on 22nd July 2018\r\n[15] Grierson, M., and Needham, R. (2006). Ethics, Probity and Accountability in Procurement: Queensland Purchasing, Department of Public Works: Crime and Misconduct Commission: Queensland .Commonwealth of Australia.\r\n[16] Government of Kenya, (2005). The Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005. Nairobi. Government Printer,\r\n[17] Guest, S.; Gearey, A.; Penner, J.; and Morrison, W. (2004). Jurisprudence and legal theory. London: University of London Press.\r\n[18] Guhan, S. and Samuel Paul, (Eds) (1997) Corruption in India: Agenda for Action. New Delhi. Vision Books\r\n[19] Jaccard, J., Guilamo-Ramos, V., Johansson, M., &amp;Bouris, A. (2006). Multiple regression analyses in clinical child and adolescent psychology. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35 (3), 456-479.\r\n[20] Herbst, J. (1990). The politics of privatization in Africa, in Suleman, E.N. &amp; Waterbury, J. (eds). The political economy of public sector reform and privatization. Boulder: Westview Press.\r\n[21] Holzner, B., and Holzner , L.,(2006). Transparency in Global Change: the vanguard of the Open Society. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.\r\n[22] Hommen L and Rolfstam M., (2009). Public Procurement and Innovation: Towards Taxonomy. Journal of public policy 17-56\r\n[23] Hood, C. (2006) Transparency in historical perspective. Oxford. Oxford University Press\r\n[24] Kimani H. (2017).The influence of political patronage on the operationalization of public procurement law in Kenya .Nairobi. UON press\r\n[25] Malhotra, D., (2012).Study on Government Procurement; Study for Evidence Based Competition Advocacy. New Delhi\r\n[26] Odhiambo, W. &amp; Kamau, P. (2003). Public Procurement: Lessons from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Working Paper No. 208. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).\r\n[27] OECD (2014), OECD Foreign Bribery Report: An Analysis of the Crime of Bribery of Foreign Public Officials.Paris. OECD Publishing.\r\n[28] OECD, (2015). Curbing Corruption- Investing in Growth. Paris. OECD.\r\n[29] OECD, (2015). Consequences of Corruption at the Sector Level and Implications for Economic Growth and Development. Paris. OECD Publishing.\r\n[30] OECD, (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development), (2012). Public Procurement for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth. Enabling reform through evidence and peer reviews. Paris. OECD\r\n[31] Pasquier, M. and Villeneuve J., (2007). Organizational barriers to transparency a typology and analysis of organizationalbehaviour tending to prevent or restrict access to information. International Review of Administrative Sciences 73(1) 147-162.\r\n[32] Piotrowski, Suzanne J. 2008. Governmental Transparency in the Path of Administrative Reform. Albany. NY State: University of New York Press.\r\n[33] Robert D. Anderson, William E. Kovacic, Anna Caroline M\u00fcller (2012). Ensuring integrity and competition in public procurement markets: a dual challenge for good governance. New York. UNOPS\r\n[34] Sanni, A. O. (2016) Factors determining the Success of Public Private Partnership Projects in Nigeria. Construction Economics and Building, 16(2), 42-55.\r\n[35] Sandholtz, W., &amp;Koetzle, W. (2000). &#8220;Accounting for Corruption: Economic Structure, Democracy, and Trade.&#8221; International Studies Quarterly 44: 31\u201050.\r\n[36] Saradan de, O. (1999). A moral Economy of Corruption in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies. 37(1) 25-52\r\n[37] Shu, H. W., Othman R., Omar H., N., Abdul R., R.,&amp;Husna, H., N. (2011). \u201cProcurement issues in Malaysia.\u201d International Journal of Public Sector Management, 24 (6). pp 567-593.\r\n[38] Seldadyo, H. de Haan, J. (2006),The determinants of corruption a Literature Survey and New Evidence. Paper Prepared for the 2006 EPCS Conference, Turku, Finland, 20\u201023 April 2006,\r\n[39] Serra, D. (2004). Empirical determinants of corruption: Asensitivity analysis. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.gprg.org\/pubs\/workingpapers\/pdfs\/gprg-wps-012.pdf, accessed 19th July 2018\r\n[40] ShleiferA. (1998).State versus Private Ownership. Cambridge. National Bureau of Economic Research\r\n[41] S\u00f8reide, T., (2002) Corruption in public procurement Causes, consequences and cures Published by Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway\r\n[42] Tanzi, V. (1998). \u201cCorruption and the budget: Problems and solutions\u201d, in Jain, K. A. (ed.) Economics of corruption, Kluwer Academic Publishers, London.\r\n[43] TI (Transparency International), (2012). Corruption Perception Index 2011. Berlin: Transparency International.\r\n[44] TI(K) (Transparency international Kenya), (2014)Public procurement in Kenya Cash cow for the corrupt or enabler for public service delivery? Adili Issue, 145, 1-12.\r\n[45] Thomson, J., &amp; Jackson, T. 2007. Sustainable procurement in practice: Lessons from local government. Journal of Environmental Planning &amp; Management, 50(3): 421-444\r\n[46] Treisman D. (2000). The causes of corruption: a cross-national study. Journal of Public Economics, 76, 399\u2013457\r\n[47] Wensink, W., &amp; Vet, J.M., (2013). Identifying and Reducing Corruption in Public Procurement in the EU. London: PricewaterhouseCoopers.\r\n[48] World Bank,(2004) Guidelines: Procurement of Goods and Services . Washington D.C. World Bank\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">David Kamau Kariuki &#8220;Procurement Process: A Key Component in Service Delivery in Solid Waste Collection under PPP Arrangement&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.53-61 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/53-61.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8595\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8595\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/53-61.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/procurement-process-a-key-component-in-service-delivery-in-solid-waste-collection-under-ppp-arrangement\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Procurement Process: A Key Component in Service Delivery in Solid Waste Collection under PPP Arrangement<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5210b44 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5210b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5210c2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5210c2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5210dc7\" data-id=\"5210dc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5210eeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5210eeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5210f9a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5210f9a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52110f1\" data-id=\"52110f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5211219 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5211219\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52112bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52112bc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5211416\" data-id=\"5211416\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5211547 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5211547\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52115e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52115e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-521173a\" data-id=\"521173a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-521183f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"521183f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52118e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52118e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5211a46\" data-id=\"5211a46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5211b5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5211b5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving the quality of Education at Rural Schools in Namibia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 62-68<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5211bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5211bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5211d91\" data-id=\"5211d91\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5211edf elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5211edf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Schools in rural areas are faced by diverse challenges with the potential to negatively affect successful teaching and learning. This requires appropriate interventions to improve school performance in spite of the rural-based challenges. The purpose of this study was to explain the measures whose implementation can yield improved learner performance and general quality of education at rural schools, with the aim of sustaining good rural school performance in standardised examinations.Case study design was used, which sampled teachers and education officials. Data was collected by means of a literature study, individual and focus group interviews. The data was analysed thematically.\r\nThe findings revealed that education at rural schools can be improved by ensuring a conducive working environment, that is fully and well-resourced with all the teaching and learning essentials. The financial incentive that was being given to teachers need an increment, to be realistic and outweigh the challenges teachers were facing, alongside justifiable categorisation of schools according to which payment amount were made. In addition, rural schools need sufficient budget allocation to contain their operational and development expenses. An increase in budgetary allocation will also make resources available for vocational education curriculum as not all learners are academically gifted. Moreover, rural schools should capitalise on the advantages of school cluster system and share resources for improved school performance. Successful consideration and implementation of these measures are recommended as being helpful to rural schools in pursuit of good academic performance, in a sustainable fashion.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 62-68 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNamibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anney, V.C. (2014). Ensuring the quality of the findings of qualitative research: Looking at trustworthiness criteria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 5(2):272-281.\r\n[2] Arnold, M.L., Newman, J.H., Gaddy, B.B. &amp; Dean, C.B. (2005). A look at the condition of rural education research: Setting a difference for future research. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 20(6):1-25.\r\n[3] Ary, D., Jacob, L.C., Sorensen, C. &amp; Razavieh, A. (2010). Introduction to research in education. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.\r\n[4] Atieno, O.P. (2009). An analysis of the strengths and limitation of qualitative and quantitative research paradigms. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 13:13-18.\r\n[5] Chireshe, R. &amp;Shumba, A. (2011). Teaching as a profession in Zimbabwe: Are teachers facing a motivation crisis? Journal of Social Sciences, 28(2):113-118.\r\n[6] Chiromo, A.S. (2009). Research methods and statistics: A students\u2019 guide. Gweru: Midlands State University.\r\n[7] Choy, L.T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches.IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), 19(4):99-104.\r\n[8] Creswell, J.W. (2014). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative research. California: Pearson Education Limited.\r\n[9] Dudwick, N., Kuehnast, K., Jones, V.N. &amp; Woolcock, M. (2006). Analysing social capital in context: A guide to using qualitative methods and data. Washington: World Bank Institute.\r\n[10] Emiliana, V. &amp; Ilana, U. (2005). Improving teaching and learning through effective incentive. Washington DC: World Bank.\r\n[11] Figlio, D.N. (2002). Can public schools buy better-qualified teachers? Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 55(4):686\u2013699.\r\n[12] Glewwe, P., Ilias, N. &amp; Kremer, M. (2003). \u201cTeacher incentives. Retrieved from: http:\/\/piketty.pse.ens.fr\/files\/Glewweetal2003.pdf [Accessed on: 03 April 2015].\r\n[13] Guarino, C., Santibanez, L., Daley, G., &amp; Brewer, D. (2004). A review of research literature on teacher recruitment and retention. Retrieved from: www.rand.org\/publications\/TR\/TR164\/. [Accessed on: 21 May 2015].\r\n[14] Guba, E.G. (1981). Criteria for assessing the trustworthiness of naturalistic inquiries. Educational Communication and Technology Journal, 29(2):75-91.\r\n[15] Hilukilwa, P. (2017). Omusati considers closing two schools. Retrieved from: https:\/\/www.namibian.com.na\/167000\/archive-read\/Omusati-considers-closing-two-schools [Accessed on: 17\/09\/2017].\r\n[16] Howley, A, Rhodes, M. &amp; Beall, J. (2009). Challenges facing rural schools: Implications for gifted students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 32(4):515-536.\r\n[17] IFAD (2011).Rural Poverty Report. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.ifad.org\/rpr2011\/media\/kit\/factsheet_e.pdf [Accessed on: 08 November 2015].\r\n[18] Johnson, B.R. &amp;Onwuegbuzie, A.J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7):14-26.\r\n[19] Kahn, V.J. &amp; Best, J.W. (2006). Research in education (10th Ed.). Boston: Pearson Education.\r\n[20] Kobakhidze, M.N. (2010). Teacher incentives and the future of merit-based pay in Georgia. European Education, 42(3):71\u201389.\r\n[21] Lavy, V. (2009). Performance pay and teachers&#8217; effort, productivity and grading ethics. American Economic Review, 99(5):1979-2011.\r\n[22] Leedy, P.D. &amp;Omrod, J.E. (2005). Practical research: Planning and design (8th Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.\r\n[23] Legotlo, M.W. (2014). Challenges and Issues facing the Education System in South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.\r\n[24] Litheko, S.R.S. (2012). The Difference in performance between schools situated in the urban areas and those in the rural areas of Lesotho. Electronic Journal for Inclusive Education, 2(9):2-17.\r\n[25] Loeb, S., Darling-Hammond, L. &amp;Luczak, J. (2005). How teaching conditions predict teacher turnover in California schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 80(3):44-75.\r\n[26] Mulkeen, A. &amp; Chen, D. (2008). Teachers for rural schools: Experiences in Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. Herndon: World Bank Publications.\r\n[27] Muralidharan, K. &amp;Sundararaman, V. (2011). Teacher performance pay: Experimental evidence from India. Journal of Political Economy, 119(1):39-77.\r\n[28] Namwandi, D. (2014). Rural learners taught by unqualified teachers. Namibian Sun. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.namibiansun.com\/education\/rural-learners-taught-by-unqualified-teachers.66529 [Accessed on: 03 January 2015].\r\n[29] NANTU. (2011). What we should take note of. Teach, 1(1):6.\r\n[30] Roland, G.F. Jr. (2011). Teacher incentives and student achievements: Evidence from New York City public schools. New York. Harvard University.\r\n[31] Shikalepo, E.E. (2012). Exploring the challenges facing the implementation of school cluster system in Onathinge Circuit. Unpublished Master\u2019s Dissertation. Gweru: Midlands State University.\r\n[32] Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. London: Sage Publications.\r\n[33] Steyn, G.M. (2002). A theoretical analysis of educator motivation and morale. Educare, 31(1):82-101.\r\n[34] Vegas, E. (2007). Teacher labour markets in developing countries. Excellence in Classroom, 17(1):219\u2013232.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elock Emvula Shikalepo &#8220;Improving the quality of Education at Rural Schools in Namibia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.62-68 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/62-68.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5218a7b\" data-id=\"5218a7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5218b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5218b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5218c30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5218c30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5218d80\" data-id=\"5218d80\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5218e92 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5218e92\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5218f2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5218f2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5219078\" data-id=\"5219078\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-521917e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"521917e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5219220 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5219220\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5219381\" data-id=\"5219381\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5219498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5219498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leadership and National Development<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Christopher Alexander Udofia (Ph.D) &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 69-81<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5219535 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5219535\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52196a2\" data-id=\"52196a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52197d2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52197d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper with the title, Leadership and National Development is saddled with the task of undertaking an expository analysis of the concepts of Leadership and Development. In executing this task, the work will unveil and discuss the various theoretical paradigms that have been articulated by scholars on those concepts. The fundamental thesis of this discourse is that there is a correlation between the quality of leadership and the quality of development. The work justifies the thesis by employing the East Asian development model to demonstrate that qualitative leadership produces qualitative development. The failure of leadership and the consequent ill-deveopment in Nigeria is extensively discussed as a proof of the relationship between bad leadership and ill-development. The work finally recommends some modalities which if effected can redeem Nigeria out of the leadership quagmire and reposition the country on the path of authentic development.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 69-81 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Christopher Alexander Udofia (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Philosophy, Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] Ake, Claude. A Political Economy of Africa. Nigeria: Longman, 1981.\r\n[2] Achebe, Chinua. The Trouble with Nigeria. Enugu: Fourth Dimension Pub., 1985.\r\n[3] Madunagu, Edwin. The Making and Unmaking of Nigeria: Critical Essays on Nigeria History and Politics.Calabar: Clear Lines Publications, 2001.\r\n[4] Baobab.\u201cChinua Achebe-Troubling Awards and Failed Leadership\u201d.http:\/\/www.baobabafricaonline.com\/Chinua Achebe-Troubling. htm) Retrieved: 12\/02\/2012.\r\n[5] Bass, Bernard M. and Riggio, Ronald E. Transformational Leadership. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2006.\r\n[6] Burns, James M. Leadership. New York: Harper and Row, 1978.\r\n[7] Eyo, Emmanuel and Udofia, Christopher. Leadership Philosophies: Insights and Decision Theories, A Conspectus on Leadership Study Series. Calabar: ultimate Index, 2016.\r\n[8] Fielder, F. E. A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.\r\n[9] Iroegbu, Panteleon. Enwisdomization and African Philosophy.Owerri. International Universities Press Ltd., 1994.\r\n[10] Lall, Sanjaya. Learning from the Asian Tigers: Studies in Technology and Industrial Policy. London: Macmillan 1996\r\n[11] Macionis, John J. Society: the Basics. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000.\r\n[12] Marquis, Bessie L. and Huston, Carol J. Leadership Roles and Management Functions in Nursing: Theory and Application. New York: Wolters Kluwer, 2009.\r\n[13] Marx, Karl. Third Manuscript: Private Property and Communism in Classics In Political Philosophy, Edited By Jene Porter.Canada: Prentice-Hall, 2000.\r\n[14] Iwe, S. S. N. Social Ethical Issues in Nigeria.Anambra: Pacific Correspondence College and Press Ltd., 1991.\r\n[15] Okorosaye Onubite, A.K. \u201cThe Role of the Teacher in the Development of the Nigerian Nation\u201d. Journal of Research in Education (Vol. 1 &amp; 2), 2005.\r\n[16] Pope Paul VI. \u201c Populorum Progressio\u201d Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on The Development of Peoples, 1967.\r\n[17] Rodney, Walter. How Europe Under-Developed Africa.London: Bogle- L\u2019 ouverture Publications, 2004.\r\n[18] Seers, Dudley. \u201cThe Meaning of Development,\u201d Paper presented at the Eleventh World Conference of the Soceity for International Development, New Delhi, 1969.\r\n[19] Sen, Amartya. Development as Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1999.\r\n[20] Shehu, Y Abdullahi. Economic and Financial Crimes in Nigeria: Policy Issues and Options. Lagos: National Open University of Nigeria, 2006.\r\n[21] Willis, Katie. Theories and Practices of Development. London: Routledge, 2005\r\n[22] World Bank. The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and Public Policy. Washington D.C.: Oxford Press, 2003\r\n[23] Weder, Beatrice. Model, Myth, or Miracle: Reassessing the Role of Government in the East Asian Experience. New York: United Nations University Press, 1999.\r\n[24] _ _ _ World Development Report. \u201cSustainable Development in a Dynamic World: Transforming Institutions, Growth, and Quality of life\u201d. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.\r\n[25] _ _ _ World Development Report. \u201cCompendium of African Governance Performance: Good Governance and Conflict Management for Durable Peace and Sustainable Development\u201d. New York: UNDP, Liberia, vol 11, 1999\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Christopher Alexander Udofia (Ph.D) &#8220;Leadership and National Development&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.69-81 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/69-81.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5233df1\" data-id=\"5233df1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5233efc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5233efc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5233fa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5233fa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52340f5\" data-id=\"52340f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5234204 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5234204\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52342a4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52342a4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5234400\" data-id=\"5234400\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-523450d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"523450d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52345b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52345b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52347fe\" data-id=\"52347fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-523497b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"523497b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5234a3f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5234a3f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5234bc8\" data-id=\"5234bc8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5234ceb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5234ceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5234da3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5234da3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5234fc7\" data-id=\"5234fc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5235132 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5235132\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Coordination and Balance toward Elementary Students\u2019 Locomotor Ability age 7 to 10 in Lima Puluh Kota Regency<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Oktarifaldi, Lucy Pratama Putri, Frizki Amra, Risky Syahputra, Syahrial Bakhtiar &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 82-86<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52351e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52351e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5235377\" data-id=\"5235377\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52354c0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52354c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Based on preliminary studies, the problem in this study is the low level of elementary students\u2019 locomotor ability in Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The authors presume students\u2019 coordination and balance as influential factors. Therefore, this study aims to figure out the effect of coordination and balance toward the level of students\u2019 locomotor abilities. Random sampling was employed to choose 125 students from grade 1, 2 and 3 as the sample of the study. The instrument used to obtain data on coordination is the cable jump test and one-foot stand balance while instrument to test the locomotor ability level is the Test of Gross Motor Development Second Edition (TGMD-2). The results show (1) coordination contributes 9.4%, (2) balance contributes 9.7%, and (3) the effect of coordination and balance on the level of locomotor ability of a student which a calculated value of 0.358&gt; r table is 0.176 and a significant value ( Sig) is 0,000 smaller than the probability of 0.05 with a regression value of Y = 29.20 + 0.203X1 + 0.213X2. The results of this study indicate that the level of locomotor abilities possessed by elementary school students is influenced by their coordination and balance. To sum up, the better coordination and balance criteria they have, the better the locomotor ability level they are able to display.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 82-86\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oktarifaldi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lucy Pratama Putri<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Frizki Amra<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Risky Syahputra<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syahrial Bakhtiar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Stodden, D. 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Research quarterly for exercise and sport, 83(1), 20-26.\r\n[10] HG Williams, KA Pfeiffer, JR O&#8217;Neill, M Dowda, KL McIver, WH Brown, et al. Motor skill performance and physical activity in preschool children Obesity, 16 (2008), pp. 1421-1426\r\n[11] A S\u00e4\u00e4kslahti, P Numminen, H Niinikoski, L Rask-Nissila, J Viikari, JTuominen, et al.Is physical activity related to body size, fundamental motor skills, and CHD risk factors in early childhood? Pediatr Exerc Sci, 11 (1999), pp. 327-340\r\n[12] Famelia, R., Goodway, J. D., Bakhtiar, S., &amp; Mardela, R. (2016, June). Investigating the motor competence and physical activity of Indonesian, Muslim preschoolers from urban and rural areas. In JOURNAL OF SPORT &amp; EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY (Vol. 38, pp. S33-S33). 1607 N MARKET ST, PO BOX 5076, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA: HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC.\r\n[13] Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., &amp; Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning.\r\n[14] Gusril. Perkembangan motorik pada masa anak-anak. Padang : UNP Press. 2015.\r\n[15] Rudd, J. (2016). The efficacy of gymnastics to improve movement skill competence in children (Doctoral dissertation, Victoria University).\r\n[16] Ru\u017ebarsk\u00e1, I. (2016). Physical fitness of primary school children in the reflection of different levels of gross motor coordination. Acta Gymnica, 46(4), 184-192.\r\n[17] Altink\u00f6k, M. (2016). The Effects of Coordination and Movement Education on Pre School Children&#8217;s Basic Motor Skills Improvement. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1050-1058.\r\n[18] Aggeliki Tsapakidou, Sofia Stefanidou &amp; Eleni Tsompanaki. Locomotor Development of Children Aged 3.5 to 5 Years in Nursery Schools in Greece. Review of European Studies; Vol. 6, No. 2; 2014. ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918- 7181. Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education.\r\n[19] Kiram, Y. (1994). Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Klasifikasi Aktifitas. Padang: FPOK IKIP. Padang.\r\n[20] Bafirman. Fisiologi olahraga. Malang : Wineka Media. 2013.\r\n[21] Franjoine, M. R., Darr, N., Held, S. L., Kott, K., &amp; Young, B. L. (2010). The performance of children developing typically on the pediatric balance scale. Pediatric physical therapy, 22(4), 350-359.\r\n[22] Kesilmis, I. (2017). The comparison of the different balance performance of soccer players versus sedentary. IJSSPE, 2(3), 37-43.\r\n[23] Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh, Nor Najwatul Akmal Akmal Ab Rahman, Roslee Rajikan, Asfarina Zainudin, Nor Azlin Mohd Nordin, Zainura Abdul Karim, Yeap Hui Yee. Balance and Motor Skills among Preschool Children Aged 3 to 4 Years Old. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences (ISSN 1675-8544); Vol. 11 (1) Januay 2015: 63-68.\r\n[24] Muehlbauer, T., Mettler, C., Roth, R., &amp; Granacher, U. (2014). One-leg standing performance and muscle activity: are there limb differences?. Journal of applied biomechanics, 30(3), 407-414.\r\n[25] Muehlbauer, T., Mettler, C., Roth, R., &amp; Granacher, U. (2014). One-leg standing performance and muscle activity: are there limb differences?. Journal of applied biomechanics, 30(3), 407-414.\r\n[26] Oktarifaldi, O., Syahputra, R., Putri, L. P., &amp; Bakhtiar, S. (2019). The Effect Of Agility, Coordination And Balance On The Locomotor Ability Of Students Aged 7 To 10 YearS. Jurnal Menssana, 4(2), 190-200.\r\n[27] Bakhtiar, S., Putra, E. R., Oktarifaldi, O., &amp; Putri, L. P. (2019). The Effect Of Eye-Hand Coordination And Gender On The Level Of Ability In The Control Object Of Paud Students In Pariaman City. Jurnal Menssana, 4(2), 165-174.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oktarifaldi, Lucy Pratama Putri, Frizki Amra, Risky Syahputra, Syahrial Bakhtiar &#8220;The Effect of Coordination and Balance toward Elementary Students\u2019 Locomotor Ability age 7 to 10 in Lima Puluh Kota Regency&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.82-86 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/82-86.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-coordination-and-balance-toward-elementary-students-locomotor-ability-age-7-to-10-in-lima-puluh-kota-regency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Coordination and Balance toward Elementary Students\u2019 Locomotor Ability age 7 to 10 in Lima Puluh Kota Regency<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5246a5c 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class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52475a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52475a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52476ed\" data-id=\"52476ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52477fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52477fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52478a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52478a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52479e5\" data-id=\"52479e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5247af0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5247af0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5247b89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5247b89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5247cd1\" data-id=\"5247cd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5247dd4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5247dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5247e77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5247e77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5247fd9\" data-id=\"5247fd9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52480f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52480f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Occupational Safety and Health Hazards Associated with Informal Sector Enterprises at Magaba, Mbare, Harare Zimbabwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mandevere, B, Jerie, S &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 87-91<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5248193 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5248193\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52482f6\" data-id=\"52482f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5248439 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5248439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Occupational safety and health issues are a critical aspect of the developmental agenda in Zimbabwe. This study investigates the hazards associated with the informal sector activities at Magaba in Mbare high density suburb of Harare. To achieve this, interviews and observations were employed in data gathering together with secondary data. The study was conducted at Magaba, situated in Mbare, the oldest high-density suburb in Harare the capital city of Zimbabwe. Findings revealed that the hazards included fires, gas explosions, cuts, violence, noise, falling among others. In order to ameliorate the safety and health risks there is need for the informal enterprise operators to be capacitated and educated on occupational hazards. The responsible authorities need to regard the informal sector enterprises in the same manner as the formal sector by ensuring proper coming up and enforcing of safety legislation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 87-91\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mandevere, B <\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD Student, University of South Africa\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jerie, S <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMidlands State University Zimbabwe\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n[1] French.G. (1993) Occupational Health.Medical Technical Publishers Company Ltd.Oxford.\r\n[2] Fridlund. L. (1987) Safety-Health and working condition Training Manual\u2019s. Johannesburge.\r\n[3] Garfield. D. (1999) Health and Safety Representative, Handbook.Usdaw. Johhannesburge.\r\n[4] Harrison.B.M. (1984) Occupational Health. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.\r\n[5] ILO (1987) Egonomics in Developing Countries an International Symposium. ILO.Geniva.ilo\r\n[6] ILO (1982) Education and Training Policies in Occupational Safety and Health and Egonomics.ILO. Geniva\r\n[7] Kerrigan. (1980) Health and Safety for Trade Unions Represantives. Sached Trust. Johannesburg.\r\n[8] Kotze A.J. (1992) Occupational Health for the Nurse and Other health workers. Jute and Company Ltd.Capetown.\r\n[9] Takala .J. (1988)Safety and Health at Work ILO Bulleting .Sached Trust .Johannesburge\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mandevere, B, Jerie, S &#8220;Occupational Safety and Health Hazards Associated with Informal Sector Enterprises at Magaba, Mbare, Harare Zimbabwe &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.87-91 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/87-91.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/87-91.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/occupational-safety-and-health-hazards-associated-with-informal-sector-enterprises-at-magaba-mbare-harare-zimbabwe\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Occupational Safety and Health Hazards Associated with Informal Sector Enterprises at Magaba, Mbare, Harare Zimbabwe <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5256bf3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5256bf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5256cfd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5256cfd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5256e9b\" data-id=\"5256e9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5256fc3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5256fc3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5257070 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5257070\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52571ee\" data-id=\"52571ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525731c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525731c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52573bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52573bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525752b\" data-id=\"525752b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525764b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525764b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52576ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52576ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5257843\" data-id=\"5257843\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525794b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525794b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5257ab9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5257ab9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5257c70\" data-id=\"5257c70\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5257d8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5257d8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5257e3a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5257e3a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5257f7e\" data-id=\"5257f7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525808f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525808f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525812b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525812b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5258274\" data-id=\"5258274\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525837e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525837e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525841f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525841f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525857e\" data-id=\"525857e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5258695 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5258695\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Effect of Agility and Coordination on the Footwork Ability of Children Aged 8 to 10 Years of Koto Tangah In Padang City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Risky Syahputra, Irfan Oktavianus, Oktarifaldi, Lucy Pratama Putri, Syahrial Bakhtiar &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 92-95<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525873c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525873c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52588ea\" data-id=\"52588ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5258a38 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5258a38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8631\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Based on preliminary studies, the problem in this research is the ability of footwork that is still not good. This is thought to be caused by many factors, the authors suspect among the contributing factors are the agility and coordination that children have. This study aims to look at the effect of agility and coordination on children&#8217;s footwork ability levels. The population in this study were grade 3 and 4 elementary school students in Koto Tangah District, Padang City. The sampling technique was random sampling, so the sample was 107 children. The instrument used to obtain data on agility was t-test, coordination with cable jump while footwork with ITN test. Based on the results of research conducted there are: (1) agility contributed 23.1%, (2) coordination and contributed 28.7%, (3) the effect of agility and coordination on the ability of footwork with a calculated value of 0.389&gt; rtable 0.176 and a significant value (Sig) is 0,000 smaller than the probability of 0.05 with a regression value of Y = 11.94 + 0.339X1 + 0.422X2. The results of this study indicate that the footwork ability possessed by elementary school students in Koto Tangah Subdistrict, Padang City is influenced by their agility and coordination. The better the criteria of agility and coordination they have, the better the footwork ability they are able to display.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 92-95\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8632\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Risky Syahputra<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irfan Oktavianus<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oktarifaldi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lucy Pratama Putri<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Syahrial Bakhtiar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Sport Science Padang State University, Padang, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8633\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ngurah, N. I. G. (2011). Prinsip Pelatihan Fisik Olahraga.\r\n[2] Sabin, S. I., &amp; Alexandru, S. D. (2015). Testing agility and balance in volleyball game. Research Gate.\r\n[3] Stodden, D. F., Goodway, J. D., Langendorfer, S. J., Roberton, M. A., Rudisill, M. E., Garcia, C., &amp; Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60(2), 290-306.\r\n[4] Feri, K. (2012). Buku Pintar Pengetahuan Olahraga. Jakarta: laskar.\r\n[5] Ru\u017ebarsk\u00e1, I. (2016). Physical fitness of primary school children in the reflection of different levels of gross motor coordination. Acta Gymnica, 46(4), 184-192.\r\n[6] Altink\u00f6k, M. (2016). The Effects of Coordination and Movement Education on Pre School Children&#8217;s Basic Motor Skills Improvement. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(5), 1050-1058.\r\n[7] Bafirman. Fisiologi olahraga. Malang : Wineka Media. 2013.\r\n[8] Goodway, J. D., Ozmun, J. C., &amp; Gallahue, D. L. (2019). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning.