{"id":2678,"date":"2020-03-20T12:30:55","date_gmt":"2020-03-20T12:30:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/?page_id=2678"},"modified":"2020-04-14T09:58:18","modified_gmt":"2020-04-14T09:58:18","slug":"volume-iv-issue-iii","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/digital-library\/volume-iv-issue-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"Volume IV Issue III"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"2678\" class=\"elementor elementor-2678 elementor-bc-flex-widget\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ab9d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ab9d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47abe18\" data-id=\"47abe18\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ac08c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ac08c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Cost of Power Outages on Enterprise Performance in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Stephene Osongo Maende &#038; Milton Utwolo Alwanga &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 01-05<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ac210 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ac210\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ac4dd\" data-id=\"47ac4dd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ac71c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47ac71c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The literature argues that inadequacies in the power sector in many developing countries especially sub-Saharan Africa constrains economic growth and development. While it is widely acknowledged that Kenya has a high number of outages, there is limited evidence on how these outages affect firm performance. Thus, the study investigates the effect of power outages on firm performance using World Bank Enterprise Survey data for 2018. We employ instrumental variable regression to overcome endogeneity as well as causality effect between power outages and enterprise profitability. The results show a negative and significant relationship between power outages and firm profitability. On the other hand, we report a positive relationship between efficiency levels, energy utilization and firm profits. The study recommends that the government should invest heavily in electricity generation, and address inefficiency within the power sector to ensure a reliable supply of electricity, and enhance enterprise performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 01-05\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stephene Osongo Maende<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Milton Utwolo Alwanga<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Accounting and Finance, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbotsi, A. (2016). Power Outages and Production Efficiency of Firms in Africa. International of Energy Economics Policy, 6(1), 98-104.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBrice\u00f1o-Garmendia, C., Shkaratan, M. (2010). Power Tariffs: Caught between Cost Recovery and Affordability (No. 20). Washington, DC: World Bank Policy.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tCissokho, L., &#038; Seck, A. (2013). Electric power outages and the productivity of small and medium enterprises in Senegal. Investment Climate and Business Environment Research Fund Report, 77, 13.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDoe, F., &#038; Emmanuel, S. E. (2014). The effect of electric power fluctuations on the profitability and competitiveness of SMEs: A study of SMEs within the Accra Business District of Ghana. Journal of Competitiveness, 6(3).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tEberhard, A., Rosnes, O., Shkaratan, M., Vennemo, H. (2011), Africa\u2019s Power Infrastructure Investment, Integration, Efficiency. Washington, D.C: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tFisher-Vanden, K., Mansur, E. T., &#038; Wang, Q. J. (2015). Electricity shortages and firm productivity: evidence from China&#8217;s industrial firms. Journal of Development Economics, 114, 172-188.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tInternational Energy Agency (IEA) and World Bank (2017). State of Access to Electricity Report. New York: World Bank<br \/>\r\n[8]\tKenya Power and Lighting Company. (2012). Stimulating Connectivity Strategy; Kenya. Nairobi: Government Printer<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLee, L., Brewer, E., Christiano, C., Meyo, F., Miguel, E., Podolsky, M., Javier, R., &#038; Wolfram, C. (2016). Electrification for \u201cUnderGrid\u201d households in Rural Kenya.  Journal of Development Engineering, 1(2), 26-35.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tOzturk, I. (2010) \u201cA Literature Survey on Energy-Growth Nexus.\u201d Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-9<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPless, J., &#038; Fell, H. (2017). Bribes, bureaucracies, and blackouts: Towards understanding how corruption at the firm level impacts electricity reliability. Resource and Energy Economics, 47, 36-55.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRud, J. P. (2012). Electricity provision and industrial development: Evidence from India. Journal of development Economics, 97(2), 352-367.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tStern, D, P. Burkes and Bruns S. (2017). The Impact of Electricity on Economic Development: A Macro Perspective. Energy and Economic Growth State of Knowledge Paper Series No: 1 December, University of California, Berkeley.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tWorld Bank. (2019). Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa: Uptake, Reliability, and Complementary Factors for Economic Impact. World Bank, Washington, DC. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stephene Osongo Maende &#038; Milton Utwolo Alwanga &#8220;The Cost of Power Outages on Enterprise Performance in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.01-05 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/01-05.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/01-05.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-cost-of-power-outages-on-enterprise-performance-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Cost of Power Outages on Enterprise Performance in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47aeef2 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47aeef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47af0cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47af0cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47af398\" data-id=\"47af398\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47af5de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47af5de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47af708 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47af708\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47af9b4\" data-id=\"47af9b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47afbf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47afbf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b54db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b54db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b591e\" data-id=\"47b591e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b5b8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47b5b8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Subculture, Resistance, Violence and the Female Perspective <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nicole Cullinan &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 06-08<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47b5cef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47b5cef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47b5fca\" data-id=\"47b5fca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47b623c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47b623c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7511\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7511\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">An exploration of the female perspective on the role violence plays in the resistance paradigm and the history of subculture as pertaining to females.<br \/>\r\nThis paper aims to discuss the concept of resistance through investigating subculture. Specifically, the role of female gender in the resistance paradigm will be discussed in relation to its intersection with politics and history. Violence in resistance will be acknowledged as an agent for political change and recognition. Looking at the evolution of subculture from the Chicago School of Sociology 1920-1940, to the second wave Birmingham School subcultural theory of the 1970s. Investigating the place in history that suffragettes occupy in relation to subculture. Finally, regarding the post subcultural theory through the female perspective, using the Riot Grrl Zine and the #Metoo movement as examples of where subculture, gender and politics intersect.<br \/>\r\nThe first literary examples focusing on youth culture and subculture emerged from the Chicago School. Their studies focused on the first half of last century 1900-1950. Prior to World War One the focus on youth culture was quantitative and looked at deviance and crime (Jenson, 2018). But after the War there is a new focus on qualitative data, a need to explain these observations that extended beyond numbers and data. \u201cYouth Culture emerged out of a much wider debate about the whole nature of post war social change\u201d (Clarke, Hall, Jefferson &#038; Roberts 1976, p.13). Some academics doubted the validity of the idea of youth culture and did not agree that youth could have separate looks, ideas and belief systems to their parents. Others believed it was the war that had created youth culture due to absent Fathers, abnormal family life and other stresses that war produce.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 06-08\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7512\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7512\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nicole Cullinan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nThe University of Melbourne<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7513\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7513\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tFerris, K., 2007. The Sociology of Celebrity. Sociology Compass, 1(1), pp.371-384.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tFerris, K., 2007. The Sociology of Celebrity. Sociology Compass, 1(1), pp.371-384.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tFyvel, T., 1963. Troublemakers: Rebellious Youth in an Affluent Society. The Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science, 56(1), p.95.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHaenfler and Ross, 2014. Subcultures: the basics. Choice Reviews Online, 51(11), pp.51-5940-51-5940.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHall, S. and Jefferson, T., 2012. Resistance Through Rituals. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHollander, J. and Einwohner, R., 2004. Conceptualizing Resistance. Sociological Forum, 19(4), pp.533-554.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tJefferson, T., Hall, S., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B., 1976. Resistance through rituals. London: Hutchinson.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJensen, S., 2018. Towards a neo-Birminghamian conception of subculture? History, challenges, and future potentials. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(4), pp.405-421.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLeblanc, L., 2002. Pretty in punk. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMoore, M., 2017. Women of Color in the Academy: Navigating Multiple Intersections and Multiple Hierarchies. Social Problems, 64(2), pp.200-205.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tMuggleton, D. and Weinzierl, R., 2003. What is post subcultural studies anyway? The Post-Subcultures Reader, Berg, Oxford and New York, 2003, ISBN 1 8597 3668 8, 324 pp. A$63.00. Media International Australia incorporating Culture and Policy, 114(1), pp.154-156.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tPurvis, J., 1995. \u201cDeeds, not words\u201d The Daily Lives of Militant Suffragettes in Edwardian Britain. Women&#8217;s Studies International Forum, 18(2), pp.91-101.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRaby, R., 2005. What is Resistance?Journal of Youth Studies, 8(2), pp.151-171.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tRegulska, J., 2018. The #MeToo Movement as a Global Learning Moment. International Higher Education, 94, p.5.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tTomko, L. and Latham, A., 2001. Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and Other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s. Dance Research Journal, 33(2), p.131.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tWilliams, J., 2009. Youth-Subcultural Studies: Sociological Traditions and Core Concepts. Sociology Compass, 1(2), pp.572-593.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7514\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7514\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nicole Cullinan &#8220;Subculture, Resistance, Violence and the Female Perspective &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.06-08 March 2020\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/06-08.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7515\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7515\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/06-08.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7516\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7516\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/subculture-resistance-violence-and-the-female-perspective\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Subculture, Resistance, Violence and the Female Perspective <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47baa57 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47baa57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bac13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bac13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47baec8\" data-id=\"47baec8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bbcac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bbcac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bbdf6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bbdf6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47bc0a9\" data-id=\"47bc0a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bc2e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bc2e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bc403 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bc403\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47bc6a0\" data-id=\"47bc6a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bc8ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bc8ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bc9e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bc9e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47bccad\" data-id=\"47bccad\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bced4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bced4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bcffe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bcffe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47bd280\" data-id=\"47bd280\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bd49f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bd49f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47bd5a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47bd5a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47bd85c\" data-id=\"47bd85c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47bda73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47bda73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47c019b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47c019b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47c2fc3\" data-id=\"47c2fc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c325b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47c325b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Morphosyntax of Tonga Nicknames<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Khama Hang\u2019ombe &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 09-14<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47c33c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47c33c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47c36f6\" data-id=\"47c36f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c3961 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47c3961\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7521\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7522\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7523\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7524\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7525\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7526\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7521\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7521\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Many studies on nicknames of people have focussed on the social functions that these names perform. The structure of these names, particularly in Tonga, has not received adequate attention. Thus, little is known about the relationship between the structure of nicknames and their semantics. In this article, we analyse Tonga nicknames structurally, and demonstrate that their structure contribute significantly or at least has influence on their meaning. The paper specifically focuses on the morphology and syntax of Tonga nicknames. We adopt a diachronic perspective in the analysis and argue that Tonga nicknames are coined by bringing together different types of morphemes and word categories. The study argues that in order to appreciate the semantic import of Tonga nicknames, an appreciation of their morphosyntax is needed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 09-14\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7522\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7522\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Khama Hang\u2019ombe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of African Languages and Literature, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7523\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7523\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tCarter, H. 2002. An Outline to Chitonga Grammar. Lusaka, Bookworld Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tGuma, M. 2001. The Cultural Meaning of Names among Basotho of Southern Africa: A  Historical and Linguistic Analysis. Nordic Journal of African Studies, 10(3): 265-279.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGuthrie, M. 1948. The Classification of Bantu Languages. London, Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tHang\u2019ombe K. 2015. Morphology and Semantics of Tonga Anthroponyms: A Case of Tonga Given Names and Nicknames. MA Dissertation. UNZA Library [Unpublished].<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHang\u2019ombe, K. &#038; Siantumbu, C. 2018. Social Functions of Nicknames in Zambia. Onomastica Canadiana, 97(1&#038;2):53-70.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tKahari G. P. 1990. The Rise of the Shona Novel. A Study in Development, 1890-1984. Gweru: Mambo Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKerem, M.M. 2011. Structure and Semantics of Jaba Personal Names. B.A project.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMachaba, M. 2002. The Morphological Analysis of Zulu Homestead Names in Mabengela, Nkanda District. Nomina Africana, 16 (1&#038;2): 23-35.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMarten, L. &#038; Kula, N. 2008. Zambia: \u2018One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages\u2019, in Simpson, A. (ed). Language and National Identity in Africa. New York: Oxford University Press:291-313.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMashiri, P. 1999. Terms of Address in Shona: A Sociolinguistic Approach. Zambezia , XXVI(i).<br \/>\r\n[11]\tMashiri, P. 2004. More than Mere Linguistic Tricks: The Sociopragmatic Functions of SomeNicknames Used by Shona-speaking People in Harare. Zambezia, XXXI (i\/ii).<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMcDowell, J. H. 1981. Toward a Semiotics of Nicknaming the Kams\u00e1 Example, American Folklore, 94: 1-18.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMeiring, B. 2010. Aspects of Violence Reflected in South African Geographical Names. werkwinkel, 5(2): 95-112.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tMkanganwi, G. K. 2002. Shona (derivational) Morphology: An Observation in Search of a Theory. Zambezia, XXIX (ii): 174-190.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMphasha, L.E .2006. The compound noun in Southern Sotho. PhD Thesis. Stellenbosch  University.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMusale, C .2009. The Grammar of Compound Nouns in Tonga. MA Dissertation. UNZA  Library.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tUbahakwe, E. 1981.Igbo Names: Their Structure and their Meanings. Ibadan: Daystar  press.       .<br \/>\r\n[18]\tYakubu, J. 2012. A Syntactic Description of Agatu Personal Names. Journal of Arts and Contemporary Society, 4: 82-88.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tZimbabwe. 2013. Constitution of Zimbabwe Amendment (No. 20). Harare: Fidelity Printers and Refiners.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7524\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7524\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Khama Hang\u2019ombe &#8220;Morphosyntax of Tonga Nicknames&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.09-14 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/09-14.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7525\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7525\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/09-14.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7526\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7526\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/morphosyntax-of-tonga-nicknames\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Morphosyntax of Tonga Nicknames<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47c5675 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47c5675\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d2bf9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d2bf9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d2f59\" data-id=\"47d2f59\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d31b7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d31b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d32e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d32e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d35b1\" data-id=\"47d35b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d642e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d642e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d6580 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d6580\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d6846\" data-id=\"47d6846\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d6a77 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d6a77\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d6b8e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d6b8e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d6f16\" data-id=\"47d6f16\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d7154 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d7154\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d725e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d725e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d7507\" data-id=\"47d7507\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d7741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d7741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d784f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d784f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d7b1c\" data-id=\"47d7b1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d7d47 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47d7d47\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Impact of Specialized Translators and General Translators on Translation Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Harsha Amarasinghe, Manoj Ariyaratne &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 15-23<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47d7e94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47d7e94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47d816d\" data-id=\"47d816d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47d83d7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47d83d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7531\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7532\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7533\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7534\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7535\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7536\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7531\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7531\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7531\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In the field of translation especially in Sri Lanka, almost all the translations are carried-out by general translators who have been demanded to be familiar with various types of translations. However, since general translators are not specialists in any field of translations, they are prone to produce a lesser outcome in comparison to a specialized translator, but there are no sufficient evidences on this matter. This study hence, attempted to explore the impact that specialized translators could possibly have on translation performance in comparison to general translators in the President\u2019s Media Division at the Presidential Secretariat. A case study was used to analyse how the specialized translators and general translators would perform in different fields of translation such as legal, literature, commercial and medical? It was found through the research that specialized translation does improve the content, completeness and the time spent on a translation when compared to general translation, but there was no significant difference in terms of grammar accuracy. Hence, it was crystal clear that specialized translation had a positive impact on the translation performance in comparison to general translation. The study specifically revealed that the efficiency and the accuracy of translation were hugely improved by the use of specialized translators. Thus, the study has provided sufficient evidences to conclude that the concept of specialized translation could greatly improve the standards of translation in Sri Lanka while it also helps people understand that specialized translation could be a much better option than general translation.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 15-23\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7532\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7532\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7532\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Harsha Amarasinghe <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manoj Ariyaratne <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7533\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7533\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7533\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBills.com. (n.d.). Business translation &#8211; professional translations. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from Translation agency Bills: http:\/\/www.bilis.com\/en\/services\/business-translation.html<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCorbett, J. (1999). Written in the language of the Scottish Nation. Clevedon, U.K.: Multilingual Matters.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tGolavar, E. (n.d.). Translators Performance. Retrieved February 01, 2019, from Translationjournal.net.: https:\/\/translationjournal.net\/journal\/59education.htm<br \/>\r\n[4]\tGouadec, D. (2010). Translation as a profession. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGra\u00e7a, J. (n.d.). Measuring Translation Performance. Retrieved January 20, 2019, from Unbabel: https:\/\/unbabel.com\/blog\/measuring-translation-performance\/<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHahn, D., &#038; Riaz, F. (n.d.). What makes a good literary translator? Retrieved February 18, 2019, from British Council.: https:\/\/www.britishcouncil.org\/voices-magazine\/what-makes-good-literary-translato<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKaur, K. (n.d.). A Competant Translator. Retrieved February 01, 2019, from Translationjournal.net: https:\/\/translationjournal.net\/journal\/34edu.htm<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMartin, C. (n.d.). Specialization in Translation . Retrieved January 20, 2019, from Translationjornal.net: https:\/\/translationjournal.net\/journal\/56specialist.htm<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNikolett, N. (n.d.). Difference between general and specialized translation. Retrieved January 19, 2019, from Language Expets Group: https:\/\/leg.eu\/index.php\/en\/blog-en\/item\/143-the-difference-between-general-and-specialized-translation-which-one-do-you-need<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPonte, C. (n.d.). An introduction to medical translation. Retrieved February 01, 2019, from Traducciones N\u00f3valo: https:\/\/novalo.com\/introduction-medical-translation\/<br \/>\r\n[11]\tRacoma, B. (n.d.). What is Legal Translation and What Makes it Different? Retrieved 16 February, 2019, from Day Translations Blog: https:\/\/www.daytranslations.com\/blog\/2017\/06\/legal-translation-different-9203\/<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRobinson, D. (2003). Becoming a translator (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSpecialized translation &#8211; what it actually is?. (2019). Retrieved 28 January 2019, from http:\/\/langoa.eu\/what-is-specialized-translation\/<br \/>\r\n[14]\tTranslationschools.org. (n.d.). Specialized translation | Find specialized translations in different fields. Retrieved February 02, 2019, from Translationschools: http:\/\/www.translationschools.org\/specialized<br \/>\r\n[15]\tTranslationschools.org. (n.d.). Literary translation | Specialized translation. Retrieved January 21, 2019, from Translation Schools: http:\/\/www.translationschools.org\/specialized\/literary.asp<br \/>\r\n[16]\tVita, A. (2019). Specialized translators and interpreters for your business &#8211; Specialized Translators. Retrieved 20 January 2019, from https:\/\/www.specializedtranslators.com\/2018\/09\/15\/specialized-translators-and-interpreters-for-your-business\/<br \/>\r\n[17]\t(2019). Retrieved 28 January 2019, from http:\/\/www.diacronia.ro\/ro\/indexing\/details\/A14585\/pdf<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7534\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7534\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7534\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Harsha Amarasinghe, Manoj Ariyaratne &#8220;Impact of Specialized Translators and General Translators on Translation Performance&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.15-23 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/15-23.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7535\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7535\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7535\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/15-23.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7536\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7536\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7536\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/impact-of-specialized-translators-and-general-translators-on-translation-performance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Impact of Specialized Translators and General Translators on Translation Performance<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e58df elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47e58df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47e5aa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47e5aa1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47e5d99\" data-id=\"47e5d99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e5ff5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47e5ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47e60f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47e60f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47e63bc\" data-id=\"47e63bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e65f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47e65f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47e66ff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47e66ff\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47e69e0\" data-id=\"47e69e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e6c18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47e6c18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47e6d11 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47e6d11\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47e9cca\" data-id=\"47e9cca\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e9f6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47e9f6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ea0ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ea0ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ea394\" data-id=\"47ea394\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ea5bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47ea5bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ea6fa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ea6fa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ea9c4\" data-id=\"47ea9c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47eabeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47eabeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementation of Character Education Policy in Intregated Islamic Elementary School<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yolanda Regina, Irawan Suntoro &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 24-26<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ead36 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ead36\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47eb00e\" data-id=\"47eb00e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47eb273 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"47eb273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7541\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7542\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7543\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7544\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7545\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7546\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7541\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7541\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7541\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study was to analyze and describe the Implementation of Character Education Strengthening Policies at Pelita Khoirul Ummah Islamic Elementary School with the CIPP theory program (Context, Input, Process and Product) evaluation models. The research method used was the phenomenological method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation and documentation. The data analyswas technique uses the procedure proposed by Miles and Huberman, while the data validity test used the credibility test.<br \/>\r\nBased on the results of the study show that: 1. In terms of context programs for strengthening character education in schools were supported by the environment in terms of safety and comfort. 2. The dimensions of the input program was to strengthen character education supported by the completeness and availability of facilities and infrastructure in schools and human resources, namely the principal, teachers, education staff and students. 3. The process dimension was supported by the strategy of implementing character education strengthening which was carried out through intracuricular, cocuricular and extracurricular activities. 4. Product dimensions produced religious character, nationalism, independent, mutual cooperation, and integrity.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 24-26\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7542\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7542\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7542\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yolanda Regina<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Irawan Suntoro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7543\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7543\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7543\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\t.Lickona, Thomas. 2012. Education For Character (MendidikUntukMembentukKarakter) BagaimanaSekolahDapatMemberikanPendidikanTentangSikapHormat Dan TanggungJawab. Jakarta: BumiAksara.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tMuslich, Masnur. 2011. PendidikanKarakterMenjawabTantanganKrwaswas Multidimensional. Jakarta: BumiAksara.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tPuspitasari, Euwas. (2014). Pendekatan pendidikan karakter. Jurnal Edueksos, 3 (2), 45-57.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tSriwilujeng, Dyah. 2017.Panduan Implementasi Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter.Jakarta: Erlangga.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tWatson,M. (2014). Handbook of moral and character Education. New York and London: Routledge Taylor and Francwas Group.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tZuchdi, D. Dkk. (2012). Pendidikan karakter: konsep dasar dan implementasi di perguruan tinggi. Yogyakarta: UNY Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMoleong, Lexy J. 2014. MetodePenelitianKualitatif. RemajaRosdakarya: Bandung<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif. Alfabeta: Bandung.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7544\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7544\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7544\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yolanda Regina, Irawan Suntoro &#8220;Implementation of Character Education Policy in Intregated Islamic Elementary School&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.24-26 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/24-26.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7545\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7545\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7545\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/24-26.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7546\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7546\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7546\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementation-of-character-education-policy-in-intregated-islamic-elementary-school\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementation of Character Education Policy in Intregated Islamic Elementary School<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47ee241 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"47ee241\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47ee3e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47ee3e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47ee6d2\" data-id=\"47ee6d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f15b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f15b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f1778 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f1778\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f1a8b\" data-id=\"47f1a8b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f1ceb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f1ceb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f1e50 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f1e50\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f211b\" data-id=\"47f211b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f2344 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f2344\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f2489 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f2489\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f2739\" data-id=\"47f2739\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f2969 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f2969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f2cb3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f2cb3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f2f83\" data-id=\"47f2f83\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f3196 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f3196\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f32d6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f32d6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f355d\" data-id=\"47f355d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f3773 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f3773\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f3991 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f3991\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47f3c38\" data-id=\"47f3c38\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47f3e62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47f3e62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-47f3f9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"47f3f9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4800028\" data-id=\"4800028\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4800252 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4800252\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4800395 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4800395\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4800620\" data-id=\"4800620\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4800831 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4800831\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480096a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480096a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4800c2e\" data-id=\"4800c2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4800e54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4800e54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Implementing the Trilingual Policy: Challenges Encountered by the Translators of Government Institutes in Sri Lanka<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>H. A. D. Madhavee,   Manoj Ariyaratne &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 27-40<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4800faa elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4800faa\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48012a9\" data-id=\"48012a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480457f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"480457f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In a multilingual country like Sri Lanka, languages act as an indispensable factor for the ethnic identity of each community. Language policies are systemized and implemented to achieve a planned conversion in the language use in one or more communities. In Sri Lanka,language has been a cause for the communal unrest during the past few decades.  After facing many crisis situations and thirty years of brutal war the trilingual policy has formulated to build up reconciliation among social groups. In terms of legal provisions, the trilingual policy is definitely established but practical implementation is a challenge. In the process of implementing the trilingual policy translators play a pivotal role. They are the bridge builders between languages. Translators confront certain barriers when implementing language policies. In order to investigate challenges encountered by translators in the arena of the implementation of the trilingual policy this study applies a mixed approach which includes both quantitative and qualitative data allocated by a survey. The research study analyses the perspective of government translators regarding the trilingual policy and attempts to highlight the solutions that can initiate to overcome the barriers. It was found that the effectiveness of the implementation of the trilingual policy get affected by the dearth of qualified and experienced personal who have the ability to translate in Tamil and Sinhala languages. This scarcity is the major drawback in implementing the trilingual policy. This study found that the positive attitude towards second language learning and professional training institute for translators will be of utmost importance to the success of the trilingual policy.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 27-40\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 20 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>H. A. D. Madhavee<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Manoj Ariyaratne<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tA Study Report on Translation and Interpretation Training and Services in Sri Lanka (Rep.). 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Retrieved June 27, 2019, from https:\/\/asiafoundation.org\/2013\/01\/16\/in-post-conflict-sri-lanka-language-is-essential-for-reconciliation\/<br \/>\r\n[18]\tNewmark, P. (1988). A Textbook of Translation. Hempstead: Prentice HaH International.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tN\u00fa\u00f1ez, G. (2016). Translation Policy in a Linguistically Diverse World. Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe,15, 01st ser. Retrieved July 10, 2019, from https:\/\/www.ecmi.de\/fileadmin\/downloads\/publications\/JEMIE\/2016\/GonzalezNunez.pdf<br \/>\r\n[20]\tPerera, S. (2011).Reflections on Issues of Language in Sri Lanka: Power, Exclusion and Inclusion. Retrieved 8 June 2019, from http:\/\/www.langdevconferences.org\/publications\/2011-ColomboSriLanka\/05-LanguageandSocialCohesion-Chapter5.pdf<br \/>\r\n[21]\tPym, A. (n.d.). TRANSLATION AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR MULTILINGUAL DEMOCRACY. Critical Multilingualism Studies and Interdisciplinary Journal. Retrieved July 10, 2019, from https:\/\/cms.arizona.edu\/ojs3\/multilingual\/article\/view\/18\/63<br \/>\r\n[22]\tSpolsky, B. (2004). Language Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University press.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tSurvey on the Implementation of Official Languages Policy at Ministerial Level in Sri Lanka &#8211; 2017(Rep.).(n.d.). doi:https:\/\/www.cpalanka.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Language-Survey-Summary-Report-2017E.pdf<br \/>\r\n[24]\tSuzann, A. (n.d.). The Role of Audiovisual Translation in the Implementation of Language Policies in Cameroon. Translation Journal, (October 2014). Retrieved June 25, 2019, from https:\/\/translationjournal.net\/October-2014\/the-role-of-audiovisual-translation-in-the-implementation-of-language-policies-in-cameroon.html<br \/>\r\n[25]\tTen Year National Plan for a Trilingual Sri Lanka (2012 \u2013 2022) (Rep.).(n.d.).<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">H. A. D. Madhavee,   Manoj Ariyaratne &#8220;Implementing the Trilingual Policy: Challenges Encountered by the Translators of Government Institutes in Sri Lanka&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.27-40 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/27-40.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/27-40.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/implementing-the-trilingual-policy-challenges-encountered-by-the-translators-of-government-institutes-in-sri-lanka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Implementing the Trilingual Policy: Challenges Encountered by the Translators of Government Institutes in Sri Lanka<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480615c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"480615c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4806309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4806309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48065da\" data-id=\"48065da\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480680f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480680f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480695b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480695b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4806bf0\" data-id=\"4806bf0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4809b81 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4809b81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4809d85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4809d85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480a083\" data-id=\"480a083\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480a2d7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480a2d7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480a43f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480a43f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480a6ef\" data-id=\"480a6ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480a920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480a920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480aa6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480aa6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480ad08\" data-id=\"480ad08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480af23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480af23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480b062 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480b062\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480b2d5\" data-id=\"480b2d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480b4e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480b4e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480b628 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480b628\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480b8ef\" data-id=\"480b8ef\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480bb35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480bb35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Association between Remuneration and Employee Performance: The Case of Teachers in Private Secondary Schools in Buikwe District, Uganda<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Kayindu Vincent; Asiimwe Specioza, Bisaso Ritah; Nakiyingi Sarah- March 2020 Page No.: 41-45<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-480bc78 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"480bc78\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-480bf7a\" data-id=\"480bf7a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480c1d9 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"480c1d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Based on Victor Vroom\u2019s Expectancy theory, the current study was carried in private secondary schools in Buikwe district of Uganda to examine the influence of remuneration on teachers\u2019 performance. A total of 900 respondents participated in the study. Of these, 650 were students who assessed their teachers\u2019 performance, while 250 were teachers, who gave responses on their own remuneration. In addition to filling questionnaires, 50 teachers were subjected to oral interviews.  The respondents were got from 13 schools out of the 27 private secondary schools in the district. Whereas teachers\u2019 remuneration was measured basing on the financial and non-financial benefits given to teachers by their respective employers, their performance was measured basing on the core roles of a teacher, namely teaching, guiding and counselling learners; assessing\/marking learners\u2019 work; as well as engaging learners in extra-curricular activities. The findings were that there is a significant influence of remuneration on teachers\u2019 performance in private secondary schools in Buikwe district, Uganda. It was concluded that since remuneration significantly influences performance, there is need for school founders to appreciate more the efforts of their teachers by attaching more allowances to what their teachers do. This recommendation was directed towards school founders becausein private schools the founders are in most cases the ones who determine how to remunerate employees; managers such as head teachers usually dance on the tunes of the institutional founders.