\r\n[9] Muehlbauer, T., Mettler, C., Roth, R., &amp; Granacher, U. (2014). One-leg standing performance and muscle activity: are there limb differences?. Journal of applied biomechanics, 30(3), 407-414.\r\n[10] Olcucu, B., &amp; Vatansever, S. (2015). Correlation Between Physical Fitness and International Tennis Number (ITN) Levels Among Children Tennis Players. The Anthropologist, 21(1-2), 137-142.\r\n[11] Margolis, E. B., Lock, H., Hjelmstad, G. O., &amp; Fields, H. L. (2006). The ventral tegmental area revisited: is there an electrophysiological marker for dopaminergic neurons?. The Journal of physiology, 577(3), 907-924.\r\n[12] Cook, G. W., LaPuma, P. T., Hook, G. L., &amp; Eckenrode, B. A. (2010). Using gas chromatography with ion mobility spectrometry to resolve explosive compounds in the presence of interferents. Journal of forensic sciences, 55(6), 1582-1591.\r\n[13] Alricsson, M., Harms\u2010Ringdahl, K., &amp; Werner, S. (2001). Reliability of sports related functional tests with emphasis on speed and agility in young athletes. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports, 11(4), 229-232.\r\n[14] Latin, R. W., Berg, K., &amp; Baechle, T. (1994). Physical and performance characteristics of NCAA division I male basketball players. The Journal of Strength &amp; Conditioning Research, 8(4), 214-218.\r\n[15] Barrow, H. M., &amp; McGee, R. (1971). A Practical Approach to Measurement in Physical Education (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger).\r\n[16] Jostins, L., Ripke, S., Weersma, R. K., Duerr, R. H., McGovern, D. P., Hui, K. Y., &#8230; &amp; Essers, J. (2012). Host\u2013microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature, 491(7422), 119-124.\r\n[17] Oktarifaldi, O., Syahputra, R., Putri, L. P., &amp; Bakhtiar, S. (2019). The Effect Of Agility, Coordination And Balance On The Locomotor Ability Of Students Aged 7 To 10 YearS. Jurnal Menssana, 4(2), 190-200.\r\n[18] Kiram, Y. (1994). Kemampuan Koordinasi Gerak dan Klasifikasi Aktifitas. Padang: FPOK IKIP. Padang.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8634\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Risky Syahputra, Irfan Oktavianus, Oktarifaldi, Lucy Pratama Putri, Syahrial Bakhtiar &#8220;The Effect of Agility and Coordination on the Footwork Ability of Children Aged 8 to 10 Years of Koto Tangah In Padang City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.92-95 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/92-95.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8635\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/92-95.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8636\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-effect-of-agility-and-coordination-on-the-footwork-ability-of-children-aged-8-to-10-years-of-koto-tangah-in-padang-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Effect of Agility and Coordination on the Footwork Ability of Children Aged 8 to 10 Years of Koto Tangah In Padang City<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5259a60 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5259a60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5259b6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5259b6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5259d06\" data-id=\"5259d06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5259e3b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5259e3b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5259ee6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5259ee6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525a06d\" data-id=\"525a06d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525a1aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525a1aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525a251 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525a251\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525a3b6\" data-id=\"525a3b6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525a4d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525a4d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525a587 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525a587\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525a6f3\" data-id=\"525a6f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525a81f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525a81f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525a8d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525a8d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525aa89\" data-id=\"525aa89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525abb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"525abb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Citizen Participation in Improving the Quality of Public Services (Study Public Perception and Aspiration on Education Service Quality in Klaten Regency of Central Java)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Suwardi, Wulan Kinasih &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 96-100<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-525ac5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"525ac5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-525ade7\" data-id=\"525ade7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525af18 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"525af18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8631\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Basic education serviceis a compulsory service that should be organized by local government. Basic education service involves the organization of elementary and junior high school. This research describes citizen participation in improving the quality of education. Citizen participation is indicated by people&#8217;s perceptions and aspirations on the quality of basic education.This research was conducted through a survey method. The result of research showed that the the public perception of the quality of Junior High School education is better than that of Elementary School education. Based on the aspirations of the citizen, the service indicators that need to be given the most attention are library facilities, school facilities and teacher quality. The perceptions and aspirations of the citizen towards education can be used as material for the Klaten Government Regency study in designing education policies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 96-100\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8632\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Suwardi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDr., M.Si in Public Administration, Associate Professor, Faculty of Social Science and Politic, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Wulan Kinasih<\/strong><\/span>\r\nM.AP in Public Administration, Lecture, Faculty of Social Science and Politic, Universitas Slamet Riyadi, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8633\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bond, A., Palerm, J., Haigh, P. (2004) . Public participation in EIA ofnuclear power plant decommissioning projects: a case study analysis. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 24, 617\u2013641\r\n[2] Callahan, K. (2007). Citizen participation: Models and methods. International Journal of Public Administration, 30(11), 1179\u20131196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01900690701225366\r\n[3] Concepci\u00f3n, I., Campa, J., Romero-galisteo, R. P., Teresa, M., Manzanares, L., &amp; Moreno, N. (2019). Evaluation of quality of service in Early Intervention\u202f: A systematic review \u0b1d. (xx). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anpede.2018.04.009\r\n[4] Denhardt, Janer V and Robert B Denhardt. (2003). The New Public Service: Serving Not Steering. Armonk, N.Y: M.E. Sharpe\r\n[5] Dwiyanto, Agus. (2010). Manajemen Pelayanan Publik: Peduli, Inklusif, dan Kolaboratif. Yoyakarta: Gajah Mad University Press\r\n[6] Krek, Janez, Losito, Bruno, Ridley, Rebecca and Hoskins, B. (2012). Good practices report: participatory citizenship in the European Union. In University of Southampton Education School.\r\n[7] Louren\u00e7o, R. P., &amp; Costa, J. P. (2007). Incorporating citizens\u2019 views in local policy decision making processes. Decision Support Systems, 43(4), 1499\u20131511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dss.2006.06.004\r\n[8] Madeline Melchor Cardona and Juan Jos\u00e9 Bravo (2012) Service quality perceptions in higher education institutions: the case of a colombian university, Universidad ICESI. Publicado por Elsevier Espa\u00f1a p.23 \u2013 29\r\n[9] Milligan, J., O\u2019 Riordan, T., Nicholson-Cole, S.A., Watkinson, A.R., 2009. Nature con- servation for future sustainable shorelines: lessons from seeking to involve the public. Land Use Policy 26, 203\u2013213\r\n[10] Mishra, S. (2007). Quality Assurance in Higher Education: an Introduction (first edition). Bangalore: National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).\r\n[11] Ndraha, Taliziduhu. 2003. Kybernology (Ilmu Pemerintahan Baru). Jakarta: Rineka Cipta\r\n[12] Neagu, G. (2014). Determinants Factors of Adult Participation in Education. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 142, 473\u2013480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.07.651\r\n[13] Ocampo, L., Bongo, M., Alinsub, J., Casul, R. A., Luar, M., &amp; Panuncillon, N. (2018). SC. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.seps.2017.12.002\r\n[14] Osborne, S. P. (2006). The new public governance? Public Management Review, 8(3), 377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14719030600853022\r\n[15] Rewansyah, Asmawi. 2012. Kepemimpinan dalam Pelayanan Publik. Jakarta: Rizky Grafis\r\n[16] Rios, D., Kersten, G., Grima-izquierdo, C., &amp; Burstein, F. (2008). Towards Decision Support for Participatory Democracy. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-540-48716-6\r\n[17] Rollason, E., Bracken, L. J., Hardy, R. J., &amp; Large, A. R. G. (2018). Evaluating the success of public participation in integrated catchment management. Journal of Environmental Management, 228(May), 267\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.09.024\r\n[18] Suebvises, P. (2018). Social capital , citizen participation in public administration , and public sector performance in Thailand. World Development, 109, 236\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.05.007\r\n[19] Stenseke, M., 2009. Local participation in cultural landscape maintenance: lessons from Sweden. Land Use Policy 26, 214\u2013223\r\n[20] Vogt, S., &amp; Haas, A. (2015). Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change The future of public participation in Germany\u202f: Empirical analyses of administration experts \u2019 assessments. Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change, 98, 157\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.techfore.2015.04.013\r\n[21] Yousapronpaiboon, K. (2014). SERVQUAL: Measuring Higher Education Service Quality in Thailand. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1088\u20131095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.350\r\n[22] Zeithaml, V., Berry, L. and Parasuraman, A. (1996). The Behavioral Consequences of Service Quality, Journal of Marketing, 60, 31-46.\r\n[23] Zineldin, M. (2007). The Quality of Higher Education and Student Satisfaction Self assessment and Review process A TRM Philosophy and 5Qs Model. Paper presented at Second International Conference Education, Economics, and Law: Traditions and Innovations. V\u00e4xj\u00f6 University, Sweden. Available at: http:\/\/tempus.ulim.md\/proj_dis.php\r\n[24] Zhou, Y., Hou, L., Yang, Y., Chong, H., &amp; Moon, S. (2019). A comparative review and framework development on public participation for decision-making in Chinese public projects. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 75(December 2018), 79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eiar.2018.12.006\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8634\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Suwardi, Wulan Kinasih &#8220;Citizen Participation in Improving the Quality of Public Services (Study Public Perception and Aspiration on Education Service Quality in Klaten Regency of Central Java)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.96-100 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/96-100.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8635\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8635\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/96-100.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8636\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8636\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/citizen-participation-in-improving-the-quality-of-public-services-study-public-perception-and-aspiration-on-education-service-quality-in-klaten-regency-of-central-java\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Citizen Participation in Improving the Quality of Public Services (Study Public Perception and Aspiration on Education Service Quality in Klaten Regency of Central Java)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528116c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"528116c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5281277 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5281277\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5281415\" data-id=\"5281415\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5281537 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5281537\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52815d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52815d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5281746\" data-id=\"5281746\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528185d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"528185d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5281900 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5281900\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5281a54\" data-id=\"5281a54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5281b5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5281b5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5281c01 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5281c01\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5281d4a\" data-id=\"5281d4a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5281e5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5281e5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5281ef7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5281ef7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-528204a\" data-id=\"528204a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5282154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5282154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52821f8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52821f8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-528235b\" data-id=\"528235b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5282502 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5282502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Early Childhood Development and Education Teachers\u2019 Professional Qualifications on Learner Competencies in an Integrated Public Primary School System in Embu County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Khatete Ibrahim and Kamwitha Anastacia- February 2020 Page No.: 101-105<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52825cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52825cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5282740\" data-id=\"5282740\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-528286f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"528286f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8651\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8651\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8652\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8652\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8653\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8653\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8654\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8654\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8655\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8655\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8656\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8656\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8651\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8651\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8651\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Early Childhood Development and Education (ECDE) play a crucial role in setting direction of the children physically, socially, emotionally and cognitively for school life. It lays crucial resilient foundation for children in their life. The programme gives a chance for the child to develop competencies necessary for transition to Grade 1. Teacher professional qualification among many others is a single reliable variable that determines the child\u2019s acquired competencies. At this stage children identify and depend on those close to them virtually on everything. The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of ECDE teachers\u2019 professional qualifications on children learning in early childhood development centres integrated in public primary schools in Embu County, Kenya. A total of 381 centres in public primary schools in Embu County were targeted. Stratified random sampling was used to select the schools for the study from the five sub-Counties. The main tools for data collection were a questionnaire, document analysis and observation schedule to yield both qualitative and quantitative data. Descriptive research was used to analyse data with the aid of the computer soft ware package SPSS. The study found that ECDE teachers\u2019 professional qualifications had an effect on learners in early childhood development and education learning. Based on the results, the study recommends that teachers handling ECDE classes should be equipped with relevant competencies and skills for handling learners preparing to transit from ECDE classes to grade one encouraging growth of the child holistically. The relevant departments within the Ministry of Education and the county government of Embu should monitor ECDE centers and ECDE teachers\u2019 training colleges on how they instruct them on how to handle children\u2019s growth especially in the competencies required in the society they live in. This would ensure smooth transition of pupils from ECDE classes to other grades and complete the purpose of mainstreaming of ECDE learning in primary schools.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 101-105\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 23 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8652\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8652\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8652\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Khatete Ibrahim <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Kamwitha Anastacia<\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Nairobi, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8653\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8653\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8653\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bean-Mellinger, B. (2018). Qualities of a Good Teacher in Early Childhood Development\r\n[2] Retrieved from work.chron.com\/qualities-good-teacher-early-childhood-development-8694.html on May 24, 2019\r\n[3] ECEC. (2019). Research Brief: Qualifications, Education and Professional Development Matter. Retrieved 15 January from https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/education\/school\/49322232.pdf\r\n[4] Gatumu, C, J &amp; Kathuri, N. W. (2017). An Exploration of Life Skills Programme on Pre-School Children in Embu West, Kenya: Journal of Curriculum and Teaching Vol7, No.1; 2018\r\n[5] Howes, C., J. James and S. Ritchie. (2003). \u201cPathways to effective teaching\u201d, Early Childhood Research Quarterly, Vol. 18, pp. 104-120.\r\n[6] Ngware, M., Hungi, N., Kitsao-Wekulo, P., Mutisya, M &amp; Muhia, N.G. (2016). The Tayari Pre-Primary Program in Kenya: Getting Children Ready for Primary School. Baseline Report. African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi.\r\n[7] Reject Online. (2016). Embu County seeks to improve early childhood education. Retrieved from http:\/\/reject.awcfs.org\/article\/embu-county-seeks-to-improve-early-childhood-education\/\r\n[8] Republic of Kenya. (2006). Early Childhood Development Service Standard Guidelines for Kenya: Government Printer, Nairobi Kenya.\r\n[9] The World Bank. (2010). Early Childhood Development Retrieved from http:\/\/siteresources.worldbank.org\/EXTAFRREGTOPEDUCATION\/Resources\/444707-1291071725351\/ECCD-factsheet-final.pdf\r\n[10] Wanjiru, J. N. (2017). Teachers\u2019 Knowledge on the Implementation of Inclusive Education in Early Childhood Centers in Mwea East Subcounty, Kirinyaga County, Kenya. (Unpublished Masters Thesis, Kenyatta University)\r\n[11] Wanjiru, T. C (2015). Investigation of Quality Early Childhood Teacher Education Programmes in Thika Sub-county, Kiambu County, Kenya. (Unpublished Research Project, Kenyatta University)\r\n[12] that did not have an official ministry of education seal and two teachers had referrals from Kenya National Examination Centre for Early Childhood Development Education (KNECECDE) examinations. This was an indication of inadequacy of trained teachers in the County.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8654\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8654\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8654\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khatete Ibrahim and Kamwitha Anastacia, &#8220;Influence of Early Childhood Development and Education Teachers\u2019 Professional Qualifications on Learner Competencies in an Integrated Public Primary School System in Embu County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.101-105 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/101-105.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8655\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8655\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8655\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/101-105.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8656\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8656\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8656\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-early-childhood-development-and-education-teachers-professional-qualifications-on-learner-competencies-in-an-integrated-public-primary-school-system-in-embu-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Early Childhood Development and Education Teachers\u2019 Professional Qualifications on Learner Competencies in an Integrated Public Primary School System in Embu County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5298799 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5298799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52988ac elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52988ac\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5298a63\" data-id=\"5298a63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5298b96 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5298b96\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5298c40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5298c40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5298ec9\" data-id=\"5298ec9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299011 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5299011\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52990b9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52990b9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5299215\" data-id=\"5299215\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299329 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5299329\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52993c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52993c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5299515\" data-id=\"5299515\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299620 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5299620\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52996c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52996c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5299805\" data-id=\"5299805\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5299914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52999b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52999b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5299b1e\" data-id=\"5299b1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5299c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessing the Role of Peaceful Co-Existence Committee (PCC) in the Management of Farmers\/Nomadic Herders Conflict in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Bassey Moses Igwe &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 106-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5299ccb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5299ccb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5299e31\" data-id=\"5299e31\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5299f68 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5299f68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The conflict management approach of Peaceful Co-existence Committee (PCC) set up in all the local government areas of Oyo state is pertinent and exemplary to the realization of the important goal of achieving peace, food secured country and achievement of sustainable agricultural development policy in the country. The study examined role of Peaceful Co-existence Committee (PCC) in preventing farmer-herders conflicts in Iseyin local government area of Oke-ogun zone, Oyo state South\/west Nigeria. A total of 55 respondents (31 farmers and 24 herders) were selected using a purposive sampling technique. The researcher also conducted Four Key Informant Interview (KII) on: the local government chairman, Director of Agriculture for Iseyin Local Government, chairman of Myetti Allah Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria (MACBAN) and All Farmers Association of Nigeria (AFAN). Data were analysed by descriptive statistics. The findings from the study revealed that the damage to crops, cattle rustling, climatic change leading to desertification and drought in the north, water pollution, competition for arable land among others were the main causes of farmer-herder conflicts. However, the measures used by the PCC in managing the conflict were not effective enough probably because local government in the Nigerian state is constitutionally weak. The study recommended that grazing reserves should be made available to herders in the north to discourage them from moving south\/ward. There should also be a strong political will on the part of the federal, state and local government to address farmers and herder conflict and finally, the local government should have chairman elected and not care-taker chairmen whose power are very limited.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 106-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Bassey Moses Igwe<\/strong><\/span>\r\nResearch Fellow, (M.A) Peace and Conflcit Studies, The Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abbas, I. M. (2012) \u201cNo Retreat, No surrender: Conflict for survival between Fulani pastoralists and farmers in Nigeria\u201d. European Scientific Journal 8(1), pp. 331-346.\r\n[2] Adisa, R. S. (2011a). Management of Farmer-herdsmen Conflict in North-Central Nigeria: Implications for Collaboration between Agricultural Extension Service and Other Stakeholders. Journal of International Agricultural Education and Extension, 18 (1): 60-72.\r\n[3] Adisa, R. S. (2011b). Patterns of Conflict and Socio-psychological Coping Strategies among Natural Resource User-groups in Tourism Communities of the Nigerian Savannah. The Journal of Tourism and Peace Research, 1 (3): 1-15.\r\n[4] Adger WN, and Brooks, N. (2003). Does Global Environmental Change Cause Vulnerability? In: M Pelling (Ed.): Natural Disasters in a Globalized World. London: Rutledge, pp. 19-42\r\n[5] Agbaje, O. (2005). &#8220;The &#8216;U.S. Intelligence Report&#8221;, the Guardian, Tuesday, June 14\r\n[6] Bassett, T. J. (1988). The Political Ecology of Peasant-herder Conflicts on the Northern Ivory Coast. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78(3): 453-472\r\n[7] Blench, R. (2004). National Resources Conflict in North-Central Nigeria: A Handbook and Case Studies. Mallam-Dendo Ltd.\r\n[8] Brauk\u00e4mper, U. (2000). Management of Conflicts Over Pastures and Fields Among the Baggara Arabs of the Sudan Belt. Nomadic Peoples, 4(1): 37-49\r\n[9] Chatwin, B. (1989). \u201cNomad invasions\u201d, in What am I doing here? 216-229. London: Picador.\r\n[10] Cotula L, Toulmin C, Hesse, C. (2004). Land Tenure and Administration in Africa: Lesson of Experience and Emerging Issues, IIED. Retrieved on September\/15\/2019 from http:\/\/www.iies.org\/drylands\/pubs\/documents\/ LT-cotula.pdf.\r\n[11] Eastwood R, Kirsten J, Lipton M (2007). Premature De-agricuturalization? Land Inequality and Rural Dependency in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Development Studies, 42(8): 1325-1349\r\n[12] Ekong, E. E (2003). An Introduction to Rural So-ciology. Dove Educational Publishers, Uyo, Nigeria.\r\n[13] Hellstrom, E. (2001). Conflict cultures: Qualitative comparative analysis of environmental conflict in forestry. Silva Fennica Monnographs2:1-109\r\n[14] Imobighe, T.A. (2003b). \u201cEthnicity and Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: An Overview\u201d in T.A. Imobighe (ed.) Civil Society and Ethnic Conflicts Management in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books Limited, pp.13-35\r\n[15] Jega, A.M. (2002). &#8216;Tackling Ethno-religious Conflicts in Nigeria&#8221;, Newsletter of Social Science Academy of Nigeria, September, vol.5, No.2\r\n[16] Jibo M, Simbine AT, Galadima HS (2001). Ethnic groups and conflicts in Nigeria: The north central zone of Nigeria. Vol. 4. The Lord\u2019s Creation, Ibadan\r\n[17] John, E. (2014). The Fulani herdsman in Nigeria: questions, challenges, allegations. http:\/\/elnathanjohn.blogspot.com\/2014\/03\/thefulani-herdsman-in-nigeria.html. Accessed 23 November 2014.\r\n[18] Lee B 1999. Pragmatics of Community Organizing Mississauga. 3rd Edition, Canada: Common Act Press. Lee B (1999). Pragmatics of Community Organizing Mississauga.3rd Edition, Canada: Common Act Press.\r\n[19] Nformi, M. I., Mary-Juliet, B., Engwali, F. D. and Nji, A. (2014). Effects of farmer-grazer conflicts on rural development: a socioeconomic analysis. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(3): 113-120.\r\n[20] Niemella J, Young J, Alard D, Askasibar M, Henle K, Johnson R, Kuttila M, Larsson T, Matouch S, Nowicki P, Paiva R, Portoghesi L, Smulders R, Stevenson A, Tartes U, Watt A (2005). Identifying, managing and monitoring conflicts between forest biodiversity conservation and other human interests in Europe. For. Policy Econ. 7: 87-890.\r\n[21] Ofuoku A 2004 Role of CDC in farmer\u2013pastoralist conflicts. Journal of alternative perspective in the Social Sciences 1(3): 921-937.\r\n[22] Okoli, A.C. &amp; Atelhe, G.A. (2014). Nomads against natives: A political ecology of herder\/farmer conflicts in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 4(2), 76-88.\r\n[23] Okoli, A.C and Orinya, S. (2013). \u201cOil pipeline vandalism and Nigeria\u2019s national security\u201d. Global Journal of Human Social Science: Political Science(f), 13(5:1.0), pp. 67 \u2013 75.\r\n[24] Philips, A.O, Titilola, T. (1995). Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices: Case Studies from Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: NISER, P.15\r\n[25] Raynaut, C. (2001). Societies and Nature in the Sahel: Ecological Diversity and Social Dynamics. Global Environmental Change, 11(1): 9-18.\r\n[26] The Guardian, (2019) How we brought peace, security to Oyo \u2013 Ajimobi. May 9th https:\/\/guardian.ng\/news\/how-we-brought-peace-security-to-oyo-ajimobi\r\n[27] Tonah, S. (2006). Managing Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Ghana\u2019s Volta Basin. Ibadan Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (1): 33\u201345.\r\n[28] Watts, M (1983). Silent Violence, Food and Peasantry in Northern Nigeria. California: University of California Press, pp. 15-25.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Bassey Moses Igwe &#8220;Assessing the Role of Peaceful Co-Existence Committee (PCC) in the Management of Farmers\/Nomadic Herders Conflict in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.106-115 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/106-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessing-the-role-of-peaceful-co-existence-committee-pcc-in-the-management-of-farmers-nomadic-herders-conflict-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessing the Role of Peaceful Co-Existence Committee (PCC) in the Management of Farmers\/Nomadic Herders Conflict in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529ad73 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529b8fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529b8fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529ba5a\" data-id=\"529ba5a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529bb63 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529bb63\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529bc09 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529bc09\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529c0b8\" data-id=\"529c0b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529c21d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529c21d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Settlement of Corruption Case Using Restorative Justice in Indonesia&#8217;s Criminal Law<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Anwar Husin &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 116-119<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529c2d0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529c2d0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529c44b\" data-id=\"529c44b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529c576 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"529c576\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The settlement of corruption can be done using the restorative justice approach as assigned in the legislation. Corruption is called a crime that has caused damage in various aspects of the life of the people, nation, and state. The Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi or \u201cMK\u201d) in its decision referred to corruption as an &#8220;extraordinary crime,&#8221; as recognized by the international community. The UN Secretary-General, when adopting the results of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), stated that corruption has various corrosive effects on society, undermining democracy and the rule of law. Causing human rights violations, distorting markets, eroding quality of life, enabling organized crime, terrorism, and other threats to human security.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-119\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anwar Husin <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDoctor of Law Program, Universitas Islam As-syafi&#8217;iyah, Jakarta-Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Damanhuri, Didin S. (2006)Korupsi, Reformasi Birokrasi dan Masa Depan Ekonomi Indonesia, Jakarta: Lembaga Penerbit Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Indonesia.\r\n[2] Arief, Barda Nawawi.(1998) Strategi Kebijakan Nasional Dalam Pemberantasan Korupsi di Indonesia dan Analisis terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 3 Tahun 1971.\r\n[3] Mulyadi,Lilik (2012) Bunga Rampai Hukum Pidana Umum dan Khusus, Bandung: Alumni.\r\n[4] Hutauruk,Rofinus Hotmaulana (2013) Penanggulangan Kejahatan Korupsi Melalui Pendekatan Restoratif Suatu Terobosan Hukum, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.\r\n[5] Sudarto, (1989) Hukum dan Hukum Pidana, Bandung: Alumni.\r\n[6] Effendy,Marwan (2011) Tindak Pidana Korupsi dan Penanggulangannya, Jakarta: Sinar Grafika.\r\n[7] Soekanto, Soerjono &amp; Sri Mamudji, (1985) Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Jakarta: Rajawali.\r\n[8] Marzuki, Peter Mahmud (2006) Penelitian Hukum, Cetakan Kedua, Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Anwar Husin &#8220;The Settlement of Corruption Case Using Restorative Justice in Indonesia&#8217;s Criminal Law&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.116-119 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/116-119.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/116-119.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-settlement-of-corruption-case-using-restorative-justice-in-indonesias-criminal-law\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Settlement of Corruption Case Using Restorative Justice in Indonesia&#8217;s Criminal Law<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529d540 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"529d540\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529d628 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529d628\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529d7a5\" data-id=\"529d7a5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529d8bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529d8bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529d964 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529d964\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529daae\" data-id=\"529daae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529dbdd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529dbdd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529dc7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529dc7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529ddd0\" data-id=\"529ddd0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529df17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529df17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529dfc1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529dfc1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529f86f\" data-id=\"529f86f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529fa27 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529fa27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529fb11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529fb11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-529fcbf\" data-id=\"529fcbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529fde5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529fde5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Community Relations Management (Study Case in the Vocational School at Pringsewu, Lampung)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Setiyaningsih, Riswanti Rini &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 120-123<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-529fe9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"529fe9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a0011\" data-id=\"52a0011\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a013a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52a013a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe: 1.The planning in the Vocational School; 2. The organizing at Vocational School; 3. The implementation in the Vocational School; 4 . The evaluation of public relations in the Vocational School at Pringsewu, Lampung. The method used in this research was qualitative with a phenomenological design. Data collection techniques used were: (1) interview; (2) observation; and (3) documentation. Data obtained from the three techniques were organized, interpreted and analyzed. Data validity was tested by: (1) observation; (2) triangulation; and (3) discussion with colleagues. The results of the study were: (1) Analysis of school needs and community was related with procedures for identifying problems in schools and the public relations programs were related to educational development; (2) Preparation of the school and community program were related with the steps in the preparation of the program which has detailed goals, objectives, job descriptions and classification of activities; (3) The implementation of school and community relations activities were related with the existence of directive synergy starting from coordination, motivation and communication; (4) Evaluation of the relationship between school and community included the determination of standards of work (effectiveness) and measurement of work results (efficiency).<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 120-123\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 27 February 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Setiyaningsih <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHMaster of Educational Administration , FKIP Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soemantri, Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Riswanti Rini <\/strong><\/span>\r\nHMaster of Educational Administration , FKIP Universitas Lampung, Jl. Prof. Dr. Soemantri, Brojonegoro No. 1 Bandar Lampung\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anggoro, M Linggar. (2000). Theory &amp; public relations profession and its application in Indonesia . Earth Literacy.\r\n[2] Hardjito, Dydiet. (2001). Organizational Theory and Organizing Techniques. Jakarta. Raja Grafindo Persada.\r\n[3] Iriantara, Yosal. (2013). School Public Relations Management. Bandung: Simbiosa Rekatama Media.\r\n[4] Linggar, Anggoro M. (2001). Theory and Public Relations profession. Earth Literacy. Jakarta.\r\n[5] Moleong, J. Lexy. (2013). 31st Qualitative Research Method Cet . Bandung: PT. Teen Rosdakarya.\r\n[6] Mulyasa, E nco . (2011). School-Based Management (Concepts, Strategy and Implementation) thirteenth print. Bandung: PT. Teen Rosdakarya .\r\n[7] Mulyasa, Enco. (2012). Principal&#8217;s management and leadership . Jakarta: Earth Literacy.\r\n[8] Mulyasa, Enco. (2013). Teacher competency test and Performance Assessment. Bandung: PT Youth Rosdakarya.\r\n[9] Subroto, B Suryo. (2004). Management and Education in Schools. Jakart a : PT. Rineka Cipta, Cet. I.