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 41-45\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Kayindu Vincent <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Asiimwe Specioza, Bisaso Ritah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nakiyingi Sarah <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKampala International University, Uganda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsiimwe, F. (2017). The influence of salary on the performance of teachers in private primary \tschools in Kampala district, Uganda. Unpublished dissertation (Master of Arts in Human Resource Management), Kampala International University.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBunjo, E. (2016). Teachers\u2019 remuneration and the performance of students in Mukono district, Uganda. MED dissertation, Kampala University.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tLivingstone and Ord (1991). Economics of Eastern Africa.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMaicibi, N.A. (2003). Pertinent issues in employee management. Kampala: \tM.P.K \tGraphics.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMathis,Robert.L.andJohn.H.Jackson,(2000).HumanResourceManagement.Cincinnati, OH. South-Western College Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMullins, J.L. (2002). Management and organizational behavior. (6th ed.). Edinburgh, \tPearson Education Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMurthy, D.B.N. (1996). Of man and management. Bombay: UBS publishers \tDistributors \tLtd.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMusaazi, J .C.S. (2005). Introduction to reward management. In Maicibi, N.A. and \tNkata, \tJ.L. (Eds). Introduction to human resource management. Kampala: \tMasah \tpublishers.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMwebuge, P. (2015). Determinants of primary school teachers\u2019 job commitment in Masaka \tdistrict, Uganda. Unpublished dissertation, Master of Educational Administration and Management, Kampala International University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNairuba, J. (2011). Motivational practices and teachers\u2019 performance in Jinja municipality \tsecondary schools, Jinja district, Uganda.Published Master of Arts dissertation in educational management of Bugema University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOuma, L. (2007). Effect of Maslow\u2019s motivation theory to the performance of \tprimary school \tteachers in Kampala district. Unpublished M.A Educ Mgt. \tMakerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRibaunKorm (2011). The relationship between pay and performance in the Cambodian civil \tservice (CCS). MBA Dissertation, University of Cambodia.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSangaire, E.M. (2007). Motivation and performance of teachers in private secondary \tschools. A case study of central college Kawempe. Unpublished MED \tdissertation, \tKampala International University, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSsekabira, G. (2006). Job description and employee motivation to work in non-\tgovernment \torganizations in Kampala district. Unpublished MSc, HRM \tdissertation, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tStorey .J. (2012). Developments in the management of human resources. Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tTurinawe H. (2011). Reward systems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and employee \tperformance in public higher institutions of learning in Uganda.PublishedMasters degree of human \tresource \tmanagement, Makerere University Business School, \tKampala, Uganda.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Kayindu Vincent; Asiimwe Specioza, Bisaso Ritah; Nakiyingi Sarah, &#8220;Association between Remuneration and Employee Performance: The Case of Teachers in Private Secondary Schools in Buikwe District, Uganda&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.41-45 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/41-45.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/41-45.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/association-between-remuneration-and-employee-performance-the-case-of-teachers-in-privatesecondary-schools-in-buikwe-district-uganda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Association between Remuneration and Employee Performance: The Case of Teachers in Private Secondary Schools in Buikwe District, Uganda<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4810b71 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4810b71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4815824\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481597c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481597c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4815c3b\" data-id=\"4815c3b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4815e65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4815e65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4815fa9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4815fa9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4816250\" data-id=\"4816250\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481648a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481648a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48165e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48165e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48168ab\" data-id=\"48168ab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4816aea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4816aea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4816c33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4816c33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4816f0b\" data-id=\"4816f0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4817149 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4817149\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Revenue Outlay and Community Development in Ezeagu Local Government of Enugu State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Martin Ifeanyi Okeke (Ph.D), Hyginus Chukwuebuka Ofodu, Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 46-58<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4817288 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4817288\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481758f\" data-id=\"481758f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4817ecb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4817ecb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7551\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7551\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The paper is the evaluation of the revenue outlay and community infrastructure development in Ezeagu Local Government of Enugu State between 2012-2018. Local governments have not performed creditably with regards to her constitutional duties and allocations and therefore necessitate this study. Adopting Developmental Theory of Local Government as its framework of analysis, the research employed both descriptive statistical technique and thematic analysis in analysing data sourced from the questionnaire and interview. From the analysis, the study revealed that the revenue outlay to the Local Government is not significant to run her offices and as well initiate development projects geared towards improving the standard of living within the communities. Furthermore, the study found out that there is no significant relationship between revenue outlay and community development initiatives in Ezeagu Local Government Area. Finally, the study revealed that the expectations\/services of the local government were not significantly met within the period of study. Against this backdrop, the study recommends that the federal government should endeavor to mobilize the already established Nigeria Financial Intelligent Unit (NFIU). This is a system that can control the financial movement of the local government funds. This system is to checkmate that the local government gets what is due for them from the federation account and this to a large extent will abate the state interference of the local government allocations and accord the local government the opportunity to meet up with her constitutional mandate.Also Ezeagu local government should endeavor to delve into agriculture as they are blessed with fertile land with large land mass.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 46-58\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 22 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7552\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7552\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Martin Ifeanyi Okeke (Ph.D) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAssociate Professor, Department of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Hyginus Chukwuebuka Ofodu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7553\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7553\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbugu, S. O. \u201cThe Role and Challenges of Local Government in Community development: An insight\u201d \tvol. 3, No. 6, December 2014, \tretrieved from www.arabianjbmr\/RPAMindex.php.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAbutudu, M. (2011). The challenges and opportunities \tfor improving the Local Government System in Nigeria Paper presented at the  third Biennial \tNational Conference on Community Development in \tNigeria, Grand Hotel Asaba, November, 20 \u2013 24, 2011. \tRetrieved \tfrom www.communitylifeproject.org.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAdeyemo, D.O. (2005). Local government autonomy in Nigeria: A historical perspective, Journal of Social \tScience, 10(2), 77-87.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAdeyemo, D. (2011). Optimizing Local government \tfinance through public-private partnership in Tony O. (ed.) Key issues in local government and development: A Nigerian perspective. Enugu: Praise House Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAkinola, S. (2004). &#8216;&#8221;Local Governance as Alternative to Predatory Local Government .in Nigeria&#8221; International \tJournal of Studies in the Humanities Vol.3 (1): 47-60.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAlo, E. N. (2012). Fiscal Federalism and Local Government Finance in Nigeria. World Journal of \tEducation 2(5): 19-27.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAnifowose, R. and Enemuo, F. (1999). Elements of \tPolitics. Lagos.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tAppadorai, A. (1975). The substance of politics. New \tDelhi: Oxford University Press. dr, G. (1977). \tGovernment at the grassroots. \tCalifornia: Palisades \tPublishers.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEgwaikhide, F. O (2004). Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria. In Egwaikhide, F.O. (eds) intergovernmental Relations in Nigeria. Ibadan: \tProgramme on Ethnic and Federal studies, 1 \u2013 23.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tEzeani E. (2004), Local Government Administration \tEnugu: Zik-Chuks Nig. Publishers<br \/>\r\n[11]\tEzeani, E. (2006). Fundamentals of public administration. Enugu: Zik- Chuks Publishers, Fajobi, O. F. (2010) X-Ray of local \tgovernment administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Crest Hill Ltd<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFederal Government of Nigeria (1976).  Guidelines for \tthe reform of local government in Nigeria. Lagos: Federal Government Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (1999). The constitution of \tthe federal republic of Nigeria. Lagos: Government  Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tGboyega, A. (1983). Local government reform in Nigeria, in P. Mawhood ed., Local government in the third world. London: John \tWileysons.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tGboyega, A. (2003). &#8220;The Crises in Nigerian Local Government: An Agenda for Reform in Governance and Politics at the Local Level&#8221;   Port Harcourt; Centre \tfor Advanced Social Science<br \/>\r\n[16]\tIbietan, J. (2010). Local Government and the localism principle a review. In International Journal of Studies in \tthe Humanities (Ijosh) Vol 7. No. S.pp 203-216.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMackenzie, W.J.M. (1961) Theories of local government, London: London School of Economics and \tPolitical Sciences<br \/>\r\n[18]\tMbah. P. (2009). Legislature and accountability in the \tlocal government system. Nigeria Journal of Public Administration and Local Government vol. 10. No. 1. \t276-291.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tNico, S. (2008). Enhancement of democracy through empowerment of disadvantaged groups. In John, K. and Rupak, C. (eds.) Local Government in Federal System. \tNew Delhi Viva Books Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tNigeria Local Government: A discourse on the theoretical imperatives in governmental system \tcopyright\u00a9 IAARR 2014: www.afrrevjo.net 324 \tIndexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info\tNigeria. Lagos: The Human Rights Law Services.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOfuebe, C. (2005) Scramble for Nigeria, Enugu: New Generations Ventures<br \/>\r\n[22]\tOkeke, G. (2013). &#8220;The Nigerian Federalism: The Constitutionality of the Local Government as a Federating Micro-Unit&#8221; Journal of \tHumanities and Social Science Vol. 12 (5): 80<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOkoli, F.C, (2000). Theory and Practice of Local Government: A Nigerian Perspective, Enugu: John \tJacobs Classic Publishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tOkolie, D. &#038; Eze, E. (2009). Local government administration in Nigeria: Concepts and applications. \tEnugu: John Jacob Classic \tPublishers<br \/>\r\n[25]\tOla, R. (1984). Local government in Nigeria.]London: \tKegan Paul International<br \/>\r\n[26]\tOlowu, D. (1995). The failure of current decentralization programmes in Africa. In James Wunsch and Olowu \tDele (ed.) The failure of the centralized state: \tInstitutions and self governance in Africa. California, \tI.C.S. Press.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tOlowu, D. (1988). African Local Governments as Instruments of Economic and Social Development. \tAague. International Union of Local Authorities.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tOnyediran, O. (2001). Local Government During Transition and Beyond Nigerian Journal of Policy and \tStrategy. 2(1), 35-43.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tOzor, E (2003), Third- tier government in Nigeria: Evolution, development,&#8217;future, Ibadan: University of \tIbadan Press<br \/>\r\n[30]\tTayebwa (1992) in Vianney Nsanganira (2011). \u201cThe Sociological Study on Environmental Conservation as a means of sustainable development in rural areas\u201d retrieved on February 10, 2018. From www.memoireonline.com<br \/>\r\n[31]\tTodaro, (1981), in Vianney Nsanganira (2011), The Sociological Study on Environmental Conservation as a means of sustainable \tdevelopment in rural areas. Retrieved from www.memoireonline.com<br \/>\r\n[32]\tTolu, L. (2014). &#8220;Local Government and Rural Infrastructure Delivery in Nigeria&#8221;. International \tJournal of Academic Research in Business and Social \tSciences, Vol.4 (4): 141-143.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tUzuegbunam, A. (2004). &#8220;The Nigerian Local Government System in Historial Perspective&#8221; Nigerian \tJournal of Public Administration \tand Local \tGovernment. Vo. 12(1): 79-80.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tWilson, G. (2013). The Politics of Local Government Reforms and democratic Governance in Nigeria Local Governments. Journal of \tDeveloping Country \tStudies, 3(1), 136-143.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7554\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7554\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Martin Ifeanyi Okeke (Ph.D), Hyginus Chukwuebuka Ofodu, Johnpaul Onyebuchi Nduba &#8220;Revenue Outlay and Community Development in Ezeagu Local Government of Enugu State, Nigeria &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.46-58 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/46-58.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7555\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7555\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/46-58.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7556\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7556\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/revenue-outlay-and-community-development-in-ezeagu-local-government-of-enugu-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Revenue Outlay and Community Development in Ezeagu Local Government of Enugu State, Nigeria <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4819b35 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line 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elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481a39b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481bc85\" data-id=\"481bc85\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481bf4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481bf4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481c0a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481c0a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481c38a\" data-id=\"481c38a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481c5d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481c5d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481c72e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481c72e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481c9d3\" data-id=\"481c9d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481cbf5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481cbf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481cd40 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481cd40\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481cfd6\" data-id=\"481cfd6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481d207 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481d207\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481d356 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481d356\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481d601\" data-id=\"481d601\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481d818 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481d818\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481d956 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481d956\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481dc35\" data-id=\"481dc35\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481de73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481de73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Status of Caste Organisation and Its Impact on Tribal Society<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Usharani B. &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 59-62<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-481dfb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"481dfb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-481e296\" data-id=\"481e296\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4828392 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4828392\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7561\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7562\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7563\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7564\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7565\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7566\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7561\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7561\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7561\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Today\u2019s situation, the tribal communities are attracted to accept the false set of values brought about by Globalization. The tribes, who live in forest areas and other remote places, have their own culture, customs, practices and religion. The globalisation processes have serious implications for the culture of the tribes. The impact of globalisation on the tribal communities is manifold and often they are ones most negatively affected.<br \/>\r\nThe present study is expressed to understand the tribal clan and class system, to examine the status of tribal caste Organisation, and to analyse the impact of globalisation on their culture. It is based on both secondary and primary data. A fieldwork was conducted in tribal concentrated district like, Mysore in southern part of Karnataka. The areas inhabited by tribal communities of different types of traditional activities like Jenu Kuruba, Betta Kuruba, Kadu Kuruba and Soligas. During the fieldwork, observations were made on present status and reason for changes in social life, religion life and economic life etc. Naturally, in their result, the tribal people realising that their culture is not simply the outdoors, but the total expression of their livelihood and identity. They also had known that their livelihood is under attacks, because in the name of national development they are being deprived of their land forest and water sources to which their culture is closely linked. Tribal communities need to go back beyond the externals of their songs and dances. They must return to value system of their cultures and choose a new set of valves based on it, in order to find relevant alternatives to selfishness which globalisation generates.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 59-62\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7562\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7562\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7562\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Usharani B.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nGuest Faculty, Dept. of P G Studies &#038; Research in Social Work, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri Campus, Konaje, Mangalore, Karnataka, India <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7563\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7563\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7563\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1].\tDatta B.,1990, in D. Pakem (ed.), Nationality, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity in North-East India, Omsons Publications, New Delhi, pp. 36-44.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFernandes Walter, 1998, in S.C. Dude (ed.), Antiquity to Modernity in Tribal India, Vol. 1, Inter-India Publications, Delhi, pp. 217-301<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGiddens, Anthony. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tGiddens, Anthony. 2002. Sociology. 4th edition. Cambridge. Polity publishing.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGiddens, Anthony. 2003. Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives. Cambridge. Polity publishing<br \/>\r\n[6].\tGiddens, Anthony. 2006. Sociology. 5th edition. Cambridge. Polity publishing<br \/>\r\n[7].\tKumar B.B. 1998.  The Tribal Societies of India. Omsons Publications: Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMarx, Karl. 1977. Selected Writings, ed. David McLellan. London: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tRitzer, George. 2000. Sociological Theory. McGraw- Hill: New York.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tRitzer, George and J.Douglas. 2003. Sociological Theory. Sixth edition, Publisher, Boston McGraw<br \/>\r\n[11].\tRobertson, Roland. 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: sage. Rocher, Guy.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tRobertson, R. 1992. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSchaefer, R.T. (2002). Sociology: A brief introduction. 4th ed. Boston: McGraw Hill.<br \/>\r\n[14].\thttp:\/\/www.censusindia.gov.in\/2011-common\/vitalstatistics.html<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7564\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7564\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7564\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Usharani B., &#8220;Status of Caste Organisation and Its Impact on Tribal Society&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.59-62 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/59-62.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7565\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7565\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7565\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/59-62.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7566\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7566\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7566\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/status-of-caste-organisation-and-its-impact-on-tribal-society\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Status of Caste Organisation and Its Impact on Tribal Society<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482a1a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"482a1a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-482a350 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"482a350\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-482a62a\" data-id=\"482a62a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-482a88e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"482a88e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-482a9e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"482a9e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483059e\" data-id=\"483059e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4830899 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4830899\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4830a1e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4830a1e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4830d24\" data-id=\"4830d24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4830f8c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4830f8c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48310ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48310ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483138e\" data-id=\"483138e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48315c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48315c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483170b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483170b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48319a6\" data-id=\"48319a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4831bc4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4831bc4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4831d05 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4831d05\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4831fc7\" data-id=\"4831fc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4832217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4832217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Teachers\u2019 Perception on the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana: A Case Study in One of the Municipalities in Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Jacob Manu- March 2020 Page No.: 63-70<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4832360 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4832360\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4832640\" data-id=\"4832640\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48328b0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48328b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7576\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The current study looked at the perception of in-service teachers enrolled in a Master of Education programme in one of the private universities in Ghana. The study employed survey research design and the population of 190 students, who had enrolled in the programme. The findings seemed to indicate that teachers within the municipal area studied; did not  have adequate knowledge on the Free SHS policy before its implementation. Second, about 95% of the respondents agreed to strongly agreed that the rolling out of the Free SHS was a relevant intervention by the Ghana Government. Third, respondents were of the view that there were many challenges of the new educational policy and as a result impacted negatively on its sustenance. The implications for practice are discussed.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 63-70\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Jacob Manu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nUniversity of Education, Winneba (CAGRIC)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsena, J. M., Simiyu, A. M., &#038; Riechi, A. (2016). Factors affecting subsidized free day secondary education in enhancing learners\u2019 retention in secondary schools in Kenya. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(20), 49-55.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBregman, J., &#038;Stallmeister, S. (2002). Secondary education in Africa (SEIA): A regional study of the Africa Region of the World Bank. In secondary education in Africa: Strategies for renewal (pp. 4-26). Washington D C: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tConstitution of the Republic of Ghana (1992). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ghanaweb.com\/GhanaHomePage\/republic\/constitution.php<br \/>\r\n[4]\tEssuman, A. (2018). The challenge of fee-free secondary education and educational access in Ghana: A reflection on the past, realities and feasible choices. Journal of Education and Practice. 9(18), 21-31.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGhanaweb (2019, November 24). Blows in parliament over the free senior high school. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ghanaweb.com\/GhanaHomePage\/politics\/Blows-in-Parliament-over-free-SHS-801860<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHori, M., &#038; Shimizutani, S. (2018). The incidence of the tuition-free high school program in Japan. Education Economics, 26(1), 93-108.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tJacob, J., &#038;Lehner, S. (2011). A guide to education project design based on a comprehensive literature and project review. USAID.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMinistry of Education and Culture. (2016, December). Finland and PISA. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.minedu.fi\/pisa\/?lang=en<br \/>\r\n[9]\tMinistry of Finance (2016). Budget statement and economic policy. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.mofep.gov.gh\/sites\/default\/files\/budget-statements\/2016-Budget-Statement.pdf<br \/>\r\n[10]\tMinistry of Finance (2018). Budget statement and economic policy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mofep.gov.gh\/sites\/default\/files\/budget-statements\/2018-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy.pdf<br \/>\r\n[11]\tMinistry of Finance (2019).Budget statement and economic policy. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.mofep.gov.gh\/sites\/default\/files\/budget-statements\/2019-Budget-Statement-and-Economic-Policy.pdf<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMogtari, J. B. (2019).Akufo-Addo&#8217;s free shs is full of &#8216;potholes.&#8217; Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ghanaweb.com\/GhanaHomePage\/NewsArchive\/Akufo-Addo-s-Free-SHS-isfull-of-potholes-Joyce-Bawa-Mogtari-801291<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMyjoyonline (2019). Mfantsipim: Students stranded as parents, authorities clash over admission. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.myjoyonline.com\/news\/2019\/september-16th\/mfantsipim-students-stranded-as-parents-authorities-clash-over-admission.php<br \/>\r\n[14]\tNdiku, M. J., &#038; Muhavi, L. S. (2013).Government funding on access to secondary education in Kenya: Challenges and prospects. Educational Research and Reviews, 8(18), 1650-1655.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tOgundele, R. P., &#038;Oyelade, F. A. (2018). Comparative analysis of vocational and technical education at the senior secondary school level in Nigeria and Ghana. EJournal of Education Policy. Retrived from https:\/\/in.nau.edu\/ejournal\/spring-2018\/<br \/>\r\n[16]\tOhba, A. (2011). The abolition of secondary school fees in Kenya: Responses by the poor. International Journal of Educational Development, 31(4), 402-408.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOkrah, K. A., &#038; Adabor, J. (2010). Rethinking free education: How higher education shortchanges and denies access to the less privileged in Africa\u2014The case of Ghana. Michigan Academician XL, 1\u201311.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOmoeva, C., &#038; Gale, C. (2016). Universal, but not free: Household schooling costs and equity effects of Uganda\u2019s Universal Secondary Education policy. International Journal of Educational Development, 50, 41-50.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tSahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish lessons 2.0: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? (2nd ed.) New York: Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tUNESCO (2012). Education for all report global monitoring report. Paris.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tWerner, J. (2011). Teacher support for universal secondary education in Uganda. Minnesota: University of Minnesota.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tYamda, S. (2005). Educational finance and poverty reduction: The cases of Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Tokyo: GRIPS Development Foundation.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Jacob Manu &#8220;Teachers\u2019 Perception on the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana: A Case Study in One of the Municipalities in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.63-70 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/63-70.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/63-70.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7576\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/teachers-perception-on-the-free-senior-high-school-policy-in-ghana-a-case-study-in-one-of-the-municipalities-in-ghana\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Teachers\u2019 Perception on the Free Senior High School Policy in Ghana: A Case Study in One of the Municipalities in Ghana<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483642e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"483642e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48365c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48365c9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4836896\" data-id=\"4836896\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4836ae8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4836ae8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4836c2a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4836c2a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4836f44\" data-id=\"4836f44\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4837180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4837180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48372e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48372e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4837d89\" data-id=\"4837d89\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4837fe0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4837fe0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4838146 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4838146\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48383e6\" data-id=\"48383e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483890d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483890d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4838a87 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4838a87\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48399c4\" data-id=\"48399c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4839c16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4839c16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Strategies to Reduce Some Identified Problems of the Aging Population in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Atumah, Oscar N. &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 71-77<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4839d6d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4839d6d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483a050\" data-id=\"483a050\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483a3d5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"483a3d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7576\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This exploratory paper attempted to shed light on the increasing number of the aging population and the need to finetune specific strategies that will provide a solution to some of the issues of aging as identified. As emphasis was on curbing birth rate and reducing infant mortality, the goals were accomplished and the attention should change and must focus on improving the quality of life of older adults. The case study method of Iberenta was used, and the rights, privileges, and status, which were accorded to older adults in pre-colonial Nigeria, were reviewed.  Focus shifted to uncovering some strategies that among other things, will curtail poverty in old age and revive the negative attitude towards older adults; reduce the burden on family so that they can guarantee the general well-being of older persons; restore and strengthen intergenerational link; establish affordable communities with age-friendly integrated social care system that will promote healthy aging and removing the responsibilities that orphans of people with HIV impose on older people. The land was the main factor of production identified, and we argued that if the owners can relinquish the land to those in need, the cocoa production, which made the village to flourish will be rekindled. The recommended solutions are not capital intensive because there is always the tendency for the government to claim that there are no funds to tackle the issues confronting older adults. Our proposal is a win-win situation where the young, the youth, the young, and older adults can all find a reason to co-exist peacefully, a position that will see some of the problems of the aging population reduce, if not eliminated.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 71-77 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Atumah, Oscar N.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, University of Abuja, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBaumhover, L., &#038; Beall, S. (1996).Abuse, neglect, and exploitation of older persons: Strategies for assessment and intervention. Baltimore, MD: Health Professionals Press<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBekele, T., Rourke, S., Tucker, R., Greene, S., Sobota, M., Koornstra, J., Monette, L., Rueda, S., Bacon, J., Watson, J., Hwang, S., Dunn, J., Guenter, D., &#038; The Positive Spaces Healthy Places Team. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of perceived social support on health-related quality of life in persons living with HIV\/AIDS. AIDS Care, 25(3), 337\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2012.701716<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBultena, G.L., Powers, E.A. (1976) Effects of Age-Grade, Comparison on Adjustment in Later Life. Gubrium, J.F., Ed.: &#8220;Time, Roles and Self in Old Age,&#8221; Human Sciences Press, 1976, New York, USA, 165 &#8211; 178<br \/>\r\n[4]\tChong, S. A., Abdin, E., Vaingankar, J., Ng, L. L., &#038; Subramaniam, M. (2016). Diagnosis of dementia by medical practitioners: a national study among older adults in Singapore. Aging &#038; Mental Health, 20(12), 1271\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2015.1074160<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCorbett, M., &#038; Forsey, M. (2017). Rural youth out-migration and education: challenges to aspirations discourse in mobile modernity. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 38(3), 429\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01596306.2017.1308456<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHiskey, S., &#038; McPherson, S. (2013). That\u2019s just life: older adult constructs of trauma. Aging &#038; Mental Health, 17(6), 689\u2013696. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2013.765832<br \/>\r\n[7]\tLadusingh, L., &#038; Ngangbam, S. (2016). Domains and Determinants of Well-Being of Older Adults in India. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31(1), 89\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10823-016-9279-z<br \/>\r\n[8]\tLi, H., Chi, I., &#038; Xu, L. (2013). Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults Living in Rural Communities. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(2), 153\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10823-013-9189-2<br \/>\r\n[9]\tPalgi, Y., Shrira, A., Ben-Ezra, M., Shiovitz-Ezra, S., &#038; Ayalon, L. (2012). Self- and other-oriented potential lifetime traumatic events as predictors of loneliness in the second half of life. Aging &#038; Mental Health, 16(4), 423\u2013430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2011.638903<br \/>\r\n[10]\tPillemer, K., &#038; Finkelhor, D. (1988). The prevalence of elder abuse: A random sample survey. The Gerontologist, 28(1), 51\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geront\/28.1.51<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPritchard, M.P., Havitz, M.E. &#038; Howard, D.R. (1999). Analyzing the commitment-loyalty link in service contexts. Journal. Of the Academy of Marketing. Science. 27, 333  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0092070399273004<br \/>\r\n[12]\tRiley, G. A., Evans, L., &#038; Oyebode, J. R. (2018). Relationship continuity and emotional well-being in spouses of people with dementia. Aging &#038; Mental Health, 22(3), 299\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13607863.2016.1248896<br \/>\r\n[13]\tSzanton, S., Roberts, L., Leff, B., Walker, J., Seplaki, C., Soones, T., Thorpe, R., Ornstein, K., Szanton, S. L., Walker, J. L., Seplaki, C. L., Thorpe, R. J., Jr, &#038; Ornstein, K. A. (2016). Home but still engaged: participation in social activities among the homebound. Quality of Life Research, 25(8), 1913\u20131920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11136-016-1245-2<br \/>\r\n[14]\tUmberson, D. (1992). Gender, marital status, and the social control of health behavior. Social Science &#038; Medicine, 34(8), 907\u2013917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0277-9536(92)90259-S<br \/>\r\n[15]\tWeller, S., Smith, E., &#038; Pritchard, B. (2013). Family or Enterprise? What shapes the business structures of Australian farming? Australian Geographer, 44(2), 129\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00049182.2013.789592<br \/>\r\n[16]\tWinterton, R., Warburton, J., Clune, S., &#038; Martin, J. (2014). Building Community and Organizational Capacity to Enable Social Participation for Ageing Australian Rural Populations: A Resource-Based Perspective. Ageing International, 39(2), 163\u2013179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12126-013-9187-2<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Atumah, Oscar N. &#8220;Strategies to Reduce Some Identified Problems of the Aging Population in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.71-77 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/71-77.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/71-77.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7576\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/strategies-to-reduce-some-identified-problems-of-the-aging-population-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Strategies to Reduce Some Identified Problems of the Aging Population in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483bee6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"483bee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483c078 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483c078\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483c355\" data-id=\"483c355\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483c597 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483c597\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483c6d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483c6d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483c973\" data-id=\"483c973\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483cb98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483cb98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483ce25 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483ce25\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483d0e2\" data-id=\"483d0e2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483d300 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483d300\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483d443 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483d443\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483d6e9\" data-id=\"483d6e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483d910 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483d910\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483da4d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483da4d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483dd1e\" data-id=\"483dd1e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483df38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"483df38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Decoloniality and Higher Education Transformation in Ghana<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Benedict Osei-Owusu &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 78-85<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-483e079 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"483e079\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-483e368\" data-id=\"483e368\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-483e611 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"483e611\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7576\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7576\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7571\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7571\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Africa as a continent has witnessed a lot of dramatic political studies in the 1950\u2019s. Between 1956 and 1962, 26 countries including Ghana had gained their sovereignty and most of the remaining states were at varying stages of self-government. Ghana attained her independence during the tail end of the cold war era in 1957. Since then democracy has become a frequently used word in the national discourse. Higher education in Ghana over the past two decades has witnessed an unprecedented growth in the various areas as it tries to achieve democratization\u2013 increased access and participation, expansion of academic user facilities, private sector involvement, innovative financial sustainability strategies and a tremendous transformative policy environment. The benefit accrued from higher education to the national development of a country cannot be ignored. The 1992 constitution makes a unique provision for higher education: higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity by every appropriate means, and in particular, by progressive introduction of free education. Most African states in which Ghana is among witnessed a lot of democratic changes in the early 90\u2019s. This chapter seeks to provide a critical and descriptive positive analysis of decoloniality and transformation of higher education in Ghana in an epistemological contexts relation to the history of higher education during the colonial era, post-colonial era in Ghana, emergence of private universities, governance, management and administration of the public universities, the role of government agencies like National Accreditation Board and National Council for Tertiary Education in the democratization of higher education institutions, higher education reforms in Ghana, financing of higher education, pedagogies and the various government transformative policies. Attempts will be made to stress the implications of the decoloniality and transformation of higher education to Ghana\u2019s political environments.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 78-85 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7572\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7572\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Benedict Osei-Owusu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nSenior Lecturer, Department of Educational Studies, Faculty of Education and General Studies, College of Agriculture Education, Mampong-Ashanti, University ofEducation Winneba, GHANA-WEST AFRICA.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7573\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7573\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tAdjiwanou, V.; Africa, A.; Boonzaier, F.; Boswell, B.; Buthelezi, M.; Clarke, Y.; Collis-Buthelezi, V.; Daniels, R.;Galvaan, R.; Kessi, S.;Njomboro, P.;Mabandla, N.;Matebeni, Z.; Munene, D.; Pather, J.; Ramugondo,E.;Ranchhod, V.; Salley, R.; and Thomas, K. \u2018Staff transformation at UCT: a response.\u2019 UCT Daily News, 23 September 2014.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAgbodeka, F. (1998). History of University of Ghana: Half a Century of Higher Education (1948-199). Accra: Woeli Publishing Services.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAmankwa, K. (2007) Rawling&#8217;s (P)NDC educational reforms have failed Ghana \u2013 says Chief Director of Education Ministry, 23 or 02 or 2007http: or www.thestatesmanonline.com or pages or news_detail.php?newsid=2614&#038;section=1<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAntwi, M. K. (1995) Education, Society and Development in Ghana. Accra-North: Unimax Publishers Limited.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDaniel, G.F. (1998). The Universities in Ghana: The commonwealth Universities Year book Pp. 649.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDepartment of Education, (2008), Report of the ministerial committee on transformation and social cohesion and the elimination of discrimination in public higher education institutions, Final Report, Department of Education, Pretoria.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tEffah, P. (2003) Ghana. In D. Teferra and P. G. Altbach (eds) African Higher Education: An International Reference Handbook. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 338-349.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tGirdwood, A. (1999) Tertiary Education Policy in Ghana. An Assessment: 1988-1998. Washington DC: World Bank.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGovernment of Ghana (GoG) White paper on the Report of the Education (2007). Reform Review Committee, Accra.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tGovernment of Ghana (1992). The Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. Accra: Ghana Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGyamera, O.G. (2014). A critical Examination of Internationalization Strategies in Public Universities in Ghana. Thesis<br \/>\r\n[12]\tGyamera, O.G. (2015). The Internationalization Agenda: A critical Examination of Internationalization Strategies in Public Universities in Ghana. Internationalization Studies in Sociology of Education 25(2):112-131.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tHarvey, D. (2005). A Brief History of Neo-liberalization. New York: Oxford University Press.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tHiggs, P. (2016). The African Renaissance and the Transformation of the Higher Education Curriculum in South Africa. Africa Education Review, 13(1):87-101.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tHigher Education South Africa (HESA), (2014) \u2018South African higher education in the 20th year of democracy: Context, achievements and key challenges\u2019, presentation to the Portfolio Committee on Higher Education and Training, Cape Town, 5 March.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tIbid,179: The South African higher education transformation debate: Culture Identity and African ways of knowing; London Review of education.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tKurtz, J.K. &#038;Schrank, A. (2007), \u201cGrowth and governance: models, measures, and mechanisms\u201d, Journal of Politics, Vol. 69 No. 2, pp. 538-554, available at: https: or  ordoi.org or 10.1111 or j.1468-2508.2007.00549.x<br \/>\r\n[18]\tLangdon, J., 2013, \u2018Decolonising development studies: Reflections on critical pedagogies in action\u2019, Canadian Journal of Development Studies 34(3), 384\u2013399. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/02255189.2013.825205<br \/>\r\n[19]\tMamdani, M. (1998) \u2018Is African studies to be turned into a new home for Bantu education at UCT?\u2019, Social Dynamics 24(2), 63\u201375. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1080\/02533959808458649<br \/>\r\n[20]\tMaserumule, M.H. (2015) \u2018Why Africa\u2019s professors are afraid of colonial education being dismantled\u2019, The Conversation, 25 November, viewed 30 November 2015, from https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-africas-professors-are-afraid-of-colonial-education-being-dismantled-50930<br \/>\r\n[21]\tMwaniki, M. (2012). \u2018Language and Social Justice in South Africa\u2019s Higher Education:<br \/>\r\n[22]\tInsights from a South African University.? Language and Education 26(3): 213-232.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tManuh, T., Sulley, G. and Budu, J.(2007). Change and transformation in Ghana&#8217;s publicly funded Universities. Partnership for Higher Education in Africa. A Study of Experiences, Lessons and Opportunities. Accra: Woeli publishing Services.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMignolo, W. (2012). The Darker side of Western Modernity. Global futures, Decolonial Options. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tMinistry of Education (2008). Education sector performance report. Accra, Ghana: Author. Google scholar.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tNAB (National Accreditation Board)(2007). Homepage. www.nab.gov.gh or nabsite or index.php.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tNaidoo, R. (2007). Higher Education as a Global Commodity: The perils and Promises for Developing countries, Report for the observatory and Borderless Higher Education, International Strategic Information Service. UK: The Association of Commonwealth Universities.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tNdlovu-Gatsheni, S. (2013). Empire, Global Coloniality and African subjectivity. Berghahm Books. New York and Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tNyamnjoh, F. (2012). Potted plants in Greenhouses: A critical Reflection on the Resilience of colonial Education in Africa. Journal of Asian and African Studies. 47(2): 129-154.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tPillay, S. (2015) \u2018Decolonising the university\u2019, Africa is a Country, viewed 16 June 2016, from http:\/\/africasacountry.com\/2015\/06\/decolonizing-the-university\/<br \/>\r\n[31]\tQuijano, A. (1999). Coloniality and Modernity or Rationality. in Ghana,Therborn, ed. Globalizations and Modernities. Stockholm: FRN.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tRamoupi, N.L.L., 2014, \u2018African research and scholarship: 20 years of lost opportunities to transform higher education in South Africa\u2019, Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies 38(1), 269\u2013286.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tSamoff, J. &#038; Carol, B (2003) \u2018From Manpower Planning to the Knowledge Era: World Bank Policies on Higher Education in Africa\u2019. Paper prepared for the UNESCO Forum on Higher Education, Research and Knowledge. Stanford University<br \/>\r\n[34]\tTorres, C.A. &#038; Jones, G. (2013). Neoliberal Common sense in Education: Part two. International Studies in Sociology of Education 23(3):80-106.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tUNICEF. (2000). Poverty Begins with a Child. New York: United Nations Children\u2019s Fund.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tUniversity of Cape Coast Law 1992 (PNDC LAW 278).<br \/>\r\n[37]\tUniversity of Development Studies Law 1992 (PNDC LAW 279).<br \/>\r\n[38]\tUniversity of Ghana. The Statutes of the University of Ghana. Accra: Ghana UniversitiesPress; (2004).<br \/>\r\n[39]\tUniversity of Ghana Act 1961, (Amendment) Law 1990 (PNDCL 239)<br \/>\r\n[40]\tUniversity College of Education Law, 1993, PNDCL 322.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tUniversity of Education, Winneba, Statutes 1994.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tZeleza, P. (1997). Manufacturing African Studies and Crises. Dakar: Council for theDevelopment of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA)<br \/>\r\n[43]\tZeleza, P. (2013). Re-thinking Africa\u2019s Globalization (Vol.1).Trenton: Africa World Press.<br \/>\r\n[44]\tZeleza, P.T. (2009) \u2018African studies and universities since independence: The challenges of epistemic and institutional decolonization\u2019, Transition (101), 110 -135. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2979\/trs.2009.-.101.110<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7574\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7574\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Benedict Osei-Owusu &#8220;Decoloniality and Higher Education Transformation in Ghana&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.78-85 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/78-85.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7575\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7575\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/78-85.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" 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elementor-element-4840d27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4840d27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4840fd7\" data-id=\"4840fd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4841201 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4841201\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4841345 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4841345\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48415ec\" data-id=\"48415ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-484180f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"484180f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-484194a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"484194a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4845c45\" data-id=\"4845c45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4845f05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4845f05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4846072 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4846072\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-484634c\" data-id=\"484634c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4846567 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4846567\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48466c7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48466c7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-484697b\" data-id=\"484697b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4846b82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4846b82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-484a719 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"484a719\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-484ab53\" data-id=\"484ab53\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-484adaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"484adaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-484af85 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"484af85\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-484b253\" data-id=\"484b253\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-484b49d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"484b49d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Influence of Focus Strategy on Customer Loyalty among Small and Medium Enterprises in Garissa Town, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Feisal Hussein Farah, Dr. Patricia Kungu &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 86-89<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-484b5d5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"484b5d5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-484b8c4\" data-id=\"484b8c4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-484bb33 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"484bb33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In today\u2019s rapidly changing economic and business environments small and medium enterprise compete for customers, revenue, market share with products and services that meet customer\u2019s needs. In this way, they gain competitive strategy which aims to establish a profitable and sustainable position against the forces that determine industry competition. However, Small and medium enterprise firms are increasingly facing numerous challenges in their quest to maintain their market share in this global business environment. This study investigated the influence of focus strategy on customer loyalty among small and medium enterprises in Garissa Town, Kenya. This study was carried out through a descriptive research design. The target population consisted of 450 retail businesses which were registered as retail business with ministry of trade in the county government of Garissa in year 2017. Stratified proportionate random Sampling technique was used to select the sample. The sample size was 75 respondents were obtained. The data collection instruments used for this study were questionnaires for all the respondents. Descriptive statistical analysis such as mean and standard deviation were used to analyse quantitative data and presented in terms of tables, frequencies, graphs and charts. Because the study involved more than three variables multiple regression analysis was used. The study examined that focus strategy and strategic alliance strategy had a positive and significant influence on customer loyalty. The study concluded that focus strategy enables SMEs to generate strong customer loyalty by tailoring their business to the needs of a small group. The study recommended that Small and Medium Enterprises in Garissa Town should focus on the most profitable market segment that bring in more revenue and more on the value chain as this will increase differentiation in the product offered in turn increasing the revenues.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 86-89\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 24 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Feisal Hussein Farah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Patricia Kungu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBarney, J. (2010). The World Economy: Resources, Location, Trade and Development (5th ed). Upper Saddle River: Pearson<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBotten, N., &#038; McManus, J. (2012). Competitive Strategies for Service Organizations. London: Macmillan Press Ltd<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChelanga, K. E., Rono, L., &#038; Boit, R. (2017). Effect of Differentiation and Focus Strategieson the Financial Performance of Small and Medium Enterprises. Journal of Strategic Management, 1(1), 29-41<br \/>\r\n[4].\tEid, M. I., (2011). Determinants of e-commerce customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty \tin Saudi Arabia.  Journal of electronic commerce research, 12(1), 78 \u2013 86<br \/>\r\n[5].\tGopichandran, R., Shah, V. N., Patel, N. J., &#038; Harinarayana, T. (2013).SMEs can \tovercome challenges and improve sustainability through preventive management \tstrategies: some empirical evidences from a cluster of chemical industries in Western \tIndia.  International \tJournal of Globalisation and Small Business, 5(3), 209 \u2013 223<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHill, J., Nancarrow, C., &#038; Tiu Wright, L. (2012). Lifecycles and crisis points in SMEs: a \tcase approach. Marketing Intelligence &#038; Planning, 20(6), 361 \u2013 369<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHooley, G., Greenley, G., Fahy, J., &#038; Cadogan, J. (2011). Market-focused resources, \tcompetitive positioning and firm performance. Journal of marketing Management, 17(5-\t6), 503-520<br \/>\r\n[8].\tJohnson, S. E., &#038; Scholes R. S. (2016). Linking competitive strategies with human resource management practices. The Academy of Management Executive, 1(3), 207 &#8211; 19.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tMalburg, C., (2013). Competing on Costs. Industry Week, 249(17), 31 \u2013 39<br \/>\r\n[10].\tMcIlraith,  M., (2014). Creating  Customer  Loyalty  Through  Service Customization.  \tAmerican  Scientific  Research  Journal  for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS), 11(1), 405 \u2013 415<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMohsenzadeh, M., &#038; Ahmadian, S. (2016). The mediating role of competitive  positioning strategy in the effect of firm competencies and export performance. Procedia Economics and Finance, 36, 456-466<br \/>\r\n[12].\tRosli, M. M. (2012). Competitive strategy of Malaysian small and medium enterprises: \tAn exploratory investigation. American International Journal of Contemporary \tResearch, 2(1), 93-105<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSingh, R. K., Garg, S. K., &#038; Deshmukh, S. G. (2016). Strategy development by SMEs for \tcompetitiveness: a review. Benchmarking: An international journal, 15(5), 525 \u2013 547.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Feisal Hussein Farah, Dr. Patricia Kungu &#8220;Influence of Focus Strategy on Customer Loyalty among Small and Medium Enterprises in Garissa Town, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.86-89 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/86-89.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/86-89.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/influence-of-focus-strategy-on-customer-loyalty-among-small-and-medium-enterprises-in-garissa-town-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Influence of Focus Strategy on Customer Loyalty among Small and Medium Enterprises in Garissa Town, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4851b0e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4851b0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4851cc4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4851cc4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4851f9e\" data-id=\"4851f9e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48521e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48521e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485233c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485233c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48525f3\" data-id=\"48525f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485282d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485282d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485295c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485295c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4852c02\" data-id=\"4852c02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4852e1b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4852e1b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4852f4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4852f4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4853210\" data-id=\"4853210\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485343c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485343c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485357d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485357d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48538e4\" data-id=\"48538e4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4853b0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4853b0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4853c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4853c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4853efa\" data-id=\"4853efa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485414a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485414a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485427b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485427b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485451f\" data-id=\"485451f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4854748 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4854748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\n<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 35-43<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485488b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485488b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4854a99\" data-id=\"4854a99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4854bfc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4854bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Budget has gained prominent importance to government and nations as it entails quantitative projected financial plan for the various levels of government. Thus, the need of government in attaining set national objectives give rise to the formulation and formalization of budget. This study examined the inhibiting intrigues of budget implementation on economic performance in Nigeria. The study employs the use of secondary source of data obtained from National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Fact File 2018, and subjected them to ADF stationarity and Johansson co-integration tests. The study parameters and outlined hypotheses were determined and tested using t-statistics outcome in the error correction mechanism (ECM). The study found that a unit reduction in government capital expenditure and government recurrent expenditure will decline Nigerian economic performance by 19% and 40% respectively. This equally indicated that there is a significant effect of budget implementation determinants on economic performance in Nigeria within the study span. The constrained recommendations of the study includes: Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria to as matter of urgency to imbibe the culture regardless of region and religion differences to implement 95% of her capital and recurrent expenditure in the annual budget to achieve all round sectorial increase in economic performance and for government not to consider recurrent expenditure implementation as basis for immediate respite but rather on long term integration and development of the country.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 35-43\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 25 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &#038; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Tonye Richard Apiri<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nBanking &#038; Finance Department, Faculty of Management Sciences, Niger Delta University Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbdullah, H., A.(2000). The Relationship between Government Expenditure and Economic \tGrowth in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Administrative Science, 12(2), 173-191.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAbell, J., D. (1990). The Role of the Budget Deficit during the Rise in the Dollar Exchange Rate \tfrom 1979\u20131985.Southern Economic Journal 57(1),66 \u2013 74.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAbu-bader, S.,&#038; Abu-Qarn, A. (2003). GovernmentExpenditures, Military Spending and \tEconomic Growth: Causality Evidence from Egypt, Israel and Syria. MPRA paper No. 1115. http:\/\/mpra.ub.unimuenchen<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAbu N., &#038; Abdullahi, U. (2010). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in Nigeria, \t1970- 2008: A Disaggregated Analysis. Business and Economics Journal, Vol.4.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAl-Yousif Y. (2000). Does Government Expenditure Inhibit or Promote Economic Growth: \tSome Empirical Evidence from Saudi Arabia. Indian Economic Journal, 48(2)<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBarro. R., &#038;Sala-i-Martin, X. (1992). Public Finance in Models of Economic Growth. Review of Economic Studies, 59: 645-661.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCooray, A. (2009), Government Expenditure, Governance and Economic Growth. ComparativeEconomic Studies, 51(3):401-418.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tEngle, R., F.&#038; Granger, C. (1989). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, \tEstimation, and Testing. Econometrica, Vol.55, pp. 251-276<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEasterly, w., &#038; Rebelo S, (1993). Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth: An Empirical \tInvestigation. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32: 417-458.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tErkin, B. (1988). Government Expenditure and Economic Growth: Reflections on Professor \tRam\u2019s Approach, A New Framework and Some Evidence from New Zealand Ti Series Data. Keio Economic Studies, 25(1): 59-66.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tFajingbesi,A., A, &#038;Odusola A., F, (1999). Public Expenditure and Growth. A Paper Presented \tat Training Programme on Fiscal Policy Planning Management in Nigeria, Organized by \tNCEMA, Ibadan, Oyo State, 137-179.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tFolster, S., &#038; Henrekson, M. (2001)  Growth Effects of Government Expenditure and Taxation in Rich Countries. European Economic Review, 45 (8): 1501 -1520.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tGujarati, D., N.&#038; Porter, D., C. (2009). Basic Econometrics, New York: McGraw-Hill.922<br \/>\r\n[14]\tIyoha, A., M. (2002), Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy. Mareh Publishers Benin City, Nigeria. First Edition.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tGhodaro, C., A. &#038; Okiakhi, D., E. (2010). Does the Relationship Between Government \tExpenditure and Economic Growth Follow Wagner\u2019s Law in Nigeria?. Annals of \tUniversity of Petrosani Economics, Vol. 10(2), 185-198<br \/>\r\n[16]\tJohansen, S.,&#038; Jesulius, K. (1990). Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Estimation and \tInference on Cointegration: with Applications to the Demand for Money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol.52, 169-210<br \/>\r\n[17]\tLoto, M., A. (2011). Impact of Government Sectoral Expenditure on Economic Growth. Journal \tof Economics and international Finance, Vol. 3(11),646-652<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOlugbenga, A., O. &#038; Owoye, O. (2007). Public Expenditure and Economic Growth, New \tEvidence from OECD Countries.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tOnaolapo, A., R. &#038; Olaoye, F. O. (2013). Appraisal of the Factors Contributing Disparity in \tBudget Proposal and Implementation. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (OMAN Chapter), 2(11), 1-7.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOyinlola, O. (1993). Nigeria\u2019s National Defense and Economic Development: An Impact \tAnalysis. Scandinavian Journal of Development Alternatives, 12 (3).<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOlukayode, M., E. (2009). Does Government Spending Spur Economic Growth in Nigeria? \tMPRA paper No. 17941.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tRam, R. (1986). Government Size and Economic Growth: A New Framework and Some \tevidence from Cross-Section and Time-Series Data. American Economic Review, 76: \t191-203.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tSamuel, C., U. &#038; Wilfred, I. U. (2009). Problems and Prospects of Budgeting and Budget \tImplementation in Local Government in Nigeria. African Journal ofBusiness Management, 3(12). <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gbalam Peter Eze (Ph.D), Tonye Richard Apiri &#8220;Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI) vol.7 issue 3, pp. 35-43 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/digital-library\/volume-7-issue-3\/35-43.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" 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aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-inhibiting-intrigues-of-budget-implementation-and-economic-performance-in-nigeria-1999-2018\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Analysis of Inhibiting Intrigues of Budget Implementation and Economic Performance in Nigeria (1999-2018)<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4855a3b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" 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data-id=\"4855e58\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4855fb3\" data-id=\"4855fb3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48560cb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48560cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485616b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485616b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4856b88\" data-id=\"4856b88\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4856d06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4856d06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4856dc5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4856dc5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4856f52\" data-id=\"4856f52\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4857075 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4857075\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485711e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485711e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485727c\" data-id=\"485727c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4857389 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4857389\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4857431 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4857431\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485759c\" data-id=\"485759c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48576b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48576b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis on Job Burnout of EFL University Teachers in Henan Province of China<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Yang Peng, Siti Maziha Mustapha &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 90-94<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4857757 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4857757\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48578cb\" data-id=\"48578cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48579fc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48579fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Job burnout refers to the sub-healthy living conditions that are produced by modern people when dealing with complex societies. In recent years, with the development of higher education and the reform of education system in China, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) university teacher are facing great challenges and experiencing great pressure and job burnout. However, very few researches have been done on the job burnout of university teachers, especially EFL university teachers in China. This study investigated the current situation of job burnout among EFL university teachers in Henan Province of China, and the differences in job burnout as related to demographic features.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 90-94\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Yang Peng <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCollege of Foreign Language, Pingdingshan University<br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Information and Human Sciences, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Siti Maziha Mustapha <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Business, Information and Human Sciences, Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur (IUKL)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tEvers, W. J., Brouwers, A., &#038; Tomic, W. (2002). Burnout and self-efficacy: a study of teachers\u2019beliefs when implementing an innovative educational system in the Netherlands. BritishJournal of Educational Psychology, 72(2), 227\u2013244.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tGuo, X. (2018). A study of the relationship between college English teacher job stress and job burnout. Foreign Language and Literature Research, 4(2), 81-92.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tKaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tField, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMaslach, C. (1982). Burnout: The Cost of Caring.New York: Prentice Hall. .<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMaslach, C., Jackson, S.E., Leiter, M.P. (1996\u20132016). Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (Fourth Edition). Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden, Inc.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMaslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., &#038; Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job Burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tPlatsidou, M. (2010). Trait emotional intelligence of Greek special education teachers in relationto burnout and job satisfaction. School Psychology International, 1(1), 60\u201376.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tTabachnick, B. G., &#038; Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 7). Boston, MA: Pearson.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tZhu, M. (2019). Investigation and \uff32eflection on Occupational Stress and Burnout of Teachers in Colleges and Universities. Journal of Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, 19(3), 37-40.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Yang Peng, Siti Maziha Mustapha &#8220;Analysis on Job Burnout of EFL University Teachers in Henan Province of China &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.90-94 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/90-94.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/90-94.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-on-job-burnout-of-efl-university-teachers-in-henan-province-of-china\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis on Job Burnout of EFL University Teachers in Henan Province of China <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48587e3 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48587e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48588ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48588ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4858a43\" data-id=\"4858a43\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4858b5e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4858b5e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4858c0b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4858c0b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4858d62\" data-id=\"4858d62\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4858e7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4858e7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4858f1f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4858f1f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4859072\" data-id=\"4859072\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4859186 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4859186\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4859224 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4859224\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485937a\" data-id=\"485937a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4859482 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4859482\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485951c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485951c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4859770\" data-id=\"4859770\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4859888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4859888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4859931 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4859931\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4859a77\" data-id=\"4859a77\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4859b88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4859b88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4859f1a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4859f1a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485a07a\" data-id=\"485a07a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485a18d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485a18d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Proliferation of Kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John, Wajim &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 95-98<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485a229 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485a229\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485a390\" data-id=\"485a390\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485a4b7 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"485a4b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This scholarly article examined the proliferation of kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences. The paper unveiled some common causes of kidnapping and their consequences in Nigeria as a nation state that is characterized by poverty, unemployment, insecurity, corruption, weak constitutional framework and poor policies implementation. Kidnapping simply connotes an act of illegally and forcefully capturing and detaining of human beings for the purpose of generating financial benefits from the relations of the detainee(s).Kidnapping has become a common criminal exercise and lucrative business in Nigeria of which the perpetrators often receive huge sum of money from their victims, sometimes the kidnappers\u2019 victims are murdered whenever the amount of money needed from them are paid and to some extent not redeemed. Poverty, unemployment and moral decadence are said to be the commonest causes of the evil called kidnapping in Nigeria. Content analysis\/qualitative sources of data collection were employed for the realization of this scholarly work. Amongst other recommendations it is recommended that government should create jobs for the unemployed youths in tandem with skills development training that will help curtail the high levels of idleness as the mother of evil thoughts, evil plans and evil actions among Nigeria youths; Federal and State governments should properly equip and deploy forest guards into our forests that are serving as safe habitats for the kidnappers in order to curb the menace.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 95-98\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John, Wajim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, 200 Katsina-Ala Road, P.M.B 1020 Wukari, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAsuquo, M. E. (2009). The Upsurge of Kidnapping and Its Influence on Public Order in Akwa\tIbom State. Unpublished Term Paper, Department of Sociology\/Anthropology, University \tof Uyo, Uyo, AkwaIbom State- Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCatlin Group (2012). Kidnap and ransom today. A report by Catlin Group Limited. London, UK.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tDode, R. O. (2007). Incidents of Hostage Taking and the Niger Delta Crisis in Nigeria. South \tSouth Journal of Culture and Development, 9 (1), 162-179.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tFerraro. V , (2003). Globalizing Weakness: Is Global Poverty A Threat To The Interest Of States? Environmental Change and Security Project. Vol. 9, PP.12-19.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHaralambos M. &#038; Holborn M. (2008). Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. Seventh Edition. HarperCollins Publishers Limited, London.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tInyang U. S. (2009). \u201cKidnapping! Who can deliver Nigeria?\u201d News D\u2019OR Magazine vol. 1(9): \tJUVL 12, pp., 11-15<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKyrian, I. (2009). Intelligence Reports and Kidnapping. Dawn, May 17, p. 9.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMohammed, M. K. N. (2008). Kidnap and Ransom in South East Asia: The case for a Regional \tRecording Standard. Asia Criminology.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tNwaorah, N. (2009). Are Kidnappers Worst Criminals? Vanguard, March 29, p. 14.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tOkoli, A. C. &#038;Orinya, S. (2013). Oil Pipeline vandalism and Nigeria\u2019s national security. Global \tJournal of Human Social Sciences of Political Science, 13 (3), 65 \u2013 75.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tOkoli, A. C., &#038;Agada, F. T. (2014). Kidnapping and national security in Nigeria. Research on \tHumanities and Social Sciences, 4(6), 137-146<br \/>\r\n[12]\tOmeje, K (2010). Oil Conflict and Accumulation Politics in Nigeria. Population, Health, \tEnvironment, and Conflicts. ECSP Report, Issue 12<br \/>\r\n[13]\tOnduku, A. (2001). Environmental Conflict: the case of the Niger Delta. A presentation at the One \tWorld Fortnight Programme organized by the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, U.K. No. 22<br \/>\r\n[14]\tSoyombo, O. (2009). Sociology and Crime Control: That We May Live in Peace. The Guardian, \tSeptember 17, pp. 56-72<br \/>\r\n[15]\tThomas, T. and Nta, P. (2009). Kidnapped and Persecuted Coman Clem\u2019s Wife, a 5 Year Old Girl. \tCommunity Pulse, August 10, p. 6.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tTownsend, J (2008). Poverty and Energy: Natural Resource Nationalism and the Natural Resource \tCurse. Regions No. 271. The Newsletter of the Regional Studies Association, 11-12<br \/>\r\n[17]\tWalsh, D. and Adrian, P. (1983). A Dictionary of Criminology. London: Routledge and Kegan \tPaul Plc, p. 45.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John, Wajim &#8220;Proliferation of Kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.95-98 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/95-98.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/95-98.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/proliferation-of-kidnapping-in-nigeria-causes-and-consequences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Proliferation of Kidnapping in Nigeria: Causes and Consequences<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485b37d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"485b37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485b5d7\" data-id=\"485b5d7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485b79e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485b79e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485b854 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485b854\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485b9bd\" data-id=\"485b9bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485bad3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485bad3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485bb71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485bb71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485bcdc\" data-id=\"485bcdc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485bde7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485bde7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485be8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485be8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485bfcf\" data-id=\"485bfcf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485e4ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485e4ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485e5c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485e5c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485e792\" data-id=\"485e792\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485e8c3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"485e8c3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determinants and Consequences of Commercial Exploitation of Madrid Wood (<i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus<\/i>) in Taraba State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>John, Wajim &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 99-108<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-485e976 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"485e976\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-485eb54\" data-id=\"485eb54\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485ecd4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"485ecd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examined the determinants and consequences of commercial exploitation of Madrid Wood (pterocarpus erinaceus) in Taraba State, Nigeria. Noncompliance with forest-related laws and the poor governance of the forest resource of Nigeria as a nation state contributed tremendously to the unrestrained commercial exploitation of Madrid Wood in Taraba State. A cross sectional survey research was conducted to generate the research data used to answer the research questions as well as to test the hypotheses. Both qualitative and quantitative research approaches were combined in this study. Samples of five hundred and forty-four (544) questionnaires were administered by trained research assistants but five hundred and seventeen (517) were duly completed and returned. The data from the returned questionnaire were analyzed with the help of Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS). Qualitative data were generated by in-depth interview (IDI) with the LGA Chairman, the Forestry Director, and eight Madrid Wood Merchants. Chi-Square was used to test the hypotheses; the hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significant and 99% confidence interval. The findings of the study show that the commercial exploitation of the Madrid Wood both serves as sources of revenue to the government and income to the residents in the study area; the commercial exploitation of the Madrid Wood also contributes to the extinction of the specie, climate change among others. Thus, amongst other recommendations, the study recommended that the government of Taraba State should empower the ministries and departments responsible for regulating  forest laws and policies to control the unrestrained commercial exploitation of the Madrid Wood. That would include the prosecution of corrupt government officials that aid and abet the merchants who break forestry laws. The study further recommends extensive public awareness campaign by the government through various media platforms that would educate the public on the dire consequences of deforestation to people and society at large.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 99-108\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>John, Wajim<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Federal University, Wukari, 200 Katsina-Ala Road, P.M.B 1020 Wukari, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tA World Bank study. 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Traditional Medicine.www.allcountries.org\/wfb2007\/haiti\/haiti_economy.html Central Intelligence.<br \/>\r\n[111]\tYamane, Taro (1967). Statistics: An Introductory Analysis. 2nd Edition, New York: Hamper and Row.<br \/>\r\n[112]\tYin, H. and Li, C. (2001). Human impacts on floods and flood disasters on the Yangtze River. Geomorphology41: 105-109.<br \/>\r\n[113]\tZhang, Q.  Xu,  C.Y.,  Zhang,  Z.X.,  Chen,  Y.D.,  Liu,  C.L.,  Lin,  H.  (2008)  Spatial and Temporal Variability of Precipitation Maxima During 1960-2005 in  Yangtze River basin and possible association with large scale <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">John, Wajim &#8220;Determinants and Consequences of Commercial Exploitation of Madrid Wood (<i>Pterocarpus Erinaceus<\/i>) in Taraba State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.99-108 March 2020\u00a0 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Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-485ffeb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"485ffeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486108e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486108e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486112b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486112b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4861289\" data-id=\"4861289\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4861395 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4861395\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4861438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4861438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48615a0\" data-id=\"48615a0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48616bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48616bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Implementation of Total Quality Management in Education<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dudi Paryanto, Riswanti Rini, Irawan Suntoro- March 2020 Page No.: 109-111<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486175d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486175d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48618cc\" data-id=\"48618cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48619f0 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48619f0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7581\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7581\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Improving the quality of education is very important to be applied onorganization or educational institution, one that is in school. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the planning, organization, implementation, and evaluation of the implementation of total quality management.<br \/>\r\nThe research approach refers to the goal, so this research is a qualitative research. The study design used by researchers is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study are planning implementation of total quality management in education that is their vice principal field of quality management in the structure and organization line stands alone and is assisted by a staff of quality management, and in the implementation of the work is assisted by the vice principal other fields; organizing the implementation of integrated quality management education, namely the establishment of quality assurance organization structure of the school that proves the existence of a good organizing work and the work program describing the quality management application activities certified to ISO 9001: 2008.<br \/>\r\nThe implementation of total quality management in education, planning implementation of coordination between the field, meetings between auditors and auditie and between staff with other fields. Evaluation of the implementation of total quality management in education as a tool to improve and plan future programs, to improve the allocation of resources, power and management of current and future, improve implementation and the factors that affect the implementation of the program for re-planning of a program through check the relevance of the program in terms of small changes constantly and measure the progress of the planned target<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 109-111\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7582\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7582\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dudi Paryanto <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Riswanti Rini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Irawan Suntoro<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7583\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7583\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tArbangi, dkk. 2018. ManajemenMutuPendidikan, Jakarta :Prenada media Group.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tChoirulFuad Yusuf, 2008. BudayasekolahdanMutuPendidikan, Jakarta,  PT. Pena   Citrasatria.<br \/>\r\n[3]\t Gaspersz, Vincent, 2012. All In One : Production and Inventori Management, Bogor.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMoleong, Lexy J. 2014. Metode Penelitian Kualitatif. Remaja Rosdakarya: Bandung<br \/>\r\n[5]\tSugiyono. 2013. Metode Penelitian Kualitatifdan Kuantitatif. Alfabeta: Bandung<br \/>\r\n[6]\tTerry, George dan Leslie W. Rue 2010.  Dasar-dasarManajemen, Cetakan Kesebelas, PT BumiAksara. h. 16.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7584\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7584\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dudi Paryanto, Riswanti Rini, Irawan Suntoro, &#8220;The Implementation of Total Quality Management in Education&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.109-111 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/109-111.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7585\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7585\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/109-111.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7586\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7586\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-implementation-of-total-quality-management-in-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Implementation of Total Quality Management in Education<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4862804 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4862804\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48628e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48628e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4862a68\" data-id=\"4862a68\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4862b94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4862b94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4862c39 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4862c39\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4862fc4\" data-id=\"4862fc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486313b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486313b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48631f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48631f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4863349\" data-id=\"4863349\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486345f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486345f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48634fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48634fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486364c\" data-id=\"486364c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486375c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486375c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48637f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48637f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4863940\" data-id=\"4863940\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4863a4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4863a4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4863ae8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4863ae8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4863c55\" data-id=\"4863c55\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4863d97 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4863d97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Political Law Revitalization on Law of Corruption Eradication Commission<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nenny Ekawati Barus, Dhoni Martien &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 112-115<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4863e46 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4863e46\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4863fd7\" data-id=\"4863fd7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4864111 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4864111\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The efforts to eradicate corruption experienced a new chapter with the repeal of Law No. 3 of 1971 which was considered to be no longer in accordance with the development of legal needs in society so that it needed to be replaced with a new law that was more effective in preventing and eradicating criminal acts of corruption. This research uses a normative juridical approach and analytical descriptive nature. The results of this study relate to the application of legal politics in Eradicating Corruption according to RI Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission is the need for a legal political system that supports efforts to eradicate corruption, both from an understanding of the legal political system and understanding of socialism that prioritizes public authority, can be accommodated properly, especially both of them lead to the same effort, namely the achievement of Indonesia as a prosperous state of law. Then it is also necessary to revitalize the eradication of corruption in Indonesia, including evaluating the status and functions of the Corruption Eradication Commission as an independent ad hoc institution that is expected to be able to carry out the trigger mechanism function on the performance of the police and prosecutors<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 112-115\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 26 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nenny Ekawati Barus<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctor of Law Program, Universitas Jayabaya, Jakarta-Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dhoni Martien<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDoctor of Law Program, Universitas Jayabaya, Jakarta-Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tMahfud MD, Moh. (2012). Politik Hukum Di Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo. Persada, Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tPadmoWahyono. (1986).Indonesia Negara Berdasarkan atas hukum, Cet. II. Jakarta: GhaliaIndonesia.