\r\n[10] Sugiyono (2008). Method P enelitian Education Quantitative, Qualitative Approach and R &amp;D . Bandung: Alfabeta.\r\n[11] Suriansyah, Ahmad. (2001). School Relations with the Community. Lecture Material Dictates in the Educational Administration Study Program, FKIP Unlam. Banjarmasin: FKIP Unlam .\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Setiyaningsih, Riswanti Rini , &#8220;Community Relations Management (Study Case in the Vocational School at Pringsewu, Lampung)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.120-123 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/120-123.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/120-123.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/community-relations-management-study-case-in-the-vocational-school-at-pringsewu-lampung\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Community Relations Management (Study Case in the Vocational School at Pringsewu, Lampung)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a101a elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52a101a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52a1101 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52a1101\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a127e\" data-id=\"52a127e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a139d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a139d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52a143d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52a143d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a1590\" data-id=\"52a1590\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a16a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a16a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52a1746 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52a1746\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a18ac\" data-id=\"52a18ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a19c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52a19c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Investigation of Students\u2019 Achievement Level on Advanced level Chemistry in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>G.G.P.S. Perera, W.M.A.T. Bandara, T.M.S.S. K. Yatigammana &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 124-126<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52a1a66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52a1a66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52a1bca\" data-id=\"52a1bca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52a1d0f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52a1d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8661\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8661\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">General Certificate of Education Advanced Level (G.C.E.A\/L) examination is the most competitive examination in secondary education of Sri Lanka because it is the university entrance examination. There is only a written test with different question types to test Cognitive, Effective and Psychomotor domains. But there is no practical tests. Therefore checking the skill are not happening properly. Pass rate of the chemistry subject in G.C.E (A\/L) examination rises year by year. Results ofMultiple Choice Questions (MCQ) questions of this examination has been analyzed from 2012-2016 and shows the pass rate rise from approximately 61% to 67%. Though the pass rate stands around 67%, actual marks scored by students always below 41 marks were always above 50%. According to the analysis the \u201cTrend of facility Indices of main five streams\u201d showed the lowest to Physical Chemistry. Conceptual development of Physical chemistry of the syllabus always showed the decline in every year comparing to the other streams was always 8- 16%.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 124-126\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8662\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8662\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>G.G.P.S. Perera<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>W.M.A.T. Bandara<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>T.M.S.S. K. Yatigammana<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPost Graduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8663\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8663\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\n[1] Jayasuriya, J.E.(1979)Educational Policies and Progress During British Rule In Ceylon(Sri Lanka)1796-1948,Sri Lanka: Associated Educational Publishers.\r\n[2] Evaluation Reports. Research and Development Branch., National Evaluation and Testing Service: Department of Examinations: Education Publications, Sri Lanka.\r\n[3] Creswell, J.W. (2011). Research Design Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd edn., SAGE publications, India.\r\n[4] Murphy,Roger and Torrance,Harry for the British Comparative and International Education Society, (1990).\u2019International perspectives and trends\u2019, 1st edn.11 New FetterLane, London:EC4P4EE,p-9\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8664\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8664\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">G.G.P.S. Perera, W.M.A.T. Bandara, T.M.S.S. K. Yatigammana &#8220;Investigation of Students\u2019 Achievement Level on Advanced level Chemistry in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.124-126 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/124-126.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8665\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8665\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/124-126.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8666\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8666\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigation-of-students-achievement-level-on-advanced-level-chemistry-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Investigation of Students\u2019 Achievement Level on Advanced level Chemistry in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c4ade elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52c4ade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c4bce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c4bce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c4d69\" data-id=\"52c4d69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c4ecf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c4ecf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c4f7c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c4f7c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c50e8\" data-id=\"52c50e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c5203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c5203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c52a2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c52a2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c53f9\" data-id=\"52c53f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c5504 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c5504\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c559f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c559f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c56f1\" data-id=\"52c56f1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c5800 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c5800\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Irish Potato Production<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Beatrice W. Ndegwa, Dr. Fredrick Okaka, Prof. Paul Omondi- February 2020 Page No.: 127-133<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c589a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c589a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c5a14\" data-id=\"52c5a14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c5b4d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52c5b4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8671\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8672\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8673\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8674\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8675\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8676\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8671\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8671\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8671\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<\/p>\r\nClimate change and variability is one of the biggest challenges facing mankind today and influences almost all sectors of economic growth and development. However, the most affected sector is agriculture perhaps because climate is the main determinant of agricultural production. Climate change and variability is unpredictable and so its impacts are unexpected and it varies with location, social economic, environmental conditions and crop sensitivity (UNDP,2007). According Blom-Zandistra (2015), Irish potatoes (Solanum tuberlosaum ) is a very sensitive crop species to both temperature and rainfall. It does well in temperate cool climates with the optimum temperatures of 180c and moderate rainfall that\u2019s ranges between 850mm to 1200mm in a growing season and at altitude between 1400m and 3000m above the sea level (KHCP, 2013). Among the non-cereal crops, potato is the most important food crop, ranking third after wheat and rice, in the world. This is because of its ability to grow in the high altitude areas where maize does not do well and can also grow well in areas suitable for maize (medium altitude and lowlands); its high nutritive value (in terms of calories, vitamins, proteins, potassium and fiber); its high production per unit area and time (can have three crops per year); its value as a cash crop; it is labour-intensive and generates employment in production, marketing and processing sectors; and has potential as an industrial crop in the manufacture of starch, pharmaceutical carrier material, soap, alcohol, biogas generation and animal feeds((MoALF,2016),\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 127-133\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8672\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8672\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8672\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Beatrice W. Ndegwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Moi University, P.O BOX 3900-30100. Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Fredrick Okaka<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Moi University, P.O BOX 3900-30100. Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. Paul Omondi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Geography, Moi University, P.O BOX 3900-30100. Eldoret, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8673\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8673\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8673\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adeniyi M,. Ogunsola O., Nymphas E, and Oladiran O. (2009). Food Security Measures During Uncertain Climatic Conditions in Nigeria. University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development 9, 652-677\r\n[2] Anithakumari, A.M.,(2011). A thesis on Genetic Dissection of Drought Tolerance in Potato, Wageningen University. Wageningen\r\n[3] Borah, M.N., &amp; Milthorpe, F.L.,( 1962). Growth of the potatoes as influenced by temperatures. India journal of plants physiology.\r\n[4] Blom-Zandstra,G., &amp; Verhagen, J.(2015).Potato production systems in different agro ecological regions and their relation with climate change. Wageningen UR (University &amp; Research centre) Business Unit Agrosystems Research.Netherlands\r\n[5] Coumou, D., Robinson, A., Hare, B., Schaeffer, M.(2016), Climate Change Impacts in sub-Saharan Africa from physical changes to their local repercussions. Regional Environment change Research gate.\r\n[6] Dhaka, B.L., Chayal, K. and Poonia, M.K. 2010. Analysis of farmers\u2019 perception and adaptation strategies to climate change. Libyan Agriculture Research Center Journal International 1 (6): 388-390.\r\n[7] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, FAO.(2005). Frost Protection: Fundamentals, practices and Economics. Rome Italy.\r\n[8] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, (2015). Kenya\u2019s Tea sector under climate change; An impact assessment and formulation of a climate Smart Strategies. Rome Italy.\r\n[9] Franke, C., Haverkort, J., Steyn, M.(2013).Climate change and potato production in contrasting South African agro-ecosystems. Assessing risks and opportunities of adaptation strategies.Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa\r\n[10] Government of Kenya (GOK).(2010b).National Climate Change Response Strategy (NCCRS).Government Printer. Nairobi.\r\n[11] Hancock, R., Morris, W., Ducreux, L., Morris, J., &amp; Verral, S. (2013). Physiological biochemical and molecular responses of the potato (Solanum Tuberosum.L) Plant to moderately elevated temperature. New York.\r\n[12] Hijmans, J. R.,(2003). The effect of climate change on Global potato production, International Potatoes center (CIP) Peru.\r\n[13] Info Resources, (2008). Potatoes and climate. Langgasse Zollikofen Switzerland.\r\n[14] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC.(2007).Climate Change, A synthesis report. Contribution of working Group 1,11 and 111 to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Core -writing team Pachauri R.K, ResingerA (eds) IPCC Geniva Switzerland.\r\n[15] Jovovic, Z., Micev,B.,&amp; Velimirovic, A.(2016).Impact of climate change on potato production in Montenegro and options to mitigate the adverse effects. Acad. J. Environ. Sci. 4(3): 047-054.\r\n[16] Kabanda T. (2011). Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture: Collapsing of Dry Land Potato Farming in North East South Africa, North West University, South Africa.\r\n[17] Karanja,A.(2013). Analysis of rainfall variability on Irish Potato production in Ol-joro-orokDisionNyandarua County. Kenya\r\n[18] Karanja, A., Ondimu, K., &amp; Recha, c. (2017). Analysis of Temporal Drought Characteristics using SPI drought Index based on rainfall data in Likipia West sub-county. Department of Geography, Egerton University. Kenya.\r\n[19] Kenya Horticulture Competitiveness Project (KHCP), (2013). A guide to potato production in Kenya.\r\n[20] Kinoti, j., Zhongbo, S., Woldai. Kiteme, B. (2010). Integrating socioeconomic aspects in spatial multi-criteria evaluation process for selecting Rainwater harvesting sites as a mitigation measure to climate change in Sub Sahara Africa. Centre for Training and integrated Research in ASAL Development (CETRAD) Nanyuki, Kenya.\r\n[21] Kotikot, S. &amp; Onywere, S.(2015). Application of G.I.S and remote Sensing Techniques in Frost Risk Mapping for mitigating Agricultural Losses in Aberdare Ecosystem. Kenya. Gecarto international.\r\n[22] Linus, F., Martin, S. &amp;, Antony, H.(2014).Series, Potato Production in Changing Climate.111 Whate is in Storefor the Eastern Free State?\r\n[23] Lobell D. &amp; Burke M.(2008). Why are agricultural impacts of climate change so uncertain? The importance of temperature relative to precipitation. Environ. Res. Lett. 3, 1\u20138\r\n[24] Micev, B.,(2014), Climate Change and Flooding, First National Platform for disaster Risks Reduction, Podgorica\r\n[25] Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries (MoALF).(2016).The National potato Strategy 2016-2020.\r\n[26] Ministry of Agriculture (MoA).(2007).Economic review of Agriculture. The central planning andmonitoring unit Nairobi. Nairobi.\r\n[27] Modisane, C.P., (2007). Yield and quality of potatoes as Affected by calcium Nutrition, temperature and Humidity. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural science. University of Pretoria\r\n[28] Monica, W.N., (2013). Enhancing Climate Change adaptation Through utilization of social &amp; environmental opportunity for Agro-pastoral Community in Kieni, Nyeri county\r\n[29] Muthoni, J. &amp; Kabira J.N.,(2015). Potato production in Hot Tropic areas of Africa: progress made in breeding for heat Tolerance. National potato Research Center, Tigoni Kenya.\r\n[30] Muthoni, J., Mbiyu, M.(2017). Climate change, its likely impacts on potato( Solanum tuberrosum l.) production in Kenya and plausible coping measures.\r\n[31] Mbaisi, C.N. (2014). Impacts of climate change on Agricultural production in Kenya. Mitigation and adaptation strategies in Maize Production in Nzoia River Basin. Kenya\r\n[32] Mwangi, G.K., (2017), Adapting to climate change in Kenya. A case study of Ndeiya Division Kiambu County.\r\n[33] Nagarajan, s., &amp; Minhas, S. (1995). Inte modal elongation: Apotential Screening Techniques for heat tolerance in potato. Potato research Institute. India.\r\n[34] Naintoh, B. M., Wantim, N.M., Ndonwi, S.A. (2018). Assessing the effects of climate change and variability on Irish potato production from 1995 to 2015 in Tubah sub-Division, North- west region Cameroon\r\n[35] Nonhebel, s. (1993). A PHD Thesis on the importance of weather data in crop growth simulation models and assessment of climate change effects. Wagenigen, agricultural University. Netherlands\r\n[36] Nyakundi, J.O., &amp; Njoka, T.J (1991). Impact of Climate Change on Agriculture and forest in Africa: A paper in a change in weather, African Perspective on climate change.\r\n[37] Nyongesa, M., Saumtally, S.&amp; Bindi, M. (2008). Climate change \u2013 can potato stand the heat. Kenya agricultural Research Institute (KARI), Mauritius Sugar industry Research institute. Mauritius Agricultural Meteorologist. University of Florence, Italy.\r\n[38] Obidiegwo, J.E., Glenn, J.B., Hamlyn, G.J &amp; Ankush, p. (2015). Coping with drought stress and adaptive responses in potato and perspectives for improvement. James, Halton Institute, Dundee, UK.\r\n[39] Olanya,O., Lunjaho, c., Nderitu, S., Kabura, J., &amp; Waling, A.(2006). Yield performance and release of four late Bright Tolerance potato Variety in Kenya.\r\n[40] Sophie, s. (2018). Potato variety adoption and dis-adoption in Kenya, International Potato Center (CIP). Kenya\r\n[41] Spore,2015,Climatechangechallengesandopportunities,Sporespecialissue,October2015,Pp:4-7\r\n[42] The star Kenya,(2019). Is this the end of chips? Potatoes at risk of climate change on Feb. 05, 2019, at https:\/\/www.the-star.co.ke\/news\/2019\/02\/05\/is-this-the-end-of-chips-potatoes-at-risk-of-climate-change_c1889956.\r\n[43] Watson, G., Terrazas, F., Suarez, V., Thiele, G., Walker, T. and Devaux, A. (2004). Analyzing potato productivity in farmers\u2019 fields in Bolivia. Bolivia.\r\n[44] Wolf, S., &amp; Rudich, A. (1990). Effects of temperatures and photo period on assimilate Partitioning in potato plants canals of Botany.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8674\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8674\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8674\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Beatrice W. Ndegwa, Dr. Fredrick Okaka, Prof. Paul Omondi &#8220;Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Irish Potato Production&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.127-133 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/127-133.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8675\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8675\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8675\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/127-133.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8676\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8676\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8676\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impacts-of-climate-change-and-variability-on-irish-potato-production\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impacts of Climate Change and Variability on Irish Potato Production<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c6aaf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52c6aaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52c6b9d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52c6b9d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52c6d2c\" data-id=\"52c6d2c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c6e8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c6e8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d658f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d658f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d6803\" data-id=\"52d6803\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d6965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d6965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d6a30 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d6a30\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d6bdf\" data-id=\"52d6bdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d6d25 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d6d25\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d6dd8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d6dd8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d6f48\" data-id=\"52d6f48\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d705e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d705e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d710d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d710d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d727f\" data-id=\"52d727f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d73ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d73ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>New Communication Technologies and A Paradigm Shift of Political Communication in Nigeria: A Discourse on the 2011\/2015 Presidential Elections<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gloria Nnedimma Izunwanne, Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 134-140<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d7455 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d7455\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d7601\" data-id=\"52d7601\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d774d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52d774d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8681\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8682\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8683\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8684\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8685\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8686\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8681\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8681\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8681\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Politics involves who gets what, when and how. For political organizations to achieve this and for the masses to understand the process, political communication is involved. There used to be an over reliance on the traditional mass media which limited the scope of political communication by restricting politicians and political parties and giving the masses a very little or no platform for participation. Hinged on the technological determinism theory, this paper builds upon how the emergence of the new media, or better, the new communication technologies have afforded substantial social effects in society. It has made political communication migrate from what used to be asymmetrical to a symmetrical or participatory exercise. The use of the new media as a tool for political communication has become a common phenomenon among Nigerian politicians to reach across diverse voters and prospective ones. This paper is a conceptual review of literature which unravelled political communication in view of the newer digital channels like the social media, the internet and mobile telecommunication tools; its strengths and challenges to overcome; its role in sociotechnical change and how these new communication technologies have aided political communication and have been used by politicians in Nigeria particularly, during the 2011 and 2015 general elections.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 134-140\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8682\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8682\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8682\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gloria Nnedimma Izunwanne<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Mass Communication, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8683\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8683\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8683\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abramson, J., Arterton, C. &amp; Orren, G. (1988), The electronic commonwealth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press\r\n[2] Abubakar, A.A. (2011). Political participation and discuss in social media during the 2011 presidential electioneering. Paper Presented at the ACCE, Covenant University, Ota. September, 2011.\r\n[3] Afriyie, B. S. (2012). Concise ICT fundamentals volume One. Bloomington, USA: Trafford Publishing.\r\n[4] Agbata Jnr, C. F. (2015, April 12). Technology and politics, perfect union. Punch. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.punchng.com\/business\/technology-and-politics-perfect-union\/\r\n[5] DeFleur, M. (2010). Mass communication theories. Explaining origins, processes and effects. Boston: Pearson Education.\r\n[6] Diamond, L. (2010). Liberation technology. Journal of Democracy. 21(3), 69- 83.\r\n[7] Donsbach, W., &amp; Brade, A. M. (2011). Nothing is as practical as a good theory: what communication research can offer to the practice of political communication. International Journal of Press\/Politics 16(4), 31\u201353.\r\n[8] Dunu, I. V. (2018). Social media and gubernatorial elections in Nigeria: Critical Discourse. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (IOSR-JHSS), 23(1), 6-15.\r\n[9] Gibson, R. &amp; Ward, S. (1999). Party democracy online: UK parties and new ICTs. Journal of Information, Communication and Society, 2 (3), 340\u2013367.\r\n[10] Gibson, R. &amp; Ward, S. (2000) A methodology for measuring the function and effectiveness of party web-sites. Social Science Computing Review, 18 (3), 301-319.\r\n[11] Gibson, R. and Ward, S. (2000). Reinvigorating democracy? British politics and the Internet. Ash gate: Aldershot.\r\n[12] Giroux, H. A. (2009). The Iranian uprisings and the challenge of the new media: Rethinking the politics of representation. Journal of Fast Capitalism, 5(2), 101-125.\r\n[13] Hanson, G., Handakis, P. M., Cunningham, A. W., Sharma, R., &amp; Ponder. J. D. (2010). The 2008 presidential campaign, political cynicism in the age of Facebook, My Space, and YouTube. Journal of Mass Communication and Society. 13 (5). 357-372.\r\n[14] Hauer, T. (2017). Technological determinism and new media. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences (IJELS),2(2), 1-4.\r\n[15] Ikhariale, M. (2015). Social media and Nigerian politics. Punch. Retrieved June 20, 2015, from http:\/\/www.punchng.com \/columnists\/trivia-constitutional\/social-media-and-nigerian-politics\/\r\n[16] Kaplan, A. M. &amp; Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Journal of Business Horizons. 53(1), 59\u201368.\r\n[17] Lofgren, K. &amp; Smith. C. (2002), Political parties democracy and new communications technology, in R. Gibson, P. Nixon, and S. Ward (eds). Net gain: political parties and the Internet. Routledge: London.\r\n[18] Martin, S. &amp; Geiger, S. (1999). Building relationships? The marketing of political parties in cyberspace, paper presented to the Academy of Marketing Special Interest Group Political Marketing Conference, 15-16 September, Bournemouth.\r\n[19] McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding media: The extension of man. London: Routledge.\r\n[20] McLuhan, M. (1982). All that is solid melts into air: The experience of modernity. New York: Simon and Schuster\r\n[21] McNair, B. (2003). An introduction to political communication (third edition). London and New York: Routledge.\r\n[22] Nnanyelugo, O., &amp; Nwafor, K. A. (2013). Social media and political participation in Nigeria during the 2011 general elections: The lapses and the lessons. Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social sciences, 1(3), 29-46.\r\n[23] Norris, P. (2004). Political communications. Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 3(5), 1-22.\r\n[24] Odeyenmi, T. I., &amp; Mosunmola, O. O. (2015). Stakeholders, ICTs platforms and the 2015 general elections in Nigeria. Department of Political Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n[25] Omojuwa, J. (2015, February 20). Social media and 2015 elections: Beyond APC vs PDP. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.legit.ng\/388515-social-media-2015-elections-omojuwa-for-naijcom.html\r\n\r\n[26] Onwukwe, C. &amp; Okeugo, C. (2011). The Influence of new media political campaigns on the 2011 voting pattern in Abia electoral. Paper Presented at ACCE, Covenant University, Ota.\r\n[27] OpCit Research (2013). Women in decision-making: The role of the new media for increased political participation. Brussels: European Union. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.europarl. europa.eu\/studies\r\n[28] Owen, O. &amp; Usman, Z. (2015). Why Goodluck Jonathan lost the Nigerian presidential election of 2015. Journal of African Affairs, 3(5), 1\u201317. Doi: 10.1093\/afraf\/adv037\r\n[29] Policy &amp; Legal Advocacy Centre (2012). Social media and the 2011 elections in Nigeria. Abuja, Nigeria: PLAC.\r\n[30] Riaz, S. (2012). Effects of new media technologies on political communication. Journal of Political Studies, 1 (2), 161-173\r\n[31] Roper, J. (1999), New Zealand political parties online: The World Wide Web as a tool for democratisation or political marketing. In C. Toulouse and T. Luke (eds), The politics of cyberspace. Routledge, London, 69\u201383.\r\n[32] Sampedro, V. (2011). Introduction: New trends and challenges in political communication. International Journal of Press\/Politics. 16(4), 431 \u2013439.\r\n[33] Stanko, J. (2013). Social media, political upheaval, and state control. Thesis presented to the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Washington University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, St. Louis, Missouri, May.\r\n[34] Sunday, J. D. (2015). Social media, electioneering and sustenance of democracy in Nigeria: A \u201cSWOT\u201d analysis of 2015 general election. (Unpublished project), Department of Political Science, Bayero University, Kano.\r\n[35] Sweetser, K. D. &amp; Lariscy, R. W. (2008). Candidates Make Good Friends: An Analysis of Candidates\u2019 Uses of Facebook. International Journal of Strategic Communication, 2(3), 175-198.\r\n[36] Talabi, F. O. (2017). Technological determinism and its implications for Africa media consumers. Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Social and Management Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye.\r\n[37] Udejinta, M.A. (2011). Social media electioneering: Comparative analysis of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan and Muhammedu Buhari\u2019s facebook contents. Paper presented at the ACCE, Covenant University, Ota. September 2011.\r\n[38] Unwin, T. (2012). Social media, democracy and good governance. Background paper for the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association\u2019s annual conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka, September.\r\n[39] Ward, S. (2001). Political organizations and the Internet: Towards a theoretical framework for analysis. Paper prepared for the ECPR Joint Sessions, Grenoble. European Studies Research Institute, University of Salford.\r\n[40] Ward, S. &amp; Voerman, G. (2000). New politics and the new media: Green parties, intra-party democracy and the potential of the Internet: An Anglo-Dutch Comparison. In G. Voerman &amp; P. Lucardie (eds) Dutch Political Parties Yearbook, University of Groningen, Groningen\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8684\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8684\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8684\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gloria Nnedimma Izunwanne, Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba &#8220;New Communication Technologies and A Paradigm Shift of Political Communication in Nigeria: A Discourse on the 2011\/2015 Presidential Elections&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.134-140 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/134-140.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8685\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8685\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8685\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/134-140.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8686\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8686\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8686\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/new-communication-technologies-and-a-paradigm-shift-of-political-communication-in-nigeria-a-discourse-on-the-2011-2015-presidential-elections\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">New Communication Technologies and A Paradigm Shift of Political Communication in Nigeria: A Discourse on the 2011\/2015 Presidential Elections<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d85a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52d85a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d8cf5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d8cf5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52d8e46\" data-id=\"52d8e46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52d8f4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52d8f4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52d8fea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52d8fea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e78c5\" data-id=\"52e78c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e7a26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e7a26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e7af7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e7af7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e7c89\" data-id=\"52e7c89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e7da0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e7da0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Application of GIS into LIS for Effective and Efficient land Management in Nguru town<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Abubakar L, S. M. Sani Esq, K. K. Geidam, Mohammed L. B &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 141-152<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e7e44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e7e44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e7fcf\" data-id=\"52e7fcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e8108 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52e8108\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The population and economic growth in Nguru town have not only increase the demand for land but also poseda lot of challenges in land management. This paper hypothesis that the current or analogue system of land management can no longer be sustained in the face of the rising growth of information technology. Instead it has inherited over 150 litigations both in High and Sharia court of Nguru annually. This studies have therefore utilised this technology to create a GIS database that can resolve and sanitise landed problems and form a solid base for effective and sustainable land management.\r\nThe methodology adopted were collection of primary data for both the parcels and land owners, generation of GPS coordinates, digitisation of maps and formulation of excel data tables.\r\nThe final outcome was the GIS database system. This system can input, edit, update and retrieve information faster and easier. The system allow for spatial and attribute queries through the data embedded in the GIS database system. The system have also encourage revenue generation through the payment of searches\u2019 fee, authentication fee, update fee, vat and tax. This database have created a reliable registry that makes land transactions much cheaper, timely and certain, reduce corruption, decision making and formulation of policies. The paper therefore, advocate for immediate adoption of the GIS system for land management in Nguru and Yobe state at large.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 141-152\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Abubakar L<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Architectural Technology, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic Geidam, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>S. M. Sani Esq<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sharia and Civil Law, Atiku Abubakar College of Legal &amp; Islamic Studies, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>K. K. Geidam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of General Studies, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic Geidam, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mohammed L. B<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic Geidam, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Akeh, G. I., &amp; Mshelia, A. D. (2016). The role of geographic information system in urban land administration in Nigeria. 1(1), 16\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15406\/mojes.2016.01.00004\r\n[2] Obayomi Abiola Benjamin: The Need for Computerization of Land Information Systems in \u2026\u2026..Nigeria\r\n[3] Pindiga &amp;Orisakwe, 2013. (2013). Development of a Land Information System of Tumpure Residential and Commercial Layout in Akko Local Government Area of Gombe State.\r\n[4] Musa, B., Umaru, W., Polytechnic, F., &amp; State, K. (2016). Developing a Cadastral Information System for Proper Land Administration in Tudun Salmanu Area of Bauchi Metropolis , Bauchi State , Nigeria. 10(1), 76\u201386.\r\n[5] Usman, B., &amp; Sc, M. (2013). Cadastral Information System for Title Management in Nigeria . Cadastral Information System for Title Management in Nigeria .December.\r\n[6] Williamson, I. P. (n.d.). The Role of Land and Geographic Information Systems In Economic and Environmental Management.\r\n[7] Yusuf Y. D (2009). Property Law Practice in Nigeria. Nigeria: Jos University Press Limited.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Abubakar L, S. M. Sani Esq, K. K. Geidam, Mohammed L. B &#8220;The Application of GIS into LIS for Effective and Efficient land Management in Nguru town&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.141-152 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/141-152.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/141-152.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-application-of-gis-into-lis-for-effective-and-efficient-land-management-in-nguru-town\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Application of GIS into LIS for Effective and Efficient land Management in Nguru town<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e8f19 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52e8f19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9007 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9007\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e917e\" data-id=\"52e917e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e92a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e92a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e934b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e934b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e94a2\" data-id=\"52e94a2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e95ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e95ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9672 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9672\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e97ea\" data-id=\"52e97ea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e98f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e98f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9996 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9996\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e9ae4\" data-id=\"52e9ae4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9bf8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e9bf8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9c93 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9c93\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52e9df6\" data-id=\"52e9df6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52e9f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52e9f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Conflict Management Strategies among Secondary School Leaders in Kitwe District in the Copperbelt Province in Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Clement Kasenge &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 153-166<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52e9fa6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52e9fa6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ea136\" data-id=\"52ea136\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ea43e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52ea43e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study sought to explore conflict management strategies among secondary school leaders in Kitwe district.\r\nThe study was qualitative in nature identifying and exploring behaviours of actors that is motivations, opinions and attitudes. It was supported by a case study design which used interviews, Focus Group Discussions and Theatre for Development techniques to collect data from 52 respondents. A sample comprising 13 Headteachers; 13 Teacher Union leaders; 13 School Council leaders and 13 Education Board leaders was used. To collect this sample, the researcher used quota sampling method whose population was divided into the above mentioned groups. The data collected was subjected to qualitative analysis. They were analysed using thematic approach.