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tRomli Atmasasmita, S. (2016). Sisi Lain Akuntabilitas Kpk Dan Lembaga Pegiat Antikorupsi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tRomli Atmasasmita, S. (2016). Sisi Lain Akuntabilitas Kpk Dan Lembaga Pegiat Antikorupsi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tRomli Atmasasmita, S. (2016). Sisi Lain Akuntabilitas Kpk Dan Lembaga Pegiat Antikorupsi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAtmasasmita, R. (2012). Teori hukum integratif: rekonstruksi terhadap teori hukum pembangunan dan teori hukum progresif. Genta Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tSudikno, M. (2005). Mengenal Hukum Suatu Pengantar. Yogyakarta: Liberti<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFriedman, L. M. (1975). The legal system: A social science perspective. Russell Sage Foundation.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAtmasasmita, R. (2012). Teori hukum integratif: rekonstruksi terhadap teori hukum pembangunan dan teori hukum progresif. Genta Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tCooter, R., &#038; Ulen, T. (2016). Law and economics. Addison-Wesley.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tAtmasasmita, R. (2012). Teori hukum integratif: rekonstruksi terhadap teori hukum pembangunan dan teori hukum progresif. Genta Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tAtmasasmita, R. (2012). Teori hukum integratif: rekonstruksi terhadap teori hukum pembangunan dan teori hukum progresif. Genta Publishing.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tRemmelink, J. (2003). Hukum Pidana terjemahan Tristam Pascal Moeliono. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nenny Ekawati Barus, Dhoni Martien &#8220;Political Law Revitalization on Law of Corruption Eradication Commission&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.112-115 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/112-115.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/112-115.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/political-law-revitalization-on-law-of-corruption-eradication-commission\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Political Law Revitalization on Law of Corruption Eradication Commission<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48650a6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48650a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486522b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486522b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48653c6\" data-id=\"48653c6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4865507 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4865507\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48655ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48655ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4865717\" data-id=\"4865717\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4865831 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4865831\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48658dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48658dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4865a2a\" data-id=\"4865a2a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4865b44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4865b44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4865be0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4865be0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4865d36\" data-id=\"4865d36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4865e3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4865e3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4865eef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4865eef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4866192\" data-id=\"4866192\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48663a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48663a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Establishing the Relationship Between Job Orientation and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 116-121<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48664e5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48664e5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48667ae\" data-id=\"48667ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4866b1c elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4866b1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to establish the relationship between job orientation and employee performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government. The researcher adopted a cross-sectional design using a sample of 131 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses.  It was established that orientation and performance positively significantly predicted employee performance. It was hence concluded that, if staff receive briefing about working condition, organisational policies, understanding job procedures and job rewards significantly influence job performance.It was thus recommended that government agencies including local governments other organisations should put emphasis on briefing new staff about working conditions, policies, job procedures and job rewards<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 116-121\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAigboduwa, J. 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New York, USA: John Wiley &#038; Sons<br \/>\r\n[36]\tSincero, S. M.2012, Personal Interview Survey. Available at: Explorable.com: http:\/\/explorable.com\/personal-interview-survey (Retrieved May 27, 2015).<br \/>\r\n[37]\tStorey, J., Wright, P. M., &#038; Ulrich, D. (2009).The Routledge companion to strategic human resource management (Eds).Taylor &#038; Francis.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tTashakkori, A., &#038;Teddlie, C. (2003).Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research (Eds.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tTavakol, M., &#038;Dennick, R. (2011).Making sense of Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha.International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55.<br \/>\r\n[40]\tTruitt, D. L. (2011). The effect of training and development on employee attitude as it relates to training and work proficiency. SAGE Open, 1(3), 2158244011433338.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tYongbeom, H. (2007). Organisational performance, turnover, and human resource management: focusing on municipal police services. Unpublished dissertation for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in the Martin School of Public Policy and Administration.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tZhang, J. (2010). Employee orientation and performance: an exploration of the mediating role of customer orientation. Journal of business ethics, 91(1), 111-121.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8220;Establishing the Relationship Between Job Orientation and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.116-121 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/116-121.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/establishing-the-relationship-between-job-orientation-and-employee-performance-in-rwanda-nyagatare-district-local-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Establishing the Relationship Between Job Orientation and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4868740 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4868740\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48688fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48688fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4868bc3\" data-id=\"4868bc3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4868df4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4868df4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4868f4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4868f4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48692b4\" data-id=\"48692b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48694fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48694fe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48696f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48696f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486a987\" data-id=\"486a987\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486abe4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486abe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486ad4b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486ad4b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486b004\" data-id=\"486b004\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486b235 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486b235\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486b394 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486b394\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486b66a\" data-id=\"486b66a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486b8ab elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"486b8ab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Examining the Relationship between Training and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 122-127<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-486b9f0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"486b9f0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-486bce3\" data-id=\"486bce3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-486bf6e elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"486bf6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to establish the relationship between training and employee performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government. The researcher adopted a cross-sectional design using a sample of 131 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses.  It was established that training and performance positively significantly predicted employee performance. It was hence concluded that, receiving instructions on the job from their superiors, learning on the job under experts, further studies, mentoring, effective coaching sessions from superiors, refresher courses and receiving updated training significantly influenced employee performance. It was thus recommended that government agencies including local governments other organisations should prioritise giving of instructions on the job by superiors, having experts to train staff on the job and provide mentoring, effective coaching sessions, refresher courses and updated training for staff.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 122-127\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD) <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAigboduwa, J. 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Journal of business ethics, 91(1), 111-121.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent , &#8220;Examining the Relationship between Training and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.122-127 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/122-127.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/122-127.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/examining-the-relationship-between-training-and-employee-performance-in-rwanda-nyagatare-district-local-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Examining the Relationship between Training and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4870969 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4870969\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4870b1d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4870b1d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4870dfa\" data-id=\"4870dfa\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4871051 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4871051\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487119d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487119d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487146f\" data-id=\"487146f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48716a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48716a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48717dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48717dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4873605\" data-id=\"4873605\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48737ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48737ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Challenges Facing Learning at Rural Schools: A Review of Related Literature<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 128-132<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48738b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48738b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4873a71\" data-id=\"4873a71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4873bc8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4873bc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The standard of education at most rural schools worldwide has been reported as low, owing to the geography of the rural areas and the rural-based dynamics which conflicted with learning endeavours.The purpose of this study was to review literatures related to the challenges and difficulties that faced learning at rural schools, and explain the intensity to which these challenges influenced learning at rural schools. The aim was to make necessary recommendations on how the challenges can be dealt with so that they do not continue to deteriorate learning at rural schools. Different sources of literatures were reviewed, and data was analysed thematically and discussed within the context of learning at rural areas, which was the focus of the study.<br \/>\r\nThe study found out that learning at rural schools was characterised by numerous challenges. Impoverished and malnourished conditions of learners in rural environments were a result of poor families who were often unemployed and unable to provide basic necessities for their families.Malnourished learners failed to grasp the learning contents due to lack of concentration. In addition, minimum parental involvement in learning alongside low value attached to education by rural parents and guardians, resulted in low learners\u2019 enrolment and high drop-out rates among rural schools, which then compromised the quality of learning. The shortage of resources, as diverse as human resources, buildings and learning aids also compromised the quality of learning at rural schools. School authorities should implement the necessary measures to minimise the detrimental effects of these challenges on learning at rural schools, to enable learners to learn optimally with improved school performance.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 128-132\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elock Emvula Shikalepo<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nCentre for Open and Lifelong Learning, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p>[1]\tAdedeji, S.O. &#038;Bamidele, R.O. (2003).  Economic Impact of Tertiary Education on Human Capital Development in Nigeria. Selected papers for the 2002 Annual Conference: Nigerian Economic   Society (NES). Ibadan:Polygraphis Ventures Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAdedeji, S.O. &#038;Olaniyan, O. (2011). Improving the conditions of teachers and teaching in rural schools across African countries. Addis Ababa: UNESCO.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAziz, N. (2011). Retaining high quality teachers in rural primary schools in Malaysia. Harvard University: Harvard Graduate School of Education.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBauch, P.A. (2001). School-community partnership in rural schools: Leadership, renewal, and a sense of place. Peabody Journal of Education, 76(2):204-221.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBurnett, G. &#038; Lingam, G.I. (2007). Reflective teachers and teacher educators in the Pacific region: Conversations with us not about us. Review of Education, 53:303-321.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCarey, K. (2004). The real value of teachers: If good teachers matter, why don\u2019t we act like it? Thinking K-16, 8(1):1-43.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tCross, T.L. &#038; Burney, V.H. (2005). High-ability, rural and poor: Lessons from Project Aspire and implications for school counsellors. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16:148-156.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tDarling-Hammond, L. (2003). Keeping good teachers: Why it matters what leaders can do. Educational Leadership, 60(1):6-13.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEpply, K. (2009). Rural schools and the highly qualified teacher provision of No Child Left Behind: A critical policy analysis. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 24(4):1-11.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tFlora, C.B., Flora, J.L. &#038; Fey, S. (2003). Rural communities: Legacy and change (2nd Ed.). Boulder: Westview Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGandara, P., Gutierrez, D. &#038; O\u2019Hara, S. (2001). Planning for the future in rural and urban high schools. Journal of Education for Students Placed At-Risk, 6(1):73-93.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tHammer, P.C., Hughes, G., McClure, C., Reeves, C. &#038; Salgado, D. (2005). Rural teacher recruitment and retention practices: Areview of the research literature, national survey of rural superintendents,and case studies of programs in Virginia. Charleston: Edvantia.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tHanse-Himarwa, K.  2015. Minister probes college merger. The Namibian. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.namibian.com.na\/indexx.php?id=26361&#038;page_type=story_detail&#038;category_id=1   [Accessed on: 07 May 2015].<br \/>\r\n[14]\tHardre, P., Sullivan, D. &#038;Crowson, H. (2009). Student characteristics and motivation in rural high schools. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 24(16):1-16.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tHardre, P.L. &#038; Sullivan, D. (2008). Classroom environments and student differences: How they contribute to student motivation in rural high schools. Learning and Individual Differences, 18:471-485.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tHardre, P.L. (2008). Taking on the motivating challenge: Rural high school teachers\u2019 perceptions and practice. Teacher Education and Practice, 21(1):72-88.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tHowley, A, Rhodes, M. &#038; Beall, J. (2009). Challenges facing rural schools: Implications for gifted students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 32(4):515-536.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tIbadin, O.V. (2010). An analysis of teachers\u2019 utilisation in urban and rural secondary schools in mid-western states of Nigeria. European Journal of Educational Studies, 2(2):87-92.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tLegotlo, M.W. (2014). Challenges and Issues facing the Education System in South Africa. Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tLingam, G.I. (2012). Preparing teachers for rural schools: An empirical evidence from a Fiji case. Greener Journal of Educational Research, 2(2):1-12.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tLoeb, S., Darling-Hammond, L. &#038;Luczak, J. (2005). How teaching conditions predict teacher turnover in California schools. Peabody Journal of Education, 80(3):44-75.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tMilanowski, A.T., Longwell-Grice, H., Saffold, F., Jones, J., Schomisch, K. &#038; Odden, A. (2009). Recruiting new teachers to urban school districts: What incentives will work? International Journal of Education Policy and Leadership, 4(8):1-13.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tMonk, D.H. (2007). Recruiting and retaining high quality teachers in rural areas. The Future of Children, 17(1):155-174.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMulkeen, A. &#038; Chen, D. (2008). Teachers for rural schools: Experiences in Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania and Uganda. Herndon: World Bank Publications.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tNamwandi, D. (2014). Budget Motivation Speech for the 2014\/2015 Financial Year. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.moe.gov.na\/files\/downloads\/c1b_Budget%20Motivation%20Speech%20Ministry%20of%20Education%202014%20of%2013%20March%202014%20%283%29.pdf  [Accessed on: 06 September 2014].<br \/>\r\n[26]\tNANTU.  (2011). What we should take note of. Teach, 1(1):6.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tNarsey, W. (2004). Academic outcomes and resources for basic education in Fiji: Disparities by region, ethnicity, gender and economic background. Suva: Institute of Education.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tNcube, A.C. (2013). Barriers to learner achievement in rural secondary schools in developing countries: The case of rural Zimbabwe. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 5(1):1-5.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tPaul, C. (2005). A proposal to address the shortage of highly qualified mathematics teachers. Mathematics Teacher, 98:456-458.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tShadreck, M. (2012). Quality rural secondary school education in Zimbabwe: Challenges and remedies. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies (JETERAPS), 3(5):768-774.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tVan der Merwe, H.M. (2011). Education of quality to the poor. Koers, 76(4):771-787.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tVictorian Auditor-General\u2019s Report.  (2014). Access to education for rural students. Retrieved from:  http:\/\/www.audit.vic.gov.au\/publications\/20140403-Rural-Students\/20140403-Rural-Students.pdf  [Accessed on: 07 May 2015].<br \/>\r\n[33]\tWallin, D.C. (2009). Rural education: A review of provincial and territorial initiatives. Manitoba: University of Manitoba.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elock Emvula Shikalepo &#8220;Challenges Facing Learning at Rural Schools: A Review of Related Literature&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.128-132 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/128-132.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" 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data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4874fcc\" data-id=\"4874fcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48750e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48750e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4875182 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4875182\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48752db\" data-id=\"48752db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48753e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48753e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487548b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487548b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48755d8\" data-id=\"48755d8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48756ea elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48756ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of Environmental Social Responsibility on the Performance of Geothermal Development Company Limited in Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Rose Waithera Njau, Dr. Linda Kimencu- March 2020 Page No.: 133-136<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4875786 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4875786\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48758f6\" data-id=\"48758f6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4875a1d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4875a1d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Corporate Social Responsibility simply refers to how business organizations impact stakeholders\u2019 interest. Corporate Social Responsibility plays a vital role in organizational performance. The study investigated the effect of environmental social responsibility on the performance of geothermal development company limited in Kenya. Regarding statistical methods, the study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was 1081 employees of Geothermal Development Company as per Geothermal and 100 community representatives. The sample size constituted 100 participants whose selection was through stratified random sampling. Primary data was obtained by administering questionnaires to the participants. A pilot study was responsible for establishing the validity and reliability of the research instruments. The Cronbach\u2019s reliability coefficient of 0.07 and above was acceptable as appropriate for this study. The statistical package for social sciences version 20.0 was used in the analysis. Presentation of the findings was made use of tables, charts, curves and graphs. The study established that environmental social responsibility had a positive and significant influence on organizational performance. The study concluded that the adoption of corporate social responsibility practices improves the transparency of the operations of the company, ensures accountability and improves the profitability of the firm. The study recommended that the organizations must draw in everybody&#8217;s consideration and guarantee they comprehend why the organizations are doing this, what their jobs will be, and what the organizations need to accomplish.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 133-136\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Rose Waithera Njau<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Linda Kimencu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Business Administration, School of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAbuBakar, A. S., &#038; Ameer, R. (2015). Readability of corporate social responsibility \tcommunication in Malaysia. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental \tManagement, 18(1), 50 \u2013 60<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAhamed, W. S. W., Almsafir, M. K., &#038; Al-Smadi, A. W. (2014). Does corporate social \tresponsibility lead to improve in firm financial performance? Evidence from Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 6(3), 126 &#8211; 138.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAkgun, A. E., Heskin, H., &#038; Byrne, J. (2016). The moderating role of environmental \tdynamism between \ufb01rm emotional capability and performance. Journal of \tOrganizational Change Management, 21(2), 230 \u2013 232<br \/>\r\n[4]\tChebet, R. G., &#038; Muturi, W. (2018). Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility on \tOrganizational Performance: A Case of Sony and Chemelil Sugar Factories, Kenya. \tInternational Journal of Social Sciences and Information Technology, 4(2), 50 \u2013 62<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCohen, M., Cavazotte, F. Costa, T., &#038; Ferreira, K. (2017). Corporate social-\tenvironmental responsibility as an attraction and retention factor for young \tprofessionals. BBR. Brazilian Business Review, 14(1), 21-41<br \/>\r\n[6]\tDahlsrud, A. (2014). How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 \tdefinitions. Corporate social responsibility and environmental management, 15(1), 1-13<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDobers, P. (2015). Corporate social responsibility: management and methods. Corporate \tSocial Responsibility and Environmental Management, 16(4), 185-191<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFortes, H. (2015). The need for environmental reporting by companies. Greener \tManagement International, 40(1), 77-92<br \/>\r\n[9]\tGuthrie, J., &#038; Parker, L. D. (1989). Corporate social reporting: a rebuttal of legitimacy \ttheory. Accounting and business research, 19(76), 343-352<br \/>\r\n[10]\tHawrysz, L., &#038; Foltys, J. (2015). Environmental aspects of social responsibility of public \tsector organizations. Sustainable Business Models, 327<br \/>\r\n[11]\tKilong\u2019i, S. W. Ayora, J. M., &#038; Butali, P. (2019). Analysis of Corporate Social \tResponsibility on Organizational Performance of Water Bottling Companies in Garissa, \tKenya. International Journal of Strategic Management and Procurement, 1(1), 80 \u2013 87<br \/>\r\n[12]\tLodhia, S.; Jacobs, K.; Park, Y. J. Driving public sector environmental reporting. The \tdisclosure practices of Australian commonwealth departments. Pub. Manag. Rev. 2012, 14, 631\u2013647<br \/>\r\n[13]\tNana, D. B., &#038; Doris, A. K. (2016). The Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on \tOrganisational Performance: A Case Study of Vodafone Ghana Limited. European \tJournal of Business and Management, 8(2), 46- 57<br \/>\r\n[14]\tNasieku, T., Togun, O. R., &#038; Olubunmi, E. M. (2014). Corporate social responsibility \tand organizational performance: A theoretical review. International Journal of \tHumanities Social Sciences and Education, 1(12), 106-114<br \/>\r\n[15]\tOlowokudejo, F., Aduloju, S. A., &#038; Oke, S. A. (2011). Corporate social responsibility \tand organizational effectiveness of insurance companies in Nigeria. The Journal of Risk \tFinance, 4(1), 52 \u2013 63<br \/>\r\n[16]\tRashid, N. Rahman, N. I. A., &#038; Khalid, S. A. (2014). Environmental corporate social \tresponsibility (ECSR) as strategic marketing initiatives. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 130(0), 499-508<br \/>\r\n[17]\tVan der Laan, S. (2009). The Role of Theory in Explaining Motivation for Corporate \tSocial Disclosures. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 3(4), 15 \u2013 \t29<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Rose Waithera Njau, Dr. Linda Kimencu &#8220;Effect of Environmental Social Responsibility on the Performance of Geothermal Development Company Limited in Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.133-136 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/133-136.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-environmental-social-responsibility-on-the-performance-of-geothermal-development-company-limited-in-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of Environmental Social Responsibility on the Performance of Geothermal Development Company Limited in Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4876a7d elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4876a7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4876b68 elementor-section-boxed 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elementor-element-4876edc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4876edc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4877036\" data-id=\"4877036\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4877140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4877140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48771e7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48771e7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4877338\" data-id=\"4877338\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4877447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4877447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48774e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48774e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4877635\" data-id=\"4877635\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487773b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487773b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48777dc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48777dc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487793b\" data-id=\"487793b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4877a50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4877a50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Determining the Relationship between Performance Assessment and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 137-142<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4877aed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4877aed\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4877c69\" data-id=\"4877c69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4877db3 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4877db3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7591\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7591\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study sought to determine the relationship between performance assessment and employee performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare  District Local Government. The researcher adopted a cross-sectional design using a sample of 131 respondents. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analyses. It was established that performance assessment positively significantly predicted employee performance. It was hence concluded that performance assessment from colleagues and the public significantly influences employee performance. It was thus recommended that government agencies including local governments other organisations should promote performance assessment by colleagues and public as priorities in employee assessment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 137-142\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7592\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7592\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nKigali Independent University (ULK), Rwanda<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7593\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7593\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAigboduwa, J. 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New York, USA: John Wiley &#038; Sons<br \/>\r\n[36]\tSincero, S. M.2012, Personal Interview Survey. Available at: Explorable.com: http:\/\/explorable.com\/personal-interview-survey (Retrieved May 27, 2015).<br \/>\r\n[37]\tStorey, J., Wright, P. M., &#038; Ulrich, D. (2009).The Routledge companion to strategic human resource management (Eds).Taylor &#038; Francis.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tTashakkori, A., &#038;Teddlie, C. (2003).Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioural research (Eds.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<br \/>\r\n[39]\tTavakol, M., &#038;Dennick, R. (2011).Making sense of Cronbach&#8217;s Alpha.International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55.<br \/>\r\n[40]\tTruitt, D. L. (2011). The effect of training and development on employee attitude as it relates to training and work proficiency. SAGE Open, 1(3), 2158244011433338.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tYongbeom, H. (2007). Organisational performance, turnover, and human resource management: focusing on municipal police services. Unpublished dissertation for the award of Doctor of Philosophy in the Martin School of Public Policy and Administration.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tZhang, J. (2010). Employee orientation and performance: an exploration of the mediating role of customer orientation. Journal of business ethics, 91(1), 111-121.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7594\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7594\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Benard Nuwatuhaire (PhD), Uwimana Ndiyaye Innocent &#8220;Determining the Relationship between Performance Assessment and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.137-142 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/137-142.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7595\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7595\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/137-142.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7596\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7596\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/determining-the-relationship-between-performance-assessment-and-employee-performance-in-rwanda-nyagatare-district-local-government\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Determining the Relationship between Performance Assessment and Employee Performance in Rwanda, Nyagatare District Local Government<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4878bc7 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4878bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4878caf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4878caf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4878ff3\" data-id=\"4878ff3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487914d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487914d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48791fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48791fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487935d\" data-id=\"487935d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487946a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487946a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4879514 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4879514\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4879664\" data-id=\"4879664\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4879772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4879772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4879810 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4879810\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4879964\" data-id=\"4879964\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4879a6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4879a6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4879b10 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4879b10\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487aaf1\" data-id=\"487aaf1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487ac90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487ac90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Partisipative Leadership and Decision Making Style for Overcoming Children Addiction to Gadgets<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Elvira Putri Erlinda, Sowiyah, Riswanti Rini &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 143-148<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487ad57 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487ad57\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487af01\" data-id=\"487af01\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487b059 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"487b059\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Participative leadership aims to provide a balance between the involvement of superiors and subordinates in the process of giving information, making decision and solving problems. This paper aims to examine the implementation of participative leadership and decision-making styles to educate the use of gadgets in early childhood at one selected school in Lampung Province, Indonesia. This study used qualitative research method. Data verification and conclusion drawing. Results of the study show that the teacher as a facilitator and communicator should be able to facilitate conversations between teachers and parents, provide time at all times to discuss with parents, schedule monthly counseling. Thus, that parents can consult with teachers to improve children development, , actively ask questions to one another, exchange  and share ideas, and makedecisions and agreement regarding overcoming problems faced by children. After the decision and agreement are made between the teacher and the parent, they can mutually commit together to carry out the decision and agreement that have been made. The style of decision making applied is democratic. Engagement between teachers and parents is very important for the progress of children&#8217;s development. The results of this study recommend policy makers to hold seminars to educate parents and teachers about the impact of the use of gadgets in early childhood, and make a policy about limiting the use of gadgets in early childhood.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 143-148\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Elvira Putri Erlinda<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sowiyah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Riswanti Rini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFaculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amanchukwu, R. N., Stanley, G. J., &#038;Ololube, N. P. J. M. (2015). A Review of Leadership Theories, Principles and Styles and their relevance to educational management. 5(1), 6-14.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBrown, M., Owusu, A. A. J. I. J. o. L., Teaching, &#038; Research, E. (2014). Influence of Head teachers\u2019 Management Styles on Teacher Motivation in Selected Senior High Schools in the Sunyani Municipality of Ghana. 4(1).<br \/>\r\n[3]\tCatherine, O., Pandia, W. S. S., &#038; Pristinella, D. Exploring Parental Mediation of Elementary School-Aged Children\u2019s Gadget Use. Paper presented at the International Conference on Psychology and Multiculturalism 2017.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDahar, M. A., Faize, F. A., Niwaz, A., Hussain, M. A., &#038; Zaman, A. J. I. J. o. A. R. (2010). Relationship Between the Leadership Styles and Academic Achievement at the Secondary Stage in Punjab (PSakistan). 2(6).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDolatabadi, H. R., &#038; Safa, M. J. I. B. o. B. A. (2010). 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Adolescent Lifestyle of Gadget Users in Kudus City. 7(1), 52-60.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tRolkov\u00e1, M., Farka\u0161ov\u00e1, V. J. P. e., &#038; finance. (2015). The features of participative management style. 23, 1383-1387.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tSaroinsong, W. P. J. J. T. (2016). Gadget Usage Inhibited Interpersonal Intelligence of Children on Ages 6-8 Years Old. 1(4).<br \/>\r\n[26]\tSigdel, S. (2017). Technology and Learning Capacity of Children: A Positive Impact of Technology in Early Childhood.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tSmahelova, M., Juhov\u00e1, D., Cermak, I., &#038; Smahel, D. J. C. J. o. P. R. o. C. (2017). Mediation of young children\u2019s digital technology use: The parents\u2019 perspective. 11(3).<br \/>\r\n[28]\tStefanovska-Petkovska, M., Bojadziev, M., &#038; Stefanovska, V. V. (2014). The role of participatory management in fostering job satisfaction among public administration employees. Retrieved from<br \/>\r\n[29]\tStefanovska-Petkovska, M., Bojad\u017eijev, M., &#038; Mucunski, Z. J. S. J. o. M. (2015). Does participative management produce satisfied employees?: Evidence from the automotive industry. 10(1), 75-88.<br \/>\r\n[30]\tSuhana, M. (2017). Influence of Gadget Usage on Children&#8217;s Social-Emotional Development. Paper presented at the International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2017).<br \/>\r\n[31]\tTsien, T. B., &#038; Tsui, M. s. J. S. W. E. (2007). A participative learning and teaching model: The partnership of students and teachers in practice teaching. 26(4), 348-358.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tWafula, W. P. Participative Leadership Characteristics Associated With Head Teachers In Primary Schools In Kitale Town, Kenya.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Elvira Putri Erlinda, Sowiyah, Riswanti Rini &#8220;Partisipative Leadership and Decision Making Style for Overcoming Children Addiction to Gadgets&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.143-148 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/143-148.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/143-148.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/partisipative-leadership-and-decision-making-style-for-overcoming-children-addiction-to-gadgets\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Partisipative Leadership and Decision Making Style for Overcoming Children Addiction to Gadgets<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487bf5f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"487bf5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487c04c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487c04c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487c1bd\" data-id=\"487c1bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487c2e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487c2e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487c384 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487c384\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487c4db\" data-id=\"487c4db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487c5ed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487c5ed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487c68d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487c68d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487c815\" data-id=\"487c815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487c930 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487c930\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487c9db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487c9db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487cb42\" data-id=\"487cb42\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487cc69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487cc69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487cd0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487cd0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487ce86\" data-id=\"487ce86\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487cfad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487cfad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding the Correlation between Organizational Image and Performances of Government Higher Institutions in Nigeria. A Study of Selected Higher Institutions in Niger Delta<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Epelle, E.  Sopirinye, Ibitayo Catherine, Chukwuka, G. Ifeoma &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 149-155<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487d05f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487d05f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487d1eb\" data-id=\"487d1eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487d320 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"487d320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the relationship between organizational image and performances of government higher institutions in Nigeria. A study of selected higher institutions in Niger delta region .The study made use of a structured questionnaire to obtain data from 222 employees of the selected tertiary institution in Niger delta region. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was used for data analysis. The study also made use of description analysis to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents while Pearson Moment Coefficient was used to analyze the hypotheses earlier stated. The result of the study indicates that organizational image has significant effect on institutional performances sustainability and survival in government higher institutions in Nigeria. The four dependent measures (performance, excellence, competitive advantage and global perception) were found to be influenced by organizational image. Institutions can be sustained and survive economically, socially and environmentally by ensuring they top prioritize good image both internally and externally  and integrate it into organizational policy and mission.<br \/>\r\nThe study concludes that that concludes that organizational image maintenance is an absolute factor that can be used by management to ensure sustainability and survival in their business operations as this, has the capacity to control, influence, and impact and affect organizational performance survival and sustainability. The study recommended among others that institutions should constantly evaluate their performance from the stakeholder\u2019s point of view<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 149-155\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 29 March 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Petroleum Marketing and Business Studies, Federal Polytechnic of Oil And Gas Bonny, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Epelle, E.  Sopirinye<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nStudent, Department of Management, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rumuolumini, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ibitayo Catherine<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnic of Oil And Gas Bonny, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chukwuka, G. Ifeoma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Mathematics, Federal Polytechnic of Oil and Gas Bonny, Rivers State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdeyemo, D. A. (2001).Teachers\u2019 job satisfaction, job involvement, career and organizational commitments as correlates of student-academic performance. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology, 6 (2), 126\u2013135.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAswini, K. (2013), Competitive Advantage: Its Importance and Impact on Design of Strategy, International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management, 12, (2), 7-19.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBalmer, J.M. (2001), \u201cOperationalising the Concept of Corporate Identity: Articulating The Corporate Identity Mix and the Corporate Identity Management Mix, Working Paper, University of St rathclyde International Centre for Corporate Identity Studies, Glasgow.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBriukhanov, V., Kiselev, V., Timchenko, N., &#038; Vdovin, V. (2010). Monitoring the opinions of parents of college students as a component of the institution\u2019s In-house education quality management system. Russian Education &#038; Society, 52(5), 79\u201388.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDeephouse, D . L .( 2000 ) \u201e Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories \u201f , Journal of Management, 26, (6) , 1091 \u2013 1112 .<br \/>\r\n[6]\tK\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, S. M. Yal\u00e7\u0131n, A.M. &#038;\u00c7obano\u011flu, E., (2008). Kurum \u0130maj\u0131 Olu\u015fumu ve \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc. \u0130stanbul: Beta Bas\u0131m Medya.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tLandrum,R.E.,Turrisi,R. &#038; Harless,C.(1998),`University image:Thebene\u00aetsof assessment and modeling&#8217;, Journal of Marketing for Higher Education, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 53-68.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tMohammed, R. and Shahid, B (2014), Representing a Model about the Effective Factors on Corporate Image, European Journal of Business and Management, 7 ,(6), 33-45.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tPorter, M. (1985), Competitive advantage. Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance,New York: Free Press, New York.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tRobert, G. (2002) Strategic development and SWOT analysis at the University of Warwick, European journal of Operational Research, 3,(4), 631-640<br \/>\r\n[11]\tVirvilaite, R. and U. Daubaraite, 2011. Corporate social responsibility in forming corporate image. Engineering Economics, 22,(5), 534-543.