\r\nOn findings, research question one sought to elicit data on conflict management strategies found in schools. The main result was that ignoring each other strategy was used. Research question two was on the effectiveness of conflict management strategies found in schools. The result was that it contributed to the enhancement of teaching and learning within the schools. Research question three was on challenges faced in enforcing conflict management strategies found in schools. The main result was that Education Boards were not operated as expected. The last research question solicited data on the proposed alternative conflict management strategies in dealing with conflict management issues in schools. The main result was that there must be protection from any form of harassment.\r\nIn light of the findings, the study recommended that MoGE should re-emphasise that Education Boards, School Councils and Teacher Unions are taken as conflict management strategies in order to maintain democracy and partnerships in the Ministry of General Educational system as stipulated in the 1996 Educating our Future policy. This is all meant to create systems\u2019 thinking among these leaders. The MoGE should come up with seminars at all levels hence creation of best practices for conflict management. Finally, Education Board leaders, Teacher Union leaders and School Council leaders should be recognised fully as leaders.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 153-166\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Clement Kasenge <\/strong><\/span>\r\nMukuba University, Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdullah, S. H., (2001). Managing in the Malaysian Context in Management in Malaysia. 2nd Ed., pp:51 \u2013 72. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Management.\r\n[2] Azar,E., (1990). The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases. NewYork: Dart Mouth Publishing Company.\r\n[3] Bano, H. et al., (2013). Factors and Resolution Strategies Adopted by Administrators of Schools for Visually Impaired Students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. Rome: MCSER CEMAS SIAPIENZA.\r\n[4] Bernstein, B., (2000). Pedagogy, Symbolic Control and Identity:Theory, Research and Critique. Lanham:Rowman and Littlefield.\r\n[5] Bless, M. and Achola, P., (1988). Fundamentals of Social Research: An African Perspective. Lusaka: Government Printers.\r\n[6] Boon, M., (1996). The African Way:The Power of Interactive Leadership. Capetown:Africa Zebra Press.\r\n[7] Borg, W. R. and Gall, M. D., (1989). Educational Research: An Introduction. 5th Ed. London: Longman Group Ltd.\r\n[8] Bramson, R.,(1981). Prevention and Management of Difficult People and Non-Productive Behaviour. NewYork:Ballantine Books.\r\n[9] Brew, F. P. et al., (2004). Styles of Managing Interpersonal Workplace Conflicts in Relation to Status and Face Concerns: A Study with Anglos and Chinese. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(1), pp 27 \u2013 56.\r\n[10] Burton, J., (1990). Conflict: Human Needs\u2019 Theory. New York: St Martin\u2019s Press.\r\n[11] Byrk, A. S. and Scheider, B., ( 2002). Trust in Schools :A Core Resource for School Reform. NewYork:Russell Sage Foundation.\r\n[12] Chiwela, J.,(1998). Child to Child Programme Development and Mapping. Lusaka: UNICEF.\r\n[13] Chola, D. K., (2016). Assessment of Service Learning in the Teaching of Civic Education in Selected Secondary Schools in Lusaka Province, Zambia.Unpublished M Ed Thesis, Lusaka: University of Zambia.\r\n[14] Cohen, L., (1997). Research Methods in Education(5th ed). London: Routledge.\r\n[15] Coser, L., (1956). The Functions of Social Conflict. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.\r\n[16] Creswell, W. J., ( 2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches, 3rd Edition. London: Sage Publications Inc.\r\n[17] Creswell, W. J., ( 2012). Education Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluating Qualitative Research, 4th Edition. NewYork:Pearson Education Inc.\r\n[18] Creswell, W.J., (2007). Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches, 2nd Edition. London: Sage Publication.\r\n[19] David,M. and Sutton,C.D., (2004). Social Research: The Basics. Durban:SAGE.\r\n[20] Dewey, J., (1916). Democracy in Education. New York:Macmillan.\r\n[21] Elsayed-Ekhouly,S.M.et al.,(1996). Oganisational Conflicts: A Comparative Analysis of Conflict Management. 7,pp71-81.\r\n[22] Ezeugbor, C. et al., (2015). Adoption and Utilization of Effective Conflict Management Strategies for Promoting Peace \u2013 Culture in Secondary Schools in Anambra State, Nigeria. 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Research: A Practical Guide. Pretoria: Ithuthuko Investments (Publishing).\r\n[101] William, S., (2005). Conflict, Power and Change: Engaging Actors, Systems, Structures and Policies. Amsterdam: Boonruang Song \u2013 Ngam.\r\n[102] Wilson, R. et al., (2004). Conflict Resolution Styles among Australians. Journal of Communication, 31 (2), pp 69 \u2013 86:ISSN 0811 \u2013 6202.\r\n[103] Zhenzhong, M., (2007).Chinese Conflict Management.China: Zhenzhong\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Clement Kasenge &#8220;Conflict Management Strategies among Secondary School Leaders in Kitwe District in the Copperbelt Province in Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.153-166 February 2020\u00a0 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ec3d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52ec3d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ec475 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52ec475\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ec686\" data-id=\"52ec686\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ec860 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52ec860\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Analysis of Student Understands of Ability Concept for Solving Word Problem in SPLDV Material<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Intan Anggi Saputri, Haninda Bharata, Asmiati &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 167-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52eccbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52eccbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ecf7f\" data-id=\"52ecf7f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ed0e8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"52ed0e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8695\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8696\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8691\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8691\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Understanding of ability concept is the one of differences, guess, expand, conclude and review. Story exercises is an interesting exercise because it presents a problem by connecting daily life. This study describes students&#8217; understanding of ability concept in solving SPLDV math problems in the form of word problem. This study uses a qualitative descriptive study to The Second Grade Students Class A of Senior High School 1 Trimurjo as research subjects. The instrument used was a written test in the form of four questions of essay and teacher interview guidelines, the researcher took five from thirty two students as interviewers with a purposive sampling technique. The five subjects are all students who meet all the indicators of understanding of ability concept. Based on the research obtained there are three subjects who are able to understanding of ability concept in solving mathematical problems and two subjects are quite capable of understanding of ability concept in solving mathematical problems.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 167-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8692\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8692\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Intan Anggi Saputri<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Haninda Bharata<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asmiati<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8693\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8693\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Agustina, lisna.2016. Upaya meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep dan pemecahan masalah matematika siswa smp negeri 4 sipirok kelas VII melalui pendekatan matematika realistik(PMR). Jurnal eksakta vol.1 2016 hal. 1-7\r\n[2] Astriana, mega.2017.Penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe teams games tournament untuk meningkatkan kemampuan pemahaman konsep matematis siswa pada materi operasi bilangan pecahan. Jurnal pendidikan matematika indonesia. Volum 2 Nomor 1 bulan Maret 2017. Page 27-31\r\n[3] Hartini. 2008. Analisis Kesalahan Siswa Menyelesaikan Soal Cerita pada Kompetensi Dasar Menemukan Sifat dan Menghitung Besaran-Besaran Segi Empat Siswa Kelas VII SemesterII SMP Nur Hidayah Surakarta Tahun Pelajaran 2006 \/ 2007. UNS: Tesis.\r\n[4] Jonassen, D.H. 2004. Handbook of Research on Educational Communications andTechnology(Second Edition). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publisher.\r\n[5] Margono. 2004. Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan. Jakarta : PT Rineka Cipta.\r\n[6] Sugiyono. 2001. Metode Penelitian. Bandung : Alfabeta.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8694\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8694\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Intan Anggi Saputri, Haninda Bharata, Asmiati &#8220;An Analysis of Student Understands of Ability Concept for Solving Word Problem in SPLDV Material&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.167-169 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/167-169.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8695\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8695\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/167-169.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8696\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8696\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-of-student-understands-of-ability-concept-for-solving-word-problem-in-spldv-material\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Analysis of Student Understands of Ability Concept for Solving Word Problem in SPLDV Material<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ee66c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"52ee66c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ee8b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52ee8b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52eedc6\" data-id=\"52eedc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ef088 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52ef088\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-52ef209 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"52ef209\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52ef7fa\" data-id=\"52ef7fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53154cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53154cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53155cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53155cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5315773\" data-id=\"5315773\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5315894 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5315894\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5315944 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5315944\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5315a94\" data-id=\"5315a94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5315ba9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5315ba9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5315c49 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5315c49\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5315d9b\" data-id=\"5315d9b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5315ea3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5315ea3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5315f47 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5315f47\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53160ac\" data-id=\"53160ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53161c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53161c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Application of ICT to Enhancing Basic Education System in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Ayeni, Joshua. A., Akinyemi, Olorunsesan, Lawal O.O. &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 170-173<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5316264 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5316264\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53163e7\" data-id=\"53163e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5316515 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5316515\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Basic Education system is the foundation for education all over the world and provides the school age children the needed knowledge for achieving greater heights in their educational pursuits. The recent development of the Internet and the breakthrough in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) coupled with the emergence of the Ubiquitous Technology, the entire world has further re-asserted itself as a global village with rapid transformations in the major sectors of the economy, cultural, educational and political. The use of ICT tools and the application of the Technology to improving educational deliveries have been the major focus of most educational development organizations the world over. The Basic Education system in Nigeria witnessed its first transformation in 1988 with the introduction of the UBE (Universal Basic Education). This structure was revised in 2012 and its implementation in 2014 tailored to respond to the latest development in ICT and its use in enhancing educational delivery services. This article examines the current level of the application of ICT tools and software to Nigeria\u2019s Basic education system deliveries and human development in the sector and proposes how the technology could be further applied for the enhancement of the sector.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-173\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ayeni, Joshua. A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Sciences, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akinyemi, Olorunsesan<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, D.S. Adegbenro ICT Polytechnic, Itori, Ogun state, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Lawal O.O.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Computer Science, D.S. Adegbenro ICT Polytechnic, Itori, Ogun state, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Igbokwe, Charity O (2015): &#8220;Recent Curriculum Reformsat the Basic Education Level in NigeriaAimed at CatchingThemYoung to Create Change &#8220;American Journal of Educational Research 3.1 (2015): 31-37.\r\n[2] Adedoja, Gloria (2016): The Influence of Age and Educational Qualification on Stakeholders Perception of Integrating Mobile Technology into Basic Education in Nigeria. African Research Review. An International Multi-Disciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 10(3), Serial No.42, June, 2016: 96-110\r\n[3] [FRN (2006): National Policy on Education. Federal Republic of Nigeria (2004). Lagos: NERDC Press.\r\n[4] Venezky R.L. (2007):Technology in the classroom: steps toward a new vision. University of Delaware, U,S,A. Published online 2007. URL: https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/146363 1042000211024\r\n[5] Thomas O. O., Babatope K. O. &amp; Jonathan O.O (2013): \u201cTeacher Education, Information and Communication Technology: Prospects and Challenges of E-Teaching Profession in Nigeria\u201d. Published in the American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, Vo1. 1, No, 2, 2013, 87-91\r\n[6] Onwuagboke B.B.,Ranjit T.K. and Fook F.F. (2015): \u201cNeed for ICT Integration for Effective Instructional Delivery in Nigerian Colleges of Education\u201d. Publish in the Journal of Education and Practice www.iiste.org. ISSN 2222-1735 (Paper) ISSN 2222-288X (Online)\r\n[7] ElaheSanieifar (2013): The Paramount Role of ICT in Education: A Focus on ART Instruction. International Journal of Science and Applied Information Technology (IJSAIT), Vol.2. No.2, Pages: 07-10 (2013) Special Issue of ICET4E 2013 &#8211; Held during 11-12 March, 2013 in Hotel Crowne Plaza, Dubai 7 ISSN 2278-3083\r\n[8] Hassana Oseiwu. Alli. (2015): \u201cThe Use of Information and Communication Technology in Technical and Vocational Education: The Case of Universal Basic Education (UBE) Schools\u201d, Published in the American Journal of Educational Research, 2015, Vol. 3, No. 7, 868-872 Available online at http:\/\/pubs.sciepub.com\/ education\/3\/7\/9 \u00a9 Science and Education Publishing DOI:10.12691\/education-3-7-9\r\n[9] FME (2012): The Revised 9-Year Basic Education Curriculum: Basic Science and Technology. Lagos: NERDC Press.\r\n[10] Oyelekan, O. S. &amp; Olorundare, A.S. (2012): \u201cInformation and Communication Technology in Nigeria\u2019s Universal Basic Education Programme: A consideration of Some Objectives\u201d Science Teachers Association of Nigeria. All rights reserved. ISBN:978- 978-49207-7-3 Pp 295-299\r\n[11] Akinyetun O. (2013): \u201cICT and Primary Education Studies.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.booksie.com\/posting\/owodave \/using-ict-in-primary-education-studies-in-the-nigerian-education-62726#VguSumOGcemGO5bc.99\r\n[12] Oloyede S. O. and Adekunle S.O. (2009): Development and validation of a computer instructional package on electro -chemistry for secondary schools in Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 88- 104.\r\n[13] Adeyemi T.O. &amp;Olaleye F.O. (2010): Information Communication and Technology (ICT) for the Effective Management of Secondary Schools for Sustainable Development in Ekiti State, Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 5(2): 106-113, 2010 ISSN 1818-6785 \u00a9 IDOSI Publications, 2010.\r\n[14] Nwangwu E. C., Obi C. A., &amp; Ogwu E. N. (2014): \u201cIntegration of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the Curriculum of Federal Unity Schools (FUS) in Nigeria: Implications for Learning\u201d. Published by Greener Journal of Educational Research http:\/\/gjournals.org\/GJER\/Publication\/2014July\/ \/HTML\/021714113%20Nwangwu%20et%20al.htm\r\n[15] Kozma, R. (2005):National Policies that Connect ICTBased Education Reform to Economic and Social Development.October 2005 Human Technology 1(2) DOI: 10.17011\/ht\/urn.2005355\r\n[16] Volman, M., (2005): A variety of roles for a new type of teacher Educational technology and the teaching profession. Teaching and Teacher Education 21 (2005) 15\u201331. www.elsevier.com\/locate\/tate\r\n[17] Igwe, V. O. and Ewelum, J. N. (2016): Adult education and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects. IOSR Journal of Research &amp; Method in Education (IOSR- JRME) e-ISSN: 2320\u20137388,p-ISSN: 2320\u2013737X Volume 6, Issue 4 Ver. II (Jul. &#8211; Aug. 2016), PP 62-65 www.iosrjournals.orgDOI:\r\n[18] Mark Hadfield and Michael Jopling (2014): The development of an implementation model for ICT in education: an example of the interaction of affordances.Pages 607-617 | Published online: 18 Jun 2014.https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/14 703297.2014.924747\r\n[19] HWANG (2015): Effective Integration of ICT in Teaching and Learning. Prof. Dae-Joon HWANG, member of the UNESCO IITE Governing Board; Secretary General, Korean Council for University , Korea\r\n[20] Opon-Imo (2016): http:\/\/osun.gov.ng\/education\/opon- imo\/device\/\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ayeni, Joshua. A., Akinyemi, Olorunsesan, Lawal O.O. &#8220;Application of ICT to Enhancing Basic Education System in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.170-173 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/170-173.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/170-173.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/application-of-ict-to-enhancing-basic-education-system-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Application of ICT to Enhancing Basic Education System in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53174d1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53174d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53175c4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53175c4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5317754\" data-id=\"5317754\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5317880 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5317880\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5317927 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5317927\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5317a81\" data-id=\"5317a81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5317b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5317b93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5317c33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5317c33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5317d81\" data-id=\"5317d81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5317e95 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5317e95\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5317f32 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5317f32\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-531807b\" data-id=\"531807b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5318181 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5318181\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531821d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531821d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5318385\" data-id=\"5318385\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531849c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"531849c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis of Emotion<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Umeaku, Ndubuisi N. and Anolue, Chima C. &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 174-175<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5318537 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5318537\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53186a6\" data-id=\"53186a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53187c8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53187c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis (RCH) states that certain emotions are initiated via reflex action, but triggered by the cognitive system. It believes that involuntary actions are sometimes the roots of our experiencing emotion. The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis X-rayed the potentiality of reflex in our daily emotional experience. It posits that a good number of emotional experiences are embedded in our involuntary actions. The Reflex-Cognitive Model postulates that stimulus leads to reflex and reflex activates the cognitive system which in turn triggers emotion. RCH presents seven principles to explain this route of emotional experience and it is believed to be the bridge among the physiological, neurological and cognitive theories of emotion.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 174-175\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umeaku, Ndubuisi N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe Universty, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Anolue, Chima C.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe Universty, Awka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Atkinson, R. L; Atkinson, R. C. &amp; Hilgard, E. R. (1983). Introduction to Psychology. HARCOURT BRACE JOVANVICH, PUBLISHERS\r\n[2] Cannon, W. (1927). &#8220;The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory&#8221;. The American Journal of Psychology, 39, (1\/4), 106\u2013124.\r\n[3] Cordaro, D.T., Keltner, D., Tshering, S., Wangchuk, D. &amp; Flynn, L. M. (2016). &#8220;The voice conveys emotion in ten globalized cultures and one remote village in Bhutan&#8221;. Emotion, 16, 1, 117\u2013128.\r\n[4] Cotton, J. L. (1981). &#8220;A review of research on Schachter&#8217;s theory of emotion and the misattribution of Arousal&#8221;. European Journal of Social Psychology . 11, 4, 365\u2013397.\r\n[5] Dalgleish, T. (2004). &#8220;The emotional brain&#8221;. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 7, 583\u2013589.\r\n[6] Friedman, B.H. (2010). &#8220;Feelings and the body: The Jamesian perspective on autonomic specificity of emotion&#8221; . Biological Psychology, 84, 3, 383\u2013393.\r\n[7] Keltner, D., Oatley, K. &amp; Jenkins, J. M. (2019). Understanding emotions. ISBN 9781119492535.\r\n[8] Lang, P. J. (1994). &#8220;The Varieties of Emotional Experience: A Meditation on James\u2013Lange Theory&#8221;. Psychological Review, 101, 2, 211\u2013221.\r\n[9] Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of Emotion. American Psychologist, 46, 8, 819-834.\r\n[10] LeDoux, J. E. (1995). &#8220;Emotion: Clues From the Brain&#8221;. Annual Review of Psychology . 46, 209\u2013235.\r\n[11] Maslach, C (1979). &#8220;Negative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal&#8221;. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 6, 953\u2013969.\r\n[12] McCarty, R. (2007). &#8220;Fight-or-Flight Response&#8221;. Encyclopedia of Stress (2nd ed.). Academic Press, 62\u201364.\r\n[13] Pruett, C (2011). &#8220;Two-factor theory of emotion displayed by video games&#8221;. Game Developer, 18, 2, 33.\r\n[14] Schachter, S. &amp; Singer, J. (1962). &#8220;Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State&#8221;. Psychological Review, 69, 5, 379\u2013399.\r\n[15] Smith, C. A., &amp; Lazarus, R. (1990). Emotion and Adaptation. In L. A. Pervin (Ed.), Handbook of Personality: theory &amp; research, 609-637, Guilford Press.\r\n[16] Smith, Craig A., &amp; Kirby, Leslie D. (2009). Putting appraisal in context: Toward a relational model of appraisal and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 23 (7), 1352\u20131372.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Umeaku, Ndubuisi N. and Anolue, Chima C. &#8220;The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis of Emotion&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.174-175 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/174-175.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/174-175.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-reflex-cognitive-hypothesis-of-emotion\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Reflex-Cognitive Hypothesis of Emotion<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531bcd8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"531bcd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531bdfb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531bdfb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-531bf93\" data-id=\"531bf93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531c0b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"531c0b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531c17c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531c17c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-531c2d5\" data-id=\"531c2d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531c3df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"531c3df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531c47e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531c47e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-531c5e6\" data-id=\"531c5e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531c6fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"531c6fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Is Media A Tool for Propaganda or Tool for Information?\r\n<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Shehu Enoch Amila &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 176-180<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-531d320 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"531d320\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-531d523\" data-id=\"531d523\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531d679 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"531d679\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper had examined the concept of media in n the light of information and propaganda. It utilizes secondary data and content analysis. Richard and Elder determinant of fake and true framework was highlighted. It also employed system analysis and US as a unit of analysis in relation to the rest of the world while theorizing media as tool for propaganda. It discovered that media is a tool for propaganda rather than information in the world\u2019s politics. This is based on Richard and Elder framework which disclosed US doing more harm than informing the world with media. In order for media tool for information- balance propaganda, the less developed information states should strive to developed in all ramification, functional education, conversion of internet criminals into resourceful personal, meritocracy in job recruitment and development of critical societies, by which he meant societies that adopt critical thinking as an essential part of their way of life.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 176-180\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 07 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Shehu Enoch Amila<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University of Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anthony, O., &amp; Michael. C. E. (2017). Mass media and community development: prospects and challenges in Nigeria\u2019s fourth republic. Fulafia journal of contemporary political studies, 1(1), 135-149\r\n[2] Richard, P. &amp; Elder, L. (2008). The thinker\u2019s guide for conscientious citizens on how to detect media bias and propaganda in national and world news based on critical thinking concepts and tools. Fourth edition. London: The foundation for critical thinking. Retrieved from https:\/\/books.google.com.ng\/books?id=DDWbDwAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\r\n[3] John, J. B. (1977). Another Perspective on Mass Media Propaganda. (prepared for delivery before a qualitative division session on philosophical implications of the mass media at the annual convention of the Association for Education in Journalism, Madison, Wisconsin, August 21-24,) Department of Communication Utah State University retrieved fromhttp:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.737.6302&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\r\n[4] Afolabi, A. (2008). Foundation of political science. Ibadan: Ababa press Ltd.\r\n[5] Machaavelli, N. (2001). The Prince.Penguin Classics book.\r\n[6] Yakubu, Y. A. (2014). Nigeria\u2019s Foreign Policy: A Basic Text. (Rev. ed.). Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited.\r\n[7] Palmer, D. N., &amp; Howard, C. P. (2010). International Relations (3rded.). India: AITBS publishers.\r\n[8] 8.Baran, S J. (2002). Introduction to Mass Communication (media literature and culture) (2nded.). McGraw-Hill companies, Inc.\r\n[9] Sun, T. (2005). The Art of war.Shambhlala Boston &amp; London. Translated by Thomas Cleary\r\n[10] Albert, I. O., et al (2007).Perspective on the 2003 elections in Nigeria (a special edition of IDASA conflict tracking DOSSIER) Abuja: published IDASA\r\n[11] BBC (2014, August 8). Russian troops deployed&#8217; in Ukraine &#8211; Petro Poroshenkohttps:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-28967526\r\n[12] AP news (2019, August 8). Timeline of events in shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson https:\/\/apnews.com\/9aa32033692547699a3b61da8fd1fc62\r\n[13] BBC (2014, August 13). Syria crisis: Islamic State fighters seize Aleppo towns https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-28770786\r\n[14] Reliefweb (2017, December 26). The Assad Regime Has Dropped Nearly 70,000 Barrel Bombs on Syria &#8211; The Ruthless Bombinghttps:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/syrian-arab-republic\/assad-regime-has-dropped-nearly-70000-barrel-bombs-syria-ruthless\r\n[15] Wikipedia: Innocence of Muslims https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Innocence_of_Muslims\r\n[16] Wikipedia: Talk: Innocence of Muslims\/archive2 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Talk%3AInnocence_of_Muslims%2FArchive_2?oldformat=true\r\n[17] Alkali, R. A. (2003). Issues in International Relations and Nigeria\u2019s Foreign Policy. Kaduna: published by north point publishers.\r\n[18] Business insider (2020, January 13). The Trump administration is struggling to explain why the US killed top Iranian general Soleimani \u2014 here&#8217;s all the shifting explanations https:\/\/www.pulse.ng\/bi\/politics\/the-trump-administration-is-struggling-to-explain-why-the-us-killed-top-iranian\/rzl2d6g\r\n[19] Aljazeera (2020, January 13). Trump approved Soleimani killing with conditions in June: reporthttps:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/2020\/01\/trump-approved-soleimani-killing-conditions-june-report-200113143321384.html\r\n[20] BBC News (2002, January 7). QasemSoleimani: Trump says US killed &#8216;a monster&#8217; https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-middle-east-51027619\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Shehu Enoch Amila &#8220;Is Media A Tool for Propaganda or Tool for Information?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.176-180 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/176-180.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/176-180.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/is-media-a-tool-for-propaganda-or-tool-for-information\/ target=\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Is Media A Tool for Propaganda or Tool for Information?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533a473 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"533a473\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533a57f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533a57f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533a70b\" data-id=\"533a70b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533a831 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533a831\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533a8dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533a8dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533aa34\" data-id=\"533aa34\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533ab4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533ab4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533abeb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533abeb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533ad54\" data-id=\"533ad54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533ae64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533ae64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Entrepreneurship Skills and Entrepreneurial Intent of Graduating Students of Selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Muhammad Kabir Abbas, Olutayo K. Osunsan &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 181-186<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533af0d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533af0d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533b06d\" data-id=\"533b06d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533b19c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"533b19c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the effect of entrepreneurship skills on entrepreneurial intent of graduating students of selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria. The study employed cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 364 successfully returned self-administered questionnaires were used in the final analysis. Frequencies, percentages and mean were used as descriptive statistics, while linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect entrepreneurial skills on entrepreneurial intent. The study showed that personal skills significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.131, p=0.000&lt;0.05). Furthermore, technical skills was found to significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.386, p=0.000&lt;0.05). In addition, business management skills was found to significantly affect entrepreneurial intent among graduating students (Adjusted R2=0.392, p=0.000&lt;0.05). The study concluded that personal characteristics, technical and business management are probable skill requirements for entrepreneurial intent. The study recommended that universities should adopt instructional methods that equip students with personal, technical and business management skills<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 181-186\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Muhammad Kabir Abbas <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic, Katsina State-Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olutayo K. Osunsan <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business and Management, College of Economics and Management (CEM), Kampala International University, Uganda\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Hussain, A. (2015). Impact Of Entrepreneurial Education On Entrepreneurial Intentions Of Pakistani Students. Journal Of Entrepreneurship And Business Innovation, 2(1), 43-53.\r\n[2] Ojogbo, L. I. (2016). The Impact Of Entrepreneurship Education On The Development Of Entrepreneurial Career Intentions And Actions. . International Journal Of Entrepreneurship, 1(3), 27-49.\r\n[3] Dogan, E. (2015). The Effect Of Entrepreneurship Education On Entrepreneurial Intentions Of University Students In Turkey. Ekonometri Ve \u0130statistik Say\u0131, 79-93.\r\n[4] Acs, Z. J. (2016). Global Entrepreneurship Index . 2016.\r\n[5] Herrington, M., &amp; Kelley, D. (2012). African Entrepreneurship. Sub-Saharan African Regional Report.\r\n[6] Kazeem, Y. (2016, January). About Half Of The University Graduates In Nigeria Cannot Find Jobs. (Quartz Africa) Retrieved December 2019, From Http:\/\/Www.Qz.Com\r\n[7] Akinyemi, S., Oftem, I. B., &amp; Ikuenomore, S. O. (2012). Graduate Turnout And Graduate Employment In Nigeria. International Journal Of Humanities And Scoail Science, 2(14), 257-265.\r\n[8] Okafor, J. L., Iloani, A. F., Onochie, M., Abah, H. E., Ramoni, R., &amp; Edozie, V. (2018, September 29). Unemployment Graduates Into Nigeria&#8217;s Biggest Problem. (Daily Trust) Retrieved December 5, 2019, From Http:\/\/Www.Dailytrust.Com.G\r\n[9] Olokundun, M. A. (2017). Perceptions Of Students On Entrepreneurship Education And Entrepreneurial Intentions In Selected Nigerian Universities. Nigeria: Phd Thesis, Covenant University.\r\n[10] Dirk, D., Benson, H., &amp; Bruce, M. (2013). The Roles Of Learning Orientation And Passion For Work In The Formation Of Entrepreneurial Intention. . International Small Business Journal, 31(6), 652-676.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Muhammad Kabir Abbas, Olutayo K. Osunsan &#8220;Entrepreneurship Skills and Entrepreneurial Intent of Graduating Students of Selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.181-186 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/181-186.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/181-186.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/entrepreneurship-skills-and-entrepreneurial-intent-of-graduating-students-of-selected-universities-in-northwestern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Entrepreneurship Skills and Entrepreneurial Intent of Graduating Students of Selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533c208 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"533c208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533c2f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533c2f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533c488\" data-id=\"533c488\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533c5b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533c5b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533c65f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533c65f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533c7d9\" data-id=\"533c7d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533c8ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533c8ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533c993 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533c993\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533caf7\" data-id=\"533caf7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533cc0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"533cc0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Developing a Scale to Measure Attitude on Gender Difference<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Md Nurul Islam- February 2020 Page No.: 187-192<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-533ccb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"533ccb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-533ce0b\" data-id=\"533ce0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-533cf2d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"533cf2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8725\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8726\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8721\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Attitude is an important factor of human life. Measurement of attitude is also important to know human inner psyche. Considering importance, this is an approach to measure attitude on gender difference over some aspects of leadership like decision making, group work, communicating and self-understanding. The aim is to understand human preferences on gender issues in relation to those aspects. This study developed through data collection on some adult educated sample of Bangladesh. Both validity and reliability has been obtained using statistical analysis following scale construction procedure. The reliability coefficient was found 0.72 and the validity was found significant.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 187-192\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8722\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Md Nurul Islam<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentre for Higher Studies and Research, Bangladesh University of Professionals, Bangladesh\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8723\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. English: 1st Ed.New York: Harper &amp; Row,\u00a91978(OCoLC) 558179701.\r\n[2] Clifford, M.M. (1981). Practicing Educational Psychology; Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., pp. 601-604.