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tWang, H.-L. (2014), \u201cTheories for competitive advantage\u201d, in: Hasan, H. (Ed.), Being Practical with Theory: A Window into Business Research, Wollongong, Australia: THEORI, Australia, pp. 33 \u2013 43.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tHuff, A. S., Floyd, S. W., Sherman, H. D., Terjesen, S. (2009), Strategic Management. Logic and Action, John Wiley &#038; Sons, New York.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tOsiki, J. O. (2001). Effects of remedial training programme on the management of learning acquisition defectiveness and poor study habits problems of selected subjects in a community grammar school. Nigerian Journal of Applied Psychology, 6 (2) 107 \u2013115.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Epelle, E.  Sopirinye, Ibitayo Catherine, Chukwuka, G. Ifeoma &#8220;Understanding the Correlation between Organizational Image and Performances of Government Higher Institutions in Nigeria. A Study of Selected Higher Institutions in Niger Delta&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.149-155 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/149-155.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/149-155.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-the-correlation-between-organizational-image-and-performances-of-government-higher-institutions-in-nigeria-a-study-of-selected-higher-institutions-in-niger-delta\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding the Correlation between Organizational Image and Performances of Government Higher Institutions in Nigeria. A Study of Selected Higher Institutions in Niger Delta<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487e3d8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"487e3d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487e817 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487e817\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487e96b\" data-id=\"487e96b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487ea76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487ea76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487eb1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487eb1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487ec6a\" data-id=\"487ec6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487ed84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487ed84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487ee23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487ee23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487ef7d\" data-id=\"487ef7d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487f086 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487f086\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487f12b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487f12b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487f32b\" data-id=\"487f32b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487f453 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487f453\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487f4fd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487f4fd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487f665\" data-id=\"487f665\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487f784 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487f784\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effect of 5Es Constructivist Instructional Approach on Male and Female Students\u2019 Achievement and Retention in Chemistry in Benue State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Aondohemba John GARBA &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 156-162<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-487f821 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"487f821\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-487f99c\" data-id=\"487f99c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487fad5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"487fad5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study investigated the effect of 5Es constructivist instructional approach   on senior secondary students\u2019 achievement and retention in chemistry in Benue State, Nigeria. Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The quasi experimental design was used for the study. A sample of 132 senior secondary two students from six secondary schools was selected using purposive and random sampling techniques.  Two instruments, Chemistry Achievement Test (CAT) and Chemistry Retention Test (CRT) were developed by the researcher. The instruments were validated by five experts.  Upon successful validation, the instruments were trial-tested in a pilot study. Kuder-Richardson (K-R21) formula was used to find the reliability coefficient of the CAT which was found to be 0.71. Data were collected at various intervals using the CAT and CRT.  The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviations to answer the research questions while analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used in testing the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant difference in the mean achievement scores of male and female students taught Chemistry using constructivist instructional strategy. In terms of retention there is a significant difference in the mean retention scores of male and female students with female students having the highest mean retention scores. It is concluded in this study that the use of constructivist instructional strategy enhance students\u2019 achievement and retention in Chemistry. It was recommended that Chemistry teachers should use constructivist instructional strategy which provides students opportunity to interact with materials, teachers and peers.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 156-162\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April  2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Aondohemba John GARBA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, Federal University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdagba, M. M. (2013). Comparative effects of laboratory and discussion \tmethods on senior secondary two students\u2019 achievement in chemistry. \tM.Ed \tDissertation of the Benue State University, Makurdi.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAgogo, P. O.  &#038;  Naakaa, D. A. (2014). effects of 5es constructivist \tinstructional strategy on students\u2019 interest in senior secondary genetics in \tgwer local \tgovernment area, Benue state, Nigeria. Global Journal of \tEnvironmental Science and Technology, 1(2) 015-019.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAguele, G. A. &#038; Agwuga M. O. (2007). Effect of cooperative learning \tteaching strategy on the reduction of students\u2019 anxiety for \tlearning chemistry. Journal of Turkish Science Education 7 (1). \tRetrieved on 23\/4\/2013 from http:\/\/www.tused.org.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tAkem, J. A.  (2007). Research and statistics for higher education. Makurdi: \tDestiny Ventures.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tAlbert, H.G. (2000). Methods enhancing children interest and mastery \torientation. Learning of Individual Differences, 25, 171 \u2013 177.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tAmeh, O. C. &#038; Dantani, M.G.(2012). Effect of small group instructional \ttechniques \ton chemistry achievement of SSS slow learners.  Amadu \tBello University Journal of Science, 2 (2), 23-28.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAngo,  M.  L.  (2002). Mastery of science process skills and their effective use in the teaching of science: An educology of science education in the Nigerian context.International Journal of Educology,16(1), 12-30.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tAusubel, D. P. (1968).  Educational Psychology. A Cognitive View. New York: Holt Rinehart and Winston.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBruner, J. (1966). Stages of representation. Retrieved on 23\/4\/2014 from http\/\/:www.youtube.com\/watch\/edu\/brunertheory.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tChianson, M. M., Kurumeh, M. S., &#038; Obida, J. A. (2010). Effect of cooperative learning strategy on students\u2019 retention in circle geometry in secondary \tschools in Benue State, Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and \tIndustrial Research, 2(1), 33-36.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tEzenwa, G. N. (2003). The relative effect of meta-cognitive strategy of framing on \tstudents\u2019 achievements in selected difficult chemistry concepts. Journal of \tthe Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 37(1&#038;2), 20-28.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tHassard, G. W. (2006). Constructivist model for learning. Retrieved on \t20\/\u201904\/2013\tfrom http:\/\/www.ncrel.org\/sdrs\/areas.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tIgboko, K. O., &#038; Ibeneme, O. T. (2006). Effects of some cognitive constructivist instructional approaches on students achievement and \tretention in the study \tof introductory technology in Nigeria.  \tJournal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria.41, (1&#038; 2), 43-47.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tLonge, C. N., &#038; Adedeji, M. O. (2003). Effect of cooperative learning \tteaching strategy on the reduction of students\u2019 anxiety for learning \tchemistry. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 7 (1), 41-45.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tMadu B. C. &#038; Ezeamagu, M. U. (2013). Effect of constructivist based \tapproach \t(5es) on the pupils\u2019 achievement in primary mathematics \tin \tEnugu state, Nigeria. International Journal of Educational Science \tand Research 2(1) 23-31.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMari, J. S. (2002). Gender related difference in acquisition of formal \treasoning \tschemata: Pedagogic implication of teaching chemistry \tusing process-\tbased approach. Journal of the Science Teachers \tAssociation of Nigeri,\t37(1&#038;2), 76-81.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOgbu, J. E. (2011). Effect of investigative application of interaction pattern on cognitive achievement in basic electricity. Journal of Science Teachers Association of Nigeria, 46(1), 73-77.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tOkebukola, P. A. (2006). Students performance in practical chemistry; A study \tof some factors related factors. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, \t24 (2),119-216.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tOrtese, P. T., Yawe, A., &#038; Akume, G. T. (2005). Psychology of learning.Makurdi: \tDanat Production.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tSamba, R. M. O. &#038; Eriba, J. O. (Eds.) (2012). Innovative approaches in teaching difficult science concepts. Makurdi: Destiny Ventures.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tSara, B. (2003). The constructivist learning model towards real reform in \tscience education. Retrieved on 20\/\u201904\/2013 from http\/\/.www.collegetermpapers.com.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tTsoho, L. T. W. (2010). Effects of problem solving and student centered teaching strategies on students\u2019geometry performance and retention in junior secondary schools in Kano State. An Unpublished M.Ed. Dissertation of the Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tUwague and Ojebah (2008). Chemistry education: A scientific approach for national development. Proceeding of the 31st annual interactional conference and exhibition of chemical society of Nigeria, 653-656.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tVygotsky, L. S. (1924). Methodology of reflexological and psychological research.Retrieved on 20\/04\/2013 from http:\/\/www.kolar.org\/vygotsky.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tWest African Examination Council (2007-2011). Chief Examiner Report in \tthe May\/June Ordinary level SSSCE.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tWoolfolk, A. (2008).Educational psychology (9th ed.). Delhi: Pearson \tEducation.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Aondohemba John GARBA &#8220;Effect of 5Es Constructivist Instructional Approach on Male and Female Students\u2019 Achievement and Retention in Chemistry in Benue State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.156-162 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/156-162.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/156-162.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effect-of-5es-constructivist-instructional-approach-on-male-and-female-students-achievement-and-retention-in-chemistry-in-benue-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effect of 5Es Constructivist Instructional Approach on Male and Female Students\u2019 Achievement and Retention in Chemistry in Benue State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4880b5d 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elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4880c52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4880dd2\" data-id=\"4880dd2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4880f01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4880f01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4880fa5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4880fa5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48810fc\" data-id=\"48810fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488120d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488120d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48812ab elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48812ab\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48813f8\" data-id=\"48813f8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4881501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4881501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488159c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488159c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48816ee\" data-id=\"48816ee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48817fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48817fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4881899 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4881899\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48819e0\" data-id=\"48819e0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4881ae4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4881ae4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4881b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4881b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4881ceb\" data-id=\"4881ceb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4881e17 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4881e17\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Improving Upon the Teaching of Addition of   Two \u2013 Three Digit Numbers in Basic Three Using Multi-Base Blocks (Dienes Blocks)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Adu-Poku. Federick and Osei Yaw &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 163-169<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4881ebc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4881ebc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4882044\" data-id=\"4882044\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4882189 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4882189\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study examined the causes of pupils\u2019 difficulties in solving problem involving two \u2013 three digit numbers involving addition in basic three class and its implication on teaching and learning of mathematics. The action research design was adopted since it was a classroom problem and need immediate attention. The population consisted of Basic school pupils. In all, twenty-seven (27) pupils consisting of thirteen (13) girls and fourteen (14) boys were purposively selected for the study. Test and interview were used to collect data. The findings revealed that lack of interest by pupils, knowledge of subject matter by teachers, pupils\u2019 readiness and others affect pupils\u2019 performance. The researchers concluded that Multi- base Blocks is effective in enhancing pupils\u2019 interest in the subject. It is recommended that mathematics teachers should use appropriate teaching resources in teaching the topic. This will enhance pupils understanding of concepts and make teaching and learning more practicable.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 163-169\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April  2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adu-Poku. Federick<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMathematics Tutor, Mathematics and ICT Education Department, St. Louis College of Education, Kumasi<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Osei Yaw<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMathematics Tutor and Development Studies Practitioner, Mathematics and ICT Education Department, Tamale College of Education, Tamale, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAlthouse, R. (1994). Investigating mathematics with young children. New York: Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAnderson, S.E . (1990) World math curriculum:Eurocentrism in mathematics. The Journal for Negro Education, 59(3), pp. 348  \u2013359<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAustralian Association of Mathematics Teachers. (2006). Standards for excellence in teaching Mathematics in Australian schools. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.aamt.edu.au\/content\/download\/499\/2265\/file\/standxtm.pdf<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBall, D.L. (1993). With an eye on the mathematical horizon: Dilemmas of teaching elementary school mathematics. Elementary School Journal9, p. 373-397.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBransford, J. D., Brown, A. L., &#038; Cocking, R. R. (2000). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tBooker, G., Bond, D., &#038; Sparrow, L. (2004). Teaching Primary Mathematics. Malaysia: Pearson Education Australia.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tBruner, J. S. (1973). Going beyond the information given. New York: Norton.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBruner, J. S. (1966). Toward a theory of instruction. MA: Harvard University Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tBrownell, W. A. (1935). Psychological considerations in the learning and teaching of arithmetic.  In W. D. Reeve (Ed.), The teaching of arithmetic. 10th Yearbook of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (pp. 1-33). New York: Teachers College Press.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tBrownell, W. A. (1940). Borrowing in subtraction. Journal of Educational Research, 33, 415-424.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tCarroll, J. B. (1962). The prediction of success in intensive foreign language training. In R. Glaser (Ed.), Training research and education (pp. 87-136). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. (ERIC Document ED 038 051)<br \/>\r\n[12]\tChapin, S.H., &#038; Johnson, A. (2000). Math Matters: Understanding the Math You Teach. USA: Math Solutions Publications.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tCobb, P., Wood, T., Yackel, E., Nicholls, J., Wheatley, G., Trigatti, B., &#038;Perlwitz, M. (1991). Assessment of a problem-centered second-grade mathematics project. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 22, 3-29.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tCockcroft, W.H  . (Chair) (1982)Mathematics Counts(London, Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office).6<br \/>\r\n[15]\tCostello, J. (1991), Teaching and Learning Mathematics. pp. 11-16. London: Routledge.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tDienes, Z. P. (1971). Building up mathematics. 4th Ed. London: Hutchinson Educational LTD.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tDienes, Z. P., (1973). The Six Stages in the Process of Learning Mathematics. NFER Publishing  Company Ltd., Windsor, Berks.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tDutton, W.H., &#038; Dutton, A. (1991). Mathematics children use and understand. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tElisa Cargnelutti, Carlo Tomasetto&#038; Maria Chiara Passolunghi (2017). How is anxiety related \tto math performance in young students? 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Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tRobert Asafo-Adjei (2001), Teaching Basic Mathematics for Colleges of Education. Accra \u2013 Ghana: University Press.<br \/>\r\n[42]\tRosebery, A.S., Warren, B., &#038; Conant, F.R. (1992). Appropriating scientific discourse: Findings from language minority classrooms. The Journal of the Learning Sciences 2(1), 61-94.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tSchoenfeld, A. H. (1988). When good teaching leads to bad results: The disasters of well taught mathematics classes. Educational Psychologist, 23(2), 145-166.<br \/>\r\n[44]\tSelling, Sarah Kate; Garcia, Nicole; and Ball, Deborah L. (2016). &#8220;What Does it Take to \tDevelop Assessments of Mathematical Knowledge for Teaching?: Unpacking the Mathematical Work of Teaching,&#8221;The Mathematics Enthusiast: Vol. 13 : No. 1 , Article 4.<br \/>\r\n[45]\tShulman, L. S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4\u201314.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tSiegel, M.   &#038;Borasi, R. (1994) Demystifying mathematics education through inquiry, in: P.Ernest(Ed.)Constructing Mathematical Knowledge: epistemology and mathematics education,pp. 201 \u2013214 (London, Falmer Press).<br \/>\r\n[47]\tSilver, E. A., &#038; Stein, M. K. (1996). The QUASAR Project: The \u2018revolution of the possible\u2019 in mathematics instructional reform in urban middle schools. Urban Education, 30(4), 476-521.<br \/>\r\n[48]\tSilver, E. A., Shapiro, L. J., &#038; Deutsch, A. (1993). Sense-making and the solution of division problems involving remainders: An examination of middle school students\u2019 solution processes and their interpretations of solutions. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 24, 117-135.<br \/>\r\n[49]\tSkemp, R. (1976). Relational understanding and instrumental understanding. Mathematics Teaching, 77(December), 20-26.<br \/>\r\n[50]\tSriraman, Bharath and English, Lyn D. (2005). On the teaching and learning of Dienes\u2019 \tprinciples. International Reviews in Mathematics Education (ZDM) 37(3):258-262.<br \/>\r\n[51]\tStanford, B. H. (2001). Reflections of resilient: Persevering urban teachers. Teacher Education Quarterly, 28, 75-87.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adu-Poku. Federick and Osei Yaw &#8220;Improving Upon the Teaching of Addition of   Two \u2013 Three Digit Numbers in Basic Three Using Multi-Base Blocks (Dienes Blocks)&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.163-169 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/163-169.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/163-169.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/improving-upon-the-teaching-of-addition-of-two-three-digit-numbers-in-basic-three-using-multi-base-blocks-dienes-blocks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Improving Upon the Teaching of Addition of   Two \u2013 Three Digit Numbers in Basic Three Using Multi-Base Blocks (Dienes Blocks)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488346c elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"488346c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4883b14 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4883b14\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4883bb6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4883bb6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element 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elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488400c\" data-id=\"488400c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488411d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488411d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48841ba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48841ba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4884321\" data-id=\"4884321\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488442c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488442c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of the Cause Dropping Out School Children at The Primary School Age at Marga Kaya Village<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Putri Chairia, Risma. M. Sinaga, Erlina Rufaidah &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 170-173<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48844e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48844e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488464b\" data-id=\"488464b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4884775 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4884775\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Education in Indonesia is the main element to develop Indonesian people.  One of Education problem that happens in Indonesia is there are many children in primary school age who drop out of school. We can find it in Marga Kaya Village, Jati Agung sub-district. In this village, there are many  children who drop out of primary school age. The objective of this research is to find out and analyze the causes of dropping out primary school age children, in Marga Kaya Village, Jati Agung District. This research is a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation and data analysis used in this study is a descriptive analysis of the percentage. The research subjects were 30 children who had dropped out of school in Marga Kaya Village. The results showed that  there were several factors that made many school age children dropped out of school, (1) internal factors those were low interest and children&#8217;s willingness to go to school and schools were unattractive, (2) external factors those were low family income, parents\u2019 background education, socio- cultural factors and environment.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 170-173\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April  2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Putri Chairia<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Risma. M. Sinaga<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Erlina Rufaidah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tKurniasih Imas, Berlin Sani . 2014. Sukses Mengimplementasi Kurikulum 2013. Jakarta: Kata Pena.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tSurakhmadWinarno. (2003). Mengurai Benang Kusut Pendidikan. Pustaka Pelajar. Jakarta<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBadan Pusat Ststistik. (2017, Juni 06)<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMudyahardjo, Redja, Filsafat Ilmu Pendidikan; Suatu Pengantar, Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya, 2001.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCreswell, J.W. 2010. Research design: pendekatan kualitatif, kuantitatif, dan Mixed. Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tSugiyono, 2011, Metode Penelitian Kombinasi (Mixed Methods), Bandung, CV. Alfabeta. Hal 397  .<br \/>\r\n[7]\tNgaisah, Siti. 1999. Beberapa Faktor Penyebab Banyaknya Lulusan SD yang Tidak Melanjutkan ke SLTP Bagi Penduduk Desa Menjer\u2019. Semarang : IKIP. Diakses 22 Januari 2019 Pukul 22:15 wib.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tNopembri, Gigih. 2007. Faktor Penghambat Pelaksanaan Program Wajib Belajar 9Tahun bagi Anak Usia Sekolah di Desa Sendang Kecamatan Wonogiri Kabupaten Wonogiri\u2019 Semarang : UNNESDiakses 17 April 2019 Pukul 17:00 wib.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tDaulay A Murni . 2009. Kemiskinan Pedesaan. USU Press. Medan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Putri Chairia, Risma. M. Sinaga, Erlina Rufaidah &#8220;Analysis of the Cause Dropping Out School Children at The Primary School Age at Marga Kaya Village&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.170-173 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/170-173.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/170-173.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-the-cause-dropping-out-school-children-at-the-primary-school-age-at-marga-kaya-village\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of the Cause Dropping Out School Children at The Primary School Age at Marga Kaya Village<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48857fc elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48857fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4885cad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4885cad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4885f8c\" data-id=\"4885f8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48861d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48861d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4886329 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4886329\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48865eb\" data-id=\"48865eb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48870a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48870a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4887232 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4887232\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4887524\" data-id=\"4887524\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488775e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488775e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Shaping of Children\u2019s Literacy: The Case of Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan, Malang, Indonesia<br \/>\r\n<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Astrida Fitri Nuryani, I Wayan Suyadnya &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 174-178<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48878cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48878cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4887bee\" data-id=\"4887bee\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4887e37 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4887e37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">In this paper we attempt to describe our efforts towards countering literacy by a community project in one of tourism yet marginalized areas in Malang, Indonesia. The area in question is Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan. Indonesia is currently classified as low in the culture of interest in reading, this is evidenced by Indonesia&#8217;s position which is ranked second with the index of 0.001 out of 61 countries in the culture of reading interest (Puspita &#038; Irwansyah, 2018). Based on the survey, the lack of interest in reading in Indonesia as a result of Indonesian culture that prefers listening and oral culture and with its presence the internet becomes an additional challenge in the culture of reading interest. The lack of a culture of reading interest can have an impact on various factors, one of which is illiteracy. One of the causes the decline in interest in reading is derived from internal factors and also external factors where the person lives. Based on the data our main urgency is to overcome illiteracy for children in marginalized areas, beginning with Jodipan. Our goal to overcome this begins with overcoming illiteracy in the Jodipan area starting with children from the age of 6-10 years old, expecting that it would bring benefits in the form of increased human resources capacity for the people of Jodipan, so that it would also affects the economic conditions of the local community.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 174-178\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Astrida Fitri Nuryani<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>I Wayan Suyadnya<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">References are not available<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Astrida Fitri Nuryani, I Wayan Suyadnya &#8220;The Shaping of Children\u2019s Literacy: The Case of Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan, Malang, Indonesia?&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.174-178 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/174-178.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/174-178.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/is-media-a-tool-for-propaganda-or-tool-for-information\/ target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Shaping of Children\u2019s Literacy: The Case of Kampung Warna-Warni Jodipan, Malang, Indonesia?<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488a085 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"488a085\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488a22a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488a22a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488a4fe\" data-id=\"488a4fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488a724 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488a724\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488a801 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488a801\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488a97e\" data-id=\"488a97e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488aaa9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488aaa9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488ab52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488ab52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488acd1\" data-id=\"488acd1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488ae0b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488ae0b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The British Education System and the Cultural Dilemma: in the light of the Depiction in Early Sinhala Fictions (1866-1906)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ariyaratne Manoj &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 179-189<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488aec7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488aec7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488b059\" data-id=\"488b059\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488b19d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"488b19d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">A fiction or a novel as of its particularity in time and place owes a considerable allegiance to social reporting and social history. This research article will attempt therefore to discuss the British education system, its influence on early Sinhala fiction writers that typing the cultural dilemma of English educated Sri Lankans who increasingly felt that within the very education that they had so perseveringly and admiringly perused, lay hidden the spiritual and cultural disintegration. This spiritual dilemma was obvious in Sri Lankan context where Conqueror\u2019s language (English) enthroned by law as the official language, the most important medium of instruction in school. This covers the period of writing as many major Sinhala fiction writers like Lindamulage Isac de Silva, Rev. H. Kannangara and Piyad\u0101sa Siris\u0113na have published their fictions as a way of propagation of Traditional Sinhala Buddhist culture and the newly introduced Western culture along with Christianity. These fictions with considerable allegiance to social reporting and social history have depicted the cultural dilemma of the contemporary Sri Lankan society particularly as a result of the replacement of the traditional temple education prevailed in Sri Lanka by British education system. This paper will deliberate the British education System, its influence on early Sinhala fiction writers. For this qualitative research documented data were collected referring to education reports such as Morgan education report, books, magazine original fictions and web based resources. The conclusion is that the British education system and the Sinhala fiction has the similar aim of propagating culture which has resulted the internal dilemma of the society being between two cultures; traditional Sinhala Buddhist culture and that of Western. While propagating their culture the early Sinhala fiction writers subject to this research have made an effort to depict the cultural dilemma through their characters.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 179-189\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 01 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ariyaratne Manoj <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tFairchild H.P. ., (ed), Dictionary of Sociology and Related Terms. Totowa, NJ Littlefeild, Adams 1967, P.80.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tibid P.80.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tKottak C.P. Cultural Anthropology (4thed) New York, 1987, P.35.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMeddegama, U.P. The Language of Sinhalese Fiction (1860-1970), Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the University of London, 1973, p.89<br \/>\r\n[5]\tMalalgoda.Kitsiri, The Buddhist &#8211; Christian Confrontation in Sri Lanka, 1800-1880, Studies in Society and Culture, 85, Word Place, Colombo, 1994, p2.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tMendis,G.C.(ed), Colebrook-Cameron Papers,Oxford University Press, 1956,p.77.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tRuberu, Ranjith, T,\u201dEarly British education activities\u201d, Education in  Ceylon, A centenary Vol,Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, Colombo, p.360.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tibid p.360.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tC.O, 54, 1 letter of North to Court of Directors, East India Company, 5. Oct.1799, quoted by Raberu, Ranjith, T,\u201dEarly British education activities,Education in Ceylon,A Centenary Voll, p.361.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tIbid.p.361.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tIbid.p.363.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tIbid. p.363.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tWickramaratne,Ananda, The Roots of Nationalism, Sri Lanka Theology Department, Loyola University, Chicago, U.S.A. ,1995.p6.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tRev. Roland, W.E. Annual letter, Nuwara-Eliya, 15.Dec.1880, C.M.S. Archives quoted by Wickramaratne in \u201cThe Roots of Nationalism, pp.6-7.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tC.C.Fenn to G.T Flemming, 8July 1880, C.M.S Achieves quoted by Wickramaratne.Ananda.Op.cit.P.6.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tMendis, G.C.,(ED) The Colebrooke-Cameron papers, vol.1, Oxford University Press, 1956,P.71.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tRuberu,Ranjith, T, \u201cSchool Commission of Ceylon\u201d 1834-1867, University of Ceylon Review,Oct.1962.p.244.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tReport of the Legislative Linguistic Council sub-committee on education, p.349 quoted by Wickramaratne, Ananda ibid. and p.85.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tSarathchandra, Wickramasuriya, \u201cEnglish Education and the Estranged intellectual in Colonial Sri Lanka\u201d The Sri Lankan Journal of Humanities, vol.4, University of Sri Lanka,  Peradeniya Campus 1978, P3\u2019<br \/>\r\n[20]\tWickramasuriya, Sarachchandra, op.cit.p5.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tGuruge,Ananda,(ed) Return to Righteousness, Government Press,Colombo,1965,p.697.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tIbid. p 684.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tIbid. p 689.<br \/>\r\n[24]\tGuruge, Ananda, (ed) Return to Righteousness, Government Press, Colombo, 1965, p.683.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tibid. p.689.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tMalalgoda, Kithsiri, op.cit, p.234.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tMalalgoda, Kithsiri. op.cit, p.234.<br \/>\r\n[28]\tibid, p.234.<br \/>\r\n[29]\tP.B.J. Hewawasam, \u201cWhere the Buddhist Pioneers?\u201d Ceylon Daily News, 3, Sep.1969<br \/>\r\n[30]\tMalalgoda, Kithsiri, op.cit, p235.<br \/>\r\n[31]\tibid, p.236.<br \/>\r\n[32]\tibid, p.236.<br \/>\r\n[33]\tIbid.237.<br \/>\r\n[34]\tRatanas\u0101ra.H\u00e4v\u00e4npola ,brit\u0101nyapratipattibudusamah\u0101piriven adhy\u0101panaya.1815-1865 Kelaniya.P. 1970.<br \/>\r\n[35]\tWard, W.E.F. Fraser of Trinity and Achimota, Gahana University press, 1965, pp.53-54.<br \/>\r\n[36]\tibid, pp.54-55.<br \/>\r\n[37]\tFarmer, B.H. Ceylon, A divided Nation, Oxford University Press, 1963, p.51.<br \/>\r\n[38]\tSarathchandra, Wickramas\u016briya, \u201cEnglish education and the Estranged intellectuals in colonial Sri Lanka\u201d, op.cit.p.5.<br \/>\r\n[39]\t The Introduction of SidathSangarawa,(ed. James de Alwis, 1852. ccxiviii.<br \/>\r\n[40]\tSarathchandra, E.R. The Sinhalese Novel, M.D. Gunasena Co. Ltd. Colombo, 1950.79.<br \/>\r\n[41]\tWickramasuriya,B.S.S.A. op.cit, p.230.<br \/>\r\n[42]\t\u00fal%uiQ\u00dfhir;apka\u00f8,isxy, kjl;df\u00f5ke.Su, m%\u00a7m m%ldYlfhda. fld T,32 msgqj.<br \/>\r\n[43]\tWickramasuriya , B.S.S.A. op.cit, p.232.<br \/>\r\n[44]\tJayawardene,Kumari, op. cit. p.77.<br \/>\r\n[45]\ts,lr;ak\u00f1KsjkamS,ishjilfmr,shissxy, kjl;df\u00f5moku. tiaf.dvf.aiy ifydaorfhda.42 msgqj.<br \/>\r\n[46]\tWickramasuriya, B.S.S.A. op.cit, p.239.<br \/>\r\n[47]\t Issac de Silva.L,Happy and the Miserable Families. The Ceylon Religion Tract Society Colombo 1888,p.06.<br \/>\r\n[48]\tWickramasuriya, B.S.S.A., op.cit. p.243.<br \/>\r\n[49]\tKannanara, H.  Gr\u0101mapravurtiyak .p.31.<br \/>\r\n[50]\tWickramasuriya, B.S.S.A. op.cit, p.42 .<br \/>\r\n[51]\tDe Silva,Albert. Bentota.Vesak D\u016btay\u0101.1894.p. 36.<br \/>\r\n[52]\tIbid.p10.<br \/>\r\n[53]\tWickramasuriya, B.S.S.A. op.cit, p.45-46.<br \/>\r\n[54]\tAmunugamaSarath, &#8216;Ideology and class interest in one of PiyadasaSirisena&#8217;s novel, The new image of the Sinhala Buddhist Nationalist Sri Lanka. Collective Identities, Vol 1, Michael Robert (ed), 1997, p. 337.<br \/>\r\n[55]\tIbid.p.  338.<br \/>\r\n[56]\tIbid.p.338.<br \/>\r\n[57]\tIbid.p. 339.<br \/>\r\n[58]\tWickrarnasuriya B.S.S.A, op. cit, p. 330<br \/>\r\n[59]\tKearney, Robert, N 1967 Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon, Duke University Press, North Carolina. P. 19.<br \/>\r\n[60]\tTwentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon, Wright, Arnold, (ed) Lloyd\u2019s (London: Great Britain publishing Company Ltd,1907: 87.<br \/>\r\n[61]\tPieris, Ralf .1956, Sinhalese Social Organization, TheKandyanPeriod, Ceylon University Press, Peradeniya. P197.<br \/>\r\n[62]\tIbid.p.197.<br \/>\r\n[63]\tPeople in between, vol.1 (ed), Michael Roberts and others. Ratmalana:SarvodayaBook Publishing Services, 1989:14.<br \/>\r\n[64]\tJayawardena, Kumari. op.cit.14).<br \/>\r\n[65]\tAmunugama,Sarath 1997,&#8217;Ideology and class interest in one ofPiyadasaSirisena novels, The new image of the Sinhala Buddhist Nationalist&#8217;,Sri  Lanka, Collective Identities,Vol 1, Ed.  Michael Robert,Marge Institute, Colombo .346.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"> Ariyaratne Manoj &#8220;Entrepreneurship Skills and Entrepreneurial Intent of Graduating Students of Selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.179-189 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/179-189.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" 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role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/entrepreneurship-skills-and-entrepreneurial-intent-of-graduating-students-of-selected-universities-in-northwestern-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Entrepreneurship Skills and Entrepreneurial Intent of Graduating Students of Selected Universities in Northwestern Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488c2d4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern 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data-id=\"488c3d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488c549\" data-id=\"488c549\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488c670 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488c670\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488c70f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488c70f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488c86c\" data-id=\"488c86c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488c97b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488c97b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488ca8a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488ca8a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488cc30\" data-id=\"488cc30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488cd83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488cd83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Financial Regulatory Bodies And Bank\u2019s Health in Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Oyetunji, Oyefemi Ismail, Adepoju, Jadesola Abiodun- March 2020 Page No.: 190-196<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488ce37 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488ce37\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488cfc6\" data-id=\"488cfc6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488d0fb elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"488d0fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Nigerian Financial sector has grown significantly, contributing to the growth of the economy for decades and it remains one of the engines of growth especially the banking sector. Over the years, apart from remarkable achievements recorded, the sector also witnessed differs of crisis at various periods which therefore demands financial regulatory authorities to ensure a healthy sector is maintained in order to increase users\u2019 confidence in the sector. The paper examines the impacts of financial regulatory bodies on banks\u2019 health in Nigeria with particular emphasis on the periods from 1986 to date when the banking sector experience different forms of banking crisis and banking failures; Although, the paper claimed 1989 to 2014 as the period of general banking crisis but failure occurred throughout the period to some banks even down till 2018 ,which put the regulatory authorities on their toes at all the times. Primary data administration of unstructured questionnaire on selected respondents was adopted, and secondary data. It was retroactive and progressive in analysis. It is therefore recommended that periodic monitoring of both internal and external operations are necessary in light of environmental changes. This would facilitate a robust measure of banking health in Nigeria and thus regulating the banking sector in future.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 190-196\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Oyetunji, Oyefemi Ismail<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, The Polytechnic, Ibadan-Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adepoju, Jadesola Abiodun<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Accountancy, The Polytechnic, Ibadan-Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAkinkunmi,M.(2017) Regulatory Impact of Bank Performance in Nigeria: Application of Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Applied Economics and Finance (4);  2332-7294<br \/>\r\n[2]\tAnyanwu, C. M. (2010). An Overview of Current Banking Sector Reforms and the Real Sector of the Nigerian Economy. Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, 48 (4), 31- 56.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tAustin, I.I. (2006). The impact of regulation and supervision on the activities of bank in Nigeria\u201d. Research project submitted to St. Clement University. Unpublished Central Bank of Nigeria (1990): Prudential Guidelines for Licensed Banks.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCompanies And Allied Matters Acts, (2004).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria,(1998). CBN Report Volume 2 \u2018Structure of Nigerian Economy\u2019<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCentral Bank of Nigeria , (2005).The 25 Banks Emerged, from a Motley Crowd of 89 Banks Existing as of December31, 2005.www.cbnbank.org<br \/>\r\n[7]\tcentral Bank of Nigeria. (2015). Consolidated Banking Supervision Annual Reports (2009-2014).<br \/>\r\n[8]\tChude, Nkiru P and  Chude, D.I.(2014) The Relationship between Regulatory Inconsistencies and Nigerian Banking Industry. Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Finance  14 (4)<br \/>\r\n[9]\tEzike, J. E. (2013). Capital adequacy standards, Basle Accord and bank performance: The Nigerian Experience (A case study of selected banks in Nigeria). Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(2), 146 \u2013 159.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tEconomic and Financial Crimes Commission, (2004)<br \/>\r\n[11]\tGil-Alana, Y. O. S., &#038; Adepoju, A. A. (2015). Fractional integration and structural breaks in bank share prices in Nigeria. Review of Development Finance 5 (1), 13\u201323.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tIghomwenghian, K. (2010). The Pains of Sanusi\u2019s reforms\u2019Available online at allafrica\/\/allafrica.com<br \/>\r\n[13]\tIgbinosa, S., Ogbeide,S and, Babatunde, A. (2017) Empirical Assessment on Financial Regulations and Banking Sector Performance. Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice, 143-155<br \/>\r\n[14]\tInternational  Monetary Fund (2013). Nigerian  Publication of Financial Sector Assessment Program Documentation-Detailed Assessment Compliance of the Bassel Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervison.IMF Country report No. 13\/146 .May, International Monetary Fund, Washinton, DC, Internet: http\/\/www.imf.org<br \/>\r\n[15]\tJames R., Chen, L. Yue, M. Jes\u00fas, S.and Frank M. S(2013) Do bank regulation, supervision and monitoring enhance or impede bank efficiency? Journal of Banking &#038; Finance  2879\u20132892<br \/>\r\n[16]\tJean Jacques du et al (2004) Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance; Cambridge University Press2nd Edition<br \/>\r\n[17]\tMishkin, S. F. (1997). Understanding  Financial Crises: A Developing Country Perspective Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Ed. M. Bruno and B. pleskovic, The World Bank, Washington DC.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tNationa Deposit Insurance Corporation, (1999). A Decade of Deposit Insurance in Nigeria: Issues And Challenges<br \/>\r\n[19]\tNwankwo GO (2000). Prudential Regulation of Nigerian Banking. Lagos: University of Lagos Press.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tOloyede, A. (1994) \u201cBanking regulation in Nigeria: an analytical perspective\u201d.  Central Bank of Nigeria Economic and Financial Review, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 279-291<br \/>\r\n[21]\tOlorunshola, A. J. (2003). Financial System Regulation in Nigeria: Theoretical Framework and Institutional Arrangements. Publication of CBN Training Centre, Lagos. No.3, pp. 18-25.<br \/>\r\n[22]\tUffot, L., (2003). \u201cThe Nigerian Financial System and the Role of CBN\u201d Publication of CBN Training Centre, Lagos. No3, pp 6-16<br \/>\r\n[23]\tUweh, J. (2010). CBN Unveils face of banking reforms retrieved on the 26thh of June 2010 available Online at www. Businessworldng.com\/net\/articles<br \/>\r\n[24]\tSanusi.L. (2012) Banking Reforms and its Impacts on Nigerian Economy. Being a Lecture Delivered at the University of Warwick\u2019s Economic Summit, UK .<br \/>\r\n[25]\tSikka,P (2009) .Financial Crisis and Silence of the Auditors. Accounting and society,34:868-873<br \/>\r\n[26]\tSufian, F., &#038; Habibullah, M. S. (2010). Developments in the efficiency of the Thailand banking sector: a DEA approach. International Journal of Development Issues, 9(3), 226\u2013245. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Oyetunji, Oyefemi Ismail, Adepoju, Jadesola Abiodun &#8220;Financial Regulatory Bodies And Bank\u2019s Health in Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.190-196 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/190-196.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/190-196.