\r\n[3] Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Psychological Tests and Personal Decisions, University of Illinois Press, USA.\r\n[4] McLeod, S.A. (2018). Attitude measurement. Simply Psychology. https:\/\/www.simplypsychology.org\/attitude-measurement.html (Accessed on 09 December 2019).\r\n[5] Slim, Field Marshal, the Viscount William J. (1961). Defeat into Victory (Shortened ed.). New York: McKay. OCLC 396091. (Stone &amp; Stone, 1 August 1997. Note: The original edition contains more detailed description of operations than does the 1961 edition).\r\n[6] &#8220;Merriam-Webster Dictionary&#8221;. Timeline: Merriam-Webster Milestones, retrieved October 14, 2018 online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/words-at-play\/new-words-in-the- dictionary(Accessed on 11 November2019).\r\n[7] Website of Merriam-Webster, 2018. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/sex(Accessed on 10 September 2019).\r\n[8] Website of WHO: \u201cWhat do we mean by \u201csex\u201d and \u201cgender\u201d?\u201d World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 26November 2015.\r\nhttps:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20170130022356\r\nhttp:\/\/apps.who.int\/gender\/whatisgender\/en (Accessed on 17August 2019).\r\n[9] Levesque R. J. R. (2011).Sex Roles and Gender Roles. In: Levesque R.J.R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Adolescence. Springer, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4419-1695-2.Retrieved January 22, 2018.(Accessed on 11 July 2019).\r\n[10] Psychology Glossary, 2018: https:\/\/healthypsych.com\/psychology-glossary\/ (Accessed on 07 June 2019).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8724\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Md Nurul Islam &#8220;Developing a Scale to Measure Attitude on Gender Difference&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.187-192 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/187-192.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8725\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8725\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/187-192.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8726\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8726\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/developing-a-scale-to-measure-attitude-on-gender-difference\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Developing a Scale to Measure Attitude on Gender Difference<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5345812 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5345812\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5345909 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5345909\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5345a8f\" data-id=\"5345a8f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5345bbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5345bbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5345c60 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5345c60\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5345dc1\" data-id=\"5345dc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5345edc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5345edc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5345f7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5345f7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53460ed\" data-id=\"53460ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5346200 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5346200\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Leadership of Imeum Mukim Poh Blang in Gampong East Lamteumen, Jaya Baru Sub-District, Banda Aceh City<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>M. Ali Hasballah &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 193-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53462a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53462a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-534640c\" data-id=\"534640c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534653b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"534653b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aimed to analyze the leadership Imeum Mukim as Indigenous Leader and Leader of Government, as well as analyze the factors supporting and Mukim Poh Blang Imeum leadership in the Village East Lamteumen Jaya Baru sub-district of Banda Aceh. This study used a qualitative approach, because the researcher intends to acquire in-depth description of a particular social phenomenon in the sense of traditional leadership imeum describe habitation. Activities in the data analysis described, among others, data reduction, display data, and conclision drawing \/ verification. Based on the research results show that Imeum Mukim given the position as coordinator of the Head of Village \/ Village and customary institutions insofar related to customary law, customs and habits are in charge of organizing public administration, implementation of development, social development and improved implementation of Islamic Law. Imeum Mukim leadership as government leaders act as coordinator of development that can bring changes both in terms of religious spiritual mentally and physically, so that changes people&#8217;s lives Mukim and village from year to year will be better. Imeum Mukim role in a very important rule in relation to the quality of performance is done by the village in delivering services to the surrounding community. Imeum Mukim as one of the traditional institutions have the authority to resolve social disputes. Factors supporting the leadership Imeum Mukim Mukim are their device and a clear organizational structure as well as their budgets for habitation. While the leadership Imeum Mukim inhibiting factor is infrastructure and limited human resource capacity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 193-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>M. Ali Hasballah <\/strong><\/span>\r\nUniversity of Iskandar Muda, Banda Aceh, Aceh, Indonesia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Thoha, Miftah. 2006. KepemimpinandalamManajemen. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.\r\n[2] Supriatna, Dadang. 2009. Pengenalan Media Pembelajaran, PusatPengembangan Dan PemberdayaanPendidik Dan TenagaKependidikan Taman KanakKanak Dan PendidikanLuarBiasa. Jakarta\r\n[3] Siagian, Sondang., P. 2008. Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Edisi Pertama. Jakarta: Binapura Aksara.\r\n[4] Terry,George R. 2000. Prinsip-PrinsipManajemen. (edisibahasa Indonesia). PT. BumiAksara: Bandung.\r\n[5] Satriani, Septi (Ed). 2007. DinamikaKelembagaanMukim Era OtonomiKhusus Aceh.Jakarta: LIPI Press.\r\n[6] Prioyotomo, IskandarEko. (2010). PeranKeuchikDalamRevitalisasiGampong di Aceh Besar.Banda Aceh; BalaiPelestarianSejarahdanNilaiTradisional.\r\n[7] Sugiyanto.2002. Lembaga Sosial. Global Pustaka Utama Jogyakarta.\r\n[8] Poerwadarminta. W.J.S. 2003. Kamus Umum Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta : Balai. Pustaka.\r\n[9] Kartono, Kartini. 2008. Pemimpindankepemimpinan. Jakarta: Raja GrafindoPersada.\r\n[10] Hendricks, W. 2001. How to Manage Conflict. Jakarta: Earth Literacy.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">M. Ali Hasballah &#8220;Leadership of Imeum Mukim Poh Blang in Gampong East Lamteumen, Jaya Baru Sub-District, Banda Aceh City&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.193-196 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/193-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/193-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/leadership-of-imeum-mukim-poh-blang-in-gampong-east-lamteumen-jaya-baru-sub-district-banda-aceh-city\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Leadership of Imeum Mukim Poh Blang in Gampong East Lamteumen, Jaya Baru Sub-District, Banda Aceh City<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5347d9b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5347d9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5347e92 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5347e92\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-534801d\" data-id=\"534801d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5348144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5348144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53481ea elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53481ea\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5348345\" data-id=\"5348345\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5348465 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5348465\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-534850a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"534850a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5348675\" data-id=\"5348675\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5349aca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5349aca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Developing Social Emotional Model for Adolescent Students Coping with Learning Difficulty in Tanzania Public Secondary Schools<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Mwita Sospeter, Dr. Theresia Shavega, Dr. Cosmas Mnyanyi &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 197-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5349de1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5349de1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-534a3de\" data-id=\"534a3de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-534bf18 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"534bf18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This collaboration action study developed social emotional model for adolescent coping with learning difficulty at secondary schools. Social emotions influence students coping with learning at school. This is true because students\u2019 emotion determine their social interaction with peers during the learning process. Pro-social emotions are highly associated with adolescent developing interest in learning. A total of 203 adolescent aged 13 to 17 years in public secondary school, responded to questionnaires and focus group discussion. Student emotions and social emotions regulation strategies were reported by teachers through the interview and researchers observation during class hours and break time. About 83% students reported adolescent demonstrated variety of social emotions at school, including fighting in the class, kicking, joyful and excitement presented with the mean of 2.5, 4.0, 4.0 and 3.5 respectively. However, aggressive social emotions had negative correlation with students developing interest in learning while at school (r=.091, p=.49, t (-699), \u03b2=0.53). Unlike to positive emotions which revealed significant correlation with students coping with learning difficulty at school. Teachers used guidance and counseling as the strategy in fostering active engagement among adolescent students towards learning adjustment. Because, guidance and counselling brings comfort, mental wellbeing and social awareness among adolescent students hence influence coping with learning at school. It is argued that the future emotional being and healthier youth is achieved through the introduction of social clubs and counselling sessions in schools to adolescent students. Because are vulnerable to social emotion problem which may obstruct them from attaining their learning goals.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Mwita Sospeter<\/strong><\/span>\r\nA tutor ii, Agency for the Development of Educational Management (ADEM),\r\n(PhD student) at the Open University of Tanzania, P.O.BOX 71 Bagamoyo, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Theresia Shavega<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Education, the Open University of Tanzania, P.O.BOX 23409 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Cosmas Mnyanyi<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Faculty of Education, the Open University of Tanzania\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Bates, B. (2012). Incorporating social and emotional learning into a preschool curriculum. (July). Retrieved from http:\/\/cardinalscholar.bsu.edu\/handle\/123456789\/196171\r\n[2] Bourgeois, A., Bower, J., &amp; Carroll, A. (2014). Social Networking and the Social and Emotional Wellbeing of Adolescents in Australia. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 24(2), 167\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/jgc.2014.14\r\n[3] Brackett, M. A., &amp; Rivers, S. E. (n.d.). SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING 1 Transforming Students\u2019 Lives with Social and Emotional Learning. 1\u201322.\r\n[4] Brackett, M. A., &amp; Rivers, S. E. (2014). Transforming Students\u2019 Lives with Social and Emotional Learning International Handbook of Emotions in Education. 1\u201322. Retrieved from http:\/\/ei.yale.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Transforming-Students\u2019-Lives-with-Social-and-Emotional-Learning.pdf\r\n[5] Butchart, T. (2017). The Need for Social-Emotional Learning in South Africa. 1\u20135. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.schoolnet.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017.06.23.LGP-Emotional-Literacy-Findings.pdf\r\n[6] Cherniss, C. (2000). Emotional Intelligence: What it is and Why it Matters. Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 53(9), 1689\u20131699. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004\r\n[7] Corso, R. M. (2007). Practices for enhancing children \u2019 s development and preventing challenging behavior. Gifted Child Today, 30(3), 51\u201356.\r\n[8] Damon, W., &amp; Lerner, R. (2006). Handbook of child psychology. Volume 3: Social emotional, and personality development.\r\n[9] Elias, M. J., Parker, S. J., Kash, V. M., Weissberg, R. P., &amp; Brien, M. U. O. (2007). Social and Emotional Learning , Moral Education , and Character Education\u202f: A Comparative Analysis and a View Toward Convergence. 248\u2013266.\r\n[10] Elias, M., Parker, S., Kash, V., Weissberg, R. P., &amp; O\u2019brien, M. U. (2008). Social and emotional learning, moral education, and character education: A comparative analysis and a view toward convergence. Handbook of Moral and Character Education, 248\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203931431\r\n[11] Ensari, P. (2017). How to Improve Emotional Intelligence and Social Skills among Adolescents: The Development and Test of a New Microexpressions Training. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 07(05), 211\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4236\/jbbs.2017.75016\r\n[12] Fu, Y., &amp; Law, Y. W. (2018). Chinese Adolescents \u2019 Meaning-Focused Coping With Prolonged Parent-Child Separation. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558417700271\r\n[13] Gutowski, E., White, A. E., Liang, B., Diamonti, A., &amp; Berado, D. (2018). How Stress Influences Purpose Development\u202f: The Importance of Social Support. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558417737754\r\n[14] Institutes for Research, A. (2015). Supporting Social and Emotional Development Through Quality Afterschool Programs.\r\n[15] Ji, P., &amp; Dubois, D. L. (2013). SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL AND CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT SCALE Development and Initial Validation With Urban Elementary School Students. 9(2), 121\u2013147.\r\n[16] Kambuga, Y. (2016). Anxiety and Academic Performance among Secondary School Students in Tanzania. 4(2), 1\u20138.\r\n[17] Katamei, J. M., &amp; Omwono, G. A. (2015). Intervention Strategies to Improve Students\u2019 Academic Performance in Public Secondary Schools in Arid and Semi-Arid Lands in Kenya. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 3(4), 107\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11114\/ijsss.v3i4.796\r\n[18] Langenkamp, A. G., &amp; Shifrer, D. (2018). Family Legacy or Family Pioneer\u202f? Social Class Differences in the Way Adolescents Construct. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558416684951\r\n[19] Larson, R. W., &amp; Brown, J. R. (2007a). Emotional Development in Adolescence\u202f: What can be Learned From a High School Theater Program\u202f? 78(4), 1083\u20131099.\r\n[20] Larson, R. W., &amp; Brown, J. R. (2007b). What Can Be Learned from a High School Theater Program. Child Development, 78(4), 1083\u20131099.\r\n[21] MacIntyre, P. D., &amp; Vincze, L. (2017). Positive and negative emotions underlie motivation for L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 7(1), 61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14746\/ssllt.2017.7.1.4\r\n[22] Musoga, V. W. (2017). Guidance and Counseling Strategies Used by Pre-School Teachers in Managing Children\u2019s Social-Emotional Behavioural Problems in Nakuru Municipality, Kenya. Retrieved from http:\/\/ir-library.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/17942\r\n[23] Pathak, R., Sharma, R. C., Parvan, U. C., Gupta, B. P., Ojha, R. K., &amp; Goel, N. K. (2011). Behavioural and emotional problems in school going adolescents. Australasian Medical Journal, 4(1), 15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4066\/AMJ.2011.464\r\n[24] Rowe, A., &amp; Fitness, J. (2018). Understanding the Role of Negative Emotions in Adult Learning and Achievement: A Social Functional Perspective. Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs8020027\r\n[25] Shavega, Theresia J., Brugman, D., &amp; van Tuijl, C. (2014). Children\u2019s Behavioral Adjustment in Pre-Primary Schools in Tanzania: A Multilevel Approach. Early Education and Development, 25(3), 356\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10409289.2013.807722\r\n[26] Shavega, Theresia Julius. (n.d.). Behavioral Adjustment of Pre-primary School Children in Tanzania\u202f: The Role of the Teacher-Child Relationship.\r\n[27] Simmons, N. (2014). Psycho-Social Relationships and Academic Achievement in Early Adolescence By.\r\n[28] Smith-Lovin, L., Lewis, M., &amp; Haviland, J. M. (1995). Handbook of Emotions. In Contemporary Sociology (Vol. 24). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2076468\r\n[29] Spencer, R., Walsh, J., Liang, B., Mousseau, A. M. D., &amp; Lund, T. J. (2018). Having It All\u202f? A Qualitative Examination of Affluent Adolescent Girls \u2019 Perceptions of Stress and Their Quests for Success. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558416670990\r\n[30] Williams-Mbengue, N. (2013). The Social and Emotional Well-Being of Children in Foster Care. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/Portals\/1\/Documents\/cyf\/Social_Emotional_WellBeing_Newsletter.pdf\r\n[31] Worker, S. M., Iaccopucci, A. M., Bird, M., &amp; Horowitz, M. (2019). Promoting Positive Youth Development Through Teenagers-as- Teachers Programs. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558418764089\r\n[32] Yakkaldevi, A. S. (n.d.). F u n c t i o n a l i s m.\r\n[33] Yeager, D. S., &amp; Yeager, D. S. (n.d.). Social-Emotional Learning Programs for Adolescents. 27(1).\r\n[34] Yu, M. V. B., Johnson, H. E., Deutsch, N. L., &amp; Varga, S. M. (2018). \u201c She Calls Me by My Last Name \u201d: Exploring Adolescent Perceptions of Positive Teacher- Student Relationships. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0743558416684958\r\n[35] Yusuph, K. (2016). Anxiety and Academic Performance among Secondary School Pupils in Tanzania. British Journal of Education, Society &amp; Behavioural Science, 14(3), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/bjesbs\/2016\/24140\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Mwita Sospeter, Dr. Theresia Shavega, Dr. Cosmas Mnyanyi &#8220;Developing Social Emotional Model for Adolescent Students Coping with Learning Difficulty in Tanzania Public Secondary Schools&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.197-206 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/197-206.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/197-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/developing-social-emotional-model-for-adolescent-students-coping-with-learning-difficulty-in-tanzania-public-secondary-schools\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Developing Social Emotional Model for Adolescent Students Coping with Learning Difficulty in Tanzania Public Secondary Schools<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53502a0 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53502a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53503ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53503ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5350602\" data-id=\"5350602\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53508a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53508a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5350c40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5350c40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5350e7e\" data-id=\"5350e7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5350fbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5350fbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5351069 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5351069\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53511d9\" data-id=\"53511d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53512f0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53512f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-535138f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"535138f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53514fa\" data-id=\"53514fa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5351604 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5351604\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Islamic State of Iraq and Syria\u2019s (ISIS\u2019) Activities in the Middle East and United States of America\u2019s Counter &#8211; Terrorism Strategies (2014 &#8211; 2017)<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Victoria Anowia and Professor Mike Oddih &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 207-214<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53516a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53516a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-535180a\" data-id=\"535180a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5351942 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5351942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Terrorism is one of the contemporary global issues that has challenged the peaceful co-existence of individuals and nations alike. Several measures and strategies have been put in place at the national, regional and global level to combat and eradicate this problem of terrorism in its totality. This paper centers on the activities of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS\u2019) in the Middle East and United States of America\u2019s Counter &#8211; Terrorism Strategies 2014 \u2013 2017. The work seeks to examine the U.S.A counter &#8211; terrorism strategies to find out if the U.S.A counter &#8211; terrorism strategies have effectively eradicated the rampaging catastrophic activities of the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Middle East. The study made use of Strategic theory as a framework of analysis and documentary method of data collection was employed while relying on content analysis. Amongst others, the findings revealed that U.S.A government, through its counter &#8211; terrorism strategies, reduced the activities of ISIS in Iraq and Syria and beyond but did not effectively eradicate the activities of ISIS. In the light of the findings, the study recommends: that U.S.A jettisons her provocative imperialistic foreign policy actions and resort to an overhauled foreign policy grounded on the principle of egalitarianism, justice, equity and fair- play; the U.S reviews her aerial bombardment strategy to minimize civilian casualty; the Iraqi authorities form an inclusive new government which would represent the interest of all Iraqis, not just specific social groups;the members of the global coalition against ISIS deploy ground troops in addition to the aerial bombardment strategy to Syria to fight ISIS.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-214\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Victoria Anowia <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Professor Mike Oddih<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Al Sarhan, A. (2017). United States foreign policy and the Middle East. Open Journal of Political Science, (28)7, 454-472. doi.org\/10.4236\/ojps.2017.74036\r\n[2] Anaz, N. (2011). Understanding the contemporary United States and European Union foreign policy in the Middle East. Colombia: Institutios de Estudios Pol\u00edticos.\r\n[3] Blanchard, C.&amp; Humud, C. (2018). The Islamic State and U.S policy. Congressional Research Service,7 \u2013 5700 Retrieved from www.crs.gov\r\n[4] Crenshaw, M. (2014). Terrorism research: The record. International Interactions, 40 (4), 556 \u2013 567.\r\n[5] Crosston, M.(2009). Neoconservative democratization in theory and practice: Developing democrats or raising radical Islamists? International Politics, 46(2\/3), 298 \u2013 326.\r\n[6] Drennan, J. (2014). Who has contributed what in the coalition against the Islamic State. Foreign Policy, November 12, 2014. Retrieved from http:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/ 2014\/11\/12\/who-has-ontributed-what-in-the-coalition-against-the-islamic-state\/\r\n[7] Eisenstadt, M.,&amp; Pollock, D. (2012). Friends with benefits: Why the US \u2013 Israeli alliance is good for America. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/2012-11-07\/friends-benefits.\r\n[8] Eklund,L&amp;Degerald,M&amp;Brandit,M,&amp;Prishchepov, A&amp; Pilesjo,P(2017). How conflict affects land use:Agricultural activity in areas seized by the Islamic State. Doi: 10.1088\/1748- 9326\/aa673a.\r\n[9] Eze, R. C.(2015). An appraisal of U.S.A\u2019s military-oriented strategy against anti- U.S.A terrorism. Global Journal of Applied, Management and Social Sciences 9 (1), 67 \u2013 74.\r\n[10] Galula, D. (1964). Counterinsurgency warfare: Theory and practice. New York: Frederick Publishers.\r\n[11] George, S &amp; Szlanko, B. (2017). US changes rules of engagement for Mosul fight in Iraq. AP News.\r\n[12] Gerges, F. (2016). ISIS: A history. U.S.A: Princeton University Press.\r\n[13] Gilsinan, K. (2014). The many ways to map the Islamic state. Retrieved from www.citylab.com on 07\/09\/2018.\r\n[14] Halabi, Y. (2009). US foreign policy in the Middle East: From crises to change. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.\r\n[15] Hall, R. (2018). As Kurdish fighters move on last ISIS controlled town in Syria, Turkey threatens attack. Retrieved from www.Independent.co.uk\r\n[16] IOM (2017). Internal displaced persons in Iraq. Retrieved from https:\/\/humanitariancompendium.iom.int\/&#8230;\r\n[17] Iskandar, M. (1974). The Arab oil question. Beirut: Middle East Economic Consultants.\r\n[18] Kranz,M &amp; Gould, S.(2017). These maps show how drastically ISIS territory has shrunk since its peak. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.businessinder.com on.\r\n[19] Lederman, J. (2015). Turkey allows US to use key air base to strike Islamic State . Associated Press, July 24, 2015. Retrieved from https:\/\/bigstory.ap.org\/article\/ 6d942d8879f3492sources-turkey-allows-us-use-key-base-strike\r\n[20] Roberts, A. (2015). Terrorism research: Past, Present, and Future. Studies in Conflict &amp; Terrorism, 38(1), 62-74.\r\n[21] Rustow, D. A.(1982). Oil and turmoil: America faces OPEC and the Middle East. New York,W.W. Norton &amp; Company,Inc.\r\n[22] Security Council Report (2014). ISIS Terrorism. Retrieved from www.securitycouncil report.org\/&#8230;\/s_2014&#8230;\r\n[23] U.S Department of State (2014). Country reports on terrorism 2014. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.state.gov\/&#8230;\/239631.pdf\r\n[24] Warrick, J. (2015). Black flags: The rise of ISIS. London : Doubleday Pub Ltd.\r\n[25] Watkins, E. (1997). The unfolding US policy in the Middle East. International Affairs 73 (1), 1-14.\r\n[26] Weaver, M. (2006). The short, violent life of Abu Musab al- Zarqawi. Retrieved from http:www.theatlantic.com\/magazine\/archive\/2006\/07\/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi\/304983.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Victoria Anowia and Professor Mike Oddih &#8220;Islamic State of Iraq and Syria\u2019s (ISIS\u2019) Activities in the Middle East and United States of America\u2019s Counter &#8211; Terrorism Strategies (2014 &#8211; 2017)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.207-214 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/207-214.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/207-214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/islamic-state-of-iraq-and-syrias-isis-activities-in-the-middle-east-and-united-states-of-americas-counter-terrorism-strategies-2014-2017\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Islamic State of Iraq and Syria\u2019s (ISIS\u2019) Activities in the Middle East and United States of America\u2019s Counter &#8211; Terrorism Strategies (2014 &#8211; 2017)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5354f15 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5354f15\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5355009 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5355009\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53551a1\" data-id=\"53551a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53552c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53552c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-535538a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"535538a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53554e8\" data-id=\"53554e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53555f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53555f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-535568d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"535568d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53557fb\" data-id=\"53557fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5355914 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5355914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Controversy in Federal Executive- National Assembly Partnership on Budgetary Process in Nigeria: Scrutinizing the First Tenure of President Muhamadu Buhari\u2019s Government, 2015-2019<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Asadu Ikechukwu Ph.D., Sunday Evaristus Abonyi, Ph.D &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 215-228<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53559b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53559b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5355b2f\" data-id=\"5355b2f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5355c66 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5355c66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8731\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8731\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria provided for a presidential system of government with instituted separation of power, checks and balances. Section 81 (1) of the constitution demands that the President shall cause to be prepared and laid before each House of the National Assembly at any time in each financial year estimates of the revenues and expenditure of the federation for the next following financial year while section 81 (2) and section 82 provide further actions relating to budgetary matters. Notwithstanding these constitutional provisions, controversies tend to arise between the Federal Executive and the National Assembly on budgetary matters. This study explored the disagreement between the Federal Executive and Federal Legislature on Budgetary matters in the first tenure of President Muhamadu Buhari\u2019s Administration 2015-2019. This is with a view to analyzing the diverse perspectives on executive-legislative roles on budget process and finding the core causes of the disharmony as well as possible measures for promoting good partnership between the two organs on budgetary matters. The methodology of the paper is qualitative and descriptive. Data for the study were generated through documentaries and interview. The finding of the study demonstrates that there are divergent standpoints on executive-legislative roles on budgetary matter. The study also revealed that misinterpretation of constitutional power, self preservation and interest protection, supremacy struggle, and poor leadership skills are among the central factors that generate conflicts between the two organs on budgetary matter. Consequently, the work suggests, among others, that executive-legislative partnership be strengthened via effective liaison, regular capacity building, respect for constitution and resort to judiciary for interpretation of disputing constitutional provisions.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 215-228\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8732\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8732\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asadu Ikechukwu Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Public Administration and Local Government, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sunday Evaristus Abonyi, Ph.D<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Social Work, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8733\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8733\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Anifowose, R. (2008). The structure and organization of government. In R. Anifowose and F. Enemuo (Eds) Element of politics. Lagos: Sarn Ironsi publication.\r\n[2] Asadu, I. (2014). First class in government for schools and colleges. Nsukka: Apex Publication Ltd.\r\n[3] Albert, I.O. (2001). Introduction to third-party intervention in community conflicts, peaceful transformation forum. Ibadan: John Archer\r\n[4] Ademola, F.L. (2006). Theories of social conflict. In S. Gaya best (Ed). Introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum book Ltd.\r\n[5] Ademolekun, L. (1983). Public administration. A Nigerian and comparative perspective. New York: Longman Inc.\r\n[6] Appadoral, A. (1975). The substance of politics Newdelhi: Oxford University Press.\r\n[7] Aborishade, F (2016). Does the National Assembly have power to alter budget estimate proposal by the executive. http:\/\/ sahararepoter.com\/2016\/05\/09 does-national-assembly-have-power-alter-budget-estimate-prepared-executive.\r\n[8] Buhari, M (2018). Buhari\u2019s speech at signing of 2018 budget into law. http:\/\/henationonlineng.net\/buhari\u2019sspeech-at-the-signing-of-2018-budget-into-law.\r\n[9] Bedeian, A.G. (1986). Management. Chicago: the Dryden Press.\r\n[10] Burton, J. (1979). Deviance, terrorism and war: the process of solving unsolved social and political problem. London: Macmillan\r\n[11] Bakut, T.B. (2006). The environment of peace and conflict in Africa. In S. Gaya Best (Ed) Introduction to peace and conflict studies in West Africa. Ibadan: Spectrum Book Ltd.\r\n[12] Burton, J. (1993). Conflict resolution as a political philosophy. In S. Dennis and V.M. Hugo (Ed\u2019s). Conflict resolution theory and practice: Integration and application. Manchester and Newyork: Manchester University Press.\r\n[13] Brooker, P. (2000). Non-democratic regimes: Theory, government and politics. London:Macmillan\r\n[14] Denhardt, R. and Denhardt, J. (2009). Public Administration, an action orientation (sixth edition). Wadsworth, Gengage Learning.\r\n[15] Davis, J. (1962). Towards a theory of revolution. American sociological Review XXXVII\r\n[16] Eze, O .(2016). The role of executive and legislative in the budgetary process in Nigeria.A paper presented at the formal unveiling of order papering (26th September) at Ladi Kwali hall Sharoton Hotel, FCT Abuja.\r\n[17] Ekpu, A.O. and Iweoha, P.I (2017). Powers of executive and legislation in budget making process in Nigeria. An overview. Journal of Law Policy and Globalization 5, 44 \u2013 54.\r\n[18] Ezeani, E. (2005). Fundamentals of public administration. Enugu: Zik Chuks publisher\r\n[19] Egbe, R. (2017, June 27). The unending executive legislative rift over budget. The nation\r\n[20] Edoga, E. and Azelama, J .(1995). Institutions of government. In A.O. Ikelegbe (Ed). Politics and government: An introduction and comparative perspective. Benin City: Uri Publishing Ltd.\r\n[21] Falana, F. (2017). Falana: Court never ruled national assembly had power to increase budget http\/\/www.thusdaylive.com\/index.php\/2017\/06\/28\/falana-court-never-ruled-national-assembly-had-power-to-increase-budget.\r\n[22] Grover, S. (2011). Managing the public sector, international edition: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.\r\n[23] Gurr, T. R. (1962). Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University.\r\n[24] Galtung, J. (1990) Motivation violence. Journal of peace research 27 (3).\r\n[25] Huggins, R. (1997). The machinery of government in B. Axford, G.K. Browing, R. Huggings and B.Rosamond. An introduction to politics (second edition).london and New York:Routledge, Taylor and Franis group\r\n[26] Hyde, A.C. and Shafritz, J.M. (2007). Classic of public administration, sixth edition, Wadsworth, Cenage Learning.\r\n[27] Heywood, A. (2007). Politics, third edition. New York: palgrave.\r\n[28] Isa, M. (2017). Executive-legislative rift: issue and reasons http\/\/www.thusdaylive.com\/index.php\/2017\/executive-legislative-rift-issue-and-reasons.\r\n[29] Kiragu, K. (2002). Public financial management. In L. Adamolekun (Ed) Public administration in Africa. Main issues and selected countries studies. Ibadan: spectrum book\r\n[30] Kaufa, J. (2017). Monitoring and evaluation of budget performance. Ariska consulting group limited.\r\n[31] Koester, A .(1967). The ghost in the machine New York: Macmillan\r\n[32] Lane, D. (1985). Politics and society in the USSR. Oxford: Blackwell\r\n[33] Leonard, B. (1962). Aggression: A sociological analysis. New York: Praeger\r\n[34] Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and Personality New York: Macmillan\r\n[35] Morton, D. (1973). Resolution of conflict: Construction and destruction process. Connection and London: Yale University\r\n[36] Madison, J. (1961). The federalist paper No. 45 in J. Hamilton and J. Madison (Ed). The Federalist paper. New York and Scarborgh, Oritario: New America Library\r\n[37] Madison, J. (1961). The federalist paper Clinton; R. New York: New American Library of World literature.\r\n[38] Mba, C.C. (2007). Foundations of political science. Anambra State: Rex Charles and Patrick Ltd.\r\n[39] Newton, K. and VenDeth, J.W. (2003). Foundations of comparative politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[40] Nwagwu, E.J. (2010). Social, Justice and ethno-religious conflict. In O.N. Nnadozie (Ed) Tropical issue in social science. Nsukka; Rek Book\r\n[41] Ojiabor, O. (2016 August 14). Has National assembly power over budget. The Nation\r\n[42] Oparah, P.C. (2017). 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International Journal of Business and Law Research, 3 (1) 71 \u2013 80\r\n[49] Quincy, N. (1971). The escalation of international conflict. In S. (Tajelt (Ed). Conflictresolution: contribution of benavioural science. London: Woitre Dance Press\r\n[50] Riggio, R. (2000). Introduction to industrial\/organizational psychology. New Jersy: rentice Ltd.\r\n[51] Rosenbloom, D.H., Kravchuk, R.S., and Clerkin, R.M. (2009). Public administration, understanding management, Politics and law in the public sector. New York: McGraw-Hill\r\n[52] Sarbine, G.H. and Thorson, T. (1973). A history of political thought. New Delhi: Oxford and I B H publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.\r\n[53] Wolff, S. (2006). Ethnic conflicts: A global perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[54] Willoughby, W.F. (1918). The movement for budgetary reform in the states. New York.D. Apleton and Company for the Institution for Government Research.\r\n[55] Yemi, A. ( ) power and limitation of the executive and the legislature in the budget process. A paper presented at the National Summit on Intergovernmental\/interparty Relations, Legislative Oversight and Budget Process Reform for Sustainable Development in Nigeria.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8734\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8734\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Asadu Ikechukwu Ph.D., Sunday Evaristus Abonyi, Ph.D &#8220;Controversy in Federal Executive- National Assembly Partnership on Budgetary Process in Nigeria: Scrutinizing the First Tenure of President Muhamadu Buhari\u2019s Government, 2015-2019&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.215-228 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/215-228.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8735\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8735\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/215-228.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8736\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8736\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/controversy-in-federal-executive-national-assembly-partnership-on-budgetary-process-in-nigeria-scrutinizing-the-first-tenure-of-president-muhamadu-buharis-government-2015-2019\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Controversy in Federal Executive- National Assembly Partnership on Budgetary Process in Nigeria: Scrutinizing the First Tenure of President Muhamadu Buhari\u2019s Government, 2015-2019<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536faa9 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"536faa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-536fba4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"536fba4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-536fd46\" data-id=\"536fd46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-536fe7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"536fe7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-536ff2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"536ff2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-537007e\" data-id=\"537007e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5370194 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5370194\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5370230 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5370230\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-537039a\" data-id=\"537039a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53704b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53704b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A Study of Patterns of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching Among Nupe-English Bilinguals in Mokwa Town, Niger State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>YOOSUF, Fatima &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 229-236<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5370550 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5370550\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53706b8\" data-id=\"53706b8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53707d8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53707d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8741\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8741\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8742\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8742\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8743\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8743\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8744\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8744\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8745\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8745\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8746\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8746\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8741\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8741\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8741\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Language contact has been identified as the prime cause of bilingualism or multilingualism, hence many societies and individuals have become bilinguals. Bilingualism results to or give birth to code-mixing and Code switching. The Nupe people engage in the practice of the phenomena consciously and subconsciously. Hence, the study investigated the patterns of code mixing and Code switching among Nupe-English bilinguals. To achieve this aim, the data used for the analysis were collected in Mokwa town through the use of tape-recording and the process of interview. The methodology employed for data collection is that of structural analysis of utterances produced in different sociolinguistic contexts of natural conversation. The research employs simple random sampling technique and spontaneously recorded speeches from sixty (60) respondents. Then, the tape recorded data were transcribed and the extracts from the transcribed texts were analyzed based on the matrix language frame model which holds that in bilingual code mixing one of the speaker\u2019s two languages can be considered his or her first or dominant language in relation to the other. The study concluded that switching in Nupe-English Code switching grammars are possible along morphemes, words phrases, clauses, and sentence boundaries. The paper recommended among other things that, The English language and the indigenous languages like Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba &amp; Nupe should be put on equal footing and their roles should be explicitly stated so as to ensure that indigenous languages are no more de-emphasized.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 229-236\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8742\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8742\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8742\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>YOOSUF, Fatima<\/strong><\/span>\r\nNiger state College of Agriculture Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8743\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8743\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8743\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Amuda, A. (1986). Yoruba\/English code-switching forms and functions. Unpublished Ph.D thesis, University of Reading, England.\r\n[2] Auer, P. (ed.) (2009). Code-switching in conversation:Language, interaction and identity. London &amp;New York: Routledge.\r\n[3] Ayodele, C. &amp;Adeniye, O. (1990). From switching code to \u2018code-switching: Towards a reconceptualization of communicative codes. In Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity, ed. J.C.P. Auer, 29\u201350. London and New York: Routledge.\r\n[4] Banjo, A. (1983). Language use in a multilingual society: An update on the Nigerian Situation. In: Okon, M. and O. E. Essien (Eds.) Topical issues in sociolinguistics: The Nigerian perspective. Aba: National Institute for Nigerian Languages. pp. 43-52.\r\n[5] Banjo, A. (1989). The status and role of English as a second language; in L. Jubril, J.L. Macaulay, B.O. (pp. 1-4)\r\n[6] Banjo, A. (1996). Making a virtue of necessary: An overview of the English language in Nigeria, Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.\r\n[7] Bentahila, A. &amp; Davies E (1983). The syntax of Arabic \u2013French code-switching lingua 59:301-310.\r\n[8] Chan, B.H. (1998). How does Cantonese-English code-mixing works? In Martha Perinington, ed Language Hong Kong at Century\u2019s End Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong Press.\r\n[9] Clyne, M. (1991). Dynamics of language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[10] Faltis, C. (1989). Code-switching and bilingual schooling: An examination of Jacobson&#8217;s New Concurrent Approach. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 10(2), 117-127.\r\n[11] Hammer, J.F. &amp; Blanc, H.A. (1989). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cup.\r\n[12] Hoffaman C. (1991). Introduction to Bilingualism. New York: Longman.\r\n[13] Muysken, P. (2000). Bilingual speech: A typology of code-mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[14] Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press.\r\n[15] Ngozi, U.E. (2014): Code-switching in Igbo-English Bilingual conversations Eboyi State University Press: Abakaliki: Nigeria.\r\n[16] Obafemi, O. &amp;Babatunde, S. (2003). (Eds.). Studies and discourse in English language (pp. 186 &#8211; 191). Ilorin: Haytee Press.\r\n[17] Ofuya, T. (1978). Hip-hop through the world Englishes lens: a response to globalization. World Englishes, 25(2), 195\u2013208. doi:10.1111\/j.0083-2919.2006. 00459.\r\n[18] Pfaff, W. (1983). Constraints on languagemixing. Language, 55: 291-318.\r\n[19] Scotton, C.M. (1982). The possibility of Code-switching motivation for maintaining multilingualism. Anthropological Linguistics (24).\r\n[20] Stephens, E.A. (1983). On the interpretation of occasional spellings. Publication of the American Dialect Society 48: 33\u201350.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8744\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8744\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8744\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">YOOSUF, Fatima &#8220;A Study of Patterns of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching Among Nupe-English Bilinguals in Mokwa Town, Niger State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.229-236 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/229-236.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8745\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8745\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8745\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/229-236.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8746\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8746\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8746\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/a-study-of-patterns-of-code-mixing-and-code-switching-among-nupe-english-bilinguals-in-mokwa-town-niger-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">A Study of Patterns of Code-Mixing and Code-Switching Among Nupe-English Bilinguals in Mokwa Town, Niger State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53715bf elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53715bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53716a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53716a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53719ce\" data-id=\"53719ce\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5371b52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5371b52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5371c0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5371c0f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5371d69\" data-id=\"5371d69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5371e7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5371e7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5371f1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5371f1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5372122\" data-id=\"5372122\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537225c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"537225c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5372301 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5372301\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5372523\" data-id=\"5372523\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-537532f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"537532f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Competencies Possessed and Utilized by Chemistry Teachers for Effective Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>N.M. Eya, Attah F.O. &amp; Umate, B.A. &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 237-241<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5375428 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5375428\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53755d7\" data-id=\"53755d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5375716 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5375716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Teacher\u2019s competence in teaching and learning is an important factor in determining the success ess of a teaching session. This study investigated the competences possessed and utilized by secondary school chemistry teachers in Nsukka Educational Zone. Three research questions and one hypothesis guided the study. The population comprises of all the 53 chemistry teachers in all the public secondary schools in Nsukka Educational Zone. The entire population was used as the sample. A researcher structured questionnaire was the instrument which was subjected to both validation and reliability with a reliability coefficient of 0.93. Mean and standard deviation were used for answering the research questions while t-test was sued for testing the hypothesis. The findings of the studies among others reveal that chemistry teachers are not competent in designing and conducting chemistry practical. Also chemistry teachers do not have the competence of evaluating chemistry practical at the levels of affective and psychomotor domains. Based on these findings, recommendations were made.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 237-241\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>N.M. Eya<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Attah F.O. <\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Umate, B.A.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Adodo, S. O. (2013). An Evaluation of Secondary School Teachers\u2019 Competency in Evaluating Students\u2019 Cognitive and Psycho-Motor Achievements in Basic Science and Technology (Bst.) Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS) 5(3): 48 \u2013 53.\r\n[2] Avwiri, E. H. (2011). Approaches for Effective Teaching of Chemistry in Nigerian Secondary Schools. Journal of Research in Education and Society. 2(1) 236 \u2013 2490\r\n[3] Erin V. &amp; Alicia, F. (2010). The Role of Content in Inquiry-Based Elementary Science Lessons: an Analysis of teacher Beliefs and Enact. Journal of the Australian Science Education Research Association. 40(3) May.\r\n[4] Eya N. M. (2016) Determinants of JSS Students level of acquisition of science process skills. Journal of Qualitative Education 12(1).\r\n[5] Fahmy (2000)\r\n[6] Fathiah, S. (2007). Manipulative Skills Mastery Levels Among Chemistry Teachers Trainees. Thesis Education of Malaysia Technology University.\r\n[7] Federal Ministry of Education (2009) National Curriculum for Senior Scondary Schools NERDC Lagos.\r\n[8] West African Examination Council WAEC (2010 \u2013 2016) Chief Examiner\u2019s Report Lagos WAEC.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">N.M. Eya, Attah F.O. &amp; Umate, B.A. &#8220;Competencies Possessed and Utilized by Chemistry Teachers for Effective Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.237-241 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/237-241.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/237-241.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/competencies-possessed-and-utilized-by-chemistry-teachers-for-effective-teaching-of-chemistry-in-secondary-schools-in-nsukka-education-zone-of-enugu-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Competencies Possessed and Utilized by Chemistry Teachers for Effective Teaching of Chemistry in Secondary Schools in Nsukka Education Zone of Enugu State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5376765 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5376765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5376860 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5376860\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53769df\" data-id=\"53769df\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5376b06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5376b06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5376ba8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5376ba8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5376d06\" data-id=\"5376d06\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5376e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5376e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5376eb9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5376eb9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-537700c\" data-id=\"537700c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5377114 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5377114\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53771b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53771b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-537731e\" data-id=\"537731e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5377432 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5377432\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Relationship between Reading Habits and Students\u2019 Academic Performances of Secondary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Khalil Yahya Kamar &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 242-245<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53774d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53774d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5377641\" data-id=\"5377641\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53879aa elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53879aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study was designed to determine the relationship between reading habits and academic achievement of senior secondary school students in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between senior secondary school students \u2018reading habits and their academic achievement of secondary schools in Sokoto state, Nigeria. The researcher hypothesized that there is no statistically significant relationship between reading habits and academic achievement of secondary school student in Sokoto state. A correlational research design was used for the study and sample size of 175 students was used. For measurement of study habits a standardized inventory developed by Bakare (1970). Study Habit Inventory (SHI) was adapted to determine the students\u2019 reading habits. Academic achievement was measured by using scores obtained from end of term examinations. The data collected were analyzed quantitatively with the use of statistical package for social science (SPSS), using Pearson product moment correlation statistics. The result of the finding indicate that; there is high positive relationship between students\u2019 reading habits and their achievement (r = 0.712, P 0.00&lt;0.005)The study concluded that, students who accepted good reading habits also tend to perform well in their school achievement to a very extent in Sokoto state. The following recommendation was suggested: Reading and debate clubs should be encouraged by school administrators and teachers, and the school should provide an enabling environment for students to have full concentration from the beginning to the end of a lesson.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 242-245\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khalil Yahya Kamar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Educational Foundations, Faculty of Education, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Aremu, A.O. (2000): Academic Performance Factor Inventory, Ibadan; Stirling-Horjen publishers, Nigeria.\r\n[2] Bakare, C.G.M. (1977): Study Habits Inventory Manual, Ibadan Psychology Educational Production.\r\n[3] Deavers, R. (2000): The effect of instruction on early non-word reading strategies. Journal of Research in Reading.No. 23, pp.267-286.\r\n[4] Erik Erison\u2019s Book (1987): The Life Cycle Completed (extended version).\r\n[5] Issa, A. O., Aliyu, M.B., Akangbe, R. B. &amp;Adedeji, A. F. (2012): Reading interest and habits of the federal polytechnic students. International Journal of Learning &amp;Development.Vol. 2, no.1, pp470-486.\r\n[6] Kasomo D., (2007): Research Method in Humanities and Education revised edition, page 35 published Zappf chancery Research Consultant and Publisher P. O. Box 4988, Kenya.\r\n[7] Krejcie, R.V. &amp; Morgan, D. W. (1970): Determining sample size for research activities, educational &amp; psychological measurement, retrieved July 28, 2010 from http:\/\/www.fns.usds.gov\/fdd\/processing\/into\/seles\/verificationtable\r\n[8] Micheal O., (2014): Reading habits among students and its effect on academic performance: A study of students of Koforidua Polytechnic. Library Philosophy andPracticeE-journal.Paper1130. http:\/\/digitalcommons.unl.edu\/libphilprac\/1130.\r\n[9] Ministry of Basic and Secondary Education Sokoto. Shehu Kangiwasecretariat 2018.\r\n[10] Ogbodo, R. O. (2010): Effective study habits in educational sector: counseling implications. Edo Journal of Counseling, Vol.3.No.2. pp.1-11.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khalil Yahya Kamar &#8220;Relationship between Reading Habits and Students\u2019 Academic Performances of Secondary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.242-245 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/242-245.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/242-245.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/relationship-between-reading-habits-and-students-academic-performances-of-secondary-schools-in-sokoto-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Relationship between Reading Habits and Students\u2019 Academic Performances of Secondary Schools in Sokoto State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53888a7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53888a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538899d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538899d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5388b28\" data-id=\"5388b28\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5388c52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5388c52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5388cfa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5388cfa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5388e47\" data-id=\"5388e47\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5388f5f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5388f5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5388ffc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5388ffc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538916b\" data-id=\"538916b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538927a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538927a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Reward and Compensation on Employee Performance in Private and Public Hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Atakilt Halifom Siyum &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 246-255<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5389323 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5389323\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538948b\" data-id=\"538948b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53895bc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53895bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8751\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8751\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Employees are the key resources for any organization and in the circumstance of managing people, the reward and compensation system underlines a center feature of the employment association. The success or failure of the organization mostly depends on their employees. To be successful or to get a well performed tasks or achieving the desired goals of the company, Employees should be motivated, attracted and retained in the organization. The key tools or instruments for these are reward and compensations management systems of the Organization. The overall objective of this study is to assess the impact of reward and compensation on employee performance in private and public hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional simple survey involving 379 human resource employees of the public and Private Hospitals found in Tigray regional was carried out from January to March 2019. Participants from each private and public general and primary Hospital were selected using simple random sampling (SRS) and the survey was supplemented by structured questionnaire adopted from literature reviews. The collected data was entered into SPSS Software version 25.0 and was cleaned and analyzed. Descriptive analyses of variance and Binary logistic regression and Cross tabulation with Chi-Square was used. The results were summarized as crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. The findings show that there was impact of employee Reward Compensations in public and private health facilities in Tigray region, Ethiopia<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 246-255\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8752\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8752\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Atakilt Halifom Siyum <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLIGS University, Ethiopia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8753\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8753\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abdul H., (2014). Impact of Compensation on Employee Performance (Empirical Evidence from Banking Sector of Pakistan), International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 5 No. 2; February 201\r\n[2] Aiken, L. H., &amp; Salmon, M. E. (1994). Health care workforce priorities: What nursing should do now. Inquiry, 318-329.\r\n[3] Aky\u00fcz, Y., &amp; Gore, C. (2001). African economic development in a comparative perspective. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 25(3), 265-288.\r\n[4] Amin, S., Das, J., &amp; Goldstein, M. (Eds.). (2007). Are you being served? New tools for measuring service delivery. The World Bank.\r\n[5] Anand, S., &amp; B\u00e4rnighausen, T. (2004). Human resources and health outcomes: cross-country econometric study. The Lancet, 364(9445), 1603-1609.\r\n[6] Arasli, H., Haktan Ekiz, E., &amp; Turan Katircioglu, S. (2008). Gearing service quality into public and private hospitals in small islands: empirical evidence from Cyprus. International journal of health care quality assurance, 21(1), 8-23.\r\n[7] Armstrong, M. (2010). Armstrong&#8217;s essential human resource management practice: A guide to people management. Kogan Page Publishers.\r\n[8] Armstrong, M. and Stephens, T., 2005, Employee reward management and practise: first edition. Great Britain and United States: Kogan page Limited.\r\n[9] Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S. (2014) Armstrong\u2019s Handbook Of Human Resource Management Practice. 13th edn. London: Kogan Page.\r\n[10] Armstrong, M., (2005, 2007&amp;2010), improving performance through reward: 3RD Edition. London, Philadelphia and New Delhi: British Library Cataloguing in- publication data.\r\n[11] Armstrong, Michael. (2007) Employee Reward. 3rd edn. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel Development.\r\n[12] Ayesha A., Amna G., Tahleel T &amp; Hina M, (2015), Impact of compensation and reward system on the performance of an organization: an emperical study onbanking sectore of Pakistan, European journal of business and social sciences, Vol. 4, No. 08, November 2015\r\n[13] Basu, S., Andrews, J., Kishore, S., Panjabi, R., &amp; Stuckler, D. (2012). Comparative performance of private and public healthcare systems in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. PLoS medicine, 9(6), e1001244.\r\n[14] Bratton, J. and Gold, J. (2012) Human Resource Management: Theory and Practice. 5th edn. New York: Palgrave Macmillan\r\n[15] Bratton, J. and J. Gold (2007) \u2018Human Resource Management Theory and Practice\u2019, New York: Palgrave.\r\n[16] Dibaba, S. (2013). Assessment of the human resource management practices in Ethiopian Public Health Association (EPHA) (Doctoral dissertation, St. Mary&#8217;s University).\r\n[17] Federal Ministry of Health (2005).E.C (2012\/2013) and Health Related Indicators\r\n[18] Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L.And William, C.,(1998). Black Multivariate Data Analysis.\r\n[19] Hayes, D. K., &amp; Ninemeier, J. D. (2009). Human resources management in the hospitality industry. John Wiley &amp; Sons.\r\n[20] Hongoro, C., &amp; McPake, B. (2004). How to bridge the gap in human resources for health. The Lancet, 364(9443), 1451-1456.\r\n[21] Kliot, M. (2015). The impact of a patient education bundle on neurosurgery patient satisfaction. Surgical neurology international, 6(Suppl 22), S567.\r\n[22] Lim, G. S., Mathis, R. L., &amp; Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human resource management. Cengage Learning.\r\n[23] Lindelow, M., Serneels, P., &amp; Lemma, T. (2005). The performance of health workers in Ethiopia-results from qualitative research. The World Bank.\r\n[24] Midttun, L. (2007). Private or public? An empirical analysis of the importance of work values for work sector choice among Norwegian medical specialists. Social Science &amp; Medicine, 64(6), 1265-1277.\r\n[25] Milanowski, A. (2002). The varieties of knowledge and skill-based pay design: A comparison of seven new pay systems for K-12 teachers.\r\n[26] Milne, P. (2007) \u2018Motivation, incentives, and organisational culture\u2019, Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(6), pp. 28-38. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost [Online]. (Accessed: 09 March 2015)\r\n[27] Ozcan, S., Taranto, Y., &amp; Hornby, P. (1995). Shaping the health future in Turkey: a new role for human resource planning. The International journal of health planning and management, 10(4), 305-319.\r\n[28] Sheila W. N., &amp; Josephat K., (2015), Influence of Compensation and Reward on Performance of Employees at Nakuru County Government IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR -JBM) ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 17, Issue 11 .Ver. I (Nov. 2015), PP 87-93 (www.iosrjournals.org)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8754\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8754\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atakilt Halifom Siyum &#8220;Impact of Reward and Compensation on Employee Performance in Private and Public Hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.246-255 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/246-255.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8755\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8755\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/246-255.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8756\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8756\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-reward-and-compensation-on-employee-performance-in-private-and-public-hospitals-in-tigray-ethiopia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Reward and Compensation on Employee Performance in Private and Public Hospitals in Tigray, Ethiopia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538a7ad elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"538a7ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538a8a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538a8a1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538aa24\" data-id=\"538aa24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538ab52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538ab52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538abf4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538abf4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538ad99\" data-id=\"538ad99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538aebb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538aebb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538af5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538af5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538b0b2\" data-id=\"538b0b2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538b1b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538b1b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538b25e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538b25e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538b3bf\" data-id=\"538b3bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538b4d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538b4d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Communication on the Growth of SMES in Wakulima Market, Nairobi County, Kenya<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Masecko Irene Britney, Dr. Patricia Kungu &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 256-259<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538b571 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538b571\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538b713\" data-id=\"538b713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538b844 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"538b844\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8761\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8761\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8762\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8762\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8763\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8763\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8764\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8764\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8765\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8765\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8766\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8766\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8761\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8761\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8761\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Despite their significant role in both the developed and the developing economies, Small-and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) are faced with the greater risk of business failure with past statistics indicating that over half of all new ventures will not enjoy long-term success. They face various types of difficulties and business challenges. This study sought to determine the effects of communication on the growth of SMEs in Wakulima Market, Nairobi City County, Kenya. This research adopted a descriptive survey research design. The target population was 576 SMEs at Wakulima Market. Stratified sampling method was used whereby the population was first divided into strata and then samples were randomly selected from each stratum using simple random sampling method. The sample size was 236 respondents. Questionnaires will be used as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse quantitative and presented in terms of a table. The study established that communication had a positive significance influence on the growth of SMEs. The study concluded that communication that is transparent, open, effective communication in an organization will create a sense of openness that builds trust across employee levels. The study recommended that SMEs should develop a communication strategy by first recruiting a group of employees in a room and creating a plan for how the company interacts with employees.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 256-259\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8762\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8762\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8762\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Masecko Irene Britney<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Patricia Kungu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8763\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8763\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8763\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alese, J., &amp; Alimi, O. Y. (2014). Relevance of Strategic Management Tools in the Development of the Nigerian Small and Medium Enterprises. European Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(2), 35 \u2013 40\r\n[2] Chell, E., Haworth, J. M., &amp; Brearley, S. (2015). The entrepreneurial personality: Concepts, cases, and categories. Routledge\r\n[3] Coad, A. (2009). The Growth of Firms: A Survey of Theories and Empirical Evidence Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar\r\n[4] Hakkert, R., &amp; Kemp, R. G. M. (2016). An Ambition to Grow: A multidisciplinary perspective on the antecedents of growth ambitions, EIM SCALES. Zoetermeer: EIM\r\n[5] Haroon, H., &amp; Malik, D. H. (2018). The Impact of Organizational Communication on Organizational Performance. Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 6(2), 140 \u2013 151\r\n[6] Heikkurinen, P. (2010). Image differentiation with corporate environmental responsibility. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 17(3), 142-152\r\n[7] Kibe, C. W. (2014). Effects of communication strategies on organizational performance: A case study of Kenya Ports Authority. European Journal of Business and Management, 6(11), 6-10\r\n[8] Kihia, G. N. (2017). Strategic Management Practices Effect on Growth of Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi. (Doctoral dissertation, United States International University-Africa).\r\n[9] Melchorita, S. S. (2013). The influence of strategic management practices and competitive advantage on the organizational performance of higher education institutions\r\n[10] Murimbika, M. (2011). Influence of strategic management practices on the entrepreneurial orientation of South African firms in the financial and business services sector. Unpublished Dissertation, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg\r\n[11] Ngozi, N. P., &amp; Ifeoma, O. R. (2015). The Role of Ffective Communication on Organizational Performance: A Study of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Review of public administration and management, 400(3617), 1 \u2013 18\r\n[12] Obamiro, J. K. (2017). Management Principles &amp; Strategies, Lagos: Pumak Nigeria Limited\r\n[13] Ofunya, F. A. (2013). Strategic management practices on Performance of Post banks in Kenya. International Journal of Business Management and Administration, 2(6), 122-141\r\n[14] Omerzel, G., &amp; Antoncic, B., (2016). Critical Entrepreneur Knowledge Dimensions for the SME Performance. Industrial Management &amp; Data Systems, 2(1), 1182 \u2013 1199\r\n[15] Omsa, S., Ridwan, M., &amp; Jayadi, M. (2018). The Effect of Strategic Management Practices on SME Performances in Makassar, Indonesia. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Business, 3(4), 71 &#8211; 86\r\n[16] Onyango W. &amp; Tomecko, A. (2015). SME in Kenya. Published in the KCA Journal of Entrepreneurship, 4(1), 120 \u2013 129\r\n[17] Oyetunde, O., &amp; Oladejo, M. (2012). Communication Approach and Firms Performance: Appraisal of Nigerian Bottling Company(Coca cola), Ilorin-Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 14 \u2013 24\r\n[18] Sopha, I. S., &amp; Kwasira, J. (2016). Influence of Strategic Management Practices On Performance of Small Scale Enterprises in the County Government of Trans Nzoia County. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(9), 87 \u2013 103\r\n[19] Tsuma, L. (2013). Impact of Strategic Change on Employee Performance at the Ministry of Finance, Kenya. International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 3(1), 5 &#8211; 10.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8764\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8764\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8764\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Masecko Irene Britney, Dr. Patricia Kungu &#8220;Effects of Communication on the Growth of SMES in Wakulima Market, Nairobi County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.256-259 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/256-259.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8765\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8765\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8765\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/256-259.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8766\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8766\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8766\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-communication-on-the-growth-of-smes-in-wakulima-market-nairobi-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Communication on the Growth of SMES in Wakulima Market, Nairobi County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538c614 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"538c614\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538c6f1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538c6f1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538eaf5\" data-id=\"538eaf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538eca0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538eca0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538ed7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538ed7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538eefe\" data-id=\"538eefe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538f01a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538f01a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538f0d1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538f0d1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538f22a\" data-id=\"538f22a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538f33c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538f33c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538f3db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538f3db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-538f800\" data-id=\"538f800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-538f969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"538f969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Classroom Application of the Eclectic Method to English Language Teaching in Multilingual Zambia<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>David Sani Mwanza &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 260-275<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-538fa17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"538fa17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53a5558\" data-id=\"53a5558\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53a577c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53a577c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The Eclectic Method is the recommended method for teaching English as a second language in Multilingual Zambia. This implies that teachers need to posses the required competencies and skills to apply the method in multilingual classroom with learners of diverse abilities and language backgrounds. Through the use classroom lesson observation and interviews with 30 teachers of English drawn from 6 secondary schools in the Central Province of Zambia, this study provides an analysis of teachers\u2019 classroom application of the Eclectic Method and the challenges they faced in so doing. The paper also provides suggestions regarding what teachers should do to implement the method in under resourced and challenging contexts. The findings showed that while some teachers understood the method and applied it in the classroom, others shunned it for various reasons. Some of the challenges faced were lack of English proficiency among learners, poor training received by teachers and shortage of teaching materials which were needed for the method to be applied. By drawing on multimodality and its extended notions of Resemiotisation and semiotic remediation, the paper shows how teachers can still apply the eclectic method in under-resourced countries and contexts.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 260-275\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>David Sani Mwanza <\/strong><\/span>\r\nThe University of Zambia\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ali, A.M. 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Linguam, 17(1):1-13. doi.org\/10.5785\/17-1-131.\r\n[94] Wodak, R. (2002). Aspects of Critical Discourse Analysis1. ZfAL 36: 5-31.\r\n[95] Wood, M. J., and Brink, P. J. (1998). Comparative Designs. Advanced Design in Nursing Research, 143-159.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">David Sani Mwanza &#8220;An Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Classroom Application of the Eclectic Method to English Language Teaching in Multilingual Zambia&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.260-275 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/260-275.