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/financial-regulatory-bodies-and-banks-health-in-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Financial Regulatory Bodies And Bank\u2019s Health in Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488ded8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"488ded8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488dfc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488dfc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488e143\" data-id=\"488e143\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488e262 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488e262\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488e30b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488e30b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488e454\" data-id=\"488e454\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488e566 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488e566\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488e620 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488e620\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488e79d\" data-id=\"488e79d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488e8a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488e8a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Oversights Functions of the National Assembly in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Frederick Yeitiemone Agbedi, Fidelis Allen, Ph.D, Ucheoma O. Ukachikara, Ph.D &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 197-202<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488eb13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488eb13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488ecc7\" data-id=\"488ecc7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488ee0d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"488ee0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The oversight functions of national legislatures of modern representative democracies have been accorded premium in the smooth functioning of democracy. The existing literature in the case of Nigeria, however, remains inadequate and segmented, despite the many media vibes about the activities of lawmakers in the country\u2019s fledgling democracy. Thus, this paper looks at the case of the National Assembly in Nigeria, focusing on the challenges militating against the conduct of its oversight functions between 2007 and 2017. Relying on content analysis of transcribed interviews and participant observations, the paper argues that the effective performance of oversight functions of the National Assembly is affected by several limiting factors, which includes lack of adequate statutory funding. In the same vein, the dearth of expertise on the part of legislators and clerks are major barriers to effective performance.  Therefore, among the recommendations regarding the issue of unhealthy interference of the executive in the affairs of the legislature, funds required for oversight activities should be provided early enough to enhance effective performance. The legislature should avoid government agencies providing the money and other resources they need to be able to carry out their oversight duties.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 197-202\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Frederick Yeitiemone Agbedi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Fidelis Allen, Ph.D <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ucheoma O. Ukachikara, Ph.D <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political and Administrative Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tArishe, G. (2018).  \u201cDoes the Legislature possess Adjudicatory powers and privileges (Limits \tand Constraints)\u201d in The National Assembly Legislative Digest 2(8) Pp.8-9<br \/>\r\n[2].\tFashagba, J.Y (2009).  Legislative Oversight Under the Nigerian Presidential System in The \tJournal of Legislative Studies 15(4) pp. 439-459.  Retrieved@ www.tandfonline.com 6th\tMarch 2017<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGreenberg, E. S and Page, B.  I (2002).The Struggle for Democracy: Election Update.  United \tStates: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers<br \/>\r\n[4].\tHague, R. and Harrop, M. (2004).Political Science: A Comparative Introduction. \tNew York: \tPalgrave Macmillan<br \/>\r\n[5].\tHamalai, L. (ed.) (2014).  Committees in the Nigerian National Assembly: A study \tof the \tperformance of Legislative functions, 2003-2013.  Abuja: National \tInstitute for \tLegislative Studies<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHamalai, L. (ed) (2010).  Committees in the Nigerian National Assembly: A study of the \tperformance of Legislative functions, 2003-2010.  Abuja: Policy Analysis \tand Research \tProject<br \/>\r\n[7].\tHamalai, L. &#038;Ajiboye, N (2014).  Legislative practice and procedure of the National Assembly. \tAbuja: National Institute for Legislative Studies.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tIgwe, O. (2005).  Politics and Globe Dictionary.Aba: Eagle Publishers<br \/>\r\n[9].\tJanda, K., Berry, M. J., and Goldman, J. (1992).The Challenge of Democracy: Government in \tAmerica (3rd Edition).  USA: Houghton Mifflin Company<br \/>\r\n[10].\tJohn, K. J and Robert, T. N (1999).A Concept paper on legislatures and good governance.\tRetrieved  @www.pogar.org<br \/>\r\n[11].\tNeal, T. (1996).Lawmaking and the Legislative Process: Committees, Connection,and\tCompromises.  Arizona: The Oryx Press<br \/>\r\n[12].\tNna, N. J (2004).Contemporary Political Analysis: An Introduction (2nded).  Owerri: Springfield \tPublishers Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tNwosu, M.A (2014).  Committee System in the Nigerian Legislature.  Abuja: National Library of \tNigeria.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOkoro, O. (2016).  \u201cThe Concept of Legislative Oversight\u201d Retrieved @ \twww.aronewsonline.com 6thMarch 2017<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOmotola, J. S. (2014).  The Legislature in Democratic Theory: Nigeria inComparative\tPerspective in Ojo, E.O and Omotola, J.S (eds).  The Legislature and Governance in \tNigeria Vol. 1.  Ibadan: John Archers Publishers limited.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tStapenhurst, R., Jacobs, K. and Oladeji, O. (2016).\u201cLegislative oversight in Nigeria: An \tempirical review and assessment in The Journal of legislative Studies 2(1) pp. 1-29<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Frederick Yeitiemone Agbedi, Fidelis Allen, Ph.D, Ucheoma O. Ukachikara, Ph.D &#8220;Oversights Functions of the National Assembly in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.197-202 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/197-202.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/197-202.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/oversights-functions-of-the-national-assembly-in-nigeria-issues-and-challenges\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Oversights Functions of the National Assembly in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488fc07 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"488fc07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-488fcfe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"488fcfe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488fe6c\" data-id=\"488fe6c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-488ff82 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"488ff82\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489002a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489002a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4890185\" data-id=\"4890185\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48902b0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48902b0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4890361 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4890361\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489051e\" data-id=\"489051e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489064a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489064a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Senior Secondary School Students Knowledge of Topical Environmental Issues in Delta State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Ukala, Geoffrey, A.M. Osuafor, Amaka, Nwankwo Loretta &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 203-206<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48906ee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48906ee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489086a\" data-id=\"489086a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489099a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"489099a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7601\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7601\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study focused on determining Biology students\u2019 knowledge of topical environmental issues in Delta state. Two research questions and one null hypothesis guided the study. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised 19,845 SS2 Biology students\u2019 in 310 public secondary schools in Delta state. The sample for the study comprised 992 Biology students which represent 5% of the population. Researcher\u2019s developed instrument termed Students Environmental Knowledge Test (SEKT) was used for data collection and were validated by three experts. The research questions were analyzed using mean and standard deviation while z-test was used to test the null hypothesis at 0.05 alpha level. The major finding of the study based on the analyzed data showed that SS2Biology students have low level of environmental knowledge and there is no significant different between male and female students\u2019 environmental knowledge level. Based on the findings of the study, conclusions were drawn,  recommendations made and suggestions for further studies were given.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 203-206\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7602\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7602\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ukala, Geoffrey<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>A.M. Osuafor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Amaka, Nwankwo Loretta<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Science Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7603\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7603\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAgiande, K. (2006). Environmental education awareness and attitude of secondary school students in Ogoja education zone, Cross River State. (Unpublished M.ED. thesis). University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAnwalu, P. A. (2014). Study of environmental awareness among higher secondary students and some educational factors affecting it. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(7), 90-101.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tArba\u2019at, H., Tajal, A. N., &#038;Suriati, S. (2010). The status on the level of environmental awareness in the concept of sustainable development amongst secondary school students. Procedia Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2(10), 1276-1280.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tChinedu, C. (2010). Environmental education awareness &#038; attitude of secondary school students in Owerri Education Zone, Imo State. (Unpublished M.ED. thesis). University of Nigeria Nsuka. Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[5].\tComfort, S. N. (2011). The effects of an environmental studies course on selected variables related to environmentally responsible behavior. The Journal of Environmental Education, 26(4), 30-45.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tEkezie, O. C. (2010). Farmers attitude towards human induce factors that causes climate change in Abia central senatorial zone. (Unpublished M.ED. Thesis). Michael Opkara University of Agriculture, Umudike.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tEzeudu, F. O. (2009). Using concept map to teach ozone layer depletion and green house effects to senior secondary school chemistry students. STAN. Environmental Educational Series, 13(6), 78-87.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tKumud, G. (2014). Environmental Awareness among secondary school students of Golaghat district in the state of Asam and their attitude towards environmental education. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(3), 30-44<br \/>\r\n[9].\tNworgu, B. G. (2015). Educational research: Basic issues &#038; methodology. (3rd edition). University trust publisher Nsukka, Nigeria<br \/>\r\n[10].\tOfoebe, C. (2009). Environmental education awareness and attitude of secondary school students in Okigwe Education Zone, Imo State. (Unpublished M.ED. thesis). Department of Science Education, UNN.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOnoja, P. A. (2014). Environmental awareness and attitude of senior secondary school students in ankpa education zone of Kogi State. (Unpublished Thesis), University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOruonye, E. D. (2011). An assessment of the level of awareness of the effects of climate change among students of tertiary institutions in Jalingo Metropolis, Taraba State Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 4(9), 513-523.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPant, S. K., Guttikunda, &#038;Peltier, R.E. (2016). Exposure to particulate matter in India: A synthesis of findings and future directions, Environmental Research, 5(47), 480-496.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tPillai, S. K. (2012). A study of environmental awareness of higher secondary school students in cuddalore district. Research Expo International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(2), 44-48.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSakari, M. (2009). Measuring environmental literacy among high school. Florida Journal of Educational Research, 3(6), 1-5.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSampson, M. (2014). Climate change awareness and attitude of senior secondary students in Umuahia education zone, Abia state. (Unpublished M.ED. Thesis), UNN.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUkala, G. &#038;Osuafor, A.M., (2019). Biology students\u2019 level of awareness of topical environmental problems in Delta state. Review of Education, Journal Institute of Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka,31 (1), 117-125<br \/>\r\n[18].\tUNESCO. (2010). United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD) 2005-2014. www.AsiaandthePacificforum.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7604\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7604\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Ukala, Geoffrey, A.M. Osuafor, Amaka, Nwankwo Loretta &#8220;Senior Secondary School Students Knowledge of Topical Environmental Issues in Delta State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.203-206 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/203-206.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7605\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7605\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/203-206.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7606\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7606\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/senior-secondary-school-students-knowledge-of-topical-environmental-issues-in-delta-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Senior Secondary School Students Knowledge of Topical Environmental Issues in Delta State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4893944 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4893944\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4893a38 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4893a38\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4893bcc\" data-id=\"4893bcc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4893d05 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4893d05\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4893db1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4893db1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4893f10\" data-id=\"4893f10\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489401d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489401d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48940c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48940c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4894212\" data-id=\"4894212\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4894324 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4894324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48943c3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48943c3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4894524\" data-id=\"4894524\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489462e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489462e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Appraisal of the Influence of Moral Standard on the Clothing Selection of Female Undergraduates in Selected Nigeria Universities<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Okeke Evelyn Ogochukwu, Prof. S. L. Ajayi &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 207-209<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48946d4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48946d4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4894836\" data-id=\"4894836\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4894967 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"4894967\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study focused on the appraisal of the influence of moral standard on the clothing selection of female undergraduates in north-west universities of Nigeria. Specifically the study is aimed at identifying the influence of female students\u2019 moral value and sexual morality on their clothing selection. This research work adopted descriptive survey design with a population of 17,116 female undergraduates. A sample size of 375 students was used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. The research questions was analysed using mean and standard deviations. Findings revealed that the moral value and sexual morality of female students influenced their clothing selection. Hence, the null hypotheses are hereby rejected.  Based on the findings, it was recommended among other things that university authorities should continue to orientate and re-orientate new and old students on good clothing selection practice and maintain high moral value.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 207-209\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Okeke Evelyn Ogochukwu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHome Economics Unit, Government Secondary School Hajj Camp Abuja, Department Of Home Economics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Prof. S. L. Ajayi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nHome Economics Unit, Government Secondary School Hajj Camp Abuja, Department Of Home Economics, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBill, N. (1991). Clothing and fashion around the world consumer profile research CRP, council http\/\/: www.igad.co.krladreport\/cpr as 2002<br \/>\r\n[2].\tBoyo, L. (2005). Opinion of parents in Portharcourt on dress code and its effect on family survival. Journal of home economics research 6(2), 121-126.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tEjila, E. A. (2014). Clothing motivations and behaviours of female undergraduate in Benue state. A Thesis submitted to Department of Vocational Teacher Education, University of Nigeria Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tJohnson, J.G. and Foster, A.G. (1991). Clothing image and impact: Chicago, South Western Publishing Company.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tKiran, A., Malik, I. and Riaz, A. (2002). Factors affecting changes in the clothing pattern of the adolescent girls. International Journal of Agriculture\/biology http\/\/:www.ijab.org<br \/>\r\n[6].\tKrejcie, R. V. and Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining samole size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tNchekube, N. Y. (2009). Clothing selection practices of Aging women in Enugu state.  A Thesis submitted to Department of Vocational Teacher Educational, University of Nigeria Nsukka.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tEsiowu, A. P. and Igbo, C. A. (2008). Clothing for self expression by female undergraduates in universities in south eastern state of Nigeria. Journal of Home Economics Research, 9, 138-147.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tOkeh, U. M. (2009). Dressing code and sexual characteristics of young population in south eastern Nigeria. Journal of Education and Practice, 2(4), 51-57.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tOluwabadewo, I., Onwuka, E. M. and Ajaegbo, D. I. (2011). Issues and challenges in Nigeria education in the 21st century. West and Solomon Publishing Ltd. Onitsha.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tOzougwu, S. U. and Anyakoha, E. U. (2005). Clothing communication problems of the female undergraduate of selected Nigeria universities. Journal of Home Economics 6(2), 1-9.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tOzougwu, S. U. and Anyakoha, E. U. (2005). Beholder perception of female undergraduates clothing style in selected Nigeria universities. Journal of Home Economics, 6(1), 171-179.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tWallace, D. (1983). Male-female difference in clothing preferences. International Journal of Women Strides, 6(4), 291-307.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tWeber, J. (1990). Clothing, fashion and fabric construction, preora Illinois, glenco. Macmillian Mc Graw-Hill.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Okeke Evelyn Ogochukwu, Prof. S. L. Ajayi &#8220;Appraisal of the Influence of Moral Standard on the Clothing Selection of Female Undergraduates in Selected Nigeria Universities&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.207-209 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/207-209.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/207-209.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/appraisal-of-the-influence-of-moral-standard-on-the-clothing-selection-of-female-undergraduates-in-selected-nigeria-universities\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Appraisal of the Influence of Moral Standard on the Clothing Selection of Female Undergraduates in Selected Nigeria Universities<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4896b80 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4896b80\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4896cb1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4896cb1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4896f22\" data-id=\"4896f22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489709a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489709a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4897151 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4897151\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48972cc\" data-id=\"48972cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48973f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48973f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4897499 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4897499\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489760a\" data-id=\"489760a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4897729 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4897729\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>How Socio-Technical Landscape Can Innovate Energy Transitions in Cities? A Conceptual Framework<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Usman Sattar &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 210-214<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48977d9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48977d9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48986c8\" data-id=\"48986c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48988c8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48988c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This paper provides a conceptual frame that how socio-technical landscape components of the Multilevel Perspective can stimulate energy transitions in cities by taking a case of Beijing city. It adopts a theoretical coding method with the help of a methodical literature review to define the main sectors of energy consumption\/carbon emission and socio-technical landscape components in a coherent way to support energy transitions. The recurring strands of the main sources of carbon emission\u2014local and regional transportation, coal combustion, industrial production, fugitive dust, and others, are described first. Lately, the main factors of socio-technical landscape\u2014political support, macro-economic trends, spatial structure, demographic trends, media, and societal values, are described as a framework of multi-sectoral cooperative interplay to minimize energy consumption, carbon emission, and improving the air quality of the city. The study intends to illuminate the pathways of energy transitions for urban planners and policy makers to make our urban localities even more resilient and a sustainable.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 210-214\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Usman Sattar<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Social Work, College of Law and Political Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua (321004), Zhejiang, P. R. China<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">UN and United Nations, \u201cThe Sustainable Development Goals Report,\u201d 2017.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tF. W. Geels, \u201cTechnological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case-study,\u201d Res. Policy, vol. 31, no. 8\u20139, pp. 1257\u20131274, 2002.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tJ. Saldana, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, 2nd ed. SAGE Publications, Inc., 2013.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tH. 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Brezet, \u201cGetGreen Vietnam: towards more sustainable behaviour among the urban middle class,\u201d J. Clean. Prod., vol. 134, no. Part A, pp. 178\u2013190, 2016.<br \/>\r\n[60]\tD. O\u2019Rourke and N. Lollo, \u201cTransforming Consumption: From Decoupling, to Behavior Change, to System Changes for Sustainable Consumption,\u201d 2015.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Usman Sattar &#8220;How Socio-Technical Landscape Can Innovate Energy Transitions in Cities? A Conceptual Framework&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.210-214 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/210-214.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/210-214.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/how-socio-technical-landscape-can-innovate-energy-transitions-in-cities-a-conceptual-framework\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">How Socio-Technical Landscape Can Innovate Energy Transitions in Cities? A Conceptual Framework<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4899856 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"4899856\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4899949 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4899949\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4899ae3\" data-id=\"4899ae3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4899c0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4899c0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4899cbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4899cbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4899e14\" data-id=\"4899e14\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4899f2d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4899f2d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4899fcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4899fcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489a138\" data-id=\"489a138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489ae51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489ae51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>An Overview of the Bane of Remuneration and Service Delivery to Government Workers in Nigeria. A Case Study of Ekiti State Civil Servants<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLUWASANMI, Lawrence  A (Ph.D), ROTKANG, Dimlong Dimang &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 215-217<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489af27 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489af27\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489b0c8\" data-id=\"489b0c8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489b205 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"489b205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">I. INTRODUCTION<br \/>\r\nThe security and development of any nation depend critically on the adequacy of its social service delivery to the populace (Nnamani and Chilaka, 2012). It is a global trend and a response to social needs and social problems of the people.  (Iloh and Bahir, 2013) opine thus: \u201cSocial service encompasses programmes aimed at achieving some objectives and it relates to the social system in the goals of social policies. The efficiency and effectiveness of social services provisioning has been viewed to be critical in  the overall development of a nation. Social service programmes contribute to development in such areas as job creation, economic growth, poverty reduction, mortality, rural-urban migration, diversification of the economy, citizen empowerment, self actualization and happiness among others (Nwofia, 2010). The following research questions are  considered very germane to the study and are raised to guide the study.  How significant is the relationship between effective wages administration in Civil service and employee\u2019s performance? What are the constraints to regular payment of salaries by some states in Nigeria? What is the implications non-payment of salaries on public service delivery?<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 215-217\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria  <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>OLUWASANMI, Lawrence  A (Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Ekiti State University, P.M.B 5363 Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria      <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>ROTKANG, Dimlong Dimang<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Political Science University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria                                                      <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tLassell Mbah, P. (2011). Transparency, Accountability, and Good Governance at the Local GovernmentLevel: towards a Template In T. Onyishi (ed) Key Issues in Local Government andDevelopment: A Nigerian Perspective, Enugu: Praise House Publishers pp 727-744.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tNzekwe, I. F. (2011). Women and Politics in Local Government System in Nigeria: Challengesand Prospects In T. Onyishi (ed) Key Issues in Local Government and Development: ANigerian Perspective, Enugu: Praise House Publishers pp333-344<br \/>\r\n[3]\tNwofia, J. E (2010). \u201cLocal Government and Community Development in Nigeria\u201d In Nnadozie,O. U &#038; Uzuegbunam, A.O (eds.) \u201cIssues in Peace and Conflict Studies and other SocialSciences 1\u201d.Nsukka: Bel\u2019s Books. Pp 167-188.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tObi, E.A (2010).Comparative Local Government: An Ecological Approach. Onitsha, Book pointEducation Limited. Pp360<br \/>\r\n[5]\tEzeani E.O. (2006). \u201cFundamentals of Public Administration\u201d. Enugu: Snaap Press Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tChukwu, L (2007). The Civil Service System Enugu, Nigeria Johnkens and Willy Nig Ltd.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tMadubueze, O (2014), Nigeria in Search of Political Culture. The Political Class,<br \/>\r\nCorruption and Democratization. A paper presented at a conference on corruption and<br \/>\r\nDemocratization in Nigeria University of Ibadan, pg 19-20<br \/>\r\n[8]\tErondu and Oladejo, (2015) \u201cExploring Variations in Public Management Reform of the 1980\u2019s in<br \/>\r\nBekke 1996.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tThis Day Live November 29, 2015<br \/>\r\n[10]\tNwokolo (2011). Practical Guide to writing Research Project Reports in TertiaryInstitutions. Enugu: Cheston Ltd<br \/>\r\n[11]\tEgbo and Okeke (2009). \u201cDemocratic Theory and Local Government\u201d London: Allen and Unwin.Ikeanyibe, O.M. (2013). \u201cPublic Policy in Nigeria: Perspectives on Social Policy andAdministration\u201d. Enugu: John Jacobs Classic Publishers Ltd. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">BABATOLA, Adeleye Marcus (Ph.D), OLUWASANMI, Lawrence  A (Ph.D), ROTKANG, Dimlong Dimang &#8220;An Overview of the Bane of Remuneration and Service Delivery to Government Workers in Nigeria. A Case Study of Ekiti State Civil Servants&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.215-217 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/215-217.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/215-217.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/an-overview-of-the-bane-of-remuneration-and-service-delivery-to-government-workers-in-nigeria-a-case-study-of-ekiti-state-civil-servants\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">An Overview of the Bane of Remuneration and Service Delivery to Government Workers in Nigeria. A Case Study of Ekiti State Civil Servants<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489c097 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"489c097\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489c18d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489c18d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489c30e\" data-id=\"489c30e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489c439 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489c439\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489c4db elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489c4db\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489c62e\" data-id=\"489c62e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489c743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489c743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489c816 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489c816\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489c97a\" data-id=\"489c97a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489ca89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489ca89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489cb26 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489cb26\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489dcc0\" data-id=\"489dcc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489de4d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489de4d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Assessment of China and Nigeria Currency Swap: The Positive Impacts on the Nigerian Economy<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Chief Ajugwe, Chukwu Alphonsus Ph.D. &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 218-223<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489df19 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489df19\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489e0a3\" data-id=\"489e0a3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489e1dc elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"489e1dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">It is noteworthy to pinpoint that historical self-evidence have demonstrated that many Countries have employed currency swap strategic weapon to stabilize their currencies; atypical example was currency swap between China and Argentina which helped both Countries to stabilize their currencies. Again the U.S. foreign Reserves engaged in an aggressive swap strategy with European Central Banks during 2010 European financial crisis to stabiles the euro, which was failing in value due to the Greek financial crises. Nigeria being a mono-foreign exchange earner based solely in exportation of crude oil to the world market, therefore, it is imperative, the ebb and flow of the price of crude oil in the International Market will surly affect the foreign exchange earnings of the country.<br \/>\r\nIn view of the above, it becomes absolutely, an economic strategic importance for Nigeria to adopt currency swap strategy to stabilize its currency and with other advantages that may accrue to the economy. Specifically, Nigeria is to enter into currency swap agreements with China with the understanding that it will help her to stabilize the currency more especially when there is a fluctuation in the price of the world oil market.<br \/>\r\nThe papers is therefore anchored on the examination of histories of different counties, which have embarked on currency swaps,  it will also critically analysis the mechanism of the currency swap and subject the positive and negative impacts of the currency swap of Nigeria and China agreement into deeper economic analysis. The Paper will also go a long way to insightful and incisively proffer and recommend possible solutions to the problems that may be encountered in the formulation and implementation of the swap deal.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 218-223\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 02 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Chief Ajugwe, Chukwu Alphonsus Ph.D.<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nAjugwe Chukwu and Associates<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdebayo Sanni-Omotosho \u201cThe Merits and Demerits of Currency Swap deal\u201d Punch May 14, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBaswa and Ighodolo \u201cNigeria \u2013China Currency Swap Agreement \u2013 A Good Deal For Nigeria?\u201d updated November  20, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tChan, Fiona \u201cFed Swap for S\u2019Pore\u201d The Sharahara Report, New York, May 03, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tCoyle, Brain \u201cCurrency Swap\u201d May 03, 2000. ISBN 978-0-85297-436-0D.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tGFANSOORAN\/CONTIBUTORS 2019.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tCentralBank Nigeria circular 2018.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tDarbyshire,J.H.M. \u201cPricing and Trading Interest Rate Derivatives: A Practical Guide to Swap\u201d ISBN 778-099545528.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tFederal Reserve , Central de Brazil, Barco de Mexico, Bank of Korea and Monetary Authority of Singapore announces the establishment of temporary reciprocal currency arrangement,<br \/>\r\n[9]\t\u2018Fed-Central Bank Liquidity Swap \u201c Times \u2013The Centre of the Universe. (April 13, 2009)<br \/>\r\n[10]\thttps: \/\/www.finpipe.com\/g;ossary\/currency swap \/. Grand Sooran\/Contribution.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tHelen Oji \u201cRisk in Nigeria China &#038;2.5 billion Currency Swap deals\u201d Business Times May 14, 2018.<br \/>\r\n[12]\t\u201cIndia , Japan sign $75 billion Currency Swap Agreement\u201d Economic Times, India times .com. Retrieved (2018)<br \/>\r\n[13]\tInvestopedia<br \/>\r\n[14]\tJohnson Chukwu: Managing Director\/Chief Executive Officer\/Investment \u201cPitfalls of Nigeria Currency Swap with China \u2013 The Guardian Nigeria News<br \/>\r\n[15]\tPunch Mach 10, 2019.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tPunch May 14, 2019<br \/>\r\n[17]\tPremium Times (Friday April 12, 2018) \u201cWhat you Need to Know about Currency Swap between Nigeria and China\u201d<br \/>\r\n[18]\tSahara Reporters, New York May 03, 2018, \u201cHow Nigeria Will Benefit Currency Swap Deal with China201D.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Chief Ajugwe, Chukwu Alphonsus Ph.D. &#8220;Assessment of China and Nigeria Currency Swap: The Positive Impacts on the Nigerian Economy&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.218-223 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/218-223.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/218-223.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/assessment-of-china-and-nigeria-currency-swap-the-positive-impacts-on-the-nigerian-economy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Assessment of China and Nigeria Currency Swap: The Positive Impacts on the Nigerian Economy<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489effb elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"489effb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489f0e8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489f0e8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489f29b\" data-id=\"489f29b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489f3c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489f3c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489f46c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489f46c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489f5e7\" data-id=\"489f5e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-489f703 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"489f703\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-489f7a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"489f7a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-489f8e9\" data-id=\"489f8e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a0388 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a0388\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a0465 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a0465\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a05ec\" data-id=\"48a05ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a0713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a0713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sexual Violence against Men in Conflict Zones: A Hegemonic Masculinity Approach<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Thuso Donald Mosabala &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 224-230<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a07b8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a07b8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a0933\" data-id=\"48a0933\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a0a71 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48a0a71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Masculinity as a concept has influenced the studies of gender across many academic fields. This essay argues that masculinity has shaped the current discourse on sexual violence against men in conflict zones. It further recognises the role of hegemonic masculinity as a form of masculinity and argues it presents an angle that has often been neglected in the study of gender and sexual violence, being sexual violence especially rape against men. It reveals that sexual violence against both women and men has served as a tactic of war essential to demonstrating dominance and humiliation of the perceived enemy. In the literature however, there is a gender bias portrayal of women and children being the only victims of sexual violence. This essay looks into the breadth and the forms of sexual violence and the different contexts under which it occurs against men in conflict. The reluctance of male victims to report sexual violence and in particular rape, the slow progress by the international community in recognising its existence on men, lack of investigating and theorising sexual violence specifically on men is explored.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 224-230\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Thuso Donald Mosabala<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPan African University in Cameroon <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Amnesty International. (2004). Democratic Republic of Congo Mass rape: Time for Remedies. United Kingdom: AI.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tArieff, A. (2010). Sexual Violence in African Conflicts . Washington DC: Congressional Research Service .<br \/>\r\n[3].\tConnell, R. W., &#038; Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept. Gender and Society, 19(6), 829-859.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tDelZotto, A., &#038; Jones, A. (2002). Male on Male Sexual Violence in Wartime: Human Rights\u2019 Last Taboo? Annual Convention of the International Students Association (ISA). New Orleans.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDowd, N. (2008). Masculinities and Feminist Legal Theory. Wisconsin Journal of Law, Gender and Society, 23(2), 201-248.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tHennessey, T., &#038; Gerry, F. (n.d.). International Human Rights Law in Conflict Zones. Halsbur\u2019s Law Exchange, 1-25.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tInternational Criminal Court for former Yugoslavia. (1993). v. Furandzija (case No. IT-95-17-17\/1).<br \/>\r\n[8].\tInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. (1998). The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu. Case No. ICTR-96-4-T. Chamber 1 Judgement.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tKimmel, S. M. (2004). Masculinity as Homophobia: Fear, Shame, and Silence in the Construction of Gender Identity. In R. D. P, Race, Class, and Gender in the United States (pp. 81-93). New York: Worth.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tKulemann, A. (2016). Gender and International Criminal Court: A Critical Assessment. E-International Relations Students, 1-14.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tLewis, D. A. (2009). Unrecognized Victims: Sexual Violence Against Men in Conflict Settings Under International Law. Wisconsin International Law Journal, 27(1), 1-49.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMezey, G. C., &#038; King, B. M. (2000). Male Victims of Sexual Assault. Oxford: University of Oxford Press.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tPeel, M. (2004). Rape as Method of Torture. London: Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tSivakumaran, S. (2010). Lost in Translation: UN Response to Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Situations of Armed Conflict. International Review of the Red Cross, 92(877), 261-277.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSmeulers, A. (2015). Female Perpetrators: Ordinary or Extra-Ordinary Women? International Criminal Law Review, 15, 207-253.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tStemple, L. (2009). Male Rape and Human Rights. Hastings Law Journal, 60, 605-260.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tStorr, L. (2011, July 16). The Rape of men: the darkest secret of war. The Guardian. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2011\/jul\/17\/the-rape-of-men<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTaguba, M. (2004). Article 15-6 Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade.<br \/>\r\n[19].\tUnited Nations . (2011). Elements of Crimes . Official Records of the Review Conference of the Rome Statuteof the International Criminal Court (p. 50). Kampala: International Criminal Court .<br \/>\r\n[20].\tUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. (2008). The Nature, Scope and Motivation for Sexual Violence against Men and Boys in Conflict. OCHA Policy Development and Studies Branch, 2, 1-20.<br \/>\r\n[21].\tUnited Nations Secretary General . (2019). Conflict Related Sexual Violence; Report of the United Nations Secretry General S\/2019\/280. New York: UN .<br \/>\r\n[22].\tUnited Nations Security Council. (2000, October 31). Resolution 1325 (2000). United Nations , pp. 1-4.<br \/>\r\n[23].\tUnited Nations Security Council. (2015). Conflict-Related Sexual Violence. New York: United Nations .<br \/>\r\n[24].\tVojdik, K. V. (2014). Sexual Violence Against Men and Women in War: A Masculinities Approach. Navada Law Journal, 14, 923-952.<br \/>\r\n[25].\tWood, E. J. (2009). Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When is Wartime Rape Rare? Politics and Society, 131-161.<br \/>\r\n[26].\tWorld Health Organization. (2002). World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva: World Health Organization. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Thuso Donald Mosabala &#8220;Sexual Violence against Men in Conflict Zones: A Hegemonic Masculinity Approach&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.224-230 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/224-230.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/224-230.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/sexual-violence-against-men-in-conflict-zones-a-hegemonic-masculinity-approach\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Sexual Violence against Men in Conflict Zones: A Hegemonic Masculinity Approach<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a189e elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48a189e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a1991 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a1991\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a1b11\" data-id=\"48a1b11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a1c37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a1c37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a1cdd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a1cdd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a253e\" data-id=\"48a253e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a26a1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a26a1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a2763 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a2763\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a28e9\" data-id=\"48a28e9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a2a12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a2a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Employee Skills on Public Procurement Performance at National Youth Service, Kenya<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gilbert Njogu Wanjiru, Dr. Peris Chege  &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 231-235<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a2abd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a2abd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a2c36\" data-id=\"48a2c36\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a2d6f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48a2d6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Public procurement plays a leading role in the attainment of political, economic and social goals of a country through provision of goods, works and services. However, material quality defects, compromised order cycle time, lead time and poor contract management among others, are rampant. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of employee skills on public procurement performance at National Youth Service, Kenya. To achieve its objective, the current study adopted a descriptive research design using quantitative approach and a census method. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect primary data using drop and pick tactic. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 21). The findings were presented in frequencies; percentages, mean and standard deviation were thematically presented in tables and figures. The study established that employee skills had a positive significant effect on public procurement performance. The study concluded that staff  possess relevant procurement functionality skills, there is cross-function teamwork among staff, high level of integrity is embraced by employees, confidentiality of classified matters, this was to avoid conflict of interest, personnel had required procurement knowledge and employees had adequate experience in procurement processes respectively. The study recommended that in-house training and couching be promoted to cultivate stated organization culture such as behaviour, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, beliefs, customs and language among employees.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 231-235\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Gilbert Njogu Wanjiru<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School Of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong> Dr. Peris Chege<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School Of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tDavid-Barrett, E., Heywood, P. M., &#038; Theodorakis, N. (2015). Towards a European \tstrategy to reduce corruption by enhancing the use of open data. UK. London for \tknowledge mapping in organizations. Journal of Knowledge Management, 9(1), 76-86<br \/>\r\n[2].