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/260-275.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-analysis-of-teachers-classroom-application-of-the-eclectic-method-to-english-language-teaching-in-multilingual-zambia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Analysis of Teachers\u2019 Classroom Application of the Eclectic Method to English Language Teaching in Multilingual Zambia<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53a66ab elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53a66ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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February 2020 Page No.: 276-279<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53a73ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53a73ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53a7551\" data-id=\"53a7551\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53a7674 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53a7674\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education is universally recognized as one of the basic human necessities and rights and an empowering factor. In Kenya, the introduction of free primary school education in 2003 was received with mixed reactions across the country. The government\u2019s taskforce reported that the implementation of the program was faced with a number of glaring challenges that required to be addressed. Cattle rustling remain a major issue in Laikipia, mostly in the form of small-scale theft from multiple households, intermittently with the transport of the livestock by lorry to a market abattoir or butcher, the latter is an outlet which has been used by stock thieves since colonial times. The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of cattle rustling on school staffing levels in Laikipia West Sub-County, Laikipia County, Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 2790 respondents comprising of 2,128 standard eight pupils, 73 head teachers, 584 teachers, 1 DEO and 4 inspectors from Laikipia West Sub-County. The sample size was 279 comprising of 213 standard eight pupils, 7 head teachers, 58 teachers and 1 DEO and Inspectors. Simple random sampling method was used to select respondents. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Pre-testing was conducted to test the reliability and validity of the research instrument. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 was used to analyse the data. The study established that cattle rustling affect school staffing levels in Laikipia County. The study concluded that teacher resisted being posted in Laikipia due to insecurity and thus for fear for their lives teachers become reluctant to take up employment in these areas. The study recommended that schools should employ qualified teachers so as to increase the pupils- teacher ratio in the region.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 276-279\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Henry Katana Vernon<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPublic Administration and Management, Mount Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akindele OLADELE<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPublic Administration and Management, Mount Kenyatta University, Kenya\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Blattman, C. E., &amp; Miguel, J. (2010). Civil War. Journal of Economic Literature 48(1): 3-57.\r\n[2] Blench, R. M. (2005). The Expansion and Adaption of Fulbe Pastoralism to Sub humid and Humid Conditions in Nigeria. Cahiers d\u2019etudes Africaines, 13-135: 197-212\r\n[3] Collins, J. (2011). Good to great. New York, NY: HarperCollins. Continuum Books\r\n[4] Fiki, O. C. &amp; Lee, B. (2005). Conflict Management, Local Capacity Governance, and Inclusive Human Security in North East Nigeria: A case study \u2013 Regional Development Dialogue. A journal of UNRISD, Nagoya, Japan\r\n[5] GoK. (2009). Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2009-2020 (pp. 137). Nairobi\r\n[6] Harbum, M. &amp; Wallensteen, K. (2009). Armed conflicts, 1946-2003 Journal of Peace Research Journal of peace education and social justice. Journal: Moran no more, The changing face of cattle rustling in Kenya\r\n[7] Katam, E. J. (2012). Impact of cattle rustling on curriculum implementation in Tot Division of Marakwet District, Kenya. A Research Thesis Submitted to Kenyatta University. Geneva Declaration Secretariat, Geneva (2008). Global burden of armed conflicts\r\n[8] Knighton, B. (2010). Disarmament: the end or fulfillment of cattle raiding? Nomadic Peoples, 14(2), 123-146\r\n[9] Mkutu, K. (2008). Pastoralism and conflict in the Horn of Africa. African Peace Forum\/ Saferworld\/University of Bradford\r\n[10] Mooneyet, H. (2005). Barriers and Bridges: Access to Education for Internally Displaced Children. The Brookings Institution- University of Bern\r\n[11] Mulken, A. (2007). Recruiting and Retraining Secondary School Teachers in Sub Saharan Africa. World Bank working paper No. 99. World Bank, Washington\r\n[12] O\u2019malley, B. (2007). Education under Attack, A Global Study on Targeted Political and Military Violence against Education Staff, students, Teachers, Union and Government, Government Press, Nairobi, Kenya\r\n[13] Okwach, A. &amp; Omondi, G. (2007). Efficiency of primary education in Kenya: situational analysis and implications for educational reform. Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research\r\n[14] Opiyo, J. O. (2004).The role of performance of secondary school head teachers in institutional supervision in Siaya, District Unpublished Master Thesis Kenyatta University\r\n[15] Otach, O. (2008). Abolishing school fees in Africa: Lessons from Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi and Mozambique, 14(3)\r\n[16] Redekop, V. N. (2010). Introduction to Conflict Studies Empirical, Theoretical and Ethical Dimensions. Oxford University Press\r\n[17] UNESCO (2005). EFA Global Monitoring report: The role of the organization and social context of schools. HTTP\/\/portal.org\/edu\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Henry Katana Vernon, Dr. Grace Nyamongo &#8220;Influence of Cattle Rustling on School Staffing Levels in Laikipia West Sub-County in Laikipia County, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.276-279 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/276-279.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/276-279.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-cattle-rustling-on-school-staffing-levels-in-laikipia-west-sub-county-in-laikipia-county-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Cattle Rustling on School Staffing Levels in Laikipia West Sub-County in Laikipia County, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b76ff elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53b76ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b77fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b77fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b79aa\" data-id=\"53b79aa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b7ad0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b7ad0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b7b7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b7b7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b7cd3\" data-id=\"53b7cd3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b7de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b7de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b7e83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b7e83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b7fe7\" data-id=\"53b7fe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b80f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b80f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Internal Conflict, Ethnic Violence and Human Welfare in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Olofin Olabode Philip &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 280-285<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b8196 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b8196\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b8308\" data-id=\"53b8308\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b844e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53b844e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Given the global concerns on the level of damages that conflicts inflict on the world economies, we examine the consequences of internal conflict (intconf) and ethnic violence (ethviol) on human welfare in Nigeria. We consider variables such as socioeconomic condition (condt), foreign direct investment (fdi), gross capital formation (gcf), agricultural value added (agva), technical cooperation grant (tecop) economic opportunity (ecopt) and agricultural machinery tractor (agcap) as important variables that are germane to the promotion of human welfare in Nigeria. We measure human welfare with gross domestic per capita income (gdpkk) of the Nigerians. Data on intconf and ethviol were obtained from the publications of Country Risk Guide, while data on gdpkk, fdi, gcf, agva, tecop, agcap and ecopt were obtained from the publications of World Development Indicators. We generate ecopt from employment level, government spending on education, school enrolment and financial institutions using principal component analysis. These variables are important for creating economic opportunities for both the haves and have-nots. We use Ordinary Least Square (OLS) for the analysis.\r\nOur results show that ethnic violence (ethviol), socioeconomic condition (condt)and foreigh direct investment (fdi) have negative relationship with human welfare. These results were not statistically significant. These results suggest their impact is minimal. We also found that intconf, gcf, hc, tecop, ecopt and agcap promoted human welfare. These results were statistically significant except gcf, hc and agcap. The results suggest that focusing more attention on improving on these variables may likely promote human welfare in Nigeria. The positive relation between internal conflict and human welfare may not be surprising in the sense that, government is usually quick in responding to the agitation of people by providing palliative measure whenever there is internal conflict in contrast to ethnic violence. The results of the study show that ethnic violence and internal conflict respond differently to human welfare. For a country characterized by multiple ethnics like Nigeria where socioeconomic conditions and economic opportunity are largely unequal, it is expected that internal conflict might exert more disruptions to the countrythan ethnic violence.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 280-285\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olofin Olabode Philip<\/strong><\/span>\r\nFaculty of Social Sciences, Dept. Of Economics, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Almlund, Mathilde; Duckworth, Angela L.; Heckman, James J.; and Kautz, Tim D. (2011). \u201cPersonality Psychology and Economics\u201d, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 16822, March.\r\n[2] Bodea, C., Elbadawi, I., &amp;Houle, C. (2017). Do Civil Wars, Coups and Riots Have the Same Structural Determinants? International Interactions, 43(3), 537\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03050629.2016.1188093\r\n[3] Br\u00fcck, T. (2004a) Coping Strategies Post-War Rural Mozambique, HiCN Working Paper 2, Households in Conflict Network, www.hicn.org\r\n(2004b) The Welfare Effects of Farm Household Activity Choices in Post-War Mozambique, HiCN Working Paper 4, Households in Conflict Network, www.hicn.org\r\n[4] Br\u00fcck, Tilman. (2006). \u201cWar and reconstruction in northern Mozambique.\u201dThe Economics of Peace and Security Journal 1 (1): 30-39.\r\n[5] Collier, P. (1999). \u2018On the Economic Consequences of Civil War\u2019, Oxford Economic Papers 51.1: 168\u201383.\r\n[6] Collier, P.; Elliot, L.; Hegre, H.; Hoeffler, A.; Reynal-Querol, M. and Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy, Washington DC: The World Bank.\r\n[7] Collier P, Hoeffler A. (1998). On economic causes of civil war.Oxf.Econ.Pap.50:563\u201373\r\n[8] Collier P, Hoeffler A. (2004a). Greed and grievance in civil war.Oxf.Econ.Pap.56:563\u201395\r\n[9] Deininger, K. (2003). \u2018Causes and Consequences of Civil Strife: Micro-Level Evidence from Uganda\u2019, Oxford Economic Papers 55: 579\u2013606.\r\n[10] Dercon, S. (2002) Income Risk, Coping Strategies and Safety Nets, WIDER Discussion Paper 2002\/22, World Institute for Development Economics Research, United Nations University, Helsinki\r\n[11] Fearon, J. and Laitin, D. (2003). \u2018Ethnicity, Insurgency and Civil War\u2019, American Political Science Review 97.1: 75\u201390\r\n[12] Gurr, T.R. (1970). \u201cWhy Men Rebel\u201d, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.\r\n[13] Justino, P. and Verwimp, P. (2006). \u201cPoverty Dynamics, Conflict and Convergence in Rwanda\u201d, HiCN Working Paper 16, Households in Conflict Network, www.hicn.org\r\n[14] Messer, Ellen and Mark J Cohen. (2004). \u201cBreaking the Links BetweenConict and Hunger in Africa.&#8221;. URL: http:\/\/www.ifpri.org\/sites\/default\/_les\/publications\/ib26.pdf\r\n[15] McKay, A. and Loveridge, S. (2005).\u201cExploring the Paradox of Rwandan Agricultural Household Income and Nutritional Outcomes in 1990 and 2000\u201d, Staff Paper 2005\u201306,Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, Michigan\r\n[16] Morduch, J. 1995. &#8220;Income Smoothing and Consumption Smoothing.&#8221; Journal of Economic Perspectives 9(3):103-14.\r\n[17] Powell, J. M. (2014). Trading Coups for Civil War: The Strategic Logic of Tolerating Rebellion. African Security Review, 23(4), 329\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10246029.2014.944196\r\n[18] Report of 2016 Strategic Conflict Assessment of Nigeria (2017).Institute for Peace and Conflict Resolution,John Archers Ltd., Ibadan, ISBN 978-978-961-473-8.\r\n[19] Townsend, R. M. 1994. &#8220;Risk and Insurance in Village India.&#8221;Econometrica 62(3):539-91.\r\n[20] Sapir, DebaratiGuha and Vicente Teran Gomez. (2006). Angola: The Human Impact of War &#8211; A data review of _eld surveys between 1999-2005.&#8221; Report of the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), Brussels.\r\n[21] Stewart, F.; Fitzgerald, V. and Associates (2001a) War and Underdevelopment, Volume 1:The Economic and Social Consequences of Conflict, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[22] \u2014\u2014 (2001b) War and Underdevelopment, Volume 2: Country Experiences, Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n[23] World Bank,(2007).Global Monitoring Report 2007. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Olofin Olabode Philip &#8220;Internal Conflict, Ethnic Violence and Human Welfare in Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.280-285 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/280-285.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/280-285.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/internal-conflict-ethnic-violence-and-human-welfare-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Internal Conflict, Ethnic Violence and Human Welfare in Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9268 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53b9268\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b934c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b934c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b9675\" data-id=\"53b9675\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b97b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b97b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b986e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b986e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b9aca\" data-id=\"53b9aca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9c0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9c0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b9cc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b9cc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53b9e21\" data-id=\"53b9e21\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53b9f2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53b9f2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53b9fc8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53b9fc8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53ba136\" data-id=\"53ba136\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ba249 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53ba249\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Health Implication of Falls and the Manner at Which Fall is Perceived among Older Adults in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr Atumah, Oscar N., Olusanya, Mopelola &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 286-293<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53ba2e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53ba2e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53ba461\" data-id=\"53ba461\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ba599 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53ba599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8771\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8771\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper focuses on exploring the healthcare implications of falls on older adults in Nigeria by identifying their perception and involvement in fall prevention programs. The root causes, associated risk factors, and the consequences of fall, the risk assessment, prevention, and management of fall were also considered. Relevant literatures were reviewed to draw appropriate inferences. Using an in-depth interview method, this study attempted to uncover how older adults perceived fall related issues and their willingness to participate in any activity that is designed to reduce the prevailing incidents of falls among older adults. 60 older adults, 65 years and above were interviewed during the celebration of the world Senior Citizens Day at National Hospital Abuja on 2nd October 2019. The history of fall, time of occurrence, nature of fall, the possible cause(s), and risk factors associated with fall constituted the focus of discussion. Findings revealed that knowledge about prevalence of fall were not widely disseminated, and perception about falls and its prevention are low and were not usually reported due to cultural and religious beliefs. It is recommended that government should include the elderly in its policy plan and appropriate measures should be taken to provide for the elderly 65 years and above in the National Health Insurance Scheme. Proper reporting of falls among the elderly via a registry should be instituted alongside a fall prevention training for health professionals in the specialty of geriatric care. Using validated tools in the assessment, prevention, and management of falls will be a first step towards reducing the menace of falls among the older adults in Nigeria.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 286-293\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 12 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8772\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8772\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr Atumah, Oscar N.<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, Abuja Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olusanya, Mopelola<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, Abuja Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8773\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8773\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Abraham, S (2016). Factors Contributing to Psychiatric Patient Fall, Journal of Community Medicine and Health Education. DOI: 10.4172\/2164-0711.1000410.\r\n[2] Ahmadiahangar, A., Javadian, Y., Babaei, M., Heidari, B., Hosseini, S., &amp; Aminzadeh, M. (2018). The role of quadriceps muscle strength in the development of falls in older people, a cross-sectional study. Chiropractic &amp; Manual Therapies, 26, 31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12998-018-0195-x\r\n[3] Ang, S. G. M., O\u2019Brien, A. P., &amp; Wilson, A. (2018). Carers\u2019 concerns about their older persons (Careers) At risk of falling &#8211; a mixed-methods study protocol. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), N.PAG. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-018-3632-6\r\n[4] Ang, S. G. M., O&#8217;Brien, A. P., &amp; Wilson, A. (2018). Fall concern about older person shifts to carers as changing health policy focuses on family, home-based care. Singapore Medical Journal, 59(1), 9\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11622\/smedj.2018005\r\n[5] Aziz O., Klenk, J., Schweikert, L., Chiari L Becker, C., Park E.J., Mori G &amp; Robinovitch S.N (2017). Validation of Accuracy of SVM-based Fall Detection System Using Real-World Fall and Non-Fall Datasets, PloS one.\r\n[6] Barker, A. L., Cameron, P. A., Hill, K. D., Flicker, L., Haines, T. P., Lowthian, J. A., \u2026 Smit, D. (2015). RESPOND\u2014a patient-centered program to prevent secondary falls in older people presenting to the emergency department with a fall: protocol for a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Injury Prevention (1353-8047), 21(1), 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/\r\n[7] Beegan, L. &amp; Messinger-Rapport, B.J (2015). Stand by me! Reducing the Risk of Injurious Falls in Older Adults, Cleveland Clinics Journal of Medicine.\r\n[8] Bekibele, C.O &amp; Gureje, O (2010). Fall Incidence in a Population of Elderly Persons in Nigeria, Karger. 56(3), 278-83. Doi: 10.1159\/000236327.\r\n[9] Chen S.F, Huang S.F Lu L.T, Wang M.C, Liao, J.Y &amp; Gou J.L (2015) Patterns of Perspectives on Fall-Prevention Beliefs by Community-Dwelling Older Adults: a Q Method Investigation. BMC Geriatrics.\r\n[10] El-Khoury, F., Cassou, B., Charles, M.A &amp; Dargent-Molina, P (2015). The Effect of Fall induced injuries in Community-dwelling Older Adults, British Journal of Sports Medicine\r\n[11] Fahlstr\u00f6m, G., Kamwendo, K., Forsberg, J., &amp; Bodin, L. (2018). Fall prevention by nursing assistants among community\u2010living elderly people. A randomized controlled trial. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 32(2), 575\u2013585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/scs.12481\r\n[12] Falc\u00e3o, R. M. de M., Costa, K. N. de F. M., Fernandes, M. das G. M., Pontes, M. de L. de F., Vasconcelos, J. de M. B., &amp; Oliveira, J. D. S. (2019). Risk of falls in hospitalized elderly people. Revista Gaucha de Enfermagem, 40(spe), e20180266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1983-1447.2019.20180266\r\n[13] Haddad, Y.K., Bergen, G &amp; Luo, F (2018). Reducing Fall Risk in Older Adults, American Journal of Nursing.\r\n[14] Heerema, E. (2019). Common Causes of Falls in people with Dementia@ https:\/\/www.verywellhealth.com\r\n[15] Jill, J (2018). Prevention of Falls in Older Adults. 319(16): 1734, DOI10.1001\/jama.2018.4396\r\n[16] Juckett, L. A, Robinson, M.L (2019). Implementing Fall Prevention Guidelines with Vulnerable Older Adults: Social Work Role, Journal of Gerontological Social Work.\r\n[17] Jung, D., Kang, Y., Kim M.Y, Ma, R.W &amp; Bhandari P (2016). Zero-Inflated Poisson Modelling of Fall Risk Factors in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Western Journal of Nursing Research.\r\n[18] Kami\u0144ska, M. S., Miller, A., Rotter, I., Szyli\u0144ska, A., &amp; Grochans, E. (2018). The effectiveness of virtual reality training in reducing the risk of falls among elderly people. Clinical Interventions In Aging, 13, 2329\u20132338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S183502\r\n[19] Kanzaki-Sooudi, K (2009). The Relationship between Time Spent outdoors, Fall and Fall- risks among the Community-Dwelling Elderly in rural Japan, Home Health care Nurse.\r\n[20] Komuro, H &amp; Miyazaki, H (2014). (New Fall Prediction Score for the Prevention of Fall Fractures in the Elderly, Nihon rinsho. Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine\r\n[21] Kruschke, C &amp; Butcher H.K (2017). Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines: Fall Prevention for Older Adults\r\n[22] Lach H.W., Krampe, J &amp; Phongphanngam, S. (2011).Best Practice in Fall Prevention: roles of Informal Caregivers, Health care Providers, and the Community, International Journal of Older People Nursing.\r\n[23] Lach, H.W &amp; Noimontree, W. (2018). Fall Prevention among Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Current Guidelines and Older Adult Responses, Journal of Gerontological Nursing.\r\n[24] Maruya, K., Fujita, H., Arai, T., Asahi, R., Morita, Y., &amp; Ishibashi, H. (2019). Sarcopenia and lower limb pain are additively related to motor function and a history of falls and fractures in community-dwelling elderly people. Osteoporosis And Sarcopenia, 5(1), 23\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.afos.2019.03.002\r\n[25] Minnier, W., Leggett, M., Persuad., I &amp; Breda, K (2019). Four Smart Steps: Fall Prevention for Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Creative Nursing.\r\n[26] Mu\u00f1oz Cobos, F., Alarc\u00f3n Pariente, E., Gaspar Solanas, A., M\u00e9ndez Ramos, M., Canalejo Echeverr\u00eda, A., &amp; Burgos Varo, M. L. (2019). [The effect of a fall prevention program in elderly people in primary health care. What does Tai Chi practice provide?]. Revista Espanola De Salud Publica, 93. Retrieved from http:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\r\n[27] Phelan, E.A &amp; Ritchey, K (2018). Fall Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults, Annals of Internal Medicine\r\n[28] Rajvir, B (2009) Textbook of Public Health and Community Medicine, Published in Collaboration with WHO.\r\n[29] Reinoso, H., McCaffrey R.G &amp; Taylor D.W.M (2018). Mitigating Fall Risk: A Community Fall Reduction Program, Geriatric Nursing, New York, N.Y\r\n[30] Renfro, M.O &amp; Fehrer, S (2011). Multifactorial Screening for Fall Risk in Community \u2013Dwelling Older Adults in the Primary Care Office: Development of Fall Risk Assessment &amp; Screening Tool. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy.\r\n[31] Rose D.J &amp; Hernandez, D (2010). The Role of Exercise in Fall Prevention for Older Adults, Clinics in Geriatric Medicine.\r\n[32] Saccomano, S. J &amp; Ferrara, L.R (2015). Fall Prevention in Older Adults, The Nurse Practitioner\r\n[33] Shuman, C., Liu, J., Montie, M., Galinato, J .G., Todd, M.A, Hegstad, M &amp; Titler, M (2015) Patient Perceptions and Experiences with Fall during Hospitalization and after Discharge, Applied Nursing Research: ANR.\r\n[34] Solis, G.R &amp; Champion, J.D (2016). Examining Fall Recurrence of Homebound Hispanic Older Adults Receiving Home Care Services, Hisp Health Care Int.\r\n[35] Sun, T.-L., &amp; Huang, C.-H. (2019). Interactive visualization to assist fall-risk assessment of community-dwelling elderly people. Information Visualization, 18(1), 33\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1473871617721243\r\n[36] Tareef, A (2014) Falls in the Elderly. Can Fam Physician. 2014 March; 60(3):225 @ ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8774\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8774\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr Atumah, Oscar N., Olusanya, Mopelola &#8220;The Health Implication of Falls and the Manner at Which Fall is Perceived among Older Adults in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.286-293 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/286-293.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8775\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8775\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/286-293.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8776\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8776\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-health-implication-of-falls-and-the-manner-at-which-fall-is-perceived-among-older-adults-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Health Implication of Falls and the Manner at Which Fall is Perceived among Older Adults in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53bb3e8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53bb3e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53bb4cf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53bb4cf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53bb647\" data-id=\"53bb647\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53bb763 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53bb763\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53bb80c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53bb80c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53bb95e\" data-id=\"53bb95e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53bba72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53bba72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53bbb12 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53bbb12\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cbd11\" data-id=\"53cbd11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cbe88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cbe88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cbf51 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cbf51\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cc0e3\" data-id=\"53cc0e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cc20a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cc20a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Police Image in Nigeria: Matters Arising and Challenges <\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu PhD, Madume, Winston &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 294-300<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cc2b0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cc2b0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cc424\" data-id=\"53cc424\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cc54e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53cc54e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The statutory functions of the police cover the protection of life and property of the citizens.\r\nThere is the observation that the issue of police image has generated interests in the Nigerian nation and beyond today. It is also observed that the police system in Nigeria as inherited at independence was militaristic. This paper examines how the police as the chief law enforcement agent in Nigeria dented their image by the abuse of their office and abuse of rights of citizens which they should protect. The research found that in Nigeria, the police have in their daily functions of policing and law enforcement violated the rights of Nigerians. Other findings include the issue of lacking credibility in the police force and that due process as neglected work ethics was prevalent. In this research emphasis was placed on the abuse of fundamental rights which affects the image of the police during rule implementation. The research concludes that proper orientation in respect of law and strict adherence to law enforcement rules will result to a positive change and redeem the image of the Nigeria police.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 294-300\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Charles Chidi Eleonu PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Public Administration, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madume, Winston<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDept. of Public Administration, Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Rumuola, Rivers State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Alemika, E.E.O. (1993) Colonialism, state and policing in Nigeria. Crime, law and social change 20:187-219.\r\n[2] Alemika, E.E.O. (1993). Criminology, criminal justice and the philosophy of policing. In T.N. Tamuno; I.L. Bashir; E.E.O. Alemika &amp; A.O. Akano. (Eds.). Policing Nigeria past, present and future. Ikeja, Lagos: Malthouse Press Limited. 238-261\r\n[3] Atoyebi, O.A. (2003). Ethnic militia groups, public security and police roles in Nigeria. A paper prepared for SASA Congress Holding on 29 June to 2 July 2003 in South Africa.\r\n[4] Ekpeyong, R. A. 1987. Nigeria. Major criminal justice systems: a comparative survey 2nd ed. F. C. George; J.F. Stanislaw and G. G Mark. London: SAGE Publications.\r\n[5] Federal Republic of Nigeria. The Nigeria 1999 constitution. Lagos : Federal Government Press\r\n[6] Gana, A.T. 1993. Conflict, security and policing. Policing Nigeria past present and future Nigeria Police Force.\r\n[7] Gaines, L. K. &amp; Kappeler, V. E. (2008). Policing in America Sixth Edition. Newark, NJ: Matthew Bender &amp; Company, Inc.\r\n[8] Jike, V.T. (2003) . The Nigeria Police and the kaleidscope of manifest and latent functions. Journal of the Nigerian Sociological Society Vol. 1, No. 2.Pp. 58-68 Law of the Federation of Nigeria, 1990. Police Act and Regulations (CAP359).\r\n[9] Obioha, E.E. (2004). Public perception of the role of Nigeria Police Force and Civil Society Based Security Operatives in urban crime management in Nigeria: a study in Onitsha, Anambra State. Ibadan: NISER Monograph series No.1. 2004.\r\n[10] Odekunle, F. (1981). Criminological knowledge and Nigeria\u2019s crime problem: The dilemma of social Scientists in Nigeria. Social Science and Social Policy in Nigeria.\r\n[11] Odinkalu, C.A. (2004). When did the police become your friend? Changing roles of civil society in Promoting safety and security in Nigeria.\r\n[12] Onoge, O.F. (1993). Social conflicts and crime control in colonial Nigeria, Policing Nigeria Past, Present and Future.\r\n[13] The Punch \u2018\u2019DPO for rape\u2019\u2019 Nigeria Police Watch April 19, 2014\r\n[14] Tell Magazine, December 31, 2001.\r\n[15] Punch, \u2018\u2019 Policing Your Police \u2018\u2019 Nigeria Police Watch April 19, 2014\r\n[16] Walker Samuel (2017) \u2018\u2019the Police in America: an introduction@ Time May 18,\r\n[17] Waxman Olivia @ Time May 18,&amp; MAY 29 2017\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Charles Chidi Eleonu PhD, Madume, Winston &#8220;The Police Image in Nigeria: Matters Arising and Challenges &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.294-300 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/294-300.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/294-300.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-police-image-in-nigeria-matters-arising-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Police Image in Nigeria: Matters Arising and Challenges <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cd34c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53cd34c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cd433 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cd433\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cd713\" data-id=\"53cd713\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cd86b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cd86b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cd923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cd923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cda88\" data-id=\"53cda88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cdb99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cdb99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cdc38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cdc38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cddc7\" data-id=\"53cddc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cdedb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cdedb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cdf7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cdf7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53ce0e4\" data-id=\"53ce0e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ce1ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53ce1ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Protection of Civilians in the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: An Overview of the Responsibilities of State and Non-State Armed Groups<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Johnson Sambitla Tita Fangmbung, Teke Johnson Takwa, Monjowa Christiana Lyonga &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 301-312<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53ce292 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53ce292\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53ce400\" data-id=\"53ce400\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53ce589 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53ce589\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the protection of civilians in the armed conflict hit Anglophone regions of Cameroon taking into cognizance the laws, principles and customs that protect civilians and\/or civilian property during situations of armed conflicts. The study seeks to identify the extent to which the belligerents have violated international laws, principles and customs in the conduct of hostilities vis-\u00e0-vis the protection of civilians and civilian property. It equally involves a review of the historical processes that caused what could have possibly passed on as peaceful protests by lawyers and teachers in 2016 into protracted armed hostilities between government forces and an emerging loosely connected network of non-state armed groups popular called the Amba boys. Hostilities between the government forces and the Amba boys have seen thousands of lives lost, people injured, populations displaced, properties destroyed, and countless human right abuses. Information for the study was collected from primary and secondary sources and analyzed descriptively. It was found out that commitment to protect the civilian population or non-combatants in the North West and the South West regions of Cameroon fall short of what is stipulated under International Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law. However, while some of the harm caused to the civilian population from both sides appear deliberate, it is true that a lot more is being lost in terms of lives and property unintentionally because the Amba boys live and operate within communities with civilians. Therefore, it is mandated in humanitarian law among other things that, civilians should be distinguished from combatants and protection of civilians and\/or civilian property should be primordial to belligerents in the conduct of hostilities.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 301-312\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Johnson Sambitla Tita Fangmbung<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPhD student in Conflict Resolution and Peace Building, Atlantic International University Honolulu, USA\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Teke Johnson Takwa<\/strong><\/span>\r\nCentral Bureau for Censuses and Population Studies, P.O. Box 12932 Yaounde-Cameroon\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Monjowa Christiana Lyonga<\/strong><\/span>\r\nPan-African Institute for Development West-Africa (PAID-WA), Buea\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Achanken, F. (2014). The Foumban &#8221;Constitutional&#8221; Talks and Prior Intentions of Negotiating: AHistorico-Theoretical Analysis of a FalseNegotiations and the Ramificationsfor Political Developments in Cameroon. Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective , 9.\r\n[2] Ackermann, A. (2003). The Idea and Practice of Conflict Prevention. Journal of Peace Reasearch , 40 , 339-347. Sage Publication.\r\n[3] Amesty International. (2018, juNE). A TURN FOR THE WORSE:VIOLENCE AND HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN ANGLOPHONE CAMEROON.\r\n[4] Amnesty International. (2018, January). Cameroon: Ten arrested Anglophone leaders at risk of unfair trial and torture if deported from Nigeria.\r\n[5] Animbom, S. T. (2019, May 27). Military occupation of balikumbat hospital deprives population of healthcare-Kemende. The Sun , p. 11.\r\n[6] Anjoh, R. F., &amp; Nfi, J. L. (2017). Post Plebiscite Petitions and Requests for the Partition of Southern Cameroons. European Journal of Social Sciences Studies , 2 (5).\r\n[7] Bayart, J. F. (1973). One Party Government and Polical Development in Cameroon. Africa Affairs , 125-144.\r\n[8] Bisong, N. E. (2019, July 01). Separatist leaders insist on restoration of Southern Cameroon&#8217;s independence. The Sun .\r\n[9] Boutrous-Ghali, B. (1992). Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. New York: UN.\r\n[10] Bouvier, A. A., &amp; Langholtz, H. J. (2012). International Humanitarian Law and the Law of armed Conflict. Virginia: POTI.\r\n[11] Cambridge Advanced Learner&#8217;s Dictionary. (n.d.).\r\n[12] Cameroon&#8217;s Instructor&#8217;s Manual. (2006). Cameroun, Droit Humanitiare et Droit de la Guerre, Manuel de l&#8217; Instructeur en Viguer dans les Forces des Defense, Ministere de la Defense, Presidence de la Republique, Etat Major des Armees.\r\n[13] Check, N. A. (2011, March). Bilatarism and Peaceful Resolution of Conflict in Africa: Cameroons Diplomacy during the Bakassi Peninsular Dispute. Policy Brief .\r\n[14] Chem-Langhee, B. (1995). The Road to the Unitary State of Cameroon 1959-1972. Paideuma: Mitteilungen Zur Kulturkunde , 17-25.\r\n[15] CHRDA. (2018). Facebook.\r\n[16] Constable, D. (1974). Bilingualism in the United Republic of Cameroon: Proficiency and Distribution. Comparative Education , 10, 233-246.\r\n[17] CRISIS GROUP. (2018, April 25). Cameroon\u2019s Anglophone Crisis: How the Catholic Church Can Promote Dialogue. 138 \/ Africa .\r\n[18] CRISIS GROUP. (2017). Cameroon&#8217;s Anglophone Crisis at the Crossroads (Vol. 2).\r\n[19] Crisis-Group. (2010b). Cameroon: Fragile State. Africa Report , no 160.\r\n[20] Crisis-Group. (2010a, June 24). Cameroon: The Dangers of a fracturing Regime. Africa Report , 161, p. no 161.\r\n[21] Engle, E. A. (2009). The History of the General Principle of Proportionality: An Overview. . 10 Dartmouth Law Journal .\r\n[22] Fonchingong, C. C. (2004). The Travials of Democratisation in Cameroon in the Context of Political Liberalisation since the1990s. African and Asian Studies , 3.\r\n[23] Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research , 6 , 167-191. Sage Publications.\r\n[24] Human Rights Watch. (2018, May 25). Cameroon: Armed Separatists Holding School Principal.\r\n[25] International Crisis Group. (2018, April 25). Cameroon\u2019s Anglophone Crisis: How the Catholic Church Can Promote Dialogue. Africa Report No 138 .