\tLiebowitz, J. (2015). Linking social network analysis with the analytic hierarchy process<br \/>\r\n[3].\tMariz, C. L., Menard, C., &#038; Abeille, B. (2014). Public Procurement Reforms in Africa: Challenges in Institutions and Governance, 2<br \/>\r\n[4].\tMatto, M (2017) Mapping Public Procurement Reforms: Compliance, Challenges and Prospects, European Journal of Business and Management, 9(12), 175-182<br \/>\r\n[5].\tObaid-Ur-Rehman, (2016). The role of transportation in international marketing logistic. \tInternational Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research,4(1), 368-405<br \/>\r\n[6].\tRehman, W. U., Asghar, N., &#038; Ahmad, K. (2015). Impact of KM practices on firms&#8217; \tperformance: A mediating role of business process capability and organizational learning. \tPakistan. Economic and Social Review, 53(1), 47<br \/>\r\n[7].\tSenait, B. H., Asefa, G. &#038; Hussen, S. A. (2016). Factors Affecting Procurement Performance in the Case of Awassa Textile Share Company. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 16(3),1<br \/>\r\n[8].\t\u0160\u00edpo\u0161, G., Samuek, S., &#038; Martin, K. (2015). Not in force until published online. What the \tradical transparency regime of public contracts achieved in Slovakia. Bratislava: Transparency International Slovakia<br \/>\r\n[9].\tVaidy, L. (2015). The top five Procurement Process Best Practices to Maximize Efficiency. arizona: Five-star publications, Inc<br \/>\r\n[10].\tWorld Bank (2017) The Little Data Book on Financial Inclusion 2016. Washington, DC: \tWorld \tBank Group<br \/>\r\n[11].\tWorld Bank. (2016). Benchmarking Public Procurement. Washington: The World Bank<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gilbert Njogu Wanjiru, Dr. Peris Chege  &#8220;Effects of Employee Skills on Public Procurement Performance at National Youth Service, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.231-235 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/231-235.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/231-235.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-employee-skills-on-public-procurement-performance-at-national-youth-service-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Employee Skills on Public Procurement Performance at National Youth Service, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a3b28 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48a3b28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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March 2020 Page No.: 236-239<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a4aa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a4aa1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a4c13\" data-id=\"48a4c13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a7b03 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48a7b03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The concept of co integration as have been since the time of Adam Smith and is the central theme in his work, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, as it shows that one of the crucial application of economic theory is to give explanations to the link that exist between different causal relation among economic variables and the most critical question posed is how do economist relate the existence of causal relationship with a given number of observations. To answer this question, it is necessary to understand the concept of causality and its application in economics. This paper tried to find the bidirectional relationship of selected microeconomic variable and stock market prices. Before estimating Granger causality, variables were tested for stationarity using Philip Perron test in which variables were integrated upon first difference. The results showed that stock market prices granger caused exchange rate, inflation granger caused interest rate. There was also significant granger causality between nominal GDP and exchange rate and on the relationship between interest rate and nominal GDP. All these effects were unidirectional effects.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 236-239\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 03 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Cornelius Kiprono Serem<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Economics, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Of Eldoret, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Silas Kiprono Samoei<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Agricultural Economics, Moi University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tBahmagrni-Oskooee, M., &#038; Sohrabian, A. (1992).Stock prices and the effective exchange rate of the dollar.Applied economics, 24(4), 459-464.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tChen, R., &#038; Choudhary, R. (2001), Inflation and Rates of Performance on Stocks: Evidence from\thigh Inflation Countries, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, .11 .75-96<br \/>\r\n[3].\tGranger CWJ (1981). Some Properties of Time Series Data and Their Use in Econometric Model Specification.&#8221; Journal of Econometrics, 16, 121 &#8211; 130.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tInnocent, G., Shukla, J., &#038; Mulyungi, P. (2018).Effects of macroeconomic variables on stock market performance in Rwanda.Case study of Rwanda Stock Exchange.European Journal of Economic and Financial Research.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tJohn, F. M., &#038; Kisava, Z. S. (2018). The Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates: The Focus on Dar Es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE). Business and Economic Research, 8(1), 1-12.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tMamun, A., Basher, S., Hoque, N., &#038; Ali, M. H. (2018). Does stock market development affect Economic growth? Econometric evidence from Bangladesh.Management &#038; Accounting Review (MAR), 17(1), 123-144.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tMenike, L. M. C. S. (2006). The effect of macroeconomic variables on stock prices in emerging Sri Lankan stock market.Sabaragamuwa university journal, 6(1), 50-67.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tNielsen, B. (2001). Weak consistency of criterions for order determination in a general vector autoregression.Department of Economics, University of Oxford.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tOlweny, T., &#038; Omondi, K. (2011).The effect of macro-economic factors on stock return volatility in the Nairobi stock exchange, Kenya.Economics and Finance review, 1(10), 34-48.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tPhillips, P.C.B., Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression, Biometrika 75, 335\u2013346.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tRutasitara, L. (2004). Exchange rate regimes and inflation in Tanzania.<br \/>\r\n[12].\tSifunjo (1999).The relationship between stock prices and exchange rate (Unpublished MBA dissertation), University of Nairobi, Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tSmyth, R., &#038; Nandha, M. (2003). Bivariate causality between exchange rates and stock prices in South Asia.Applied Economics Letters, 10(11), 699-704.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tToda, H. Y., &#038; Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes.Journal of econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tVaz, J. J., Ariff, M., &#038; Brooks, R. D. (2008). The effect of interest rate changes on bank stock returns. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 5(4), 221-236.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tWasseja, M. M., Njoroge, E., &#038; Mwenda, S. N. (2015). Investigation of the granger causal relationship between macroeconomic variables and stock prices in Kenya.International Journal of Business and Economics Research, 4(3), 98-108.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Cornelius Kiprono Serem, Edwin Kipyego Kipchoge, Silas Kiprono Samoei &#8220;Granger Causality between Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Market Prices at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.236-239 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/236-239.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/236-239.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/granger-causality-between-macroeconomic-variables-and-stock-market-prices-at-nairobi-securities-exchange-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Granger Causality between Macroeconomic Variables and Stock Market Prices at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a8ab8 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48a8ab8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a8bae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a8bae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a8d41\" data-id=\"48a8d41\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a8e69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a8e69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a8f2f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a8f2f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a9093\" data-id=\"48a9093\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a91a7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a91a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a9247 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a9247\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a93a4\" data-id=\"48a93a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a94b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a94b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a9551 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a9551\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a96b3\" data-id=\"48a96b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a97c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48a97c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Corporate Governance, Profitability and Bank Capitalization Strategies: A Case of Banking Sector in Pakistan<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Zahra Jamil, Zain Saeed Qureshi  &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 240-256<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48a986b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48a986b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48a9a08\" data-id=\"48a9a08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48a9b7d elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48a9b7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7611\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7611\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to search out the association between the corporate governance, profitability and capitalization strategies of domestic financial sample of institution in Pakistan.<br \/>\r\nThis study finds out the relationship between the corporate governance, profitability and capitalization strategies of financial institution in Pakistan. To evaluate results, data is collected from financial statement of schedule banks listed in Pakistan stock exchange. Data is collected from2006- 2018.This study find that corporate governance mechanism which favors the banks shareholder interest as associated with low capitalization strategies. A governance mechanism having the board independence, intermediate board size and CEO duality is considered share holder friendly corporate governance. Board size negatively affect the financial institutions capitalization. Effective board size is also negatively associated with financial institutions capitalization strategies. Corporate governance shift risk from shareholder of banks to debt holder. Low capitalization is favorable to the shareholder. This negative association represents that corporate governance is positively associated with banking sector instability. Corporate governance having disadvantage by increasing the risk of bank. This disadvantage is compensating with benefit that good governance that underperformance of the management has been restricted. CEO compensation negative associated with bank capitalization strategies. Higher risk taking is cases of low capitalization increased compensation of the CEO. Corporate governance code 2012 suggest that the chair of the board and CEO must be different person. Chairman of the board must be nonexecutive director and its role in the board leadership.<br \/>\r\nThe profitability measures show the significant and positive relationship with the capitalization strategies. Some how the some of the capitalization strategies shows the negative and insignificant relationship with the profitability.<br \/>\r\nPayout decision mean distribution of residual earing to the owner of the financial institution. Payout is very critical in case of income shocks. Corporate governance negatively associated with payout polices of financial institutions. Financial institutions scale back dividend in case of negative income shock. Consequently, it\u2019s concluded that good corporate governance favors the shareholder interest by decreasing capitalization strategies and aggressive payout of financial institutions has been restricted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 240-256\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7612\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7612\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zahra Jamil <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zain Saeed Qureshi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7613\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7613\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdams, R. 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The Law &#038; Economics of Subprime Lending. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7614\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7614\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zahra Jamil, Zain Saeed Qureshi  &#8220;Corporate Governance, Profitability and Bank Capitalization Strategies: A Case of Banking Sector in Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.240-256 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/240-256.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7615\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7615\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/240-256.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7616\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7616\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/corporate-governance-profitability-and-bank-capitalization-strategies-a-case-of-banking-sector-in-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corporate Governance, Profitability and Bank Capitalization Strategies: A Case of Banking Sector in Pakistan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48ac636 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48ac636\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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March 2020 Page No.: 240-256<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48adc83 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48adc83\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48adeec\" data-id=\"48adeec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48ae07b elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48ae07b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The purpose of this study is to search out the association between the corporate governance, profitability and capitalization strategies of domestic financial sample of institution in Pakistan.<br \/>\r\nThis study finds out the relationship between the corporate governance, profitability and capitalization strategies of financial institution in Pakistan. To evaluate results, data is collected from financial statement of schedule banks listed in Pakistan stock exchange. Data is collected from2006- 2018.This study find that corporate governance mechanism which favors the banks shareholder interest as associated with low capitalization strategies. A governance mechanism having the board independence, intermediate board size and CEO duality is considered share holder friendly corporate governance. Board size negatively affect the financial institutions capitalization. Effective board size is also negatively associated with financial institutions capitalization strategies. Corporate governance shift risk from shareholder of banks to debt holder. Low capitalization is favorable to the shareholder. This negative association represents that corporate governance is positively associated with banking sector instability. Corporate governance having disadvantage by increasing the risk of bank. This disadvantage is compensating with benefit that good governance that underperformance of the management has been restricted. CEO compensation negative associated with bank capitalization strategies. Higher risk taking is cases of low capitalization increased compensation of the CEO. Corporate governance code 2012 suggest that the chair of the board and CEO must be different person. Chairman of the board must be nonexecutive director and its role in the board leadership.<br \/>\r\nThe profitability measures show the significant and positive relationship with the capitalization strategies. Some how the some of the capitalization strategies shows the negative and insignificant relationship with the profitability.<br \/>\r\nPayout decision mean distribution of residual earing to the owner of the financial institution. Payout is very critical in case of income shocks. Corporate governance negatively associated with payout polices of financial institutions. Financial institutions scale back dividend in case of negative income shock. Consequently, it\u2019s concluded that good corporate governance favors the shareholder interest by decreasing capitalization strategies and aggressive payout of financial institutions has been restricted.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 240-256\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 04 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zahra Jamil <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zain Saeed Qureshi <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nM Phil Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdams, R. 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The Law &#038; Economics of Subprime Lending. <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zahra Jamil, Zain Saeed Qureshi  &#8220;Corporate Governance, Profitability and Bank Capitalization Strategies: A Case of Banking Sector in Pakistan&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.240-256 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/240-256.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/240-256.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/corporate-governance-profitability-and-bank-capitalization-strategies-a-case-of-banking-sector-in-pakistan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Corporate Governance, Profitability and Bank Capitalization Strategies: A Case of Banking Sector in Pakistan<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48af324 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48af324\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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March 2020 Page No.: 257-260<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b08b3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b08b3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b0a24\" data-id=\"48b0a24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b0b50 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48b0b50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study aims to describe the social life and economic life of underage married woman in Neglasari Village. The research method uses qualitative methods, the respondent of this study are the village head and 10 underage married woman of 2018 in Neglasari village which aged <16 years. The results of this study concluded 1) The social life of underage married woman which regard to education and social interaction indicators obtained the following results: (a) As general, the level of education was on low-educated, they only finished the elementary and junior high school graduates without continuing the education or dropping out of school. (b) Social interaction was not good enough because less of social interaction process among children, family, friends and environment, besides in life-after marriage, underage married woman were more often quarreled due to lack of maturity and ways of thinking in addressing life problems after marriage. 2) The economic life of underage married woman with sub-indicators such as income, residence statue, and economic dependence level obtained the following results: (a) Income was on low category, it could be seen by the average income that below the minimum wage in Lampung Province about less than Rp 1,908,477. (b) The residence statue category was evidenced by mostly being more dominant, living with parents after marriage. (c) The level of economic dependence on parents was high, it was evidenced by all economic, social and residential needs that were still borne by parents after marriage.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 257-260\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 05 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dania Evirianti<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Trisnaningsih<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Pargito<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMaster of Social Science Education, FKIP Universitas Lampung, Indonesia <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAdhim, Mohammad Fauzil. 2002. Indahnya Perkawinan Dini. Jakarta: Gema Insani.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBasrowi. 2014. Pengantar Sosiologi. Ghalia Indonesia. Bogor.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBKKBN. 2012.Materi Pegangan Kader Tentang Bimbingn dan Pembinan\tKeluarga Remaja. BKKBN. Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tBadan Pusat Statistik. 2008  Penghasilan dan Pendapatan. Jakarta.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tFuad. 2008. Dasar-Dasar pendidikan. Jakarta: Rineka cipta.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tIsrawati. 2009. Menikah Dini Terhadap Kualitas Hidup Rumah Tangga. Jakarta: Fokus Inti Media<br \/>\r\n[7]\tKurniawati, Henri. 2011. Pernikahan Usia Muda dan  Dampakanya.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tSugarda, Tarya 2001. Pengantar Studi Sosiologi Keluarga. Bandung: CV Pustaka Setia<br \/>\r\n[9]\tSugiyono. 2010. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&#038;D. Bandung: Alfabeta.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tSukirno, Sadono. 2002. Teori Mikro Ekonomi. Jakarta: Rajawali Press.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tWalgito, Bimo. 2003. Psikologi Kelompok Yogyakarta:Andi Offset.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tUndang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dania Evirianti, Trisnaningsih, Pargito &#8220;The Economic and Social Life of Underage Married Woman in Neglasari Village&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.257-260 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/257-260.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/257-260.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-economic-and-social-life-of-underage-married-woman-in-neglasari-village\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Economic and Social Life of Underage Married Woman in Neglasari Village<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b19f5 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48b19f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b1b1b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b1b1b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b1eab\" data-id=\"48b1eab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b2001 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b2001\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b20ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b20ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b2215\" data-id=\"48b2215\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b2328 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b2328\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b23c8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b23c8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b2533\" data-id=\"48b2533\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b2645 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b2645\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Effects of Project Risk Identification on the Performance of Core Banking Systems in Commercial Banks of Kenya <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Augustus Nzili Mutua, Dr. Kirui Caleb &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 261-264<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b26e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b26e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b2948\" data-id=\"48b2948\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b2a94 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48b2a94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Commercial banks in Kenya often establish a risk management practice in their core banking system for improving the performance and increase the profits. Adoption of Core banking systems is widely complex and has often significant budgets, tight schedules and consume immense resources hence minimize risks linked to be treated as a priority to every project manager. The study examined the extent to which project risk identification influences core banking system projects performance in selected commercial banks, in Kenya. A descriptive research design was utilized. The accessible population was 80 respondents comprising of 10 project managers from each bank. A census of 80 respondents was done to form the study sample size. Questionnaires were utilized to collect data. The collected data was quantitatively analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The study found that risk identification, risk analysis, risk response and risk monitoring had a positive significance on project performance. The study concluded that identifying risk enables full risk analysis to be done and risk to be addressed and the project managers qualify risk based on likelihood and impact. The study recommended that commercial banks should increase level of project risk identification as it enhances the risk management activities on each significant risk.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 261-264\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 06 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Augustus Nzili Mutua<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School Of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Kirui Caleb<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Management Science, School Of Business, Kenyatta University, Kenya<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAhmad, Raza, Amjad, &#038;Akram, H. (2011). Corporate Governance Practices and Its \tImpact on firm Performance: Special Reference to Listed Banking Institutions in Sri \tLanka. Global Journal of Business &#038; Management Research, 12(21)<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAlessandri, T. M., Ford, D. N., Lander, D. M., Leggio, K. B., &#038; Taylor, M. (2014). \tManagingrisk and uncertainty in complex capital projects. The Quarterly Review of \tEconomics and Finance, 44(5), 751-767<br \/>\r\n[3].\tCooper, D., Grey, S., Raymond, G., &#038; Walker, P., (2015). Project Risk Management \tGuidelines: Managing Risk in Large Projects and Complex Procurements. Chichester: \tJohn Wiley &#038;Sons, Ltd<br \/>\r\n[4].\tCrawford, P., &#038; Bryce, P. (2013). Project monitoring and evaluation: a method for enhancing the \tefficiency and effectiveness of aid project implementation. International Journal of Project Management, 21(5), 363-373<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDey, P. K. (2012). Project risk management: A combined Analytic Hierarchy Process and Decision Tree Approach. Cost Engineering, 44(3), 13\u201326<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDissanayaka, S. M. &#038; Kumaraswamy, M. M. (2013). Evaluation of factors affecting time and cost performance in Hong Kong building projects. Journal of Engineering, Construct Architect Management, 6 (3), 287-298<br \/>\r\n[7].\tDrazin, R., &#038; Van de Ven, A. H. (2010). Alternative forms of fit in contingency theory. Administrative science quarterly, 514-539<br \/>\r\n[8].\tElkingtin P. &#038;Sallman C., (2012). Managing project risks: a case study form the utilities \tsector.  International Journal of Project Management, 20(1), 49-57<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGarrido, M. C., Cassia, M., Ribeiro, F. M. L., &#038; Naked, H. A. (2011). Risk identification \ttechniques knowledge and application in the Brazilian construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 2(11), 242-252<br \/>\r\n[10].\tGray, C. F. &#038; Larsson, E. W. (2013). Project Management: The Managerial Process (4th ed),  McGraw-Hill\/Irwin<br \/>\r\n[11].\tMerna, T. &#038; Al-Thani, F. F. (2014). Corporate risk management: an organizational \tperspective. Hoboken, N. J., Wiley; John Wiley [distributor].<br \/>\r\n[12].\tMills, A. (2011). A systematic approach to risk management for construction. Structural Survey,\t19(5), 245\u2013252<br \/>\r\n[13].\tMills, A. (2011). A systematic approach to risk management for construction. Structural Survey,\t19(5), 245\u2013252<br \/>\r\n[14].\tOgamba, P. N. (2012). Combined competitive strategies by commercial banks in Kenya \tin the \tchanging global environment:  A case of Equity Bank: Unpublished MBA Project, School of Business, University of Nairobi<br \/>\r\n[15].\tSchoonhoven, C. B. (2011). Problems with contingency theory: testing assumptions \thidden \twithin the language of contingency theory. Administrative science quarterly, 5(4), 349 &#8211; 377<br \/>\r\n[16].\tSmith, N. J., Merna, T. &#038; Jobbling, P. (2016). Managing Risk in Construction Projects (2nd ed) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing<br \/>\r\n[17].\tTadayon, M., Jaafar, M., &#038;Nasri, E. (2012). An assessment of risk identification in large \tconstruction projects in Iran. Journal of Construction in Developing Countries, 3(1), 245 \t&#8211; 255<br \/>\r\n[18].\tTworek, P. (2010). Methods of risk identification in companies\u2019 investment projects. In 5thInternational Scientific Conference \u201cManaging and Modeling of Financial Risks\u201d. Ostrava: VSB-Technical University<br \/>\r\n[19].\tWard, S., &#038; Chapman, C. (2013). Transforming project risk management into project uncertainty management. International journal of project management, 21(2), 97-105<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Augustus Nzili Mutua, Dr. Kirui Caleb &#8220;Effects of Project Risk Identification on the Performance of Core Banking Systems in Commercial Banks of Kenya &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.261-264 March 2020\u00a0 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/261-264.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/261-264.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/effects-of-project-risk-identification-on-the-performance-of-core-banking-systems-in-commercial-banks-of-kenya\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Effects of Project Risk Identification on the Performance of Core Banking Systems in Commercial Banks of Kenya <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b38a4 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48b38a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b3987 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b3987\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b3b0b\" data-id=\"48b3b0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b3c26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b3c26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b3cb0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b3cb0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b3e9c\" data-id=\"48b3e9c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b3fc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b3fc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b4050 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b4050\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b41af\" data-id=\"48b41af\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b42c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b42c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b434d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b434d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b44b3\" data-id=\"48b44b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b4619 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b4619\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b4855 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b4855\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b49ed\" data-id=\"48b49ed\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b4b16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b4b16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b4b9c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b4b9c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b4cf5\" data-id=\"48b4cf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b4e03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b4e03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b4eb7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b4eb7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b5029\" data-id=\"48b5029\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b513b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b513b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Infopreneurship: Values and Implications on Employment Sustainability of SMEs in Rivers State Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gloria Chinyere Chux-Nyehe, Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokugi &#8211; March 2020 &#8211; Page No.: 265-274<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b51d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b51d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b5354\" data-id=\"48b5354\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b5484 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48b5484\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Unemployment has become a norm in the contemporary economic stories of developing nations across the globe and some forms of entrepreneurial efforts are evolving to close the gap.  It therefore becomes necessary to study the relationship between infopreneurship and employment generation and sustainability in Rivers State Nigeria. This study adopted a cross-sectional research design covering a population of all the registered small scale business owners and managers in Port Harcourt, which amounts to a total of six hundred and twenty (620) small scale businesses. The Multi-Stage sampling approach was employed: convenient sampling technique and simple random sampling technique to derive a sample size of 500 operators of internet businesses within the coverage area. Structured questionnaire was used to obtain primary data after it has been validated and tested for reliability using the Cronbach alpha to establish a reliability index of 0.76.  Data gathered form the sampled respondents were analyzed using the Spearman rank order correlation coefficient which is presented with the aid of Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0.The study concluded that youth unemployment problems in Rivers State can be solved to a large extent by engaging in infopreneurship businesses. It also recommended that small and medium enterprises especially those engaged in related infopreneurship business should consider the tested dimensions of infopreneurship as critical tool for employment sustainability in Rivers State.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 265-274\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gloria Chinyere Chux-Nyehe<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Office and Information Management, Faculty of Business Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokugi<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Office and Information Management, Faculty of Business Studies, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tNwigbo, B.F. &#038;Imoh-Ita, S.H. (2016).  Entrepreneurship education as tool for youth empowerment through higher education for global workplace in Rivers State.  A paper presented at the seventh Regional conference on higher education for a globalized world held at the University of Ibadan.  Ibadan. Nigerian between 17th to 21st September.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tOkoli, D.I. (2013).  Youth empowerment through entrepreneurial development in Nigeria  Journal of Educational and Social Research.  3(9), 147-153.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tNasra, A.M. (2014).  The influence of entrepreneurship training and financial Grant on youth-owned enterprises.  The case of Shardo youth enterprise development programme in Somalia.  An unpublished Master\u2019s thesis submitted to the department of Sociology, University of Nairobi.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tChidiebere, J.D. &#038; Kenneth, A.H. (2014).  British labour relations.  Learning to align  with the law.  Modern Law Review.  49, 798-799.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tBanjo, S. (2019).  Running the show-class action:  Small business increasingly turn to MBA students for advice.(Eastern edition).Wall Street Journal. 2(4), 78-94.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tIgwe, S.C. (2017).  Entrepreneurship:  Theories and perspectives. Port Harcourt: Faith Digital Press.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tAkpelu, F.E. (2019).  Job enhancement strategies for teachers performance in public. senior secondary schools in Rivers State.An unpublished Ph.D. thesis University of Port Harcourt.Choba: Port Harcourt.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tUmoru,  F.  (2016).  Harnessing entrepreneurial opportunities for sustainability: Developing a Nigerian model.  Being a lead paper presented at the 1st National Conference of School of Business, Federal Polytechnic.Idah.Held  between 9th -12th August, 2016 at Judith  Attah Lecture theatre.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tKhalid (2015).  Entrepreneurship.  Retrieved on June 22nd 2018 from:www.sellingzeroesandone<br \/>\r\n[10]\tKimizi, D. (n.d).  Knowledge management in theory and practice.  Toronto: Elesvier Butterworth- Heinemann.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tNash, R. (2017).  What is an Infopreneur? Retrieved on March 3rd 2018 from: smallbiztrends.com.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tNnodim, A.U. (2014).  Assessment of private sectors\u2019 contributions to youth empowerment among youts in Rivers State Nigeria.Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies.  2(6), 20-26.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tChumakova, V. (2015).  Surviving information overload: A plea for balance.Journal of explorations in Media Ecology.14(4), 257-274.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tOttih, L.O. (2014).  Entrepreneurship.Personality, process and enterprise.PortHarcourt:  Pearl Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tNweze, C. A. (2018).  Utilization of ICT facilities for quality teaching and learning in the 21st century: An overview of public secondary schools in Rivers State. African Journal of Educational Research and Development.(AJERD).11(2), 215-229   ISSN 2006 5450.Choba:  University of Port  Harcourt.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gloria Chinyere Chux-Nyehe, Patrick Nkiinebari Nwinyokugi &#8220;Infopreneurship: Values and Implications on Employment Sustainability of SMEs in Rivers State Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.265-274 March 2020 URL: https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/265-274.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/265-274.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/infopreneurship-values-and-implications-on-employment-sustainability-of-smes-in-rivers-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong>Infopreneurship: Values and Implications on Employment Sustainability of SMEs in Rivers State Nigeria<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b6285 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48b6285\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b6352 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b6352\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b64c9\" data-id=\"48b64c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b65ef elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b65ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b6670 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b6670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b67fe\" data-id=\"48b67fe\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b691c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b691c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b69be elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b69be\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b6b15\" data-id=\"48b6b15\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b6c28 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b6c28\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b6ca9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b6ca9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b6e02\" data-id=\"48b6e02\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b6f08 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b6f08\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b6f91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b6f91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b70d2\" data-id=\"48b70d2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b733c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b733c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b73e1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b73e1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b7560\" data-id=\"48b7560\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b7671 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b7671\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>The Social Structure of the Dagara of the North Western Ghana, Through the Clan System and Clan Appellations<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Dr. Dominic Alimbey Dery, Father Alexander Bedekuru Nmaninyin, Father Peter Paul Yelletuo &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 275-280<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b7715 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b7715\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b787f\" data-id=\"48b787f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b79b8 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48b79b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The study relied on the assistance of key informants to identify a number of respondents who were then randomly sampled for the purposes of this study. The study was to establish the existing social structure of the Dagara and the importance attached to the clan system and clan appellations.  The study revealed among others that the non-human relatives of the Dagara play a role of paramount importance in the survival of these clans. They played a salvific role in the lives of these clans. So, as a sign of gratitude and appreciation, these clans regarded these non-human relatives as their consanguine. To kill one means suicide or fratricide.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 275-280\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 08 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Dr. Dominic Alimbey Dery <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Languages and Liberal Studies, Faculty of Applied Arts, Tamale Technical University, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Father Alexander Bedekuru Nmaninyin <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMcCOY College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Father Peter Paul Yelletuo <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nMcCOY College of Education, Ghana<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAppiah-Ofosu, L.H. (1969), Slavery: A Brief Survey. Waterville Publishing House<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBarker, P. (1999). People, Languages and Religion in Northern Ghana \u2013 A Preliminary Report. Accra: Asempa Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tBekye, K. P. (1991). Divine Revelation and Traditional Religions with a Particular References to the Dagaaba of West Africa, Rome: Leberit Press.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tDoggu, M. N., (2015). Death and the Hereafter among the Dagaaba of Northwestern Ghana: A Critical Reflection towards Anthropologico-Religious and Philosophical Studies.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tHansen, Thorkild (2002), Coast of Slaves. Sub-Saharan Publishers.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tHobbes, Thomas, (1651), Leviathan or The Matter, Forme and Power of the Common-Wealth Ecclesiastical and Civil<br \/>\r\n[7]\tSoum-Dery, E., (2000). Family as subject of Moral Education in the African context. Incarnating Christian Ethics among the Dagara of North-Western Ghana Munster: AlleRechtVorbehalten.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tTengane, E. (ed), (1990). Dagara and Sisala Traditional Marriage in the Light of Christianity, Wa Catholic Press.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tTengan, Edward B. (1994), The Social Structure of The Dagara: The House and The Matriclan as Axes of Dagara Social Organisation. St Victor Major Seminary.<br \/>\r\n[10]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;, The land as Being and Cosmos, the Institution of the Earth-Cult among the Sisala of North western Ghana, Frankfurt an Main: Peter Lang 19.<br \/>\r\n[11]\t&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;, (ed) (2002). Report on a Research on the Human Person among the Dagara, Sisala and Kasena, Wa Diocese, n.p Document, 2002.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tTuurey, G. (1982). An Introduction to the Mole-Speaking Community. Wa: Wa Catholic Press.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tYin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and Methods, Sage Publications, New York.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Dr. Dominic Alimbey Dery, Father Alexander Bedekuru Nmaninyin, Father Peter Paul Yelletuo &#8220;The Social Structure of the Dagara of the North Western Ghana, Through the Clan System and Clan Appellations&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.275-280 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/275-280.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/275-280.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/the-social-structure-of-the-dagara-of-the-north-western-ghana-through-the-clan-system-and-clan-appellations\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Social Structure of the Dagara of the North Western Ghana, Through the Clan System and Clan Appellations<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b878b elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48b878b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b886e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b886e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b89e1\" data-id=\"48b89e1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b8aff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b8aff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b8b7f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b8b7f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b8ce5\" data-id=\"48b8ce5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b8df2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b8df2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b8e6f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b8e6f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b8fc0\" data-id=\"48b8fc0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b90df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b90df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b915d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b915d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b92b3\" data-id=\"48b92b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b93bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b93bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Ut elit tellus, luctus nec ullamcorper mattis, pulvinar dapibus leo.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b943b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b943b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b9736\" data-id=\"48b9736\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b9873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b9873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b9950 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b9950\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b9ae3\" data-id=\"48b9ae3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b9bfd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48b9bfd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Analysis of Land Use\/Land Cover Change Using Geospatial Techniques in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Collins H. Wizor (PhD) and Nduka I. Okugini &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 281-290<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48b9cb5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48b9cb5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48b9e30\" data-id=\"48b9e30\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48b9f64 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48b9f64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study examines the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) in mapping Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) change in Ukwuani Local Government Area (LGA) between 1990, 2002, and 2014; to detect the changes that has taken place in the study area within the period of study. The study aim is to detect and map the LULC changes in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State over the period of 36years (1990-2014). In this study, three data set of Landsat Satellite images were layer stacked after which supervised classification in EARDAS imagine software was carried out and mapping in Arc GIS software. Four land use and land cover categories were classified into Built-up areas, Cultivation, Vegetation, and Waterbody. The result of the study shows a rapid growth in built-up land between 2002 and 2014 while the periods between 1990 and 2002 witnessed an increment in this class also. Findings of the study also show that there would be an accelerated increase in built-areas because of development that is coming to the study area in recent years. The study, therefore, recommends building towards the outskirts through the provision of incentives and forces of attraction that are available at the city centre in these areas. The study further recommends that the government should encourage afforestation in the study area to reduce the loss of biodiversity, inducing high rates of extinction and a worldwide depletion of biological diversity at genetic, species and ecosystem levels.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 281-290\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Collins H. Wizor (PhD)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nduka I. Okugini<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B 5323, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tAgarwal, et al.: A review and assessment of land-use change models: dynamics of space, time, and human choice. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-297. Newton Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 2002; Pp. 61<br \/>\r\n[2]\tBurrough, P.A.: Principle of geographical information systems for land Resources Assessment. Oxford University Press, N. Y. 193 P. 1986<br \/>\r\n[3]\tSalami G., and Balogun H.J.: Imperatives of space technology for sustainable forest management in Nigeria. Space Applications and Environmental Science Laboratory. 