\r\n[26] Koenings, P. (2004). Trade Union Activism Among University Teachers During Cameroon&#8217;s political Liberalisation. Nordic Journal of African Studies , 289-301.\r\n[27] Kofele-Kale. (1981, April). Cameroon and its Foreign relations. African Affaires , 80, pp. 196-217.\r\n[28] Konde, E. (2012). Cameroon political Succession Schism of 1985 Revised. International Journal of Arts and Culture , 1.\r\n[29] Konings, P., &amp; Nyamnjoh, F. B. (1997). The Anglophone Problem in Cameroon. The Journal of Modern African Studies , 2, pp. 207-229.\r\n[30] MINEPAT (Ministry of Economy, P. a. (2010). Cameroon&#8217;s Economic Potentials and Investment Opportunities. MINEPAT .\r\n[31] Moma, S. (2019, May 27). Anglophone crisis, a threat to biodiversity. The Sun , p. 12.\r\n[32] Ndi, A. (2005). The Golden Age of Southern (West) Cameroon,. Bamenda: Maple Fair.\r\n[33] Ndifor, B. F. (2008). The Politization of Cameroons Judicial System. Regent Journal of Global justice and Public Policy , 1 (27).\r\n[34] Nfi, J. L. (2017, Sept). Dismantling of the Cameroon Federation in 1972: the Petroleum Factor. International journal of Innovative Legal and Political Studies , pp. 1-6.\r\n[35] Nfi, J. L. (2014). The Anglophone Cultural Identity in Cameroon 50 Years after Re-unification. International Journal of Advanced Research , 121-129.\r\n[36] Ngalim, V. B. (2014). Harmonisation of the Educational Sub-Systems of Cameroon: A Multicultural Perspective for Democratic Education. Creative Education , 334-346.\r\n[37] Ngeh, A., &amp; Minang, M. (2015). New Trends in Anglophone Cameroonian Poetry-The role of Guerrilla Poets. Journal of Advances in Social Science-Humanities , 15-25.\r\n[38] Ngoh, V. J. (1987). Cameroon 1884-1985: A Hundred Years of History. Yaounde : Navi-Group.\r\n[39] Ngum, D. I. (2019, June 24). Fru Ndi condemns military, amba excesses as crisis persists. The Sun , p. 07.\r\n[40] Ngwane, G. (2014). Opposition Political and Electoral Democracy in Cameroon, 1990-2007. Africa Development , 103-116.\r\n[41] Nji, A. (2004). Why poor people remain poor: key elements for poverty aleviation and sustainable development. Bumakor .\r\n[42] Ntemfack-Ofege, A. N. (2004, November 10). when violent Change becomes Plausible. Retrieved August 19, 2018, from http:\/\/www.postwatchmagazine.com\/.\r\n[43] Sapara-Grant, A. (2101). The crisis of Unity in the 21st Century: The unrealised Dream of Pan-Africanism in Cameroon. SIT Graduate Institute\/SIT Study Abroad , Collection. Paper 982 .\r\n[44] Stark, F. M. (1976). Federalism in Cameroon: The Shadow and the Reality. Canadian Journal of African Studies , 10, 423-442.\r\n[45] UN. (2011). International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts. Geneve, New York.\r\n[46] UNHR. (2011). The International Legal Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts. New York &amp; Geneva.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Johnson Sambitla Tita Fangmbung, Teke Johnson Takwa, Monjowa Christiana Lyonga &#8220;The Protection of Civilians in the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: An Overview of the Responsibilities of State and Non-State Armed Groups&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.301-312 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/301-312.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/301-312.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-protection-of-civilians-in-the-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon-an-overview-of-the-responsibilities-of-state-and-non-state-armed-groups\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Protection of Civilians in the Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon: An Overview of the Responsibilities of State and Non-State Armed Groups<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cf3a1 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53cf3a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cf48b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cf48b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cf5ff\" data-id=\"53cf5ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cf71b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cf71b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cf7bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cf7bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cf917\" data-id=\"53cf917\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53cfe0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53cfe0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53cfeed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53cfeed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d0070\" data-id=\"53d0070\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d0195 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d0195\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d0239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d0239\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d03ac\" data-id=\"53d03ac\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d305d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d305d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Book Review on \u201cSelf-Development and Social Transformations?\u201d The vision and practice of the self-study mobilization of Swadhyaya Ananta Kumar Giri 2008 Rawat Publications<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Dr. Vandana Parmar &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 313-314<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d3154 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d3154\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d32ff\" data-id=\"53d32ff\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d3431 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"53d3431\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8781\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8781\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The New Religious Movement is generally categorised as a spiritual organisation. This spiritual organisation is somehow related with the old religion with liberal framework. It denies to rigidity of old religion and have changes to cop up with modern life. Therefore, in contemporary time, the spiritual organisations have great influence on peoples\u2019 lives as it gives spiritual guidance. The charismatic leadership is one of the significant aspects of the new religious movement. In post-colonial India, many religious organisations and sects have had influence on Indian society. Swadhyaya Parivar can be considered as one of the inflective spiritual organisations that influence on people which aims at social harmony and brotherhood. Ananta Kumar Giri has analysed the philosophy, activities and practice of Swadhyaya in the context of self-development and transformation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 313-314\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8782\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8782\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Vandana Parmar<\/strong><\/span>\r\nDepartment of History, Shri S. K. Shah and Shri Krishna O. M. Arts College, Modasa, Gujarat \u2013 383315, India\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8783\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8783\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8784\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8784\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Vandana Parmar &#8220;Book Review on \u201cSelf-Development and Social Transformations?\u201d The vision and practice of the self-study mobilization of Swadhyaya Ananta Kumar Giri 2008 Rawat Publications&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.313-314 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/313-314.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8785\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8785\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/313-314.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8786\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8786\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/book-review-on-self-development-and-social-transformations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Book Review on \u201cSelf-Development and Social Transformations?\u201d The vision and practice of the self-study mobilization of Swadhyaya Ananta Kumar Giri 2008 Rawat Publications<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d9827 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"53d9827\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d991a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d991a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d9ab5\" data-id=\"53d9ab5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d9be3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d9be3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d9c97 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d9c97\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53d9df0\" data-id=\"53d9df0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53d9f00 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53d9f00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53d9f9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53d9f9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53da0f0\" data-id=\"53da0f0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53da203 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53da203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53da2a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53da2a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53da41e\" data-id=\"53da41e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53da528 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"53da528\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Pin-Casting (<i>Igba Ntutu<\/i>) and Piosoning an Art of Witchcraft Mechanism for Negatives in Traditional Religion: A Case Study of Agulu People of South-Eastern Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD, Okoye Rita Chinyere &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 315-324<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53da5ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"53da5ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53da73a\" data-id=\"53da73a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5408dd5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"5408dd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8812\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8813\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8814\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8815\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8816\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8811\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigates the meaning Agulu people of South-Eastern Nigeria attribute to the notion of Pin-Casting (<i>Igba Ntutu<\/i>). This approach has frequently been misunderstood. Critics have objected the idea that it tends to distort the undeniable distinction between traditional and scientific thinking; that indeed it presents traditional thinking as a species of science. In the perception of the Agulu people, pin-casting is an aspect of African indigenous religious practice which they engage with through the mediation of its symbolic acts of negativities in other to make life very miserable for the people. Nonetheless, the fears and aspirations of the devotees are equally identified in the course of the potency ascribed to this indigenous ideology. Witchcraft is a novel ground breaking study in the area of religious scholarship and it has been shown to be intrinsically important in aiding of religious communication of any kind as it pertains to Igbo tradition and culture through the mediating use of pin-casting in Agulu belief system. Pin casting is an essential negative medium in attacking individuals in the cult of witchcraft religion. Belief in pin-casting as an act of witchcraft in Agulu cosmology is one of the focal point of negativity why mother African is under development in African Traditional Religion. The objective of this work is to investigate the symbolic acts of negativities through ethnographic method as my analytical lens and how it concerns those aspects of its use in Agulu community to bring out its religious, cultural, political, ethical and economic significance. The referent point of pin-casting as an instrument of indigenous negativity is loaded with the ritual symbolism it evokes, which imbues it with mystical power that is played out of Agulu rituals. Born out of fieldwork and interviews, the author found that in traditional Igbo religion and especially among the Agulu people, the practice of pin-casting is significant and related to one function that brings religion and science as a discourse. This paper focuses on the negativities of the witches through the mediating power of pin-casting from the members of the cult an indigenous religious movement \u2013 a collective ritual of group of devotees who worship the tutelary spirits and uses their powers negatively to inflict hardships on individuals. It explores how this negative ritual emerges as a manifestation of the group\u2019s intrinsic power of accomplishment, adaptation, and invention. Moving through ritual spaces and will, these mediums or devotees utilize their independent and ritual performative power in order to actively develop their religious practices through the mediation of pin-casting.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 315-324\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8812\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Department of Religion &amp; Society. Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. PMB 6059 General Post Office Awka. Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okoye Rita Chinyere<\/strong><\/span>\r\nChukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Department of Religion &amp; Society. Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. PMB 6059 General Post Office Awka. Anambra State, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8813\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ayandele, E. A.1973. The Collapse of \u2018Pagandom\u2019 In Igboland, in Journal of the Historical Study of Nigeria. Vol. vii, 1, December. 126-127.\r\n[2] Ayantayo, J. K. 2001. The Ethical Dimensions of African Indigenous Communication Systems: Analysis. In BABATUNDE, F. (ed), Topical Issues in communication arts and science, Lagos, Bakinfol Publications, 27-45.\r\n[3] Aveni, A. F. 1998. Time cited in Critical Terms for Religious Studies (ed) by Taylor, M. C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 314-333.\r\n[4] Bourdillon, M. F. C 1990. Religion and Society: A Text for Africa, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press.\r\n[5] Chidester, D. 1996. Savage Systems: Colonialism and Comparative Religion in Southern Africa. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.\r\n[6] Danfulani, U. H. D. 1999. Exorcising Witchcraft: The Return of the Gods in New Religious Movements on the Jos Plateau and the Benue Regions of Nigeria. Africa Affairs, Vol. 98, No. 391 (April; 1999), 167-193. Available From: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/723626. Accessed: 7 April 2015.\r\n[7] Drewal, M. T. 1988b. Ritual Performance In Africa Today. TDR, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Summer, 1988), 25-30. Available From: http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/1145849. Accessed: 4 January 2014.\r\n[8] Ezeekwuuka, M. A. (2019). Personal Communication.\r\n[9] Fortes, M. 1974. African Cultural Values And The Situation of The Intellectual, unpublished paper, African Studies Association (UK) Conference, Liverpool.\r\n[10] Horton, R. 1993. Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West: Essay on magic, religion and science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.\r\n[11] Hornby, A. S. 1995 Oxford Advanced Learner\u2019s Dictionary of current English, London: Oxford University Press.\r\n[12] Idowu, E. B. 19671. Olodumare: God in Yoruba Belief, London: Longmans.\r\n[13] __________ 1973. African Traditional Religion: A Definition, London, SCM Press Ltd.\r\n[14] Isichei, E. 2004. The Religious Traditions of Africa: A History. London: Praeger Publishers.\r\n[15] Jell-Bahlsen, S. 1995a. \u201cDada-Raster-Hair: The Hidden Message of Mammy Water in Nigeria\u201d. Paper presented at the African Studies Association Meeting, Orlando,Florida, November.\r\n[16] __________ 1995c. \u201cEze Mmiri di Egwu \u2013 The Water Monarchs is Awesome: Reconsidering the Mammy Water\u201d. In Queens Mothers, Priestess and Power: Case Studies in African Gender, ed. Flora Edouwaye S. Kaplan, Vol. 810, New York Academy of Science. 103-134.\r\n[17] Lincoln, B. 1989. Discourse and the Construction of Society: Comparative Studies of Myth, Ritual, and Classification. New York: Oxford University Press.\r\n[18] __________1998. Conflict cited in Critical Terms for Religious Studies, (ed) by Taylor, M. C. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 55-69.\r\n[19] Mume, J. O. 1976. Traditional Medicine in Nigeria. JOM Nature Cure Centre. Agbarho [via Warri] Nigeria.\r\n[20] Mbiti, J. S. 1970. Concepts of God in Africa, London: S.P.C.K.\r\n[21] Metuh, E. I. 1987. Comparative Studies of African Traditional Religions. Onitsha: IMICO Publishers Ltd.\r\n[22] __________1999. God And Man In African Religion: A Case Study of The Igbo of Nigeria. (2nd Edition), Enugu: SNAAP Press Ltd.\r\n[23] Moghalu, K. C. 2013. Emerging Afric: How the Global Economy\u2019s \u2018Last Frontier\u2019 Can Prosper and Matter, Nigeria: BookCraft.\r\n[24] Nabofa, M. Y. 1988. General Introduction to the Study of Religion, Department of Adult Education, University of Ibadan: University of Ibadan Press.\r\n[25] _________ 1992. Principal Elements in African Traditional Religion, Ibadan: Commercial Press.\r\n[26] _________ 1994. Symbolism in African Traditional Religion, Ibadan: Paperback Publishers Ltd.\r\n[27] _____1994. Religious Communication: A study in African Traditional Religion, Ibadan: Daystar Press .\r\n[28] _________ 2005. Igbe Ubiesha: An Indigenous Charismatic Movement of the Urhobo People cited in Studies In Urhobo Culture (ed) by Peter P. Ekeh. Ibadan: Intec Printers Limited. 300-371.\r\n[29] Obiekezie, O. (2019). Personal Communication.\r\n[30] Ogoadigbomma, O. O. (2019). Personal Communication\r\n[31] Olupona, J. K. 1991. Introduction cited in African Traditional Religions: In Contemporary Society (ed) by Jacob K. Olupona. (1991), New York: Paragon House. 1-13.\r\n[32] Paxson, B. K. 1980. \u201cMammy Water: Ideas and Images of a New World Transcendent Being\u201d. M. A. Thesis, University of Washington, Seattle.\r\n[33] Ray, B. C. 1976. African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, And Community (ed) by John P. Reeder, Jr &amp; John F. Wilson, (1976), Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.\r\n[34] Rosati, M. 2009. Ritual and The Sacred: A Neo Durkheimian Analysis of Politics, Religion And The Self.139-141. Available From: www.politicsreligionjournal.com\/images\/pdf_files\/srpski\/godina4-brojl\/11-massimo.\r\n[35] Turner, H. W.1981. The Way Forward in the Religious Study of African Primal Religions, (cited) in Journal of Religion in Africa, Vol.12,Fasc.1.(1981), pp.1-15. Available from: www.jstor.org\/stable\/1581010 Accessed:23 September 2012.\r\n[36] Ugwu, P. (2019). Personal Communication.\r\n[37] Uwah, I. E. 2010. The Representation of African Traditional Religion and Culture in Nigeria PopularFilms. AvailableFrom:www.politicsandreligionjournal.com\/images\/pdfFiles\/supski\/godina5- brojl\/innocentebereuwah 4.pdf Accessed: 23 September 2012. 81-102.\r\n[38] Westerlund, D. 2006. African Indigenous Religions and Disease Causation: From Spiritual Beings to Living Humans, Leiden: Brill.\r\n[39] Wicker, K. O. 2000. Mami Water in African Religion and Spirituality cited in African Spirituality: Forms, Meanings and Expressions (ed) by Jacob K. Olupona. (2000), New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company. 198-222\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8814\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Madukasi Francis Chuks, PhD, Okoye Rita Chinyere &#8220;Pin-Casting (<i>Igba Ntutu<\/i>) and Piosoning an Art of Witchcraft Mechanism for Negatives in Traditional Religion: A Case Study of Agulu People of South-Eastern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.315-324 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/315-324.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8815\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/315-324.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8816\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/pin-casting-igba-ntutu-and-piosoning-an-art-of-witchcraft-mechanism-for-negatives-in-traditional-religion-a-case-study-of-agulu-people-of-south-eastern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Pin-Casting (<i>Igba Ntutu<\/i>) and Piosoning an Art of Witchcraft Mechanism for Negatives in Traditional Religion: A Case Study of Agulu People of South-Eastern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5409d0f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5409d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5409e08 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5409e08\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5409f93\" data-id=\"5409f93\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540a0cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"540a0cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-540a171 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"540a171\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-540a2c5\" data-id=\"540a2c5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540a3d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"540a3d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-540a47e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"540a47e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-540a5d9\" data-id=\"540a5d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540a6e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"540a6e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-540a78c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"540a78c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-540a8f6\" data-id=\"540a8f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540aa17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"540aa17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Impact of Piracy on Economic Prosperity in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\n<strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Obasi, E. Ifeyinwa, Akpuh, D. Chioma, Olaiya, S. Babayemi &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 325-330<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-540aab9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"540aab9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-540ac24\" data-id=\"540ac24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-540ad55 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"540ad55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8811\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8812\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8813\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8814\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8815\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8816\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8811\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8811\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\">\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the relationship between piracy and economic prosperity in Niger Delta area of Nigeria. The study utilized a structured questionnaire to obtain data from 186 resident of Niger delta region. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was employed for data analysis. The study made use of description analysis to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents while regression analysis was used to analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. The result of the study indicates that piracy has significant effect on economic prosperity of Niger delta region. The three measures of economic prosperity (economic development , sea transportation performance and job creation) as was used in the study were found to be influenced by pirate activities .The region can enjoy economic prosperity by holistically approaching piracy with drastic measure which aim at eradicating all form of it. The study concludes that piracy is a plaque and must be eradicated at all cost to ensure economic development . Piracy can control, influence, impact and affect economic prosperity. It was further concluded also that the region can only thrive economically when attention is been given to the causes of the situation and much effort are channelized towards its eradication. The following among others were recommended, government should see to the activities of oil producing firms and others within the region to ensure that they carry out their social responsibility to their host communities and also a reformation and review of maritime policies.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 325-330\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8812\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8812\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu<\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department Of Petroleum Marketing And Business Studies, Federal Polytechnics Of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Obasi, E. Ifeyinwa <\/strong><\/span>\r\nAdmin Officer, School Of General Studies, Federal Polytechnics Of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpuh, D. Chioma <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnics Of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Olaiya, S. Babayemi <\/strong><\/span>\r\nLecturer, Department Of Computer Science Federal Polytechnics Of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8813\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8813\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1] Ali, K. (2015). Maritime security cooperation in the Gulf of Guinea: Prospects and challenges. (Vol. 79, Publications on ocean development). The Netherlands: Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015\r\n[2] Ashiru, T. (2016, May 13). What is causing the increase in piracy along the Nigerian coast? The Guardian.\r\n[3] G. Burruss and C. Dodge, \u201c10 The criminality of digital piracy,\u201d Digit. Piracy A Glob. Multidiscipline. Acc., p. 208, 2018.\r\n[4] Hasan, S. M., &amp; Hassan, D. (2016). Current Arrangements to Combat Piracy in the Gulf of Guinea Region: An Evaluation null [article]. In (p. 171).\r\n[5] Murphy, M. N. (2010). Small boats, weak states, dirty money: The challenge of piracy. New York: Columbia University Press.\r\n[6] Lindley, J.(2018) \u201cUsing regulatory pluralism to achieve effective control of Somali piracy, rim. Justice Regul. Revisit. Essays Honour Peter Grabosky, p. 109, 2018.\r\n[7] Otto, L. (2014). Westward Ho! The evolution of maritime piracy in Nigeria. Portuguese Journal of Social Science, 13(3), 313-329.\r\n[8] Watts, M. (2008). Anatomy of an oil insurgency: Violence and militants in the Niger Delta Nigeria. In K. C. Omeje (Ed.), Extractive Economies and Conflicts in the Global South : Multi-regional Perspectives on Rentier Politics (pp. 51-74).\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8814\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8814\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Obasi, E. Ifeyinwa, Akpuh, D. Chioma, Olaiya, S. Babayemi &#8220;The Impact of Piracy on Economic Prosperity in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.325-330 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/325-330.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8815\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8815\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/325-330.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8816\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8816\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-impact-of-piracy-on-economic-prosperity-in-niger-delta-region-of-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Impact of Piracy on Economic Prosperity in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541e3e7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"541e3e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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February 2020 Page No.: 331-335<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-541ef3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"541ef3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-541f0cf\" data-id=\"541f0cf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-541f237 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"541f237\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study set out to investigate the Relationship Between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda Ngororero District.The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis.  The study established a positive significant relationship (r=0.633, p<0.01) between credit risk identification and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk identification would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Ngororero District. It was recommended that the oversight role of management should <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 331-335\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard  Nuwatuhaire (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MURWANASHYAKA Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhmed, S. 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Singapore. \r\n[45].\tSirohi, R.  &#038;Chauhan, P. (2015).Credit Risk Assessment for Mortgage Lending. International Journal of Research in Business Management, Vol. 3, Issue 4, Apr 2015, 13-18.\r\n[46].\tStanton, J.M. (2001). Galton, Pearson, and the Peas: A Brief History of Linear Regression for Statistics Instructors. Journal of Statistics Education, 9 (3), 22-28. \r\n[47].\tTavakol, M. &#038;Dennick, R. (2011).Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, (4):53-55.\r\n[48].\tNational Bank of Rwanda (BNR).\u201cReporting on Census of Micro Finance Institutions in RWANDA\u201d.\r\n[49].\twww.rca.rw\r\n[50].\tVan Grueing, H. &#038;Brantanovic, S. J. (2008).Analyzing and Managing Banking risk;A framework for Assessing Corporate Governance; Second Edition. \r\n[51].\tVan Horne, J.C. (2004).  Financial Management and Policy, 5th ed., Englewood Cliffs NJ, Prentice Hall.\r\n[52].\tWaltz, C.F., Strickland, O.L., &#038; Lenz, E.R. (2005). Measurement in nursing and health research.3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Co.\r\n\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard  Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, Uwimana Ndiyaye innocent, MURWANASHYAKA Innocent &#8220;Examining the Relationship between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.331-335 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/331-335.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/331-335.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-relationship-between-credit-risk-identification-and-financial-performance-of-saccos-in-rwanda-ngororero-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examining the Relationship between Credit Risk Identification and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54203da elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"54203da\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54204cb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54204cb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5420664\" data-id=\"5420664\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5420795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5420795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5420a7b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5420a7b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5420c59\" data-id=\"5420c59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5420d85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5420d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5420e2d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5420e2d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5420f99\" data-id=\"5420f99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54210aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54210aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-542119f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"542119f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-542133a\" data-id=\"542133a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542146b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542146b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Establishing the Relationship between Credit Risk Assessment and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 336-339<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5421519 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5421519\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-542167c\" data-id=\"542167c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54217a4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"54217a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study set out to investigate the Relationship between credit risk assessment and financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda. Ngororero District. The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis.  The study established a positive significant correlation (r=0.245, p<0.05) between credit risk assessment and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk assessment would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District. It was recommended that The management of SACCOs therefore should Employ technically capable professionals to accurately ascertain amount of loan exposed to default and make timely provisions for such losses in their accounting reports so as the prudently report returns and profits. <\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 336-339\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda <\/p>\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda \r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda \r\n\r\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\r\n\r\nReference are not available.\r\n\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8220;Establishing the Relationship between Credit Risk Assessment and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.336-339 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/336-339.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/336-339.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/establishing-the-relationship-between-credit-risk-assessment-and-financial-performance-of-saccos-in-rwanda-ngororero-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Establishing the Relationship between Credit Risk Assessment and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5422785 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5422785\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5422877 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5422877\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54229fe\" data-id=\"54229fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5422b34 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5422b34\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5422bda elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5422bda\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-54232ef\" data-id=\"54232ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54264b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"54264b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-54265c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"54265c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-542677c\" data-id=\"542677c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-542699f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"542699f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5426a62 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5426a62\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5426bed\" data-id=\"5426bed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5426d0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5426d0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Investigating the Relationship between Credit Risk Monitoring and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent  &#8211; February 2020 Page No.: 340-344<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5426dd7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5426dd7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5426f7c\" data-id=\"5426f7c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54270e7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"54270e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8821\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8821\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study set out to the relationship between credit monitoring and financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda Ngororero District.The study adopted cross-sectional and correlational research designs on a sample of 30 respondents using a self-administered and an interview guide. Data were analysed using both quantitative and qualitative data methods. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS (21.0) while qualitative data was thematically integrated into quantitative results after content analysis.  The study established a positive significant correlation (r=0.245, p<0.01) between credit risk monitoring and the financial performance of SACCOs. It was concluded that improving on credit risk monitoring would significantly improve on the financial performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District. It was recommended that the management of SACCOs therefore should Always ensure detailed documentation of the clients details regarding the loan of the individual client. The management should train further to identify these details which they can incorporate into their loaning system, emphasize adherence to the present credit terms. In this regard, they should agree with their employees on targets such that they are attainable without defying credit terms and motivate employees to ensure timely reporting of problem loans.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 340-344\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 17 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8822\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8822\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD)<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent<\/strong><\/span>\r\nKigali independent University (ULK), Rwanda\r\n\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8823\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8823\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhmed, S. F., &#038; Malik, Q. A. (2015). Credit Risk Management and Loan Performance: Empirical Investigation of Micro Finance Banks of Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(2), 10-19. \r\n[2].\tAl-Muharrami, S. (2015). Interest rate in Oman: is it fair? Humanomics, 31(3), 330-343.\r\n[3].\tAltman, E.I., Hartzell, J., Peck, M., (1995). \u201cA Scoring System for Emerging Market Corporate Debt\u201d, Salomon Brothers, 15 May.\r\n[4].\tAnderson, J.D. (2006). Qualitative and Quantitative research.Imperial COE.\r\n[5].\tAnsong, A. (2013). Risk management as a conduit of effective corporate governance and financial performance of small and medium scale enterprises. Risk Management, 3(8)\r\n[6].\tBabbie, E.R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research. 12th ed. Wadsworth, USA: Pearson. \r\n[7].\tBasel Committee on Bank Supervision. (2003). 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Research in international business and finance, 33, 1-16.\r\n[19].\tChirinko, R.S., Guill, G.D., (1991). \u201cA Framework for Assessing Credit Risk in Depository Institutions: Toward Regulatory Reform\u201d, Journal of Banking and Finance, 785-804.\r\n[20].\tCreswell, J. (2014). Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.Fourth Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[21].\tCreswell, J.W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage publications.\r\n[22].\tCreswell, J.W. (2009). Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches.3rded. New Delhi, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.\r\n[23].\tDaley-Harris, Sam. 2007.\u201cState of the Micro-Credit Summit Campaign Report\u201d.World Bank.\r\n[24].\tDeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 2nd Edition. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.\r\n[25].\tDiCicco-Bloom, B. &#038; Crabtree, B.F. (2006).The qualitative research interview.Medical Education, 40(4), 314-321. 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Measurement in nursing and health research.3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Co.\r\n<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8824\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8824\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Dr. SENDAGI MUHAMMAD, MURWANASHYAKA  Innocent, Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent  &#8220;Investigating the Relationship between Credit Risk Monitoring and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 2, pp.340-344 February 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/340-344.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8825\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8825\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-2\/340-344.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8826\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8826\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/investigating-the-relationship-between-credit-risk-monitoring-and-financial-performance-of-saccos-in-rwanda-ngororero-district\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Investigating the Relationship between Credit Risk Monitoring and Financial Performance of SACCOs in Rwanda, Ngororero District<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5450811 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5450811\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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