2006.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tSherbinin, D.: Thematic guide to social science applications of Remote sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 83 (2002): 336\u2013350<br \/>\r\n[5]\tRio.: Report on the United Nations conference on the Human Environment UNCED. 1992.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tJohannesburg G.C.: The world Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tPimentel, et al.: Environmental and economic effects of reducing pesticide use in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment.1993; 46: 273-288<br \/>\r\n[8]\tBewket F.O.: Towards integrated watershed management in highland Ethiopia.; The Chemoga watershed case study. Tropical Resource Management Papers, No 44. 2003.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tAllen, J.C. and Barnes, D.F.: The causes of deforestation in developing countries. Annals of the Association of American Geographers.1985; 75 (2): 163-184<br \/>\r\n[10]\tEllis, E.and Pontius, R., Jr. Land-use and land-cover change\u2014Encyclopedia of earth. Environ. Protect. 2006, 2, 142\u2013153.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tPeter et al.: Land system science and sustainable development of the earth system: A global land project perspective. Anthropocene (2015)<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMeyer, W.B. and Turner, B.I. Changes in land use and land cover: A global perspective; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1994; Volume 4.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tMark, M and Kudakwashe, M.: Rate of land use\/land cover changes in Shurugwi district, Zimbabwe: Drivers for change. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa. 2010; 12 (3): 107-121.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tBegum, et al.: Growth and energy budget models of the bivalve Arctica Islandica at six different sites in the Northeast Atlantic realm. Journal of Shellfish Research. 2010; 29(1): 107-115.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tPrakasam, C.: Land Use and Land Cover Change Detection through Remote Sensing Approach: A Case Study of Kodaikanal Taluk, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences. 2010; 1(2): 150.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tJaved, A and Khan, I.: Land use\/land cover change due to mining activities in Singrauli industrial belt, Madhya Pradesh using Remote Sensing and GIS. Journal of Environmental Research and Development. 2012; 6(3A): 834-843.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tBisht, B.S. and Kothyari, B.P.: Land-Cover Change Analysis of Garur Ganga Watershed Using GIS\/Remote Sensing Technique. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing. 2001; 29(3): 137-141.<br \/>\r\n[18]\tDhinwa, et al.: Land use change analysis of Bharatpur district using GIS. Journal of Indian Society of Remote Sensing.1992; 20: 237-250.<br \/>\r\n[19]\tWizor, C.H and Eludonyi, O.S. Assessment of land use\/land cover change detection and its impact on the environment using geospatial techniques in the University of Port Harcourt Host Communities, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports. 2020; 8 (3): 40-53.<br \/>\r\n[20]\tZubair, A.O.: (2006) Change detection in land use and land cover using Remote Sensing data and GIS: A case study of Ilorin and its environs in Kwara State.<br \/>\r\n[21]\tAde, M.A and Afolabi Y. D.: Monitoring urban sprawl in the federal capital territory of Nigeria using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management. 2013; 60(1): 2-4<br \/>\r\n[22]\tFabiyi O.O.: Urban Land Use Change Analysis of a Traditional City from Remote Sensing Data: The Case of Ibadan Metropolitan Area, Nigeria. Humanity &#038; Social Sciences Journal. 2006; 1 (1): 42-64.<br \/>\r\n[23]\tOlusola O.O and Olalekan P.: Assessment of rapidly changing urban land use and using remote sensing data and GIS. Department of Urban and Regional Planning, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. 2015<br \/>\r\n[24]\tMmom, et al. Analysis of land use and land cover change around the city of Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Global Advanced Research Journal of Geography and Regional Planning. 2013; 2(5): 076-086.<br \/>\r\n[25]\tAchionye, et al. Analysis of land use\/land cover transition in Warri vegetation zone of the Niger Delta Region using geospatial techniques: Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International. 2018;14(4):1-14.<br \/>\r\n[26]\tWali, et al. Analysis of land use and land cover changes in the wetland ecosystem of Port-Harcourt metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Ground Sediment and Water. 2019;9: 503-524.<br \/>\r\n[27]\tXiaojuan et al.: Land use\/land cover changes and their influence on the ecosystem in Chengdu city, China from 1992 to 2018. MDPI Journal of Sustainability. 2018; 10: 1-20<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Collins H. Wizor (PhD) and Nduka I. Okugini &#8220;Analysis of Land Use\/Land Cover Change Using Geospatial Techniques in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.281-290 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/281-290.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/281-290.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/analysis-of-land-use-land-cover-change-using-geospatial-techniques-in-ukwuani-local-government-area-of-delta-state-nigeria\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Analysis of Land Use\/Land Cover Change Using Geospatial Techniques in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bad6f elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48bad6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; 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elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bb0e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bb0e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bb18c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bb18c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bb2e7\" data-id=\"48bb2e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bb3fa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bb3fa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bb499 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bb499\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bb5ec\" data-id=\"48bb5ec\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bb6f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bb6f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bb794 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bb794\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bb8d9\" data-id=\"48bb8d9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bb9e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bb9e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bba7e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bba7e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bbbc4\" data-id=\"48bbbc4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bbcce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bbcce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bbd71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bbd71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bbebb\" data-id=\"48bbebb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bc023 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bc023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bc0d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bc0d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bc22f\" data-id=\"48bc22f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bc336 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bc336\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bc3e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bc3e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bc530\" data-id=\"48bc530\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bc638 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bc638\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bc6ce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bc6ce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bc815\" data-id=\"48bc815\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bc91d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bc91d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bc9b7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bc9b7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bcb0f\" data-id=\"48bcb0f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bcc26 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bcc26\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Festivals in Africa and Social Mobilization<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Gregory E. Ogbenika(Ph.D) &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 291-295<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bccc0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bccc0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bce1d\" data-id=\"48bce1d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bcf3a elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48bcf3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Festivals are very important to the African people. This can be observed from the experiences of the people in Traditional African Societies and this is still very much prevalent in Traditional African societies. They are not only important for the observation of time which can be seen in reality through the seasons of the year, but can also serve the function of social mobilization and cohesion. Although, on many occasions, the reasons for these festivals have been abused by some social deviants in the society, it however, still continues to play its role in contemporary societal life. The aim of this paper therefore, is to reiterate the importance of festivals to present day African people and also showcase its relevance to the world at large. In other words, the people of a particular society should set aside moments, seasons, periods or epochs to celebrate their life, experiences, culture and heritage. This can help in promoting unity and sense of purpose among the people. We shall utilize critical, analytical and hermeneutical method in examining this paper.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 291-295\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Gregory E. Ogbenika(Ph.D)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nLecturer, Department of Philosophy, Seminary of All Saints, Uhiele-Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria <\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\nReference are not available<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Gregory E. Ogbenika(Ph.D) &#8220;Festivals in Africa and Social Mobilization&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.291-295 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/291-295.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/291-295.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/festivals-in-africa-and-social-mobilization\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Festivals in Africa and Social Mobilization<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bdcea elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48bdcea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bddcd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bddcd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48be0b0\" data-id=\"48be0b0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48be20b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48be20b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48beb33 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48beb33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bebce elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bebce\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bed19\" data-id=\"48bed19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bee1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bee1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48beec3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48beec3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bf00a\" data-id=\"48bf00a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bf11c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bf11c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bf1b4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bf1b4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bf327\" data-id=\"48bf327\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bf43b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48bf43b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Women\/Girl-child Education as a Means of Improving Women Participation in Politics<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Zuwaira Ahmed, ABDULLAHI- March 2020 Page No.: 296-300<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48bf4d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48bf4d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48bf63b\" data-id=\"48bf63b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48bf75f elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48bf75f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Educating Women\/Girl-child and ensuring that they participate in all facets of national development including politics has become an issue of global concern. For women to play their roles effectively in all sectors of development therefore they need to acquire some knowledge to keep them conversant and abreast with developmental issues. The recognition that women make tremendous contribution to national development just like men has attracted the attention of the world leaders on how best they can be given the right type of education to enable them make an impact on the political situation of a country at whatever level. Politics being one of the developmental sectors in every nation needs the participation and contribution of this significant group of people, yet they are the most neglected group of individuals in the political proceeding of most nations. In view of this therefore the paper will focus and examine the factors that lead to poor participation of women in politics. Necessary recommendations will then be proffer on how to eliminate disparity in access to education and political bias as well as how to strengthen and increase women participation in politics.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 296-300\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 10 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Zuwaira Ahmed, ABDULLAHI <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nFoundations Department, School of Education, Aminu Saleh College of Education, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">\tAbubakar, S. W &#038; Maimuna G.H (2007). Women and Politics: Beyond Palliative and Apocryphal Antidole. Journal of Women in Colleges of Education, North-East Zone. Vol. (1) 3.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tComfort, Z. (2007). Women in Politics: A National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy. Journal of Women in Colleges of Education, North East Zone, Vol. (1) 3.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tKayode, A (2013). Women Participation in National Development in Nigeria: The Imperative of Education. Research Gate.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tMulikat, A &#038; Zuwaira A.A (2014). Women Education: A Remedy to National Security Challenges (Unpublihed). A Paper Presented at the 1st School of Education National Conference, A.S.C.O.E, Azare , Bauchi state<br \/>\r\n[5]\tNonso, B &#038; Alexander, E.T (2015). A Mentors Training Resource (Unpublished) Yola, Adamawa state, Nigeria.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tRita, K. (2015). The Critical Role of Women in Nigerian Politics. National Press Centre Abuja.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tSani, H. (2001). Women and National Development (The Way Forward), Ibadan Spectrum Book.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tShimelis, K. (2015). Challenges and Opportunities of Women Political Participation. A Journal of Global Economics (PDF download)<br \/>\r\n[9]\tVivian, F. (2017). Girl Child Education in Nigeria: Problem and Prospects. Naija. Com media limited 2011-2018.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Zuwaira Ahmed, ABDULLAHI, &#8220;Women\/Girl-child Education as a Means of Improving Women Participation in Politics&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.296-300 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/296-300.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/296-300.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/women-girl-child-education-as-a-means-of-improving-women-participation-in-politics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Women\/Girl-child Education as a Means of Improving Women Participation in Politics<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c0535 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48c0535\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c063a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c063a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c07a9\" data-id=\"48c07a9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c08c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c08c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c0963 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c0963\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c0abf\" data-id=\"48c0abf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c0bd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c0bd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c0c71 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c0c71\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c0dbf\" data-id=\"48c0dbf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c0ec7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c0ec7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c0f66 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c0f66\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c1142\" data-id=\"48c1142\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c126a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c126a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c1309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c1309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c1460\" data-id=\"48c1460\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c156c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c156c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c1608 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c1608\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c1754\" data-id=\"48c1754\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c1857 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c1857\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c18ef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c18ef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c1a50\" data-id=\"48c1a50\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c1b60 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c1b60\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Quality Assurance in the Use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching Technical and Vocational Education and Training Courses in Rivers State Tertiary Institutions<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Adiela, Bestman Kilechukwu &#038; Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 301-308<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c1bfb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c1bfb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c1d71\" data-id=\"48c1d71\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c1ea2 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48c1ea2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7621\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7621\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">This study investigated Quality Assurance in the use of Information and Communication Technology in teaching Technical and Vocational Education and Training courses in Rivers State tertiary institutions. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised 42 Technical and Vocational Education and Training lecturers, which comprised 16 Rivers State University, Port-Harcourt lecturers and 26 Ignatius Ajuru University of Education lecturers. The population was manageable; hence, it was a census study whereby the entire population was adopted for this study. The instrument for the study was a survey questionnaire tagged \u201cQuality Assurance in the use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching\u201d. The instrument was partitioned into four sections that were structured in the pattern of Likert 5 point rating scale. The instrument was face validated by two experts in the Department of Vocational and Technology Education in Rivers State University, Port-Harcourt. The reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient method. The reliability coefficients achieved was 0.83. Copies of the instrument were administered and retrieved by the researchers on the spot. Mean with Standard Deviation were used to answer the research questions while t-test statistical tool was used to test the hypotheses. This study found among others that some ICT tools were lacking for teaching Technical and Vocational Education and Training courses and that some TVET lecturers are not competent in using some Information and Communication Technology tools for teaching. Therefore, it was recommended among others that every technical teacher or lecturer should be trained from time to time to be familiar with modern ICT tools so that they can be able to use every modern Information and Communication Technology tools that will be purchased for teaching of Technical and Vocational Education and Training courses.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 301-308\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 11 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7622\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7622\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Adiela, Bestman Kilechukwu <\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technology Education, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Vocational and Technology Education, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7623\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7623\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1]\tBiswas, R.K. (2017). A study on status of Information and Communication Technology use in various teacher training institutes of tribal areas. International Journal of Advanced Educational Research, 2(6), 375-379.<br \/>\r\n[2]\tCastro-S\u00e1nchez, J.J. &#038; Alem\u00e1n, E.C. (2011). Teachers\u2019 opinion survey on the use of Information and Communication Technology tools to support attendance-based teaching. Journal Computers and Education, 56, 911-915.<br \/>\r\n[3]\tChan, F.M. (2002). Information and Communication Technology in Malaysian schools: policy and strategies. Paper presented at a workshop on the 22 October. Tokyo Japan\uf02dpromotion of ICT in education to narrow the digital divide, 15<br \/>\r\n[4]\tChisenga,  J. (2004). The use of Information and Communication Technology in African Public Libraries: A Survey of Ten Countries in Anglophone African. Oxford: International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP).<br \/>\r\n[5]\tDeebom, M.T. &#038; Goma, O.T. (2018). Utilization of Information Communication and Technology for sustainable manpower development among technical educators in tertiary institutions in Rivers State, Nigeria. International Journal of Innovative Information Systems &#038; Technology Research, 6(2), 48-58.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tFederal Republic of Nigeria (2013). National Policy on Education (Revised Ed). Yaba Lagos: Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHarman, G. (2000). Quality assurance in higher education. Bagkok: Ministry of University Afairs &#038; UNESCO Publication.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tIbidapo, A.B. (2015). Technical and Vocational Education and Training and local technologies for sustainable entrepreneurship skills development. Journal of Research in Vocational and Technical Education, 8(1), 107-120.<br \/>\r\n[9]\tLawal, A.W. (2010). Rebranding Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria for sustainable national development: Problems and prospects. 1st National Conference of School of Business Education, Federal College of Education (Technical), Bichi, 1st -4th November, 2010.<br \/>\r\n[10]\tLu, Z., Hou, L. &#038; Huang, X. (2010). A research on a student-centred teaching model in an Information and Communication Technology-based English audio-video speaking class1. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 6(3), 101-123.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tMohamed, M.H., Mohamed, S.H. &#038; Moemen, N.E. (2013). Quality control, quality assurance, systems and applications. Faculty of engineering structural engineering program.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tMoore, C.D. (2005). Is Information and Communication Technology being used to its potential to improve teaching and learning across the curriculum?. Retrieved 23rd January, 2020 from http:\/\/www.teacherresearch.net.<br \/>\r\n[13]\tNnodim, A.U. &#038; Ochogba, C.O. (2018). Perception on federal government of Nigeria whistle blowing policy on the Implementation of technical and vocational education and training Programmes in tertiary institutions in rivers state, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science and Technology, 09(06), 8272-827.<br \/>\r\n[14]\tOchogba, C.O. &#038; Amaechi, O.J. (2018). The influence of technical skills acquisition in curbing insecurity challenges in Rivers State. International Journal of Education and Evaluation, 4(2), 19-26.<br \/>\r\n[15]\tOchogba, C.O., Johnwest, E.K., Isiodu, B.N. &#038; Igwe, C.C. (2017). Implementation of entrepreneurship education in Technical and Vocational Education and Training Programme for youth self-reliance in Rivers State. International Journal of Innovative Social &#038; Science Education Research, 5(4), 21-29.<br \/>\r\n[16]\tOkwudishu, C.H. (2005). Awareness and use of Information &#038; Communication Technology among Villages secondary school teacher in Aniocha South local Government area of Delta State. Unpublished B.SC (LIS) project. Delta State University.<br \/>\r\n[17]\tOlabiyi, O.S. &#038; Asimolokun, B.A. (2012). Challenges of using information communication technology in Nigerian technical vocational education institutions   Retrieved 23rd January, 2020 from https:\/\/pdfs.semanticscholar.org\/e715\/c2e7e8066e15cd0f1c6 a50439e3488796853.pdf<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7624\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7624\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Adiela, Bestman Kilechukwu &#038; Ochogba, Chukwumela Obulor &#8220;Quality Assurance in the Use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching Technical and Vocational Education and Training Courses in Rivers State Tertiary Institutions &#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.301-308 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/301-308.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7625\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7625\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/301-308.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7626\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7626\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/quality-assurance-in-the-use-of-information-and-communication-technology-in-teaching-technical-and-vocational-education-and-training-courses-in-rivers-state-tertiary-institutions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Quality Assurance in the Use of Information and Communication Technology in Teaching Technical and Vocational Education and Training Courses in Rivers State Tertiary Institutions <\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c2d00 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48c2d00\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span 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data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c310e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c310e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c3264\" data-id=\"48c3264\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c337e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c337e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c341c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c341c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c3572\" data-id=\"48c3572\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c367c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c367c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c3717 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c3717\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c3858\" data-id=\"48c3858\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c3964 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c3964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c39fc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c39fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c3b45\" data-id=\"48c3b45\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c3c4a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c3c4a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c3cee elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c3cee\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c3e33\" data-id=\"48c3e33\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c3f3c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c3f3c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c3fd6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c3fd6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c4137\" data-id=\"48c4137\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c424a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c424a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Review Journal Problem Based Learning Model On Science Procces Skill Based On Learning Motivation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nurul Azmy Rustan, Retno Winarni, Sri Yamtinah &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 309-314<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c42f4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c42f4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c44a1\" data-id=\"48c44a1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c45d5 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48c45d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">Science process skills is one of the skills that are Slightly needed by students in elementary school. Science proccess skills it is a basic competence to develop a scientific attitude and skills in solving problems, so as to form the students&#8217; personal creative, critical and  innovative. This study aimed to determine the interaction between PBL learning model on Science Process Skills in terms of motivation to learn, the formulation of the problem in this study is are there influential PBL learning model of the science process skills in terms of students&#8217; motivation in primary schools. The process of collecting data from the literature Review obtained from several research articles in a database that is associated with discussing science process skills. On the results of the analysis of several articles according to research topics are 5 articles and of all the articles there is nothing to discuss the implementation of PBL related to the science process skills in terms of motivation to learn in an elementary school classroom.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 309-314\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 13 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nurul Azmy Rustan<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPrimary Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Retno Winarni<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPrimary Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Sri Yamtinah<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nPrimary Education, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><br \/>\r\n[1]\tYoshihiro Takaechi, Correlative evaluation of the  measurements of experiment skill. Procedia Computer Science, 1451. 2012<br \/>\r\n[2]\tPunia Turiman, Omar, J., Daud, A. M., &#038; Osman, K. Fostering the 21st Century Skills through Scientific Literacy and. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 113, 2012<br \/>\r\n[3]\t   \tRustaman, N, Strategi Belajar Mengajar Biologi.Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang Press, 2003.<br \/>\r\n[4]\tOECD. (2015). Pisa.<br \/>\r\n[5]\tTrianto.Mendesain Model Pembelajaran InovatifProgressif.Jakarta: Prenada Media Group, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[6]\tLestari, NS. Pengaruh Model PembelajaranBerbasisMasalahdan LC 5ETerhadapPemahamanKonsepsainsDitinjaudari self efficacy BagiSiswaKelas VII SMP, JurnalTeknologiPembelajaran. Vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1-21, 2012.<br \/>\r\n[7]\tHasibuan, Zainal A. MetodologiPenelitianPadaBidangIlmuKomputer Dan TeknologiInformasi:Konsep, Teknik, Dan Aplikasi. Jakarta: FakultasIlmuKomputerUniversitas Indonesia, 2007.<br \/>\r\n[8]\tJohn W Creswell, Research Design, Qualitative,Quantitative And Mix Methods Approaches 3th terjemahandariAchmadFawaid. Yogyakarta2010.<br \/>\r\n[9]\t   Volkan Hasan Kaya, BahceciD., &#038;Altuk, Y. G. The RelationshipBetween Primary School Students\u2019 Scientific Literacy Levels and Scientific Process Skills. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 47, pp. 495\u2013500, 2012<br \/>\r\n[10]\tGabrielGorghiu, LuminitaMihaelaDraghicescu., SorinCristea., Ana-Maria Petrescu., Laura Monica Gorghiu. Problem-Based Learning &#8211; An Efficient Learning Strategy In The Science Lessons Context. Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol.149, pp 297-301, 2014.<br \/>\r\n[11]\tlbilgeD\u00f6kme,EmekAydinli.Turkish primary school students\u2019 performance on basic science process skills.Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences,vol.1, pp. 544-548, 2009.<br \/>\r\n[12]\tSevilayErkol,Examining Biology Teachers Candidates\u2019 Scientific Process Skill Levels and Comparing These Levels in Terms of Various Variable.  Procedia &#8211; Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 116, pp. 474 2\u2013 4747, 2014.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nurul Azmy Rustan, Retno Winarni, Sri Yamtinah, &#8220;Review Journal Problem Based Learning Model On Science Procces Skill Based On Learning Motivation&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.309-314 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/309-314.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title 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class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c6692 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c6692\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c67de\" data-id=\"48c67de\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c68e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c68e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c6982 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c6982\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c6b2e\" data-id=\"48c6b2e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c6c86 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c6c86\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c6d5b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c6d5b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c6f19\" data-id=\"48c6f19\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c7081 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c7081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Understanding The Impact of Industrial health and Safety on Employees Performance: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Akpuh, Davidson. Chioma, Samuel, B. Irimagha, Udeme, A.Paul- March 2020 Page No.: 315-320<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c7152 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c7152\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c733e\" data-id=\"48c733e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c74b4 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48c74b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">The issue of health and safety of employees has been a major concern in manufacturing  organization recently .this paper seek to investigate the impact of industrial health and safety on employees performance. The study adopted a structured questionnaire to obtain data from 282 workers. Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23.0 was utilized for data analysis. The study made use of description analysis to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents while regression and Pearson correlation moment was used to analyze the hypotheses of the study. The result of the study indicates that health and safety practices, especially training have significant effect on employees\u2019 job performance. It was concluded that employees\u2019 low performance can be attributed to both low health and safety practices and lack of personal protecting equipment (PPE) and management commitment to health and safety programs. The four independent measures of industrial health and safety as was used in the study were found to be influencing employee\u2019s performance. it was recommended among others that there should be  constant  health and safety training for both top , middle and low level staff . As this will equip the employees with health and safety culture, as no one is above accident.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 315-320\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Petroleum Marketing and Business Studies, Federal Polytechnics of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Akpuh, Davidson. Chioma<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Polytechnics of Oil and Gas Bonny, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Samuel, B. Irimagha<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Electrical Electronic Engineering, Federal Polytechnics of Oil and Gas Bonny, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Udeme, A.Paul<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Industrial Safety and Environmental Engineering Technology, Federal Polytechnics Of Oil And Gas Bonny, Nigeria<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tAnthony, V., Mark, P., Michael, B., &#038; Ajay, D. (2007). A data-based evaluation of the relationship between occupational safety and operating performance. The Journal of SH &#038; E Research. Spring, 4 (1).<br \/>\r\n[2].\tAppleby, P., 2013. Sustainable Retrofit and Facilities Management. US &#038; Canada: Routledge Bureau of Labour Statistics 2016. Injuries, illnesses, and fatalities. Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries (CFOI) \u2013 Current and Revised Data.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tidb (Construction Industry Development Board) 2004. SA construction industry status report. Pretoria: cidb.<br \/>\r\n[4].\tcidb (Construction Industry Development Board) 2009. Construction health and safety in South Africa. Status and recommendations. Pretoria: cidb.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tChoudhry, R.M., Fang, D. and Lingard, H., 2009. Measuring safety climate of a construction company. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135(9), pp.890-9.<br \/>\r\n[6].\tDedobbeleer, N. and B\u00e9land, F., 1991. A safety climate measure for construction sites. Journal of safety research, 22(2), pp.97-103.<br \/>\r\n[7].\tCooper, M.D. and Phillips, R.A., 2004. Exploratory analysis of the safety climate and safety behavior relationship. Journal of safety research, 35(5), pp.497-512.<br \/>\r\n[8].\tMohamed, S 2002. Safety climate in construction site environments. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 128: 375\u2013384.<br \/>\r\n[9].\tGarcie-Herrero, S. (2012). Working conditions, Psychological, physical symptoms and occupational accidents\u201d. Bayesian network models, safety science. 50 (9), 1760-1774.<br \/>\r\n[10].\tHanger, I., 2014. Report of the Royal Commission into the Home Insulation Program.<br \/>\r\n[11].\tHon, C.K., Chan, A.P. and Wong, F.K., 2010. An analysis for the causes of accidents of repair, maintenance, alteration and addition works in Hong Kong. Safety Science, 48(7), pp.894-901<br \/>\r\n[12].\tHSE (Health Safety Executive) 2016. Statistics on fatal injuries in the workplace in Great Britain 2016.<br \/>\r\n[13].\tILO (International Labour Organization) 2003. Safety in numbers. Pointers for global safety culture at work. Geneva: ILO.<br \/>\r\n[14].\tMtetwa, P. (2003). Never Again Discriminated. Sexual Orientation in Women\u2019s Struggle. Mizoue, T., Andersson, K., Reijula, K., &#038;Fideli, C. (2004).Seasonal variation in perceived indoor environment and nonspecific symptoms in a temperate climate. Journal of Occupational Health, 46, 303\u2013309.<br \/>\r\n[15].\tOthman, M. B. (2012). Middle-Management Support and Safety Training Program towards Employees Safety Behavior. Kedah: University Utara Malaysia.<br \/>\r\n[16].\tShekh, M. I. (2015). A Study of Health and Safety: A Study of Selected Employees in Innovative Cuisane Private Limited. Maharaja Sayajirao University, 1-73.<br \/>\r\n[17].\tUnnikrishnan, S, Iqbal, R, Singh, A &#038; Nimkar, M I 2014. Safety management practices in small and medium enterprises in India. Safety and Health at Work, 6: 46\u201355.<br \/>\r\n[18].\tWameedh A. K. (2011), \u201cImproving Safety Performance by Understanding Relationship between Management Practices and Leadership Behavior in the Oil and Gas Industry in Iraq\u201d, Universiti Utara Malaysia<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Nwachukwu, Precious Ikechukwu, Akpuh, Davidson. Chioma, Samuel, B. Irimagha, Udeme, A.Paul &#8220;Understanding The Impact of Industrial health and Safety on Employees Performance: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.315-320 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/315-320.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7635\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/315-320.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7636\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/understanding-the-impact-of-industrial-health-and-safety-on-employees-performance-a-study-of-selected-manufacturing-firms-in-rivers-state\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Understanding The Impact of Industrial health and Safety on Employees Performance: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Firms in Rivers State<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c8526 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48c8526\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg 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elementor-element elementor-element-48c961b\" data-id=\"48c961b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c975d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c975d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c9803 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c9803\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c996b\" data-id=\"48c996b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c9abc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c9abc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c9b6a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c9b6a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48c9ce2\" data-id=\"48c9ce2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48c9df1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48c9df1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Participation of Women in the Emerging Trade Union Activities in the Tea-Gardens of Assam<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p><strong>Stutima Basistha, Moushumi Dutta Pathak &#8211; March 2020 Page No.: 321-324<\/strong>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48c9e9f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48c9e9f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48ca005\" data-id=\"48ca005\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48ca127 elementor-tabs-view-horizontal elementor-widget elementor-widget-tabs\" data-id=\"48ca127\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"tabs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7635\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-7636\" class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-desktop-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tabs-content-wrapper\" role=\"tablist\" aria-orientation=\"vertical\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Abstract<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7631\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7631\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"false\"><\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\">One of the most popular known beverages in the world is tea. Tea industry is one of the oldest industries in India and also one of the biggest industries in the country. In India if we see tea is grown basically in two regions- North-East and South. A larger portion of tea is produced in Assam and North Bengal while in other states like Sikkim, Tripura, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Meghalaya, and Mizoram, production is on a lesser scale. The state which has the highest area under tea cultivation and is also the largest producer of tea in India is Assam. Sonitpur is one of the thirty three districts of Assam. It is an administrative district in the state of Assam. Its economy is basically an agrarian one and its one of the most unique feature is the existence of large number of tea gardens. Both Brahmaputra and Barak valley in Assam has tea gardens. The purpose of this study is to look into the role of trade unions in Sonitpur District of Assam, India, and to analyze the participation of women workers in union related activities.<br \/>\r\nThe story of the tea plantation laborers is a less talked topic. Much less discussed is the role of the women tea laborers who constitutes a large working force. Even after having social, historical and anthropological importance, research work on the role and contribution of women tea laborers\u2019 of Sonitpur District is a rarely found topic and also not much work has been carried out about the tea laborers of Sonitpur District and has not gained much significance in the field of research. Women\u2019s position in the tea plantation has always remained a disadvantaged one and their labor never got recognized as the planters were much more interested in using women as a reproducer of labor which would help them in generating a stable work force in the long run.<\/p>\r\n<p align=\"justify\"><i class=\"fa fa-clone\"><\/i> Page(s): 321-324 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<i class=\"fa fa-calendar \"><\/i> Date of Publication: 14 April 2020<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Authors<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7632\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7632\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Stutima Basistha<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of Sociology, Gauhati University (INDIA)<\/p>\r\n<p><span class=\"html-tag\"><i class=\"fa fa-user\"><\/i>\u00a0<strong>Moushumi Dutta Pathak<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\r\nDepartment of History, Arya Vidyapeeth College, Guwahati (INDIA)<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" aria-expanded=\"false\">References<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7633\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7633\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">[1].\tChatterjeePiya(2001),A Time for Tea: Women, Labour, and Post-colonial Politics on an Indian Plantation,ZubaanPublication, New Delhi.<br \/>\r\n[2].\tDekaMeeta(2015),AdivasiIdentity Question In Assam:A HistoricalPerspectiveinSandhyaGoswami(ed),TroubledDiversity:ThePolitical Process in Northeast India, Oxford University Press,NewDelhi.<br \/>\r\n[3].\tChatterjeeSuparna(2008),Class and Gender: A study of Women workers in the tea gardens OfJalpaiguri(dooars), in India (1947-1997),Unpublished Thesis,Faculty of Arts,JadavpurUniversity<br \/>\r\n[4].\tBorahPrithiraj(2014),The Impact of Trade Unions on Tea Plantation Workers: A Study ofDibrugarhDistrict of Assam,UnpublishedDissertation,Department of Sociology, Sikkim University.<br \/>\r\n[5].\tDuaraMridusmita(Dr) (2017),Non-Inclusive Trade Unionism in the Tea-Estates of Assam; working paper\/2017\/04.<\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Cite<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7634\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7634\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\">Stutima Basistha, Moushumi Dutta Pathak &#8220;Participation of Women in the Emerging Trade Union Activities in the Tea-Gardens of Assam&#8221; International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) vol.4 issue 3, pp.321-324 March 2020\u00a0 URL:\u00a0https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/321-324.pdf<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Full Text PDF<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7635\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7635\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Download PDF<\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijriss\/Digital-Library\/volume-4-issue-3\/321-324.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/journals\/ijrsi\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/pdf.png\" alt=\"pdf\" width=\"89\" height=\"89\" \/><\/a><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-tab-title elementor-tab-mobile-title\" aria-selected=\"false\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" aria-expanded=\"false\">Enhanced Article (HTML)<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-7636\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-7636\" tabindex=\"0\" hidden=\"hidden\"><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rsisinternational.org\/virtual-library\/papers\/participation-of-women-in-the-emerging-trade-union-activities-in-the-tea-gardens-of-assam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Participation of Women in the Emerging Trade Union Activities in the Tea-Gardens of Assam<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\r\n<p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48caef6 elementor-widget-divider--separator-type-pattern elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"48caef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\" style=\"--divider-pattern-url: url(&quot;data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns=&#039;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg&#039; preserveAspectRatio=&#039;none&#039; overflow=&#039;visible&#039; height=&#039;100%&#039; viewBox=&#039;0 0 24 24&#039; fill=&#039;black&#039; stroke=&#039;none&#039;%3E%3C\/svg%3E&quot;);\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48cafdc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48cafdc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48cb142\" data-id=\"48cb142\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cb267 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48cb267\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48cb308 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48cb308\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48cb45e\" data-id=\"48cb45e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cb569 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48cb569\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48cb610 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"48cb610\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48cb760\" data-id=\"48cb760\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48cb86b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48cb86b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\r\n<p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1516097735782{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column][vc_column_text]The Cost of Power Outages on Enterprise Performance in Kenya Stephene Osongo Maende &#038; 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